nanotechnology…. what is it ? ……why is it importantuner/chem201/feinanoquest.pdf ·...

NanoQuest

Nanotechnology….What is it ?……Why is it important ?

Mike Thompson

2

NanoQuest

FEI Copyright © 2006

“The nanoscale is defined as a linear scale of 1 to100 nanometers [= less than 10 to 1000 atoms].”

Nanotechnology…What is it?

“Nanotechnology incorporates all tools andtechniques which lead to the application of theproperties of matter at the nanoscale”.

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NanoQuest


Properties vary at the nanoscale with size & shape!

Atomic &Molecular

Nanoscale Micro-macro-bulk

Gold ~1nm =Semiconductor

100nm

Prop

erty

scal

e

Bulk materialAtomic 1nm

Properties include: Electronic, Magnetic, Photonic, Catalytic, Strength, Friction, Adhesion etc.

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NanoQuest


Properties vary at the nanoscale…1nm increments of CdSe

Gold Atom Nanoscale Micro-macro-bulk

Gold ~1nm =Semiconductor

100nm

Prop

erty

scal

e

Bulk materialAtomic 1nm

Properties include: Electronic, Magnetic, Photonic, Catalytic, Strength, Friction, Adhesion etc.

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NanoQuest


……Why is it important ?

“Nanotechnology will be thefoundation of the next industrialrevolution.

It will impact all known industriesand create new economies.”

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NanoQuest


New technologies create new economic era’s; Jobs, quality of life

Textiles Railroad Automobile Computer Nanotech

Industrial Revolution Second Info Revolution

1853

18531800

1913 1969 2025 2081

1825 1886 1939 19971913 1969 2025

1771

Source: Norman Poire, Merrill Lynch

Growth Innovations

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NanoQuest


NanoTechnology; Top downward

Domain of theEngineerF.A. ManagerMaterials scientistSolid State Physicist

Atomic matrixPhases /Boundaries Layers

MEMS

IC production

Fine mechanics

LIGA

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NanoQuest


Nanotechnology…..from the Bottom-up

Domain of the Chemist- Organic Chemist.- Inorganic Chemist- Bio-chemist

Atoms

Molecules &Modeling

C60

C70Bonds

TREND33% of Nanoresearch is in selfassembly

Dendrimers

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NanoQuest


Industries are Crossing into the Nanozone

time

feat

ure

size

nanozone

semiconductors

data storage

materials….

pharmaceuticals…. NanoBiology

NanoIndustry

NanoElectronics

100 nanometers

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NanoQuest


The bigger picture…….we need new solutions to new Challenges

1. ENERGY

2. WATER

3. FOOD

4. ENVIRONMENT

5. DISEASE

6. TERRORISM & WAR

7. EDUCATION

8. CRIME

9. POVERTY

10. POPULATION

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NanoQuest


The origins of theUS “ Nanotechnology “ Initiative

……How did Nanotech happen ?

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NanoQuest


0100200300400500600700800900

1000Sp

endi

ng,$

M

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Year

EUJapanUSAChinaOther

Source: The Nano Business Alliance (10/03)

Jim Murday NNI

Mihail Roco NNI

Bill Clinton

On Jan 21st, 2001 Nanotechnology was launched at Caltech

Richard Feynman

Bill Clinton

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NanoQuest


The US Nanotechnology Initiative ….. the drivers?

1) The increasing maturity of Scanning Probe tools which couldimage, characterize and manipulate atoms

…a new paradigm “Bottoms-up manufacturing!”

2) The Semiconductor industry.Positive; Economic, scalable, complex, mass production.Negative: Pending physics constrains, loss of an industrial base.

3) A precedent, Date Storage Industry & Giant Magneto-resistance,from concept in 1987 to 100% industry adoption in 2004, market$ 40B

5) Political receptiveness for a new government technology program.

4) Confidence engendered by the discovery of theCarbon Nanotube, a new and man made material.

