nanotechnology in modern medicine

Nanotechnology in Modern Medicine

Dr.M.Kannan, M.Sc., M.Phil.,Ph.D.,Assist. Prof. in Microbiology,V.H.N.S.N.College,Virudhunagar – 626 001

What is Nano Technology? “Control and manipulation of Matter At Nanometer dimensions.”

What is nanometer dimension: Particles at Nano scale size (ie)10-9

Meter (or) ONE Billionth of a meter

When Nano particles are engineeredFor biological purpose we get Nanobiotechnology.

Nano Scale

ALL LIVING AND NON LIVING MATTER IS

COMPOSED OF NANOPARTICLES

Nano Technology GK word: DwarfDomain: 1nm-100nmCovers Nanoparticles

FUSION OF

Chemistry MathematicsPhysics Cognitive scienceBiology GenomicsProteomics Information technology

Bio Technology

Nanosciene

Deals with manipulation of atoms using powerfulInstruments

Nano particles Are prepared by Top Down Process

Bottom Up Process

Large material

Nano

. . .Arranging Atom by Atom

NANOPARTCILES AT A GLANCE

Nanotubes

Formed by curling of Carbon molecule

Clay nanotubes ---CHRISTOLITE, IMOGOLITE

Tunston Nanotubes

FULLERENES

---- Allotropic form of carbon molecule 60,80 carbon atoms arranged in hexagons or pentagons like the cage like the designed by 20th Century American architect Buckminister fuller so this particles are called fullerenes

Nanotechnologies Used in Both Research

and Commercial Applications

Nanotechnologies Used inMEDICIN

Chemical vapors at very low concentrations can be detected based on the surface stress changes generated by the interactions between probe and target molecules on their surfaces

The magnitude of the surface stress change depends on the type of interaction taking place which includes

• Hydrogen bonding• Electrostatic,• van der Waals forces, etc.

Cantilever sensors

“Medical telesensor"

• Chip on a fingertip measures and transmits body temperature

Microcantilevers

• Adapted to detect physical, chemical, or biological activity

Laser fluorescence diagnosis

• Biosensor uses sophisticated technology to detect a specific trait or abnormality in a living organism

• Sensor indicates whether a tumor is cancerous or benign

Bioreporters

• Simpson and Gary Sayler developed

“Critters on a chip" in which bioluminescent bacteria signal the presence of pollutants.

Miniaturized Devices• The infrared

microspectrometer can be used for – blood chemistry analysis, – gasoline octane analysis,– environmental monitoring, – industrial process control, – aircraft corrosion monitoring,

and– detection of chemical warfare

agents

Biosensors and Nanosensors

Functional similarities and technical differences of natural and artificial (Manmade) Noses

Odour Analysis with components of human nose

Odorant molecules produce ionic or electronic signals through the action of receptors in a membrane (or of sensor/transducer units)

The signals determine the components of a “feature vector” and are subsequently evaluated by means of pattern recognition in the brain

General structure of a chemical sensor

Three figures of merit related to gas sensing technology:• Reversibility• Sensitivity • Selectivity

Electronic Nose

Antimicrotial action of nanoparticles e.g.. silver,Gold.

Antimicrobial Action Kill bacteria, virus, mouldsKill 100% of HIV and other viruses at 370C/3

hrs. silver Nanoparticles

Silver Nanocloths Sterile to wear At hospital To avoid. S.aureus Nosocomial Infections Incorporated to Athletic shoes

Brooms Plastic products

Cleaners Nylon products

Fridge Shoes Medical equipment Water filters.

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN HEALTH CARE

NANOMEDICINE

• DISEASES CONTROL THROUGH DIAGNOSIS, MONITORING AND TREATMENT

Detailed Roles– 1. DRUG AND GENE DELIVERY– 2. BIO DETECTION OF PATHOGENS- DIAGNOSIS– 3. IMAGING- MRI CONTRAST– 4. DETECTION OF PROTEIN– 5.PROBING OF DNA STRUCTURE– 6.TUMOUR DESTRUCTION– 7. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION OF BIOLOGICAL

MOLECULES AND CELL– 8. TISSUE ENGINEERING – 9. THERAPEUTIC ROLE

Health Care: Nerve Tissue Talking to Computers

• Neuro-electronic networks interface nerve cells with semiconductors– Possible applications in brain research,

neurocomputation, prosthetics, biosensors

Snail neuron grown on a chip that records the neuron’s activity

Health Care: Detecting Diseases Earlier

• Quantum dots glow in UV light– Injected in mice, collect in tumors– Could locate as few as 10 to 100 cancer

cells

Early tumor detection, studied in mice

Quantum Dots: Nanometer-sized crystals that contain free electrons and emit photons when submitted to UV light

Health Care: Growing Tissue to Repair Hearts

• Nanofibers help heart muscle grow in the lab– Filaments ‘instruct’ muscle to grow in orderly

way– Before that, fibers grew in random directions

Health Care: Preventing Viruses from Infecting Us

• Nanocoatings over proteins on viruses– Could stop viruses from binding to cells– Never get another cold or flu?

