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Nanotechnology for the Forest Products Industry—Vision and Technology Roadmap iii

TTTTTable of Contentsable of Contentsable of Contentsable of Contentsable of Contents

Executive Summary .......................................................................................................... v

1—Overview of the Forest Products Industry ................................................................... 1

2—Vision for Nanotechnology in the Forest Products Industry ....................................... 7

3—R&D Strategy ............................................................................................................ 11

R&D Focus Area 1Polymer Composites and Nano-Reinforced Materials .............................................. 17

R&D Focus Area 2Self-Assembly and Biomimetics ................................................................................ 23

R&D Focus Area 3Cell Wall Nanotechnology ....................................................................................... 27

R&D Focus Area 4Nanotechnology in Sensors, Processing, and Process Control ................................. 33

R&D Focus Area 5Analytical Methods for Nanostructure Characterization ......................................... 37

R&D Focus Area 6Collaboration in Advancing Programs and Conducting Research ........................... 43

4—Implementation Plan: Next Steps and Recommendations ........................................ 45

Appendices .................................................................................................................... 49

A—Workshop Agenda......................................................................................... 51

B—List of Participants ......................................................................................... 55

C—Breakout Group Members ............................................................................ 63

D—Selected Workshop Presentation Summaries................................................. 67

E—Workshop Organizing Committee and Contacts for Further Information .... 75

F—Tools for the Characterization of Nanometer-Scale Materials ...................... 77

G—Nanoscience User Facilities .......................................................................... 87

References ........................................................................................................... 89

iv Nanotechnology for the Forest Products Industry—Vision and Technology Roadmap

Nanotechnology for the Forest Products Industry—Vision and Technology Roadmap v

Executive SummaryExecutive SummaryExecutive SummaryExecutive SummaryExecutive Summary

IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction

Nanotechnology is defined as themanipulation of materials measuring 100nanometers or less in at least one dimension.Nanotechnology is expected to be a criticaldriver of global economic growth anddevelopment in this century. Already, thisbroad multi-disciplinary field is providingglimpses of exciting new capabilities,enabling materials, devices, and systems thatcan be examined, engineered, and fabricatedat the nanoscale. Using nanotechnology tocontrollably produce nanomaterials withunique properties is expected to revolutionizetechnology and industry.

The forest products industry relies on a vastrenewable resource base to manufacture awide array of products that are indispensableto our modern society. American paper andwood products companies produce over 225million tons of products each year that touchevery aspect of our lives, contribute over$240 billion per year to the gross domesticproduct, and employ over 1.1 millionAmericans. Emerging nanotechnologies offerthe potential to develop entirely newapproaches for producing engineered wood-and fiber-based materials. They can alsoenable the development of a wide range ofnew or enhanced wood-based materials andproducts that offer cost-effective substitutes fornon-renewable materials used in themanufacture of metallic, plastic, or ceramicproducts. Nanotechnology could transformthe forest products industry in virtually allaspects—ranging from production of rawmaterials, to new applications for compositeand paper products, to new generations offunctional nanoscale lignocellulosics.Research and development (R&D) innanotechnology is critically important to the

economical and sustainable production ofthese new generations of forest-basedmaterials—materials that will meet societalneeds while improving forest health andcontributing to the further expansion of thebiomass-based economy.

Nanotechnology can be used to tap theenormous undeveloped potential that treespossess—as photochemical “factories” thatproduce rich sources of renewable rawmaterials using sunlight, water, and carbondioxide. The consumption of carbon dioxidein the production of these raw materialsprovides a carbon sink for this importantgreenhouse gas. By harnessing this potential,nanotechnology can provide benefits thatextend well beyond fiber production and newmaterials development and into the areas ofsustainable energy production, storage, andutilization. For example, nanotechnologymay provide new approaches for obtainingand utilizing energy from sunlight—based onthe operation of the plant cell. Novel newways to produce energy, chemicals, and otherinnovative products and processes from thisrenewable, domestic resource base will helpaddress major issues facing our nation,including national energy security, global

A nanometer is a billionth of a meter,or 80,000 times thinner than a

human hair.

Nanotechnology could transform theforest products industry in virtually allaspects—ranging from production ofraw materials, to new applications forcomposite and paper products, to newgenerations of functional nanoscale

lignocellulosics.

vi Nanotechnology for the Forest Products Industry—Vision and Technology Roadmap

climate change, air and water quality, andglobal industrial competitiveness.

PPPPPotential Uses for Nanotechnologyotential Uses for Nanotechnologyotential Uses for Nanotechnologyotential Uses for Nanotechnologyotential Uses for Nanotechnologyin Fin Fin Fin Fin Forest Porest Porest Porest Porest Productsroductsroductsroductsroducts

Potential uses for nanotechnology includedeveloping intelligent wood- and paper-based products with an array of nanosensorsbuilt in to measure forces, loads, moisturelevels, temperature, pressure, chemicalemissions, attack by wood decaying fungi, etcetera. Building functionality ontolignocellulosic surfaces at the nanoscalecould open new opportunities for such thingsas pharmaceutical products, self-sterilizingsurfaces, and electronic lignocellulosicdevices. Use of nanodimensional buildingblocks will enable the assembly of functionalmaterials and substrates with substantiallyhigher strength properties, which will allow theproduction of lighter-weight products fromless material and with less energyrequirements. Significant improvements insurface properties and functionality will bepossible, making existing products muchmore effective and enabling the developmentof many more new products. Nanotechnologycan be used to improve processing of wood-based materials into a myriad of paper andwood products by improving water removaland eliminating rewetting; reducing energyusage in drying; and tagging fibers, flakes,

and particles to allow customized propertyenhancement in processing.

Many challenges stand in the way ofexploiting the potential benefits ofnanotechnology in the forest products industryand much research will be needed to moveforward in this arena. Researchers will need toaddress technical challenges such as the lackof fundamental understanding oflignocellulosic material formation at thenanoscale and the absence of adequatetechnology for measuring and characterizingthese materials at the nanoscale. Participantsin this effort will need to come from not onlyacademia but from industry and governmentas well; they will need to come together toform an infrastructure and move forward as acohesive unit working simultaneously towardsa single goal—the advancement ofnanotechnology into the forest productsindustry.

Advancing the nanotechnology researchagenda efficiently and effectively will requiregaining consensus on research needs andpriorities among the forest products industry,universities with forest products research andeducation departments and programs,technology developers and suppliers,research institutes and laboratories servingthe forest products industry, and mission-oriented federal agencies with supportivegoals, such as the National ScienceFoundation, the U.S. Department ofAgriculture (USDA), and the U.S. Departmentof Energy (DOE). In building consensus, theforest products sector can capitalize on thegood working relationships that the forestproducts industry has with its universityresearch community, and with federalagencies such as the USDA Forest Service; theUSDA Cooperative State Research, Education,and Extension Service (CSREES); the DOEIndustries of the Future Program; and theDOE Biomass Program. In addition, the forestproducts sector can take advantage of thelinkages it has with research communitiesacross the globe. As the industry’s operationand markets become more and more globalin nature, international cooperation andcollaboration is imperative.

Potential Uses

! Intelligent products with nanosensorsfor measuring forces, loads, moisturelevels, temperature, et cetera.

! As building blocks of products withsubstantially enhanced properties.

! As coatings for improving surfacequalities to make existing productsmore effective.

! As basis for making lighter-weightproducts from less material and withfewer energy requirements.

Nanotechnology for the Forest Products Industry—Vision and Technology Roadmap vii

Increased cooperation must also occurbetween the forest products andnanotechnology research communities, thefederal departments and agencies withongoing programs in nanotechnology R&D,and the National Nanotechnology Initiative(NNI). Linkages between the forest productssector research communities and the NNIumbrella centers and user facilities (such asthose sponsored by the National ScienceFoundation, DOE, and National Institutes ofHealth) are critical to capturing synergies,enhancing accomplishments, and avoidingneedless duplication of facilities and otherresources.

WWWWWorkshoporkshoporkshoporkshoporkshop

In a first step towards reaching the goals ofapplying nanotechnology in the forestproducts industry, a workshop to exploreopportunities and research needs wasconvened on October 17-19, 2004, at theNational Conference Center in Lansdowne,Virginia. Over 110 leading researchers withdiverse expertise from industry, governmentlaboratories, and academic institutions fromNorth America and Europe were inattendance. Workshop objectives were asfollows:

! Develop a vision for nanotechnology inthe forest products industry

! Develop a roadmap for nanotechnologyin the forest products industry (identifypotential applications and uses, identifyknowledge gaps and the researchneeded)

! Interest federal funding entities innanotechnology as applied to forestproducts industry manufacturing processesand lignocellulosic materials

! Foster cooperation and collaborationamong industry, academia, andgovernment to fill knowledge gaps

This document represents a report of theworkshop, and the first roadmap oftechnological needs and research priorities

for nanotechnology applied to forest productsmanufacturing processes and forest-basedlignocellulosic materials. Workshopparticipants identified the fundamentalresearch challenges in nanoscalelignocellulosic biopolymer structures, novelsurface phenomena, biosynthesis, systemsintegration, education, and introduction ofnanomaterials into the marketplace. Anoverview of the Forest Products NanotechnologyRoadmap is shown in Figure 1.

Workshop participants also identified some ofthe unique properties and characteristics ofwood lignocellulosic biopolymers that makethem an exciting avenue for research,including:

1) Lignocellulosic biopolymers are some ofthe most abundant biological rawmaterials, have a nanofibrillar structure,have the potential to be mademultifunctional, and can be controlled inself-assembly.

2) Lignocelluloses as nanomaterials andtheir interaction with other nanomaterialsare largely unexplored.

3) New analytical techniques adapted tobiomaterials are allowing us to see newpossibilities.

It is hoped that this vision and roadmap willinspire researchers to pursue theseopportunities and encourage the formation ofcollaborative research programs.

Vision StatementVision StatementVision StatementVision StatementVision Statement

To sustainably meet the needs of presentand future generations for wood-based

materials and products by applyingnanotechnology science and

engineering to efficiently and effectivelycapture the entire range of values that

wood-based lignocellulosic materials arecapable of providing.

viii Nanotechnology for the Forest Products Industry—Vision and Technology Roadmap

FFFFFigure 1. Overview of the Figure 1. Overview of the Figure 1. Overview of the Figure 1. Overview of the Figure 1. Overview of the Forest Porest Porest Porest Porest Products Nanotechnology Roadmaproducts Nanotechnology Roadmaproducts Nanotechnology Roadmaproducts Nanotechnology Roadmaproducts Nanotechnology Roadmap

Nanotechnology for the Forest Products Industry—Vision and Technology Roadmap 1

Industry OverviewIndustry OverviewIndustry OverviewIndustry OverviewIndustry Overview

! A mature industry that plays a vitalrole in U.S. economy.

! Energy use remains disproportionatelyhigh—a very energy-intensive sector.

! Pressures from global competitivenessdemand advances in processtechnologies.

! Nanotechnology could revitalize theindustry.

1—Overview of the F1—Overview of the F1—Overview of the F1—Overview of the F1—Overview of the ForestorestorestorestorestPPPPProducts Industryroducts Industryroducts Industryroducts Industryroducts Industry11111

The U.S. forest products sector is oftendescribed as a mature industry, withmoderate profit opportunities and stablerevenues. Research and investment have thepotential to reinvigorate this key Americanindustry, which is largely based on renewable,carbon-neutral raw materials, and expand itsglobal opportunities in the decades ahead.These research and development (R&D) effortsmust focus on the most exciting new industrialtechnology to come along in years—the useof nanomanufacturing techniques, which areexpected to revolutionize traditional industrialprocesses over the next decades.

Strategic Drivers forStrategic Drivers forStrategic Drivers forStrategic Drivers forStrategic Drivers forNanotechnology in the FNanotechnology in the FNanotechnology in the FNanotechnology in the FNanotechnology in the ForestorestorestorestorestProducts IndustryProducts IndustryProducts IndustryProducts IndustryProducts Industry

Strengthening U.S. Industrial Competitivenessand Sustainability

Nanotechnology represents a majoropportunity to generate new products andindustries in the coming decades. The abilityto see materials down to atomic dimensionsand determine and alter how materials areconstructed at nano- and atomic scales isproviding the opportunity to develop newmaterials and products in unprecedentedways. In the past, materials scientistsconcentrated efforts on simple, single-crystalsand homogeneous materials that were easierto understand and could be analyzed by thetechniques of the time. We now have muchimproved tools to investigate and understandhow wood, a composite cellular material, issynthesized in a tree; how the molecular andnanoscale components are assembled; andhow this architecture and assembly controlsmaterial properties.

The many thousands of products derivedfrom our forests are ubiquitous and are takenfor granted in our everyday world—thehallmark of a great product and greatmaterial. Nanotechnology now offers theopportunity to re-invent how we utilize woodand wood-based materials and the industrythat converts it to the myriad of products inuse today. It can enable the development ofa wide range of new or enhanced wood-based materials and products that offer cost-effective substitutes for non-renewablematerials used in the manufacture of metallic,plastic, or ceramic products.

By employing nanotechnology to revitalizethe forest products industry, we can strengthenone of America’s core manufacturingcompetencies (Figure 2). The U.S. has amassive infrastructure in place for growing,harvesting and processing wood products,which provides a key employment base inalmost every state. This infrastructureprovides a fundamental strategic advantageto build on for preserving the globaleconomic competitiveness of this industry.