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NanoQuest


Nanotechnology: Government Spending 2004

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

Spen

ding

,$M

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Year

EUJapanUSAChinaOther

Source: The Nano BusinessAlliance (10/03)

Ron Wyden ORGeorge Allen, VA

Phillip BondCommerce

Richard FeynmanJim Murday NNI

Mihail Roco NNI

Signing 21st Century NanotechnologySigning 21st Century NanotechnologyR&D Act Dec 2003, $ 3.7BR&D Act Dec 2003, $ 3.7BFiscal Years 2005Fiscal Years 2005--20092009

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NanoQuest


19971998

19992000

20012002

2003 2004

Total

$-

$500

$1,000

$1,500

$2,000

$2,500

$3,000

$3,500

$4,000

$4,500

Global Government funded Nanotechnology 1997-2004 $ Million

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NanoQuest


1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

20022003

2004

China

W. Europe

USA

Japan

Others

$-

$100

$200

$300

$400

$500

$600

$700

$800

$900

$1,000

$Million

China W. Europe

USA Japan

Others

Global Government Nanotech funding 1997-2004

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NanoQuest


Scaling the Nanoscale

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NanoQuest


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NanoQuest


Life originates at the atomic level.

DNA, is a self-assemblingpolymer … protons drive thebio-motors

Hydrogen atoms, as protons, areat the origin of the suns energychain and all the elements

Energy from the Sun Life on Earth

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NanoQuest


A Copper atom is 0.125 nmA Copper atom is 0.125 nmin diameterin diameter

A Penny is 0.75A Penny is 0.75”” diameterdiameter= 1.9cm= 1.9cm

Question? How many copper atoms can beQuestion? How many copper atoms can bealigned on the diameter of a penny?aligned on the diameter of a penny?

Answer.Answer.

152 Million152 Million

Scaling Atoms to real known spaceScaling Atoms to real known space

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NanoQuest

FEI Copyright © 2006Portland to Chicago is ~1,800 Miles, Nanotech takes up 20 yards

1 Penny magnified 152 Million times has a diameter of 1,800 Miles

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NanoQuest


Can we see down to the atomic level

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NanoQuest


Linear units:1 inch = 2.54 centimeter

1 meter [m] = 100 centimeters1 centimeter [cm] = 10,000 microns

Microscale = 1000 to 1micron1 millimeter [mm] = 1,000 microns [ µm]0.1 millimeter = 100 microns0.01 millimeter = 10 microns0.001 millimeter = 1 micron = 1,000 nanometers

Nanoscale = 100nm to 1nm1 nanometer = 1x 10ˉ meter1 nanometer [nm] = 10 Ångstrom [Å]

9

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NanoQuest


Everhart

Oatley

LA

TE

RA

LR

ES

OL

UT

ION

(nm

)

Zworykin

YEAR

…. Imaging at the nanoscale……..

1800 200019001850

100 Microns

10 Microns

1,000nm

100nm

10nm

1nm

0.1 nm

LIGHT OPTICS Near-FieldLight Optics

Ash

Betzig

Ross

Amici

Abbe

[S]TEM

Ruska

Marton

Dietrich

Reason

Binnig

…after Jim Murday, NRL

1Micron

1950

1 Angstrom

AFM

SEM

[S]TEM [Scanning] Transmission ElectronMicroscope

SEM Scanning Electron Microscope

AFM Atomic Force Microscope

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NanoQuest


Atomic Force Microscopy:

IBM

Molecular Imaging

Molecular Imaging

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NanoQuest


Electron and Ion Beam Tools

Transmission Electron MicroscopesWafer-level DualBeamsTM

Laboratory DualBeamsTM (FIB & SEM)Scanning Electron Microscopes

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NanoQuest


Imaging, Characterization, Analysis and Modificationin 3 Dimensions Down to the Sub-Angstrom Level

NanoBiology NanoResearch& Industry

NanoElectronics

“Energy creation engine”

inside a cell at NCI/NIH

Oil Refining

Catalyst

Semiconductor

Defect Analysis

Data Storage

Metrology

Applications: Electron and Ion Beam Tools

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NanoQuest


Ion Beam writing in Keratin [Human Hair] Field of View 100 Microns

MicroMicro--LithographyLithography

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NanoQuest


MEMS Micro-Electrical Mechanical SystemsMEMS Technology is an offshoot of Semiconductor industryprocesses.