Influenza virus: Note proteins on outside that bind to cells

Gold tethered to the protein shell of a virus

NANOPARTICULATE DRUGS

• Elan-NanoSystems™ technology reduces the particle size of a poorly water soluble drug from a several micron particle size to a 50+ nanometer size

• Reduction in particle size results in anincrease in surface area

Background RegardingNanoparticulate Drugs

• Increased active agent surface area results in a faster dissolution of the active agent in an aqueous environment, such as the human body

•Faster dissolution generally equates with greater bioavailability, smaller drug doses, less toxicity, and other benefits

NanoCrystals Increase Surface Area

Exemplary Benefits of Nanoparticulate Drugs

• Increased bioavailability• Faster onset of action• Dose uniformity• Reduction in fed/fasted variability• Decreased toxicity• Smaller dosage form (i.e., smaller tablet)• Stable dosage forms of drugs which are

either unstable or have unacceptably low bioavailability in non-nanoparticulate dosage forms

Examples of Nanotechnologies with Potential

Cancer Prevention Applications

CANCER DETECTION WITH NANOSCALE CANTILEVERS

Nano wires detectmultiple biomarkers of

cancer

Nanorobots

• The powering of the nanorobots can be done by metabolizing local glucose and oxygen for energy

• Other sources of energy within the body can also be used to supply the necessary energy for the devices

• They will have simple onboard computers capable of performing around 1000 or fewer computations per second.

“A microscopic machine roaming through the bloodstream, injecting or taking samples for identification and determining the concentrations of different compounds"

A single inhaled nanorobot reaches, deeply inspired into the lungs, enters an alveolar duct and attaches to the tissue surface.

Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnology in Medicine

• Nanoprobe can be made to generate radiation, that could kill bacteria, viruses and cancer cells

• Nanoprobe comprising of a single caged actinium-225 atom would detect (using antibodies) and enter a cancerous cell

• Location and destruction of cancer cells by acoustic signals

COMPARISON OF NORMAL AND CANCEROUS CELLS IN RESPIRATORY AIRWAY OF THE LUNG

Cancer cells

Normal cells

Cancer cell Lethal holes

Cytotoxic T cell

A CYTOTOXIC T CELL

DESTROYING A CANCER CELL

Mechanical drilling of a small tumor mass by a nanorobot


• Nanotechnology also theoretically allows the mimicking of natural biological processes e.g., repair of damaged tissues – Using nanotech to build scaffoldings of

artificial molecules that bone cells often adhere to and grow bones on

– Broken bones would heal much faster.• Transport of oxygen within the body by creating

an artificial red blood cell

A simulated view of a blood sample that might be taken from some future trauma patient who has received approximately seven therapeutic respirocyte doses at an accident scene. Each single respirocyte in the scene can control nearly the same amount of available oxygen as all eight red cells present in the scene, combined.

Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnology in MedicineTo cure skin diseases, a cream containing nanorobots may be used it may: - Remove the right amount of dead skin - Remove excess oils - Add missing oils - Apply the right amounts of natural moisturising compounds- Achieve the elusive goal of 'deep pore cleaning' by actually reaching down into pores

and cleaning them out.

Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnology in MedicineA mouthwash full of smart nanomachines could identify and destroy pathogenic bacteria while allowing the harmless flora of the mouth to flourish in a healthy ecosystem

Four remote-controlled nanorobots examine and clean the subocclusal surfaces of a patient's teeth, near the gumline.

Dental Robots


Medical nanodevices could augment the immune system by finding and disabling unwanted bacteria and viruses.

Virus Finder


Devices working in the bloodstream could nibble away at atherosclerotic deposits, widening the affected blood vessels.

This would prevent most heart attacks

A NANOROBOT NIBBLING ON AN ATHEROSCLEROTIC DEPOSIT IN A BLOOD VESSEL

DNA Repair


• Emergency Management:

– The clottocyte concept – Clot-inducing medical nanorobots with fully-

deployed netting capable of embedding growing clot with red cells and fibrin strands

CLOT-INDUCING MEDICAL NANOROBOTS ARE SHOWN IN VARIOUS STAGES OF CLOT-NETTING DEPLOYMENT.

AN ARRAY OF NINE CLOT-INDUCING MEDICAL NANOROBOTS ARE SHOWN WITH THEIR CLOT-NETTING FULLY DEPLOYED AND INTERLACED.

MEDICAL NANOROBOTS WITH FULLY DEPLOYED NETTING ARE SHOWN EMBEDDED IN A PATCHLIKE GROWING CLOT WITH RED CELLS AND FIBRIN STRANDS INVOLVED.

CLOT-INDUCING MEDICAL NANOROBOTS WITH FULLY-DEPLOYED NETTING ARE SHOWN EMBEDDED IN A PATCHLIKE GROWING CLOT WITH RED CELLS AND FIBRIN STRANDS INVOLVED (A CLOSER LOOK)

A REAL LIFE PICTUER OF ERYTHROCYTES TRAPPED IN THE FIBRIN MESHWORK OF A CLOT

“Stinger" nanorobot grabs a sick T lymphocyte and injects a glucocorticoid designed to induce cellular apoptosis.

The blue, octopus-like nanobot is one of billions of brain cell enhancers. The central sphere houses a computer, with a storehouse of information equal to many large libraries

Summary: Science at the Nanoscale

• An emerging, interdisciplinary science– Integrates chemistry, physics, biology, materials

engineering, earth science, and computer science• The power to collect data and manipulate particles at such a

tiny scale will lead to– New areas of research and technology design – Better understanding of matter and interactions– New ways to tackle important problems in healthcare,

energy, the environment, and technology– A few practical applications now, but most are years or

decades away

DISCUSSION

THANK YOU

nanotechnology in modern medicine

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