1 Matos and Wagner 1998; Wagner 2002; United Nations 2005; United Nations 1997; U.S. Department of Energy 2004;Paperloop 2004; McNutt and Cenatempo 2003; Ince et al. In press.

2 Nanotechnology for the Forest Products Industry—Vision and Technology Roadmap

FIgure 3. Industrial Roundwood Production, 1997FIgure 3. Industrial Roundwood Production, 1997FIgure 3. Industrial Roundwood Production, 1997FIgure 3. Industrial Roundwood Production, 1997FIgure 3. Industrial Roundwood Production, 1997

FIgure 2. Consumption of Materials in the UFIgure 2. Consumption of Materials in the UFIgure 2. Consumption of Materials in the UFIgure 2. Consumption of Materials in the UFIgure 2. Consumption of Materials in the U.S.S.S.S.S., 1960-1995., 1960-1995., 1960-1995., 1960-1995., 1960-1995

Source: Matos and Wagner 1998

Source: United Nations 1997

Large forest resources combined with prudent forest management and a good system ofroadways, canals, and railways has allowed the U.S. to develop and maintain the world’slargest forest products industry. As shown in Figure 3, even Canada—our largest competitor—produces only a fraction of the U.S. industrial roundwood harvest. Other major competitors,such as Brazil, Indonesia, Finland and Sweden, produce even smaller fractions. At the currentrate of timber production (400 million cubic meters (m3) per year), the U.S. is still far short ofdepleting the almost 31 billion m3 of standing timber in America’s forests, which is beingadded to at the rate of over 850 million m3 per year. Not only could more wood be obtainedfrom U.S. forestlands without detriment to the environment, but there would also be a variety ofpositive environmental benefits. More intense forestry practices such as the use of fast growing


tree species and plantations would beexpected to further increase forest productivityand increase our ability to sustainablyproduce timber.

Improving Industrial EnvironmentalPerformance

Trees utilize carbon dioxide (CO2) from theatmosphere, water and nutrients from the soil,and the energy of the sun (via photosynthesis)to produce the nano-dimensional arrays thatcomprise the three-dimensional cellularcomposite materials known as wood.Increasing our use and dependence on woodand wood-based materials for newgenerations of nanomaterials and productscan provide a number of environmentalbenefits. For example, trees provide anefficient way to sequester CO2 and lock it upin wood. Forests also provide an efficient andeffective means of controlling water run-offfrom rainfall, which helps to rechargeaquifers, maintain flows of surface waters,and prevent erosion of valuable topsoil.Other environmental benefits of properlymanaged commercial forestlands includeforest fire hazard mitigation, improving foresthealth and condition, and slowing conversionof privately-held forest land to non-forest usesby providing increased economic returns forforestlands. In addition to the benefitsprovided by forests, new or enhanced wood-based materials offer a renewable alternativein a world that will see exponential growth indemand for consumer goods and products indeveloping countries. Nanotechnology canalso be used to make manufacturingprocesses more efficient and effective,enabling products to be made withsubstantially less raw material and energyinputs, and increasing the ability of theseproducts to be recovered and recycled.

The Industry TThe Industry TThe Industry TThe Industry TThe Industry Todayodayodayodayoday

The U.S. forest products industry producesthousands of products that are essential foreveryday needs in communication, education,packaging, construction, shelter, sanitation,

and protection. The United States is theworld’s leading producer of lumber andwood products used in residentialconstruction and in commercial woodproducts such as furniture and containers.The United States is also the leader in thepulp and paper business, producingapproximately 28 percent of the world’spulp and 25 percent of the world’s paperand paperboard. Total U.S. shipments arevalued at $243 billion annually, of whichnearly two-thirds, or $156 billion, comefrom the pulp and paper sector.

Forest products manufacturing continues toplay a vital role in the U.S. economy. As amajor national employer, the industryoperates thousands of manufacturingfacilities throughout the country, rangingfrom large, state-of-the-art paper andboard mills to small, family-owned saw milloperations. In this sector more than 1.1million workers are employed in good-paying jobs. Pulp, paper, composite, andsaw mills are particularly vital to ruralareas, where they are often a region’sleading employer. In all, forest productsaccount for 1.2 percent of the total U.S.Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

Yet it has become ever more difficult for theindustry to generate the capital it needs tostay competitive in an increasingly globalmarketplace. Along with increased globalcompetition, the cost of energy, rawmaterials, and labor has escalated in theUnited States, placing severe competitivepressures on U.S. producers. As a U.S.Department of Energy (DOE) report notes,“Energy-intensive industries face enormouscompetitive pressures that make it difficultto make the necessary R&D investments intechnology to ensure future efficiencygains.”

Additionally, while the United States stillmaintains a relatively low-cost position inthe cost of wood, relative to many of itscompetitors, equatorial nations such asBrazil and Indonesia have developed fast-growing wood species such as eucalyptus


Domestically produced shares of U.S. consumption infour leading forest product sectors from 1990 to 2002

and acacia that have put U.S. woodproducers at a competitive disadvantage.Moreover, the United States has one of thehighest labor costs in the world. Withoutsignificant gains in productivity, U.S. industrywill continue to lose out to offshoreproduction of traditional pulp and paperproducts. Figures 4 and 5 illustrate globalshifts in pulp production from 1990 to 2000and the 2003 global cost-capacity curve forhardwood market pulp producers.

Forest products have traditionally been astrong export market for U.S. manufacturers,but global competition from lower-costproducers is increasing. By 2001, the U.S.paper industry exported $18 billion; however,imports totaled $33 billion. For woodproducts, exports were valued at $3 billionand imports at $10.6 billion. As shown inFigure 6, U.S. wood and paper productsproducers have lost a significant percentageof the U. S. market to imports. Clearly, R&D tocreate newer, higher-value products forglobal markets is imperative for U.S.manufacturers.

Recent trends on Wall Street have offeredother challenges to reinvestment and growth.The industry’s high capital intensity and theshort-term focus on quarterly results tend to

limit the industry’s ability to take risks and toinvest in new technology research anddevelopment. The industry’s response hasbeen to pursue pre-competitive, collaborativeR&D in partnership with government agenciessuch as the DOE, and with public and privateresearch universities. The results have beenextremely fruitful.

Figure 4. Changes in Pulp ProductionFigure 4. Changes in Pulp ProductionFigure 4. Changes in Pulp ProductionFigure 4. Changes in Pulp ProductionFigure 4. Changes in Pulp Production1990-20001990-20001990-20001990-20001990-2000

Figure 5. Bleached Hardwood KraftFigure 5. Bleached Hardwood KraftFigure 5. Bleached Hardwood KraftFigure 5. Bleached Hardwood KraftFigure 5. Bleached Hardwood KraftMarket Pulp Manufacturing Cost CurveMarket Pulp Manufacturing Cost CurveMarket Pulp Manufacturing Cost CurveMarket Pulp Manufacturing Cost CurveMarket Pulp Manufacturing Cost Curve

Source: Ince, P. et al. In press

Source: Paperloop 2004

Source: Ince, P. et al. In press

FFFFFigure 6. Ligure 6. Ligure 6. Ligure 6. Ligure 6. Loss of Uoss of Uoss of Uoss of Uoss of U.S.S.S.S.S. Markets to. Markets to. Markets to. Markets to. Markets toImportsImportsImportsImportsImports


Energy Efficiency PEnergy Efficiency PEnergy Efficiency PEnergy Efficiency PEnergy Efficiency Pays Offays Offays Offays Offays Off

The significance of energy use to the forestproducts industry, and to the pulp and papersector in particular, can hardly be overstated.Fully a third of all energy used in the UnitedStates is consumed in industrial processes,and forest products ranks among the topeight energy-intensive industries, along withchemical, mining, steel, and petroleumrefining. At least 18 percent of U.S. industrialenergy use can be attributed to forestproducts manufacturing—and of the 3.2quads used by the industry in 1998, 2.7quads were consumed in pulp and paperprocesses.

New technologies that reduce energyconsumption will improve the industry’seconomic competitiveness and also reducethe nation’s overall energy consumption.Already, the industry has made great strides,decreasing primary energy intensity by 27percent since 1972 while at the same timedramatically expanding output. Processefficiency advances such as cogeneration (theindustry generates more than half of itsenergy and two-thirds the electricity it uses on-site through steam and cogeneration systems)

and the replacement of fossil fuel (down 17percent) with biomass (up 19 percent) haveaided this effort. Contributing to this effort arethe partnerships with the DOE and leadingacademic research institutions, as well as theever-growing portfolio of energy-saving andcost-cutting techniques and the more than100 collaborative research projects that havebeen funded since 1994 as part of the ForestProducts Industry of the Future Program. Thissuccessful partnership can provide both amodel and a springboard for a new area ofemphasis on nanotechnology.


2—Vision for Nanotechnology in2—Vision for Nanotechnology in2—Vision for Nanotechnology in2—Vision for Nanotechnology in2—Vision for Nanotechnology inthe Fthe Fthe Fthe Fthe Forest Porest Porest Porest Porest Products Industryroducts Industryroducts Industryroducts Industryroducts Industry

Vision StatementVision StatementVision StatementVision StatementVision Statement

To sustainably meet the needs of present and future generations for wood-basedmaterials and products by applying nanotechnology science and engineering to

efficiently and effectively capture the entire range of values that wood-basedlignocellulosic materials are capable of providing.

The distinctive feature of nanoscience isthe increased understanding and

technical control of nanoscale structureand functionality. This is not about newmaterials but about new processes, newforms, and new functionalities for old

materials.

Nature has utilized nanostructures since theearth began to cool 4.5 billion years agoand has blessed us with a rich legacy ofexamples to stimulate our imaginations.These range from the microstructures ofminerals to the intricate molecularmechanisms of life. While it is now possiblefor us to manufacture structures that do notoccur in nature, we are strongly guided by theimmense variety of those that do. Some of themost important applications ofbiotechnology are likely to be the tuning upof useful cellular machinery that nature hasnot yet had time to evolve to its most efficientform. We have been doing something similarfor a century and a half with organicmolecules – dyes, for example, or syntheticfibers – and Japanese metallurgists wereinventing new microstructures much earlierthan that to create edged tools and weaponsof legendary quality. They were not aware ofthe nanoscale origins of their products, butthey were producing them just the same.

TTTTTodayodayodayodayoday

Some of the most important developments innanotechnology are occurring at the interfacebetween biological and inorganic systems.The current emphasis of the new branch ofchemistry know as “nanotechnology” is thedevelopment of macro-scale materials with

nano-scale structures. The distinctive featureof nanoscience is the increased understandingand technical control of nanoscale structureand functionality. This is not about newmaterials but about new processes, newforms, and new functionalities for oldmaterials.

Modern analytical and microscopy tools areallowing us to see, in more detail, the natureof wood fibers down to nano- and atomicscales. We can now appreciate the fact thatthey are made of nanodimensionalcomponents that produce the uniqueproperties of wood. Indeed, paper,paperboard, and other wood-basedmaterials are typically made from a range ofcomponents that inevitably have somedegree of nanodimensional scale, puttogether empirically to make valuableperforming substrates.


The National Science Foundation (NSF)predicts that within a decadenanotechnology will provide a

$1 trillion market, and provide twomillion new jobs. Federal research

funding will average $1 billion a yearover the next four years—one of the

largest infusions for industrial R&D sincethe early days of the space program.

Already, nanotechnology is beingincorporated into a variety of products.Computer and cell phone chips havenanoscale circuits; cotton khakis containnanosized particles that repel stains andwater; automobile manufacturers haveemployed a nano-finish so its cars never needwaxing. Nano particles or fibrils are found instronger automobile bumpers, more effectivesunscreens, bouncier tennis balls, and morepowerful golf clubs. The National ScienceFoundation (NSF) predicts that within adecade nanotechnology will provide a $1trillion market, and provide two million newjobs. Federal research funding will average$1 billion a year over the next four years—one of the largest infusions for industrial R&Dsince the early days of the space program.

TTTTTomorrowomorrowomorrowomorrowomorrow

The vision for the forest products industries isto better utilize all the components that areavailable in wood and wood-basedmaterials. New methods for liberating thesematerials, including nanodimensionalcellulose fibrils, macromolecules, andnanominerals, will be needed in order to usethe techniques developed for othernanomaterials as platforms for creating newwood-based materials and products.Nanotechnology holds the promise ofchanging virtually all of the processes bywhich wood and paper products are nowmade, transforming the sector from aresource-based to a knowledge-basedindustry with much greater prospects for long-term stability.

In just a few years, nanotechnology hasmoved from science fiction into the forefrontof research and new product applications.Already, it is considered the most promisingbreakthrough toward productivity growthsince the Internet became part of theworkplace. Last year alone, more than 7,000research papers devoted to nanotechnologywere published, and the pace of developmentis quickening as well.

While predictions vary, it is clear thatapplications for nanotechnology are closer toreality than the public realizes, and may evenqualify as a second industrial revolution.Because self assembled nano-structuresrequire researchers to work at the atomic ormolecular scale, it changes the verydefinitions of raw materials andmanufacturing processes. Manufacturingtraditionally builds things from the top down,hewing lumber from trees, extracting stonefrom quarries, assembling computer chipsfrom silicon. Nanotechnology works from thebottom up, manipulating molecules andatoms to achieve precise and novel effects,improving and altering existing materials.

Nanotechnology In Forest ProductsNanotechnology In Forest ProductsNanotechnology In Forest ProductsNanotechnology In Forest ProductsNanotechnology In Forest Products

! Traditional manufacturing works fromthe top down—nanotechnology worksfrom the bottom up, manuipulatingmolecules to achieve precise and noveleffects.