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NanoQuest


Nanoparticles with Cs-corrected TEMGold Nanoparticles

• Clear view on structure and interface without artifact

2 nm2 nm 2 nm2 nm

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NanoQuest


0.1nm

“……atoms dancing at the edge of the void”

“all that exists are atoms and the void…..”Democritus of Abdera (ca. 470-ca. 380 BC)

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NanoQuest


??????????????????

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NanoQuest


Smell

Space Elevator

Smart Medicine

Atomic ForceMicroscope

Individual AtomManipulation

Self-assembly

Molecular Motor

Nanotubestrength

Stain-resistantfabric

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NanoQuest


Individual Atom Manipulation

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NanoQuest


Individual Atom Manipulation

= Individual Atoms + [Tool] Atomic Force Microscope

+=

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NanoQuest


The Atomic Force Microscope: A tool to image & manipulate atoms

Xenon atoms The cantilever probecan sequentiallyimage & manipulatematerial

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NanoQuest


The Dual Beam tool:Micro/Nano Machining,Fabrication,Manipulation

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NanoQuest


Molecular Motor: Adenosine Triphosphate [ATP]

The ATP molecule stores chemical energy. It can releaseenergy and enable muscular contraction, bio-transport ofmolecules, and cellular movement, in doing so it reduces toAdenosine Diphosphate [ADP]

ATP ADP + Energy

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NanoQuest


Molecular Motor: Kinesin

Simulation based on3D TransmissionElectron Microscopeimage reconstructionof CryoTem data ofKinesis

Courtesy: Ron MilleganScripps Institute

San Diego

NanoQuest


Materials; Spiders web on leaves

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NanoQuest


NanoIndustry is mass producing Carbon MaterialsNanoIndustry is mass producing Carbon Materials

C60, A manC60, A man--made allotropemade allotropeof Carbon. a.k.a.of Carbon. a.k.a.““BuckyballsBuckyballs””FullerenesFullerenes

Homage toHomage toBuckminsterBuckminsterFullerFuller’’ssgeodesicgeodesicdomedome

Carbon Nanotubes arenow produced by theton.

C60

C70

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NanoQuest


Nanotubes strength

Catalytic growth of Single-walled carbon nanotubes

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NanoQuest


[Carbon] Nanotube strength

0.60.00816Wood

1.250.0053.5Epoxy

7.80.4208Steel

2.61501200Multi wallnanotube

1501054Single wallnanotube

Density(g/cm3)

TensileStrength

(GPa)

Young'smodulus

(GPa)Material

Carbon Nanotubes are 375x stronger than steel, and 3x lighter.

Pound for pound more than 1000x better than steel

NanoQuest


Boeing states that 50% of the787 is composite materials.

Nanotube strength; Airframes in 10-15 years?

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NanoQuest


Space Elevator…..20??

or

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NanoQuest


Carbon Nanotube strength needed for a Space Elevator !

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NanoQuest


Self-assembly; Let Chemistry do the work

2-D array ofpolyaniline

HIV VirusCaffeine

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NanoQuest


Self-assembly; Let Chemistry do the work

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NanoQuest


topdown

SelfAssemblybottom up

NanoTechnology means ConvergenceNanoTechnology means Convergence

Make SiliconStamp

Createsubstrate

AddProtein

Grow neuralnetwork

IC Technology & BioIC Technology & Bio--TechnologyTechnology

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NanoQuest


Smart Medicine

Nanoparticles, with antibodiesattached will congregate atspecific biological sites.Depending upon circumstancesthey can then be used todeliver drugs or, be used in thecase of the example to destroycancer cells by heating upwhen exposed to infra-red light

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NanoQuest


Bucky balls: Functionalized

Buckminster fullereneaka Buckyball..C 60

Smart Medicine

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NanoQuest


Smell = Sensors

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NanoQuest


Stain-resistant fabric:

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NanoQuest


Self-cleaning ..the lotus leaf effectStain-resistant fabric:

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NanoQuest


1. ENERGY

2. WATER

3. FOOD

4. ENVIRONMENT

5. DISEASE

6. TERRORISM & WAR

7. EDUCATION

8. CRIME

9. POVERTY

10. POPULATION

NanoQuest

NanoBiology

NanoResearch

NanoElectronics

nanotechnology…. what is it ? ……why is it importantuner/chem201/feinanoquest.pdf ·...

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