! Nanotechnology is the most promisingbreakthrough towards productiongrowth since the Internet—some say asecond industrial revolutionsecond industrial revolutionsecond industrial revolutionsecond industrial revolutionsecond industrial revolution.

! Last year alone, 7,000 research paperswere published on nanotechnology.

! To reach its goals, the forest productsindustry must align with the greaternanotechnology research community.


Nanotechnology holds the promise ofchanging virtually all of the processes bywhich wood and paper products are now

made, transforming the sector from aresource-based to a knowledge-based

industry with much greater prospects forlong-term stability.

ResearchResearchResearchResearchResearch

Research is already showing the way toincrease performance and add value in ahost of traditional forest products sectorproducts. Initiatives to provide greaterstrength, water resistance, fire-retardancy, andnew forms of packaging are showing greatpromise, as described in the subset ofemerging opportunities presented below.

! New methods to produce biodegradablepolymers and perform surface/interfacemodification of wood and pulp fiberscould lead to biomaterials with attractivestructural and functional properties (e.g.,clay nanocomposites).

! New types of adhesives and surfacecoatings could provide enhanceddurability, resistance to moisture anddecay, and fire retardancy. Indeed,nanocomposite fire retardant treatmentsare already available and may beadaptable to wood products.

! Nanosized particles could replace currentchemical treatments for preserving woodproducts with direct impregnation oftitanium dioxide, zinc oxide, and otherparticles shown to improve woodlongevity. This will be especially usefulgiven that many countries are alreadybanning current forms of preservative-treated wood.

! Nanocellulose fibrils are the principalstructural elements of wood.Understanding how they are organizedwith other cell wall materials to provide

the bulk properties of wood will allowreconstructing traditional wood andwood-based materials into new shapesand applications.

! For paper, paperboard, and compositesnew polymerization techniques can allowfor the synthesis of reinforced fiberscompatible with either water or organicliquids. Incorporating biochemical andbiomimetic techniques can make theseproducts more recyclable while alsoimproving performance.

! Among the many possibilities suggestedto date for new woodfiber-based productsincorporating nanomaterials aremoisture-resistant cell-phone components,advanced membranes and filters,improved loudspeaker cones, andadditives for paints, coatings, andadhesives.

It should be noted that many of these newtechniques may draw substantially on thewealth of the advanced chemistry already inuse in the industry. As one report concludes,“It should be remembered that substantialparts of the cell wall structure engineeredduring traditional pulping, bleaching andfiber processing are in the nanometer range.”


Moving ahead in the area ofnanotechnology, the forest products

industry must seize the opportunity tolink with the larger nanotechnologyresearch and industrial communities

such as the National NanotechnologyInitiative (NNI).

PPPPPartnershipsartnershipsartnershipsartnershipsartnerships

Moving ahead in the area of nanotechnology,the forest products industry must seize theopportunity to link with largernanotechnology research and industrialcommunities such as the ongoing efforts ofthe National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI).The NNI is a visionary R&D program thatcoordinates the activities of 22 federalagencies and a host of collaborators fromacademia, industry, and other organizations.The total federal funding investment for theNNI is $988 million in fiscal year 2005 and arequest of $1,052 million in fiscal year 2006.The goals of the NNI include:

! Maintain a world class research anddevelopment program aimed at realizingthe full potential of nanotechnology

! Facilitate transfer of new technologies intoproducts for economic growth, jobs, andother public benefit

2 National Science and Technology Council, Committee on Technology, Subcommittee on Nanoscale Science, Engineering andTechnology, National Nanotechnology Initiative Strategic Plan, December 2004.

! Develop educational resources, a skilledworkforce, and the supportinginfrastructure and tools to advancenanotechnology

! Support responsible development ofnanotechnology2

By linking with communities such as the NNI,the forest products industry will be able toexpand its knowledge of nanotechnology,pool its resources with those of otherspursuing common R&D goals, and advanceits own agenda towards its short-, mid-, andlong-term goals for nanotechnology in theindustry.


R&D StrategyR&D StrategyR&D StrategyR&D StrategyR&D Strategy

! NEEDED: Fundamental and cross-cutting research for basic understandingof material properties at the nanoscale.

! NEEDED: New concepts and designmethodologies for nanoscale tools anddevices.

! Nanotechnology by Design will yieldnew tools for precisely building materialfunction around end-use application.

! Networking with other interested partiesis vital.

TWO APPROACHES—

(1) Incorporate knowledge andtechnologies developed through theNNI effort into forest products industrymaterials and processes.

(2) Focus on completely new platforms forradically different products, processingtechniques, and applications.

3—R&D Strategy3—R&D Strategy3—R&D Strategy3—R&D Strategy3—R&D Strategy

Research in nanotechnology for the forestproducts industry will be focused on thefundamental composite material in wood:lignocellulose. Lignocellulose is an abundantmaterial that is nanodimensional at the basiclevel—these dimensions hold the keys to theability to develop materials from the bottomup. In addition, many existing products, suchas paper and paperboard, have empiricallyevolved from the use of micro-scalematerials, such as microfibers and clay fillersthat have turned out to incorporatenanodimensional fibrils and particles.Substantial improvements in performanceand economy can be achieved by successfullyusing these nano-dimensional componentsmore intelligently.

TTTTTwo Approacheswo Approacheswo Approacheswo Approacheswo Approaches

The R&D strategy for the forest productsindustry encompasses two approaches:

1) Nanotechnologies developed in thebroad NNI effort will be adopted anddeployed into materials, processes andproducts used in or produced by thecurrent forest products industry. Theexpected gains of this research directionwill be in improving processingefficiencies, improving end-useperformance of existing products, andsome degree of new product developmentusing much of the existing capitalinfrastructure—with some minor-to-moderate modifications and additions.

2) Develop completely new materials orproduct platforms using the improvedknowledge of nanoscale structures andproperties of the materials used in theforest products industry and other

industries. This direction potentially willlead to radically different products,processing techniques, and materialapplications.

Key Research ChallengesKey Research ChallengesKey Research ChallengesKey Research ChallengesKey Research Challenges

Major scientific and engineeringbreakthroughs will be required to takeadvantage of the opportunities thatnanoscience offers the forest productsindustry. The Nanotechnology for the ForestProducts Industry Workshop participantsidentified fundamental research challenges in


nanoscale lignocellulosic biopolymerstructures, novel surface phenomena,biosynthesis, systems integration, education,and introduction of nanomaterials into themarketplace. The following discussionprovides a synthesis and summary of theresearch challenges and opportunities thatwere identified at the workshop in the variousconcurrent breakout sessions.

The research challenges span a range ofscientific focus areas including:

! Fundamental Understanding andAnalytical Tools

! Nanomaterials by Design

! New Nanoscale Building Tools

! Nanotechnology for Manufacturing

A summary of the major researchopportunities identified by workshopparticipants is shown in the box below.

" Directed design of biopolymer nanocomposites (e.g., combining lignocellulosicmaterials with other nanomaterials).

" Use of self-assembly of nanodimensional building blocks to produce functionalstructures and coatings (can also take advantage of installed industry infrastructure forrapid technology transfer and adoption).

" Nanoscale architecture from renewable resource biopolymers (e.g., creating novelbiopolymers; active functional surfaces; and synergistic coupling of biopolymers withinorganic nanomaterials).

" Biofarming lignocellulosic nanomaterials with unique multifunctional properties byunderstanding and exploiting the architecture and ultrastructure of plant cell walls.

" Liberating nanodimensional cellulose fibrils with a view to exploring the anticipatedbeneficial properties, for example, cellulose nanofibrils appear to offer very highstrength, up to one-quarter the strength of carbon nanotubes.

" Develop biomimetic processes for synthesizing an array of nanodimensionallignocellulosic materials.

" Using nanomaterials, nanosensors, and other applications of nanotechnology scienceand engineering to dramatically improve the efficiency of forest products raw materialconversion processes by reducing energy consumption in processing by 50 percent,using up to 60 percent less raw materials per unit of product output, and reducingproduct degrade/off-specification.

" Developing, enhancing, and adapting physical, chemical, optical, and electricalproperty instrumentation and analytical methodologies used in nanotechnology andnanoscience to lignocellulosic biopolymers’ unique nanofibrillar and cellularmorphology.

Summary of Major Research OpportunitiesSummary of Major Research OpportunitiesSummary of Major Research OpportunitiesSummary of Major Research OpportunitiesSummary of Major Research Opportunities


Fundamental Understanding and AnalyticalTools

As an R&D effort organized around the uniqueproperties of lignocellulose and its processinginto consumer products, research is needed todevelop fundamental understanding of nano-biostructures and processes,nanobiotechnology, and techniques for abroad range of applications in biomaterials,biosystem-based electronics, agriculture,energy, and health. Lignocellulosics arechallenging materials insofar as they have anarchitecture comprised of mixtures crystallinepolymeric materials, oriented molecules, andrandomly designed components. Analyticaltechniques being developed in the studies of“soft matter” and nanotechnology will be ofgreat value. But it must be recognized thatnew approaches will be needed to helpelucidate the fundamental structures involved.In this respect it will be necessary to reach outto disciplines previously not strongly linkedwith forest products. Increasingly, biologists,physicists, chemists, materials scientists, andengineers will need to work together toprovide the range of techniques and skillsneeded. A major resource to be included willbe national laboratories, where a number ofx-ray, neutron, and advanced-light sourceswill enable a more detailed analysis oflignocellulosics. Some fundamental areas ofresearch will include:

! Progress in the study of biological andbiologically inspired systems in whichnanostructures play an important role.This includes developing anunderstanding of the relationships amongchemical composition, single moleculebehavior, and physical shape at thenanoscale and in terms of biologicalfunction and material properties.

! The study of cell biology andnanostructured tissues, as well as synthesisof nanoscale materials based on theprinciples of biologically guided self-assembly. Biosynthesis and bioprocessingoffer fundamentally new ways to

manufacture nanostructured products,including novel biomaterials, improveddelivery of bioactive molecules,nanoscale sensory systems, biochips, andthe modification of existing biomolecularmachines for new functions.

! Genomic modifications of trees or otherlignocellulosic feedstock that modify thecharacteristics of the components in woodto better suit the requirements forprocessing or end-use products.

! Development of more efficient ways toliberate and stabilize nanodimensionalcellulose fibrils so that they can be usedmost effectively.

Nanomaterials by Design

“Nanomaterials by Design” is a uniquelysolutions-based research goal. As describedin the nanomaterials roadmap developed bythe chemicals industry, “nanomaterials bydesign refers to the ability to employ scientificprinciples in deliberately creating structures(e.g., size, architecture,) that deliver uniquefunctionality and utility for targetapplications.”3 This research area will focuson the assembly of building blocks toproduce nanomaterials in technically usefulforms, such as bulk nanostructured materials,dispersions, composites, and spatiallyresolved, ordered nanostructures. It will yielda new set of tools that can provide nearlylimitless flexibility for precisely building

Cross-cutting fundamental research thatcombines biology, physics, chemistry,

materials science, computer science, andengineering will be vital.

3 U. S. Department of Energy and Chemical Industry Vision2020 Technology Partnership, Chemical Industry R&D Roadmap forNanomaterials by Design: From Fundamentals to Function, December 2003.

Nanomaterials by DesignNanomaterials by DesignNanomaterials by DesignNanomaterials by DesignNanomaterials by DesignCreating “Nanomaterials by Design” is a

uniquely solutions-based goal. It willyield a new set of tools that can provide

nearly limitless flexibility for preciselybuilding material function around an end

use application.


material function around an end-useapplication. Such a powerful, function-baseddesign capability holds the potential to solvecritical, unmet needs throughout society.Techniques being developed in the areas ofself-assembly and directed self-assembly willallow us to use the building blocks availablein the forest products industry to manufacturematerials with radically different performanceproperties.

New Nanoscale Building Tools

Novel concepts and design methodologiesare needed to create new nanoscale devicesand integrate them into architectures forvarious operational environments. Theserequire a profound understanding of thephysical, chemical, and biologicalinteractions among nanoscale components.Research in this area includes development ofnew tools for sensing, assembling, processing,manipulating, and manufacturing. It will alsorequire integration along scales, controllingand testing of nanostructures and devices,design and architecture of concepts, softwarespecialized for nanosystems, and designautomation tools for assembling systemscontaining large numbers of heterogeneousnanocomponents.

FFFFFostering Networks andostering Networks andostering Networks andostering Networks andostering Networks andCollaborationCollaborationCollaborationCollaborationCollaboration

To make the vision a reality, it will benecessary to facilitate intensive coordinationand integration among interdependent andmultidisciplinary research areas. A SteeringGroup could be used to foster thiscoordination and guide research along thelines identified by this and future roadmaps.More importantly, it will be vital to networkwith centers already funded as part of the NNI(Figure 7) so that full advantage can be takenof the investments in facilities and programsalready under way. Examples include thenanofabrication facility at Pennsylvania StateUniversity, where researchers are investigatingthe production of cellulose nanofibrils, theself-assembly group at Harvard, where basicprinciples are being developed, and thenanocomposites groups at RensselaerPolytechnic Institute and Wright Patterson AirForce Base. In each case, there are existingbodies of knowledge that can be leveragedby the forest products industry. Networks willinclude the R&D User Centers established bythe U. S. Department of Energy, the NationalScience Foundation (NSF) and the NationalInstitute of Standards and Technology. Thesefacilities, such as those provided by the NSF’sNational Nanofabrication InfrastructureNetwork (NNIN) (Figure 8), make staff,facilities, and equipment necessary fornanoscale research accessible to researchersat businesses and academic institutionsaround the country.

Novel concepts and designmethodologies are needed to create new

nanoscale devices.

Manufacturing at the Nanoscale

Research in this area will focus on creatingnanostructures and assembling them intonanosystems and then into larger-scalestructures. This research should addressunderstanding nanoscale processes,developing novel tools for measurement andmanufacturing at the nanoscale, developingnovel concepts for high-rate liberation andstabilization of nanoscale building blocks,and understanding the processing ofnanostructures and nanosystems, as well asthe scale up of nanoscale processingmethods.

Networking with existing NNI centersis vital.


Figure 7. NNI Centers and User FacilitiesFigure 7. NNI Centers and User FacilitiesFigure 7. NNI Centers and User FacilitiesFigure 7. NNI Centers and User FacilitiesFigure 7. NNI Centers and User Facilities

Figure 8. National Nanotechnology Infrastructure NetworkFigure 8. National Nanotechnology Infrastructure NetworkFigure 8. National Nanotechnology Infrastructure NetworkFigure 8. National Nanotechnology Infrastructure NetworkFigure 8. National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network

The National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network(NNIN) provides provides open on-site and remote access toteaching tools and instrumentation as well as capabilities forfabrication, synthesis, charaterization, design, simulation,and integration to users in academia, small and largeindustry, and government. The NNIN also has extensiveeducation, training, and outreach capabilities.

Source: National Science and Technology Council 2004


R&D FR&D FR&D FR&D FR&D Focus Areasocus Areasocus Areasocus Areasocus Areas

The Steering Committee for theNanotechnology for the Forest ProductsIndustry Workshop considered a number ofdifferent options for organizing the technicalfocus areas for the breakout discussionsessions. The following five R&D focus areaswere selected on the basis that they 1) providethe best path forward for a nanotechnologyroadmap by helping to identify the underlyingscience and technology needed, and 2) fosteressential interactions among visionary,interdisciplinary research and technologyleaders from industry, academia, researchinstitutions, and government.

1) PPPPPolymer Composites and Nanoolymer Composites and Nanoolymer Composites and Nanoolymer Composites and Nanoolymer Composites and Nano-----reinforced Materialsreinforced Materialsreinforced Materialsreinforced Materialsreinforced Materials—Combiningwood-based materials with nanoscalematerials to develop new or improvedcomposite materials with uniquemultifunctional properties.

2) Self-Assembly and BiomimeticsSelf-Assembly and BiomimeticsSelf-Assembly and BiomimeticsSelf-Assembly and BiomimeticsSelf-Assembly and Biomimetics—Using the natural systems of woody plantsas either the source of inspiration ortemplate for developing or manipulatingunique nano-, micro-, and macro-scalepolymer composites via biomimicry and/or direct assembly of molecules.

3) Cell WCell WCell WCell WCell Wall Nanostructureall Nanostructureall Nanostructureall Nanostructureall Nanostructure—Manipulating the cell wall nanostructureof woody plants in order to modify orenhance their physical properties andcreate wood and wood fibers withsuperior manufacturability or end-useperformance.

4) Nanotechnology in Sensors,Nanotechnology in Sensors,Nanotechnology in Sensors,Nanotechnology in Sensors,Nanotechnology in Sensors,Processing, and Process ControlProcessing, and Process ControlProcessing, and Process ControlProcessing, and Process ControlProcessing, and Process Control—Using non-obtrusive, nanoscale sensorsfor monitoring and control during woodand wood-based materials processing, toprovide data on product performanceand environmental conditions during enduse service, and to impart multifunctionalcapabilities to products.

5) Analytical Methods forAnalytical Methods forAnalytical Methods forAnalytical Methods forAnalytical Methods forNanostructure CharacterizationNanostructure CharacterizationNanostructure CharacterizationNanostructure CharacterizationNanostructure Characterization—Adapting existing analytical tools orcreating new tools (chemical, mechanical,electrical, optical, magnetic) thataccurately and reproducibly measure andcharacterize the complex nanoscalearchitecture and composition of woodand wood-based lignocellulosicmaterials.

A sixth focus area is also included here as apart of the R&D Strategy: Collaboration inCollaboration inCollaboration inCollaboration inCollaboration inAdvancing Programs and ConductingAdvancing Programs and ConductingAdvancing Programs and ConductingAdvancing Programs and ConductingAdvancing Programs and ConductingResearchResearchResearchResearchResearch. This section emphasizes theimportance of collaboration and cooperationamong researchers from various disciplinesand organizations, including universities,research institutes, National Laboratories,and government agencies and departments.

The following sections describe the R&D focusareas, including the key technical challengesand research priorities.


Figure 8. The Chemical Structure ofFigure 8. The Chemical Structure ofFigure 8. The Chemical Structure ofFigure 8. The Chemical Structure ofFigure 8. The Chemical Structure ofCelluloseCelluloseCelluloseCelluloseCellulose

Figure 9. Cellulose Nanofibrils Within aFigure 9. Cellulose Nanofibrils Within aFigure 9. Cellulose Nanofibrils Within aFigure 9. Cellulose Nanofibrils Within aFigure 9. Cellulose Nanofibrils Within aPlant Cell WPlant Cell WPlant Cell WPlant Cell WPlant Cell Wallallallallall

Source: Fibersource(www.fibersource.com/f-tutor/cellulose.htm)

Image courtesy of Candace Haigler and MarkGrimson, North Carolina State University,

Raleigh, NC

Descript ionDescript ionDescript ionDescript ionDescript ion

Wood can be viewed as a polymericcomposite of cellulose, hemicelluloses,protein, and lignin, as well as a composite ofnanofibrils, microfibers, tracheids, vesselelements, and parenchyma cells (See Figures8-11). In addition, wood and wood-basedmaterials, such as glued laminated beams,oriented strandboard, plywood, mediumdensity fiberboard, hardboard, paper, andpaperboard, are increasingly beingmanufactured as composites of non-woodand wood-based materials. Non-woodmaterials, used as films, fillers, and matrices,include a wide array of materials such asclays, calcium carbonate, waxes, high-densitypolyethylene, titanium dioxide, adhesives,resins, Portland cement, polypropylene,polyethylene terephtalate, et cetera.

FFFFFigure 10. Diagram of a Wigure 10. Diagram of a Wigure 10. Diagram of a Wigure 10. Diagram of a Wigure 10. Diagram of a Wood Food Food Food Food Fiberiberiberiberiber

Adapted from Smook 1992

FFFFFigure 11. Assemblies of Tigure 11. Assemblies of Tigure 11. Assemblies of Tigure 11. Assemblies of Tigure 11. Assemblies of Tracheids, Rayracheids, Rayracheids, Rayracheids, Rayracheids, RayCells, and PCells, and PCells, and PCells, and PCells, and Parenchyma Cells in Warenchyma Cells in Warenchyma Cells in Warenchyma Cells in Warenchyma Cells in Woodoodoodoodood

Arrows indicate the orientationof cellulose microfibrils in the

different layers of thesecondary wall.

The availability of new nanomaterials offersthe forest products industry the opportunity toimprove its existing composite products andcreate new high-value and high-performancecomposite products. High-performance,nano-based chemistry and additives forcoatings, for example, are producing surfaceenhancements and providing more flexibleand effective use of valuable raw materials.The development and use of nanomaterialsand nanotechnology offers forest productsproducers opportunities for reduced materialand energy inputs; added functionality towood, wood-based composites, and pulp,paper, and paperboard products; andimproved process efficiency—all of which willhelp secure the sustainability and viability ofthe forest products industry.

Images courtesy of W.C. Brow Center,State University of New York


Research Goal and ObjectivesResearch Goal and ObjectivesResearch Goal and ObjectivesResearch Goal and ObjectivesResearch Goal and Objectives

The overall goal of this focus area is toutilize—via adapting, developing, measuring,and implementing—a wide array ofnanomaterials and nanotechnologies that will1) improve the end-use performance ofcurrent wood, wood-based composites, pulp,paper, and paperboard products; 2) allowdevelopment of new generations of high-value, high-performance products from forest-based materials; and 3) reduce the overallcosts to manufacture wood, wood-basedcomposites, pulp, paper, and paperboardproducts.

The goal is to develop the capability touse a wide array of nanomaterials thatimprove end-use performance of current

wood-based products, allowdevelopment of new generations of

high-performance products, and reducemanufacturing costs.

Individual objectives include:

! Utilize, develop, and investigate novelwood-based and non-wood-basednanoscale materials with enhancedproperties (e.g. films, coatings, fillers,matrices, pigments, additives, and fibers)

! Determine the physical, chemical,mechanical, optical, magnetic, andelectronic properties of nanoscalelignocellulosic structures andlignocellulosic nanofibrils in wood

! Liberate nanodimensional cellulose fibrilsfrom the lignocellulosic matrix existing inwood

! Investigate the ability of wood nanofibrilsto be converted into carbon nanotubes,nanotubules, and nanowires

! Understand the inter-relationshipsbetween lignocellulosic nanoscalematerial characteristics and resultingproduct end-use property improvement

! Utilize, develop, and investigate use ofnanoscale materials and nanotechnologyto improve conversion efficiencies ofwood and wood-based materials to finalproducts such as by reducing raw materialneeds and process energy consumption

Outcomes & ImpactsOutcomes & ImpactsOutcomes & ImpactsOutcomes & ImpactsOutcomes & Impacts

The following examples, while by no meansall-inclusive, illustrate some of the potentialapplications of successful R&D in this area.

1) Value-added, durable products andproducts with improved properties thatwould benefit the consumer (for example,the addition of nanoscale fillers topolymeric materials yields dramaticstrength increases even at low additionlevels [<5 percent]. If strength propertiesof wood, wood composites, paper, andpaperboard could be dramaticallyimproved, the material content ofproducts could be decreased by up to 60percent without losing end-useperformance).

2) Improved water removal processes andother processing efficiencies in paperproducts nanotechnology that wouldlower energy costs by 50% (and, thusenhance environmental sustainability).Water removal (typically accomplishedvia thermal drying process) usuallyconstitutes the biggest portion of theenergy costs required to produce wood,wood-based composites, pulp, paper, andpaperboard products. Modification ofwater absorption leading to fasterdraining fibers and 100 percent solidcoatings would minimize the energy


required and maximize the productivity ofpaper and wood products converting andfinishing processes.


The primary barriers to achieving the goals ofthe Polymer Composites and Nano-Reinforced Materials focus area can begrouped into three categories: technical,organizational, and behavioral.

1) Technical—The number of nanoscalematerials currently available in themarketplace capable of providing thedesired properties or benefits to the forestproducts industry is limited. Also, there isgenerally a lack of experience within theforest products industry with themethodologies needed to characterizeand develop nanomaterials withbeneficial properties.

2) Organizational—Cross-disciplinary teamsof scientists and technologists are needed,along with research funding and facilities,to accomplish the goals.

3) Behavioral—Many forest productscompanies are unwilling to participate inanything but pre-competitive researchdirectives; therefore, research projectsmust be selected carefully. Also, becauseof the nature of the industry (high-volumeproduction, low-profit-per-ton, andcapital-intensive, large-scale equipmentand facilities), sufficient economic andtechnical feasibility studies will have to beperformed before any new technologiesare implemented.

R&D PrioritiesR&D PrioritiesR&D PrioritiesR&D PrioritiesR&D Priorities

Novel Materials

Develop and investigate novel materials withenhanced properties (e.g., films, coatings,fillers, matrices, pigments, additives, andfibers—especially lignocellulosic nanofibrils).

This research would be both fundamental anddevelopmental in nature. Cross-disciplinaryteams of material scientists, biologicalscientists, polymer chemists, paper scientists,forest products technologists, and chemicaland mechanical engineers would need toshare their expertise and expand theknowledge base of the development group.A range of advanced tools including particlecharacterization, electrokinetic properties,high-power microscopes, surfacespectroscopy, pressure reactors, small-angleX-ray scattering, and high-consistency mixerswould be needed to perform this research. Itis estimated that it would take 3 to 10 years todevelop and characterize beneficialmaterials. The work would best beaccomplished at or among institutionscapable of forming cross-disciplinary teamsand in possession of the majority of theneeded equipment. Cross-disciplinary teamswould need to work with industrial partnersand a variety of national researchlaboratories to further expand theircapabilities.

Cross-disciplinary teams of researchersare required to carry out needed

research most efficiently and effectively.


Novel Materials for Processing Equipment

Develop and investigate novel materials forprocessing equipment.

This research would be of both a fundamentaland developmental nature. It would requirematerials scientists, polymer chemists, paperscientists, forest products technologists, andchemical and mechanical engineers to formcross-disciplinary teams that would work withequipment and other suppliers on novelmaterials for processing equipment. Forexample, pilot-paper machine and coatingequipment could be adapted to implementthe new processes equipment that would beneeded for performing the studies. Thiswould be shorter-term research focused onstudying the operational and economicbenefits of advanced nanomaterials on woodprocessing, panel products compositesmanufacturing, and paper-making andcoating equipment.

Inter-Relationships Between NanoscaleMaterial Characteristics and End-ProductProperties

Develop and understand the inter-relationships between nanoscale materialcharacteristics and the resulting product end-use property improvements.

This research focuses on determining the inter-relationships between nanoscale materialcharacteristics and resulting product end-useproperty improvements. As nanoscalematerials become increasingly used in forestproducts to attain new and improved end useperformance, inclusion of these materialsneeds to move away from iterative trial anderror product development approaches wheresuch nanoscale materials are included in testsample products followed by assessingresulting product properties. If one can

create a database of nanoscale materialproperties and elucidate the relationshipsbetween constituent nanoscale materialproperties and product end-use properties,one can employ scientific principles andcomputational modeling in deliberatelycreating new and improved products thatdeliver unique functionality and utility fortargeted end-use applications without theneed to go through iterative trial and errorproduct development experimentation.

This nanomaterials database, constituentmaterial interaction, and end-productperformance modeling research would becarried out by researchers with backgroundsand skills in forest products technology,pulping and papermaking science andengineering, chemical and mechanicalengineering, materials science, mathematicalmodeling, computational modeling, andmetrology. The work would require the use ofa laboratory equipped with up-to-datephysical-property, surface-testing, and othermetrology equipment. Small-scale pilot-plantand wet laboratories would be needed tocreate composite end products for testing andevaluation. For example, coating labs andprinting facilities would be needed togenerate samples for testing coating andperforming paper-print testing and analysis.

Implementing New Materials

Determine the best way to implement newmaterials.

This research would be more developmentaland applied in nature. It would require theformation of cross-disciplinary teams ofmaterial scientists, forest productstechnologists, paper scientists, and chemicaland mechanical engineers. The researchteams could work with cooperators atuniversities, federal laboratories, orcommercial pilot-plant facilities equipped


with appropriate pilot equipment (e.g., papermachines, coaters, formers, presses, andauxiliary equipment) to determine the bestway to implement the nanomaterials beingdeveloped by other cross-disciplinary teams.If equipment modifications are not needed,the research could be accomplished in ashorter period of time. However, if significantmodifications to existing equipment need tobe made, projects may extend into a longerlifetime.

Economic and Life-Cycle Models

Develop economic and life-cycle models forforest-based nanoscale materials andproducts.

To be successfully used in consumer productsand end uses, wood-based products andmaterials, including nanoscale materials,must be technically and economically viableas well as socially and environmentallyacceptable. The vast majority of workidentified in this forest products industryroadmap is justifiably focused on technicalissues and overcoming technical barriers.However, research to assess and modelimpacts and the economic viability of usingnanoscale materials in forest products is also

needed. Such research will help identify themost critical areas in which to focus researchto reduce costs, attain needed end-useperformance characteristics, and overcomeany negative environmental impacts inproduction and use. Life-cycle assessmentsare increasingly being used to assess andquantify the environmental impacts ofmaterials and products and, hence, contributeto achieving social acceptability. Becausesuccess is expected with respect to use ofnanotechnology and nanoscale materialswithin the forest products industry, it isnecessary that research on life-cycleassessment and determining and overcomingany unacceptable environmental impactsneeds to be carried out. Interdisciplinaryteams comprised of forest productstechnologists, pulp and paper scientists andengineers, business majors (including Mastersof Business Administration), economists,chemical engineers, mechanical engineers,and environmental engineers would bestperform this research. The interdisciplinaryteams should work with such groups as theNational Council for Air and StreamImprovement (NCASI) and The AmericanForest and Paper Association (AF&PA) todevelop economic and life-cycle models fornanomaterial-containing products.



Much can be learned by studying thenaturally occurring nanostructures found inforest biomass. Learning how they self-assemble and developing methods that usethis self-assembly will be critical tomanufacturing new products from thisrenewable resource. Through biomimicry, wewill also be able to take advantage of theefficiencies of these natural structures.


The overall goal of this focus area is todevelop a technical platform that enablesself-assembly of lignocellulosic materialseither singly or in combination with othermaterials at a nanoscale. Individualobjectives will include the following:

! Create novel, functional, self-assemblingsurfaces on existing lignocellulosicsubstrates

! Develop a fundamental understanding ofmolecular recognition in plant growth andcell-wall self-assembly in forest productsprocesses to create new or to enhanceexisting products

! Characterize self-assembled natural andsynthetic materials

! Integrate micro- and nanoscaleorganization in new products andprocesses

Outcomes and ImpactsOutcomes and ImpactsOutcomes and ImpactsOutcomes and ImpactsOutcomes and Impacts

The following examples, while not all-inclusive, illustrate some of the potentialapplications of successful R&D in this area.

1) Barrier coatings and films/laminates foruse in packaging to protect components,indicate the condition of the contents, orprovide a security function.

2) Extremely light-weight, paper-likestructures that not only significantly reducethe weight of existing paper products, butenable entirely new uses for fibrous webs(e.g., matrices for other polymers orceramic materials).

Learning how woody plants self-assemble and developing methods that

use self-assembly is critical to developingnovel nanoscale lignocellulosic-based

biomaterials.

The major constituents of woody materialsare cellulose, lignin, and the hemicelluloses.Of these, cellulose is by far the mostpredominant and is, in fact, the world’s mostabundant polymer. Cellulose is a renewableresource, and has many unique propertiesthat result from its organization at asupermolecular level. Under the guidance ofthe cell, the cellulose chains self-assembleinto partly crystalline nanofibrils within theplant cell wall. Deviations from perfectcrystallinity exist and, rather than being trulyamorphous, probably reflect the complexnanoscale structure of the biopolymer that is,as yet, not completely understood. Thesenanofibrils impart specific properties to thecomposite structure based on the way theyare formed and are oriented within the fibercell wall. By understanding and influencinghow these structures form, and by developingpractical manufacturing processes tomanipulate their formation, it may bepossible to develop entirely new products thattake advantage of the material characteristicsmanifested at this scale. These materialcharacteristics include unique optical,strength, electrical, and sorptive properties.


3) An understanding of how molecules inwoody biomass self-assemble leading tothe use of the constituents as a chemicalfeedstock (as an alternative to non-renewable chemical raw materials such aspetroleum).

4) By modeling the “nanofactories” found inthe leaves and other living parts of thewoody plant, we may be able to mimicprocesses such as photosynthesis andtranspiration. This may enabledevelopment of more efficient methodsfor manufacturing foodstuffs and fuelsfrom forest resources, as well as theproduction of simple and/or compositestructures for the controlled passage andseparation of various materials.


The primary barriers to achieving the goals ofthe Self-Assembly and Biomimetics focus areacan be grouped into four categories—manufacturing, materials, analysis, andnanoscience.

1) Manufacturing—Manufacturing in theforest products industry is characterized bylarge, high-throughput processes that arevery capital-intensive. A major barrier isthe difficulty of large-scale and high-speed production of nanomaterials.

2) Materials—Biomass as a starting materialtends to be very non-homogeneous, whichmay prove to be a significant barrier tocomplete resolution followed by self-assembly of specific components of thisresource.

3) Analysis—The forest products industry’sability to predict bulk material propertiesfrom single and assemblies ofnanostructures is limited by the analytical

methods currently available. Some mayexist in other industries but are not used inforest products.

4) Nanoscience—Little knowledge existsregarding the self-assembly andincorporation of useful molecules intonanomaterials derived from the forestresource base.


A fundamental approach will accelerate thedevelopment of forest-based nanomaterialsand new products incorporatingnanomaterials. To do this, an in-depthunderstanding of the principles of self-assembly in these materials must bedeveloped. To develop a mechanisticunderstanding of self-assembly, extensiveknowledge bases in many scientificdisciplines, new measuring techniques,modeling and the correlation of nano, micro-,and macro-scale properties must bedeveloped. Key R&D priorities as describedbelow.

Manufacturing

Optimize development and product life cyclesin manufacturing.

This will require methods that make maximumuse of current manufacturing systems andmeet the production-rate requirements of theindustries. To do this, the thermodynamicsand kinetics of self-assembly must bequantified and modified and the macro- andnanoscales during processing will need to bereconciled.

Materials

Develop methods to neutralize the impact ofthe heterogeneous nature of the startingmaterial.


This may include methods that are insensitiveto non-homogeneity or that incorporatehomogenization of the starting material as afirst step.

Analysis

Develop data bases sufficiently large topermit modeling.

To do this structure/property relationships willhave to be developed for lignocellulosicmaterials. High throughput analyticalmethods will also have to be developed. Thiswill require multidisciplinary solutions. Inaddition, we will need to correlate whathappens at the micro- and nanoscales to themacro scale.

Linkages and Implementation

New measurement techniques, modeling, andthe ability to correlate nano- and macro-scales are needed.

To gain a mechanistic understanding of self-assembly and biomimicry, fundamentalknowledge will have to be developed in basicdisciplines such as biology, biochemistry,biophysics, polymer science, surface andcolloid science, thermodynamics, kinetics,and organic materials science. This willrequire the virtual creation of a newmultidisciplinary field as it relates to the forestresource. Specialized equipment andanalytical capabilities currently used in otherfields and even the development of newtechniques and instrumentation specific to thisarea will be needed. Long-term cooperativeefforts between academia, researchinstitutions, and the network ofnanotechnology laboratories (currently underdevelopment) will also be needed.

New measurement techniques,modeling, and the ability to correlatenano- and micro-scales are needed.

Nanoscience

Establish/expand the discipline ofnanoscience as it pertains to lignocellulosicmaterials, which today is virtually non-existent.

Developing this area will require multi-disciplinary partnerships. Examples includeareas such as new measurement techniques(e.g., for particle/particle interactions),modeling capabilities (quantify the effects ofsurface chemistry and shape factors), andmulti-scale self-assembly. An electron microscope cross section

image of a paper coating

Image courtesy of IMERYS



Research activities in the Cell WallNanotechnology focus area seek tounderstand and exploit the architecture andprocesses of consolidation of wood cell walls,which are the primary determinants of thematerial properties of wood and wood fibers.Wood cell walls are nanocomposites ofcellulose, hemicelluloses, protein, and lignin.They form the basis of the forest productsindustry and its renewable resources. Woodcells contain unique nanomanufacturingprotein complexes that use activated glucoseto assemble cellulose nanofibrils, the mostabundant renewable material resource onearth. These remarkable cellulose nanofibrilsexhibit a modulus roughly one quarter to onefifth of that of a carbon nanotube, yet they areproduced naturally without the need forenergy-consuming, high-temperatureprocessing.

Improved understanding of the essentialnature of the plant cell wall and thenanoprocesses involved in its formationconverges with emerging nanoscience,bringing about new challenges andopportunities. New information and insightconcerning nanoscale order and assembly ofthe lignocellulosic cell walls is needed. Thisknowledge will: (a) advance opportunities tocontrol structure within the geneticallyengineered plants; (b) suggest new uses ofwood and its constituents individually; and (c)provide system prototypes for biomimeticnanoscale engineering processes to producematerials in entirely new ways. It is possible toimagine material production processes thatuse proteins directly, or the as-yet-unknownprotein operation mechanisms, allowingfibrils and composite materials to bemanufactured and engineered at thenanoscale outside the cell. Such approachesmay dramatically change the manufacturingof wood products by reducing energyconsumption, eliminating the delignificationprocess, and conferring the ability toindustrially engineer material properties onthe nanoscale. Ultimately, research into theseareas will benefit the public through value-added traditional products, novelmanufacturing processes, and innovativeproducts, as well as optimized plantationforests with minimized impact on naturalecosystems.

The goal is to develop the capacity tomanipulate the nanoarchitecture ofsecondary walls of woody plants.

Manipulating the architecture andprocesses of consolidation of wood cell

walls is key to achieving superiorphysical properties at nano-, micro-,

and macro-scales.


The overall goal of this focus area is todevelop the ability to modify thenanoarchitecture of the secondary walls ofwoody plants to achieve significantimprovements in properties, and to adaptthese properties to different applications.

Recent studies of interactions between themajor cell wall constituents, together withevidence that the assembly of the cell wall isgenetically encoded, suggest that theformation of cell walls involves highlyorchestrated nanoprocesses. Researchillustrates that the molecular andnanoarchitectural details of these cell wallsdiffer between cell types and tissues andspecies. At the present time, ourunderstanding of the native structures, theirmolecular diversity, and the mechanisms ofbiogenesis and hierarchical assembly inwoody plant cell walls is very rudimentary.


Achieving this goal depends on controllingthe processes of cell wall assembly throughgenetic and environmental manipulation. Toaccomplish this it will be necessary to achievea deep and integrated understanding of thecomplex and highly coupled processesresponsible for consolidation of the cell wallsand how these processes vary in differentspecies and tissues and under differentenvironmental growth conditions. Newmethods for investigating the constituentsand separating them surgically at thenanoscale need to be developed. Finally, itwill be necessary to take advantage of all thenew instrumental and technical methodsavailable for investigating nanostructures asthey occur in their native conditions withoutdisruption. Ultimately, genetics, cell biology,biochemistry, biophysics, and materialsengineering, must be linked in order toestablish causal relationships betweenmolecular phenomena and the diversestructures and mechanical properties of plantcell walls at the nanoscale.

Specific objectives will include but are notlimited to:

! Characterize the consolidated cell wallstructure without resorting to reductionistmethods that result in the loss ofinformation regarding the nature ofindividual constituents or the coupling ofthe different constituents

! Establish the relationship between geneticinformation and its phenotypic expressionat the nanoscale level with regard tomechanisms of biosynthesis and thestructure and organization of theconstituents of the cell wall

! Identify the influence of environmentalconditions on native cell wall propertiesand stabilizing properties under variableenvironmental conditions

! Establish a more solid foundation forrelating the genomic information fromArabidopsis thaliana to correspondinggenomic information for commerciallyimportant species of wood

! Develop new methods of investigating cellwall structure by non-invasive microscopicand spectroscopic measurements that donot require isolation of the individualcomponents in order to acquireinformation concerning structure andmechanical properties

! Develop new techniques for separatingthe cell wall constituents without alteringthe native structures

! Develop methods to economically extractlignin without substantially altering itsstructure


The following examples, while not all-inclusive, illustrate some of the potentialapplications of successful R&D in this area.

1) Improved product diversity and propertiesthrough engineering of wood feed stock tomeet product-specific requirements (e.g.,generation of thinner walls in southernpine, changed ratio of wall components,more flexible fiber, more or lessabsorptive fiber).

2) Enhanced use of non-merchantabletimber, wood processing residues, andother agricultural residues as sources ofbiomass to compensate for decliningfossil fuels.

3) Improved ecological sustainabilitythrough reduced energy costs to extractlignin (currently accounts for one half ofpaper manufacturing costs), minimization


of undesirable chemical byproducts inwood processing, and faster growing treesthat retain industrially useful properties tomaximize productivity of plantation forestland.

4) New methods for extracting and isolatingthe lignin and hemicelluloses in a formthat is marketable (may have uniqueproperties for applications in the industrialmarkets for phenolic-based polymers andpolysaccharides).

5) Improved economic vitality of localindustry and job creation throughinnovative, high-value processing andfabrication of wood and wood-basedproducts.


The most challenging part of what lies aheadis to establish new paradigms to enableexamination of wood cell wall structures at thenanoscale that will be meaningful to thewood science community. The wood sciencecommunity has historically organized itsfoundational knowledge at the microscaleand the molecular scale, with only speculativemodels to bridge the gap. With thedevelopment of vastly more powerfulinstruments for examining structure at thenanoscale level, it is now necessary to discardthe speculative models and establish newparadigms that are validated byexperimental observations. Ultimately, wemust obtain a comprehensive view of thechemical, mechanical, microscopic, andcrystallographic nature of cell wall structure inthe native state and during processing.

Some of the specific challenges to beaddressed by research in the Cell WallNanotechnology focus area are describedbelow.

1) The speculative models that have been infrequent use over recent decades will notprove useful—they are based onadaptation of many of the paradigmsdeveloped in studies of syntheticpolymers.

2) Many phenomena that can occur at thenanoscale level do not lend themselves toanalysis in terms of the concepts of theclassical thermodynamics of macroscopicsystems (e.g., the aggregation of cellulosein the native state).

3) Traditional computer modeling of theatomic scale does not readily deal withmolecular and fibrillar interactions at thenanoscale. Novel nanoscale modelingmethods for fibrous composites need tobe developed as a means ofunderstanding native cell wall structure,alterations during processing, andconceptualization of value-addedmaterials.

4) Because cellulose has a predominantimportance in the forest products industryand is the skeleton around which other cellwall constituents are organized, itbecomes important to understand theprocesses by which the cellulose isformed.

5) It is equally important to understand howthe processes of formation and assemblyof the other cell wall constituents arecoupled with the deposition of thecellulose to form the hierarchically morecomplex sub-layers of the cell wall.

6) Knowledge of changes in compositionand structure will not necessarily lead tonew value added products unless it isknown how these changes alter thephysical and mechanical properties of cellwalls. This relationship of chemical and


structural changes to mechanicalproperties can lead to development ofimproved wood and fiber products.


Regulating Cellulose Nanofibril Formation

Investigate the process of formation ofcellulose nanofibrils, including genetic,biochemical, cellular, and biophysicalregulation.

Here we include both the primary synthesis ofthe molecules and the process that bringsabout their nucleation into a unique,unusually stable nanofibrillar form that hasrarely been duplicated in a non-bioticenvironment. Cellulose biogenesis iseffectively a nanomanufacturing processaccomplished by a multi-protein complex thatis highly integrated into the cell structure. Weneed to identify all the essential proteins and,their mechanistic interaction, the regulatorymechanisms for the protein complex, and howit is influenced by environmental factors. Weneed to accurately characterize the diversenanoscale structures of native cellulose anddetermine how variability is controlled. Anumber of well-characterized model systemsexist that can continue to be the subjects ofbiological research in this area as well as inunderstanding the biophysics of fibrilformation. Ongoing research to synthesizecellulose in vitro from isolated cellularconstituents should be extended tocharacterization of all the constituents of theactive complex and reconstituting it outsidethe cell solely from identified components. Inaddition, efforts have begun towardgenerating dynamic computer models of anactive cellulose synthesizing complex. Suchefforts will be aided by development ofmethods for theoretical protein modeling atthe nanoscale that do not depend on solvedcrystallographic structure and higher

resolution imaging of the native cellulosesynthesizing complex.

Regulating the Synthesis of Other Cell WallConstituents

Characterize the processes that regulate theformation of the other constituents of the cellwall and the manner in which they arecoupled with the deposition of cellulose.

It is important to identify and understand theenzymes and cellular processes that controlthe synthesis and interaction of hemicellulosesand lignin. To aid this research, systems needto be developed allowing heterologousexpression or reconstitution of polymer-synthesizing systems so that functions ofaltered genes can be rapidly tested.Important questions include identification ofwhere in the cytoplasm, plasma membrane,or exoplasmic/cell wall space is each enzymesystem found and determination of the shape,surface area, degree of aggregation and/orcrystallinity for all the polymeric componentsin addition to understanding their interaction.Potential practical benefits of modifyingexisting constituents or of addingnanomaterials into the cell wall to generatenovel and useful composite properties shouldalso be explored.


Assembling and Consolidating the Woody CellWall

Determine the manner in which the processesof assembly and consolidation are guided bythe expression of genomic information, thebiophysical interactions of the synthesizedmolecules, and the emerging mechanicalproperties.

The impact the composite structure of the cellwall and its components have on themechanical properties of the plant cell andfiber material obtained from woody plants isimportant for many applications.Fundamental questions include how theadditional polymeric constituents influencethe aggregation of cellulose and theformation of the plant cell wall. It is clear thatcell wall consolidation involves thetransformation of components that are firstdeposited in a highly hydrated environmentinto a very tightly aggregated environmentwithin which the degree of hydration iscontrolled by the characteristics of theconsolidated structure. It is important todetermine how this process is regulatedallowing it to be highly predictable withinparticular cell types and species yet alsosubject to environmental regulation. Otherquestions include how the native properties ofthe cell wall are changed during industrialprocessing, and if this can be moreadvantageously controlled. Moreover, anunderstanding of the interaction of additivessuch as adhesives used in wood products withthe cell wall structure at the nanoscale couldallow the properties of wood products to beimproved.

For understanding the consolidated structureof cell walls in the native state or in mutatedform, new tools are needed. Some of theseare already under development (e.g.,recombinant fungal hydrolases againstdiverse plant cell wall polysaccharides are

being characterized, and monoclonalantibodies are being generated thatrecognize a greater diversity of carbohydrateepitopes). Development of computer modelsfor nanoscale interactions of fibrouscomponents and for nanoscale mechanicalproperties will also help to advance thisresearch area.

Developing Efficient Experimental Systems

Exploit appropriate model systems to rapidlyaccumulate fundamental knowledge.

For genomic studies, the model plantArabidopsis thaliana, which has a closeevolutionary relationship to Poplar, is avaluable tool because it has secondary cellwalls with nanoscale structure that parallelscommercially important woody species.Research has already identified inducedmutations in Arabidopsis that causealterations in secondary walls, particularly thecellulose and lignin components. Equallyimportant is the genomic characterization ofmodel tree species and the development ofwidely accessible methods for rapid testing ofgene function directly in transgenic trees.Genomic analysis must ultimately be resolvedto cellular understanding of the roles of theencoded proteins, and here more unusualmodel systems like the cellulose-synthesizingmoss Physcomitella patens may haveparticular value. Other model systemsinvolving bacteria may also be useful forrapid testing and provide additional insightinto cellulose synthesis. For example, thebacteria Acetobacter xylinum produces largequantities of cellulose and has been usedextensively to study cellulose biosynthesis.

Applying Novel Instrumental Methods

Apply new instrumental methods to study thecell wall native state without significantlyaltering its structures.


Much remains to be accomplished in thisarea. Many of the instrumental methodsdeveloped to date have been forinvestigations of inanimate structures andinorganic systems. Methodologies that aremore sophisticated than those currently usedin the wood science community will beneeded to isolate the different constituents inas close to their native state as possible andfor examine the nanoscale structure of non-disrupted cell walls. In some cases, this mayrequire the development of new instrumentsor measurement techniques that avoid thereductionist approaches used in the well-established methods of wood chemistry. Evenmore far-reaching possibilities includenanodevices fabricated to search for andreport interactions between molecules innormal and altered cell walls. Such devicescould possibly be engineered to allow highthroughput analysis of cell wall structure andproperties, including intact plants. Thesecapabilities would significantly improve ourunderstanding of cellulose fibril synthesis andthe formation of the plant cell wall.Understandings of cell wall mechanicalproperties can be investigated via use ofnanoindentation.

Developing New Nanocomposites

Develop cell walls as models and materialsfor nanoscale assembly of new composites.

As we understand the subtleties of assembly ofcell walls at the nanoscale level, we need tobe alert to the possibilities that some of theseprocesses may lend themselves to scaling to ahigher level, as well as to the possibilities thatthey may provide models for nanoscaleassembly of other materials, whether syntheticor natural. That is, they may provide excellentmodels for the development of newnanocomposites with unusual properties. Theunderstanding of the physical and chemicalproperties of the cell wall constituents mayalso provide a path for engineering materialswith new bulk or surface properties needed foremerging applications. Examples includesensors, packaging materials, biocompatibleor anti-microbial materials, or substrateswhose surface properties have been tailoredfor compatibility with other electronic oroptoelectronic materials or devices. It isknown that cellulose fibrils exhibitpiezoelectric properties. Piezoelectricmaterials are widely used for physical,chemical, and biological sensing devices.More fundamentally, cell wall moleculescould possibly be used as nanobioelectronicdevices. An understanding of the propertiesand assembly of cell wall molecules mayenable the realization of these functionalities.



The ability to monitor the environment andconditions occurring during themanufacturing and use of wood-basedproducts will help lower production cost andadd greatly to the functional value of goodsand services. Access to information could begreatly expanded through the availability ofnon-obtrusive sensors that are small andaffordable. It should be possible to takeadvantage of what is being developed inother areas for use in the forest productsarena. Additionally, we can anticipate that thedeeper understanding of the properties oflignocellulosic materials at the nanoscale willreveal properties or materials that can beincorporated into sensors or used as part of anetwork communicating local conditions.

used delignification technologies. The needfor pulp bleaching might also be minimizedor avoided.

Manufacturing costs could also be reduced byemploying nanotechnology to preventcellulose and hemicellulose degradation andyield loss due to over-processing. Forexample, it is possible that cellulose or other-types of nanofibrils/nanomaterials could begrafted onto wood fiber surfaces. Thesegrafted nanofibrils/nanomaterials couldreduce or eliminate the need to do additionalmechanical fiber refining via improving fiber-fiber network bonding or allowing a reductionin the amount of fiber needed to produceproducts. Water removal (drying) via use ofthermal (steam) energy is a big cost in theproduction of most forest products. Ifnanomaterials could be used to eliminate allrewetting in the press nip (such as in wet pressfelts), significant manufacturing energysavings could be achieved. For example, self-assembling temperature-sensitive nano-polymers could be attached to fiber surfacesin order to convert hydrophilic fiber surfacesto hydrophobic surfaces at temperaturesabove a selected low critical solutiontemperature (LCST) so that water can be moreeasily squeezed out of fibers network. Whentemperature returns to that below the LCST,the nano-polymer changes to hydrophilic andserves to improve fiber-fiber network bonding.


The goal of this focus area is to develop thecapacity to adapt and use nanoscale sensorsand nanomaterials to reduce manufacturingcosts and improve quality and performancewhile imparting multifunctionality to forestproducts.

The ability to efficiently and effectivelyuse nanoscale sensors to monitor

processing and end-use conditions willreap enormous benefits and cost

reductions.

Nanostructured catalysts could be used inprocessing to efficiently and effectivelydisassemble wood into its variouscomponents for optimal downstreamprocessing. For example nanostructuredcatalysts could be used to selectively removelignin; separate lignocellulose into itsconstituents (cellulose, hemicelluloses, andlignin); or possibly even liberate cellulosenanofibrils. Examples of the benefitsachieved from such nano-controlleddisassembly include enhanced materialproperties (e.g. lignin and hemicellulosescould be liberated at near native state) andreduced environmental impacts. Forexample, energy costs would be reduced inpulping if such nanostructured catalystdisassembly avoided the high temperatureprocessing (>100oC) employed with currently


Some specific objectives include thefollowing:

! Develop feedstocks and wood-basedproducts that have sensing capability atthe nanoscale—this research would befocused on raw material manipulation ormodification genetically so that thebuilding block of feedstock has sensingcapabilities to provide moisture control,et cetera

! Develop lignocellulosic-based sensors.This research is focused on fundamentalunderstanding of lignocellulosic materialsso that it can be modified chemically toproduce sensing-specific capability, suchas temperature, or self-healing

! Develop the capability to effectively andefficiently incorporate a variety offunctional nano materials with wood-based materials and paper at the macro,micro, and nanoscale to make high-performance, high-value products

! Develop or deploy durable, rugged, andlow-energy or passive nanosensors thatcan be incorporated into wood andpaper-like products to add value.Research will include monitor or control oftemperature, pressure, volatile organiccompounds (VOCs), moisture content,mold, and insect attacks. Research willalso include fiber tagging to increase fiberrecyclability/trackability and fiber surfacecharacteristics for identification

! Develop rugged, robust sensors tomonitor processes at the nanoscale andsampling procedures for theireffectiveness. This goal is related togeneral sensor development formonitoring nanoscale behavior or processin wood products manufacturing. The

research is more or less related toAnalytical Methods for NanostructureCharacterization (R&D Focus Area 5)

! Develop and employ highly selectivenanostructured catalysts to efficiently andeffectively delignify or separate wood intoits constitutive components inenvironmentally preferable ways (e.g. noenvironmentally troublesome byproductsare produced; high temperatureprocessing is not needed; product yieldsare high; and energy consumption isgreatly reduced compared to currentprocesses)

! Develop nanotechnologies that canmodify fiber surface nanostructure andfiber-fiber network bonding ability so thatwood fiber mechanical refining energyand fiber useage can be significantlyreduced

! Explore the use of nanofibrils/nanomaterials in forest products unitoperations such as water removal as ameans to significantly reduce energyconsumption

Progress in nanoscale research involvinglignocellulosic materials will be

significantly enabled by metrology thatallows observation and monitoring of

nanoscale features and properties.


Wood and lignocellulose-based materialscan be used as a substrate or as the sensoritself. The manufacturing costs for producingforest products will be greatly reducedthrough increasing final product yields andreduced energy consumption. The followingexamples illustrate some of the potentialapplications:


1) Nanosensors incorporated into wood-based materials that can provide veryearly warning of either mold or termites.

2) Nanoscale processes that can provideself-healing once the structure is beingattacked by mold or termites.

3) Nanosensors on packaging materials thatcan detect conditions such as foodspoilage or medical package tamperingor exposure to unsafe conditions.

4) Intelligent papers that have memorycapabilities or are responsive to radio orelectronic signals.

5) Nanosensors that can provide fibertagging for recycling, forensic, orcounterfeiting applications.

6) Nanostructured catalysts that can liberatecellulose nanofibrils from wood as well asselectively remove lignin and/orhemicelluloses in environmentallypreferable ways.

7) Nanofibrils/nanomaterials that can beused in forest products processing tosignificantly reduce manufacturing energyand materials consumption.


The primary barriers to achieving the goals ofNanotechnology in Sensors, Processing, andProcess Control can be generally categorizedin three areas:

1) Technical—A lack of basic knowledge ofthe nano-scale architecture and formationprocesses of wood and wood componentsexists, such as a fundamentalunderstanding of cell wall structure andself-assembly. There is also a limitednumber of scientists and technologists withexpertise to conduct and apply the

needed research on nanosensors in theforest products industry.

2) Cultural—The forest products industry isconservative and risk-averse

3) Social—Regulatory issues and theperception of the wood, pulp, and paperindustry as low-technology limits drivingforces for change.


Basic Research in Food and Medical ProductContamination

Identify microbial species or chemical/optical/physical agents that are uniquefingerprints or signatures of food spoilage,medical contamination, or productdegradation, and develop methodologies forincorporating these agents into non-obtrusive,low-cost, robust nanosensors for food andmedical packaging materials.

Much research in this area may already beavailable (e.g., assessments of classes ofchemical signatures, an indicator that willidentify the chemical signature, diagnosticinformation for health care practitioners,feedback for remote health care,contamination by pathogens, sterilityindicator). However, more may be required,especially in integrating the knowledge towood-fiber science or paper-coatingchemistry and biosensor research to developpaper-deployable molecular-level sensingcapabilities of the identified species or agentrelated to spoilage or contamination.

Basic Research in Wood-Fiber Science

Investigate genetic and chemicalmodifications of wood lignocellulose materialsto enable basic sensing capabilities and selfregulation (e.g., for moisture, temperature,VOCs).


Research is needed on modifying fibersurfaces so that they can easily interact withother species to build nanosensors on thesurface or nanosensors that are responsive toradio and electronic signals. Knowledgedeveloped in fiber cell wall structure and self-assembly research should be integrated intothis effort.

Research in Coating Technology and Materials

Investigate and develop paper and woodproduct coating technology and coatingmaterials that can deploy nanosensors tothese products through mechanical orchemical means.

Research is needed in developing newcoating material and novel coatingdeployment techniques (such as inkjet printingof conductive materials on paper), as well aspaper-surface modification to be receptive ofnew coating or printing materials andtechniques. Basic research in new “ink” orcoating material interaction with fibers is alsoneeded.

Research in Fiber Tagging

Investigate and developfiber tagging techniques(e.g., through coating orfiber modification) toenable fiber separationand identification forrecycling, counterfeiting,or forensic applications.

Examples include“nanotechnologywatermarks” that codepaper or wood productsfor recycling or thatidentify or certify “chainof custody.”

Basic Research in Data Synthesis

Study and develop methods to synthesize datafrom multimillions of nanosensors in order togenerate useful information for action orprocess control.

This work will require research in mathematicsand computer science related to signalprocessing and data synthesis.

Research in Nanostructured Catalysis

Develop cost effective, efficient,environmentally-preferable and highly-selective nanostructured catalysts fordisassembling wood and lignocellulose.

Nanostructured catalysts are needed that areable to liberate cellulose nanofibrils fromwood, remove lignin, and have the ability toseparate lignocellulose into its constituentcomponents at high yield and in near native-state. Understanding the principles thatcontrol nanocatalysis is key to developingmore effective catalysts. In this way rates ofreaction can be greatly increased as well asincreasing selectivity.

Research in Forest Products Processing toAchieve Manufacturing Cost Savings

Carryout research on the use of nanomaterialsin conjunction with unit operations in theprocessing of wood and wood-basedmaterials.

Areas of particular importance includepreventing degradation and yield loss,improving water removal, decreasing fiberrefining, and fiber modification to achievesignificant energy and materials savings inthe manufacture of wood fiber-based forestproducts.



Progress in nanoscience and nanotechnologyis significantly enabled by tools that allowvisual observation and manipulation of thenanosized features and measurement ofproperties at the nanoscale. Each of thepreceding four topics Polymer Compositesand Nano-Reinforced Materials; Self-assembly and Biomimetics; Cell WallNanotechnology; and Nanotechnology inSensors, Processing, and Process Control—has needs for tools which are able to describethe size and shape (morphology) andcomposition and chemistry at the nanometerscale of lignocellulosic materials, as well astake measurements of mechanical, electrical,and electronic properties.

Although general statements about nano-scale analysis tools already available can bemade, it is important to recognize that it isoften necessary to develop or adapt tools(and specimen preparation) to uniquescientific or analysis questions. While thescientist or engineer always wants moreinformation than is available at any specifictime, it is often productive to identify how theanswers to specific well-focused questions canbe addressed. Thus, this focus area centers ongeneral issues and identifying analyticalchallenges.

Two related but fundamentally different typesof nanoscale analysis questions exist.Frequently, questions are asked about thestructure, chemistry, or properties of a specificnanosized object. Either that specific object isof interest or it is assumed to be an exampleof other similar objects. However, forindustrial applications, it is equally importantand possibly more important to be able todetermine representative properties anddistributions of properties that occur in acollection of nanoscale objects. When thesenanosized objects are incorporated intolarger functional systems, it is a particular

challenge to understand the nature of theseobjects in the overall systems and howchanges at the nanoscale alter overall systemproperties.

Lignocellulosic materials are complexstructures and, as natural materials, can varysignificantly in properties within and betweenspecies. Many of the techniques beingdeveloped in the areas of soft-matter physicsand nanotechnology need to be adapted anddeveloped to meet the challenges presentedby lignocellulosic materials.


The overall goal of the analytical methodsfocus area is to develop the nanoscalecharacterization methods and physical(mechanical, electrical, magnetic, optical)and chemical property measurements andtechniques necessary to adequatelycharacterize complex wood and wood-basedlignocellulosic materials, alone or used inconjunction with other organic or inorganicmaterials, at the nanoscale in threedimensions over relevant time and lengthscales. Specific objectives include:

1) Adapt currently available physical andchemical property instrumentation used innanotechnology and nanoscience tolignocellulosic nanofibrillar and cellularmorphology.

2) Utilize the intense light sources andneutron scattering tools being developedat national laboratories to gain deeperunderstanding of the nature oflignocellulosic materials.

3) Adopt and adapting the techniques usedin the area of soft matter physics, such aslight scattering and rheologymeasurements, to quantify the structuresencountered in lignocellulosic materials.


Research cooperation and collaborationand information sharing is essential in

making rapid progress.

4) Adopt techniques from biologicalanalysis, such as phage display, tocharacterize lignocellulosic surfaces interms of bonding sites.

5) Achieve three-dimensional imagingcapabilities for lignocellulosics atnanoscale.

6) Achieve nanoscale lignocellulosicmeasurement methods that arescientifically sound and artifact-free.



The following include some of the moreprominant challenges in this focus area:

1) Characterization of self-assembled(bottom up) nano-, micro-, and macro-systems such as lignocellulosics isinherently more complex than engineered(top down) materials and, therefore,analysis issues and structure propertyrelations are more challenging.

2) The need to determine nanoscalemorphology suggests use of microscopyor scattering techniques. The desire forchemical information suggests use ofvarious forms of spectroscopy.Unfortunately, the organic/polymericnature of lignocellulosic material placesspecial constraints and demands on thetools that can be used and the manner inwhich they can be used. One of theseconstraints is that lignocellulosic materials(like other organic/polymeric materials)are subject to damage by electrons, ions,and photons. As a result, exposure mustbe limited and/or evidence of damageand rate of damage must be determined.

3) The type of information neededdetermines the applicable tools. Achemical analysis that reports simply thepresence of carbon and oxygen is of verylittle value. Specific functional analysis isrequired: aromatic carbon, carbonylgroups, carboxylic acids, hydroxyl groups,et cetera. Fortunately, many well-established tools for characterizingmaterials on a nanometer scale existbecause the needs of the semiconductor

The goal is to develop characterizationmethods, measurements, and

techniques for the complex nanoscalearchitecture and composition of wood

and wood-based materials.

The understanding and use of the uniqueproperties of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin,and wood extractives in more advancedapplications requires adequatecharacterization and control of theseproperties at the nanoscale. Analysis andcharacterization tools have proven to be theessential and sometimes limiting capabilitythat facilitates the development ofnanoscience and nanotechnology in specificareas. It is essential that the range of toolscurrently applied to more conventionalmaterials be made accessible to thoseworking with forest products. This can befacilitated by gathering the informationavailable on tools and centers where thesetools are available. In addition, developmentand training efforts will enable a newgeneration of tools to be developed orapplied to lignocellulosic materials.


industry have promoted theirdevelopment and utilization. However,they must still be adapted to organicpolymeric materials.


Compendium of Available Tools

Create and maintain a compendium ofavailable analysis tools.

It is recognized that many types of analysismethods exist that can be used to characterizematerials at the nanoscale. Many of thesemethods are not commonly available toworkers in the forest products industry.Because it is important to researchers andengineers to understand what is availableand how different techniques might be used, afrequently mentioned need is a compendiumof characterization tool descriptions thatincludes their outputs, limitations, andspecimen requirements. A comprehensive listmay be difficult to produce and maintain,however, because new tools are constantlybeing developed, and existing tools andmethodologies are always being improved.Nonetheless, the beginning of such acompendium is provided in Appendix F. Alsoincluded in the appendix is a listing of userfacilities where some special instruments areavailable for research use.

Improved Measurement of Hemicellulose

Develop techniques and tools to measurehemicellulose polymer structure andproperties at the nanoscale.

Hemicelluloses are inherently difficult todescribe for several reasons. Althoughglucose is the principal monomer, othersugars are also incorporated. Much of thepolymer is linear; however, branches exist,and the repeat structure is irregular.Furthermore, some side chains areacetylated. Hemicelluloses are also muchlower in molecular weight than cellulose, andthey are somewhat water-soluble and subjectto modification by hydrolysis.

The morphology of woody plant cellwalls is complex.

Measurement of Lignin

Develop techniques and tools to measurelignin structure and properties at thenanoscale.

Lignin is the most poorly defined plant cellwall component. It appears to be a highlycross-linked polymer composed ofphenylpropene monomers (p-coumaryl,coniferyl, and sinapyl alcohols) produced latein the growth of plant cells and embedded ina complex cell wall structure. It could bedescribed as the product of free radicalpolymerization; however, no consensus existson the details of the process or molecularstructure. Part of the reason is that lignin issuch an intractable material. It is not solubleand must be isolated from cellulose andhemicellulose by aggressive destruction ofthose components. It is subsequently brokeninto small fragments that can becharacterized. During this process, there isalways some concern that alteration of theoriginal polymer has occurred.


Methodologies and Instrumentation

Develop methodologies and instrumentation todetermine cell wall morphology and measureproperties at the nanoscale.

The morphology of plant cell walls even atthe micrometer scale is complex. There aremany different types of cells that performdifferent functions and change function as theplant matures. In a very crudeapproximation, a plant stem is composed oftubular cells fused together by lignin-richlayers (middle lamella). The walls of thetubes consist of a few distinct layerscomposed of varying amounts ofhemicellulose and lignin reinforced bycellulose nanofibrils.

These irregularities often result in contact withthe side of the scanning tip rather than thepoint, which results in images that are verydifficult to comprehend.

Achieving a realistic representation is acommon problem in microscopy. There iswidely held consensus that morphologicalinformation from different length (size) scalesmust be integrated. This implies usingdifferent microscopical techniques andworking from low resolution toward highresolution to be certain that the fields studiedin high resolution are not unique.

Compositional information is needed inaddition to the description of size, shape, andstructure. Perhaps the most confoundingproblem is that cellulose and hemicelluloseare chemically similar (both polymers ofsimple sugar). If one is concerned with thecomposition of nanomaterials, then one ismost likely to be employing spectroscopicalmethods; solution chemical analysis does notseem applicable. The differences invibrational and electronic spectra are verysmall; mass spectra may exhibit betterselectivity. Perhaps some means of selectivelylabeling one material may improvediscrimination. Antibodies tagged with goldhave been employed in some electronmicroscopy studies.

Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) isanother means of obtaining chemicalinformation with high resolution imaging. It isvery surface-sensitive (1-10 nm) and has fairlateral resolution (50-100 nm) and very goodchemical specificity. Sputtering with smallions (e.g., helium, argon, cesium) creates

No single spectroscopic technique will besufficient to characterize woody plant

materials at the nanoscale.

The morphological informationobtained at the various lengths of scalemust be integrated and self-consistent.

There are several types of technicalchallenges for the description of cell wallstructure, which are illustrative of thedifficulties involved in working with any woodnanomaterial. One would like to describeeach distinct wall layer, but we do not knowhow to isolate the layers without damage.Even to prepare an ultrathin cross section (ca.100nm) of a cell for study by transmissionelectron microscopy or x-ray microscopy is adifficult task. Alternative methods forpreparing cross sections must be developed.

The size and shape of plant cell walls offer achallenge for scanning probe microscopy.The vertical range of most scanning probemicroscopes is on the order of 5 µm. This issmaller than the diameter of most celllumens, which range from about 10 to 30 µm.This limits the portions of a specimen that areapproachable by the scanning tip. Theirregularity of cell structure also presentsproblems for scanning probe microscopy.


damage deep beneath the surface which hasfrustrated the use of SIMS for composition-depth profiling or organic/polymericmaterials. Recently, progress has been madein using ‘cluster ions’ like SF5, Aun, andbuckyballs as sputtering ions. These clusterions are very efficient at sputtering and reducedamage to a very shallow layer. SIMS can bevery useful for obtaining three-dimensionalimagewise chemical information in organic/polymeric materials.

Strategies that Employ Multiple Techniques

Develop and deploy new collaborativestrategies for analysis involving multipletechniques.

The need to combine spectroscopy andmicroscopy and/or apply multiple techniquesand disciplines is a recurring theme in thediscussion of nano-scale analysis tools. Todate, no single spectroscopical technique has

been demonstrated to be self-sufficient. Theapplication of more than one instrumentprovides good validation of the accuracy ofresults. For example, SIMS provides goodchemical specificity, but the detection limitsfor different species varies widely. X-rayphotoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, ESCA)provides more uniform sensitivity but haspoor chemical specificity. The combination ofboth techniques provides robust chemicalinformation. Oftentimes, the most usefulnanoscale studies combine information onmorphology and chemistry. Computermodeling of experimental results can also beextremely helpful.

Many of the tools we need are not commonlyavailable and have been developed tosupport the semiconductor industry. Thissuggests that progress will requirecollaboration between scientists who mayhave to struggle to find a common language.


In conducting the research identified in thefive preceding R&D focus areas—polymercomposites and nano-reinforced materials;self-assembly and biomimetics; cell wallnanotechnology; nanotechnology in sensors,processing, and process control; andanalytical methods for nanostructurecharacterization—it is essential that researchcollaborations and sharing of science andtechnology knowledge occurs. Collaborationand cooperation needs to occur among:

! Individual researchers

! Researchers with differing disciplines

! Basic and applied researchers andresearch teams

! Research institutions including universities,research institutes, and nationallaboratories

! Industry, universities, research institutions,and federal agencies and departments

! All of these groups from countries aroundthe world

Table 1 shows a partial listing of researchorganizations and their possible roles inadvancing the development and applicationof nanotechnology in the forest productsindustry sector.


TTTTTable 1. Roles and Responsibilities of Pable 1. Roles and Responsibilities of Pable 1. Roles and Responsibilities of Pable 1. Roles and Responsibilities of Pable 1. Roles and Responsibilities of Potential Research Potential Research Potential Research Potential Research Potential Research Partnersartnersartnersartnersartners


4—Implementation Plan: Next4—Implementation Plan: Next4—Implementation Plan: Next4—Implementation Plan: Next4—Implementation Plan: NextSteps and RecommendationsSteps and RecommendationsSteps and RecommendationsSteps and RecommendationsSteps and Recommendations

Next Steps and Recommendations

! Consensus on needs, priorities, and anagenda among all key stakeholderswill ensure proper organization,allocation, and deployment ofresources.

! To advance the nanotechnologyresearch agenda, partnerships shouldbe established among industry,government, and academia.

! This roadmap is a living document thatshould be reexamined by conveningexperts every 3 to 5 years.

! Strong, focused leadership in the formof a Steering Committee is essential toachieving the goals outlined in thisroadmap.

Next StepsNext StepsNext StepsNext StepsNext Steps

To efficiently and effectively advance thenanotechnology research agenda for theforest products industry, this roadmap shouldbe used as a starting point for furtherengaging key stakeholders and stakeholdergroups in dialogue, consensus building, andpartnership building. The following aresome of the key stakeholder groups:

! Forest products industry—primaryproducers, converters, suppliers, andcollective industry groups such as theAmerican Forest and Paper Association(AF&PA), the Southern Forest ProductsAssociation, the APA (EngineeredWood Association), the CompositePanel Association, the China ClayProducers Association, and the GeorgiaMining Association

! Federal Departments and Agencies—theUSDA Forest Service, USDA CooperativeState Research, Education and ExtensionService, Department of Energy (DOE) andits national laboratories, National ScienceFoundation (NSF), and National Instituteof Science and Technology (NIST)

! University and Research Institute/Laboratory Communities—1) universitieswith forest products and pulp and paperdepartments and programs, umbrellauniversity groups such as the Pulp andPaper Education and Research Allianceand the Society of Wood Science andTechnology, and research institutes andlaboratories focused on the forestproducts industry; 2) the establishedresearch communities already involved innanotechnology research, development,

demonstration, and deployment, such asthe various Nanotechnology ResearchCenters located at universities andFederal national laboratories

! International research communitiesinvolved in nanotechnology research and/or focused on the forest products industry

In addition, technical societies can helpprovide important opportunities forinteractions, dialogue, and technicalinformation exchange through conferences,workshops, technical courses, and symposia.Examples of technical societies include theTechnical Association of the Pulp and PaperIndustry and the Forest Products Society.These two groups regularly scheduleconferences, workshops, and continuingeducation courses to serve the needs of


Consensus on research direction willdictate proper research, development,

and deployment.

A portfolio of research projectscommensurate with the size and impact

of the forest products industry isneeded.

primary pulp, paper and wood productsproducers, suppliers, and converters as wellas the basic and applied researchcommunities serving the forest productssector. Technical societies serving thenanotechnology communities include suchorganizations as the Materials ResearchSociety, the American Chemical Society, theAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers,and the American Institute of ChemicalEngineers.

In building consensus on nanotechnologyopportunities and R&D priorities within theforest products industry itself, the industry cancapitalize on already established workingrelationships between forest productscompanies and universities and federalagencies with active forest products researchprograms. The industry has established a setof technological themes in its Agenda 2020Initiative overseen by the AF&PA.Nanotechnology is part of this researchagenda. While not all forest productscompanies currently take part in the Agenda2020 initiative, it does provide forums for thebroader industry to participate. Agenda2020 fosters collaborative, cost-sharedresearch on pre-competitive priorities of theforest products industry.

Increased linkages need to be made betweenresearch communities of the forest productssector and the broader community ofnanotechnology researchers in order tocapture synergies, enhance accomplishments,and avoid needless duplication of facilitiesand efforts. This broader community ofnanotechnology researchers includesestablished university nanotechnologyresearch centers; federal departments,agencies, and laboratories having ongoingprograms in nanotechnology R&D; federallaboratories with nanotechnology userfacilities; and the National NanotechnologyInitiative (NNI).

From these linkages and interactions,consensus on the technological roadmapneeds to be achieved among all the keystakeholders, or little will be accomplishedother than uncoordinated piecemeal

activities. Finding, allocating, organizing,and deploying resources is much easier whena broad consensus exists among the keystakeholders for critical technological needs,priorities are set for exploiting marketplaceopportunities, and a visionary, forward-thinking agenda is developed.

RecommendationsRecommendationsRecommendationsRecommendationsRecommendations

This technology roadmap provides a startingpoint for systematically focusing the manypotential and diverse efforts innanotechnology for the forest productsindustry. It identifies priority needs andresearch directions for the next five, ten, fifteenyears. It should be viewed as being adynamic, living document and should bereexamined by convening experts every threeto five years—experts who will review theindustry’s progress, redefine goals, andassess accomplishments versus resourcesavailable and resources expended.

A critical first step in moving nanotechnologyfor the forest products sector forward is togain consensus on what the specific focusshould be for the short term, mid term, andlong term. It is important that efforts befocused on high-impact, high-priorityactivities that will be the most critical tocommercial producers of nanomaterials andnanoproducts. Achieving consensus oncritical activities should be accomplished byengaging all the key stakeholders in assessingmarket potentials, determining technologicalbarriers and the feasibility of overcomingthem, identifying assets and resourcesavailable, identifying champions for thevarious program activities, defining fundingneeds, and identifying risk factors.


The forest products industry should havea nanotechnology R&D program of $40

to $60 million per year.

Specific next steps include:

1) Identifying and prioritizing specificavenues of promising research

2) Initiating a portfolio of R&D projects thatis commensurate with the size andimportance of the forest products industry

3) Developing effective funding strategies tosupport collaborative multi-disciplinaryresearch activities, demonstration andvalidation of technology, and educationof a workforce skilled in developing andapplying nanotechnology for the forestproducts industry

4) Identifying precompetitive technologicalneeds to help set and focus researchtargets

Realizing the potential of the emergingnanotechnology industry will require a solid,supporting foundation in instrumentation andmeasurement methodologies. Significantchallenges must be addressed to applynanoscale instrumentation to wood andlignocellulose.

Strong, focused leadership will be required tomake implementation of this roadmap areality. Steps should be taken to establish asteering group that includes key stakeholdergroups and key funding groups. The steeringgroup would serve as a focal point andchampion for the overall national roadmapand aid in accelerating nanotechnology inthe forest products industry. The steering

Strong, focused leadership will berequired to make implementation of

this roadmap a reality.

group should include representatives fromindividual forest products companies, theAF&PA, Pulp and Paper Education andResearch Alliance, Society of Wood Scienceand Technology, USDA Forest Service, USDACREES, DOE national laboratories, NSF, NIST,and appropriate technical societies.

The forest products industry should seek tobecome part of the NNI and participate in itsactivities. The industry should have as its goalto establish a $40 to $60 million-per-yearnanotechnology R&D program under the NNIby 2008.

This roadmap represents the first step incommunicating the needs and opportunitiesassociated with applying nanotechnology inthe forest products industry. Appropriaterepresentatives from the forest products sector(including members of industry, universities,and federal agencies) should begin to interactand increase contacts with the existingnanotechnology research community. In thisregard, the USDA Forest Service will seek toparticipate on the Nanoscale Science,Engineering, and Technology (NSET)Subcommittee of the National Science andTechnology Committee.


AppendicesAppendicesAppendicesAppendicesAppendices


Appendix AAppendix AAppendix AAppendix AAppendix A: W: W: W: W: Workshop Agendaorkshop Agendaorkshop Agendaorkshop Agendaorkshop Agenda

Nanotechnology WNanotechnology WNanotechnology WNanotechnology WNanotechnology Workshop for the Forkshop for the Forkshop for the Forkshop for the Forkshop for the Forest Porest Porest Porest Porest Products Industryroducts Industryroducts Industryroducts Industryroducts IndustryThe National Conference Center

18980 Upper Belmont PlaceLansdowne, VA 20176

October 17-19, 2004

SundaySundaySundaySundaySunday, October 17, October 17, October 17, October 17, October 17

5:30 pm Dinner in Guest Dining

OPENING SESSION AND INTRODUCTORY SPEAKERS – General Session Room N3-365

7:00 pm Welcome – Phil JonesPhil JonesPhil JonesPhil JonesPhil Jones, IMERYS, and TTTTTed Wed Wed Wed Wed Wegneregneregneregneregner, USDA ForestService, Forest Products Laboratory; Workshop Co-Chairs

7:10 pm USDA Nanotechnology Roadmap – Hongda ChenHongda ChenHongda ChenHongda ChenHongda Chen, National ProgramLeader, Bioprocessing Engineering, USDA-CSREES

7:40 pm Overview of Roadmapping Process – Shawna McQueenShawna McQueenShawna McQueenShawna McQueenShawna McQueen, Energetics

8:10 pm Workshop Deliverables – Phil JonesPhil JonesPhil JonesPhil JonesPhil Jones and TTTTTed Wed Wed Wed Wed Wegneregneregneregneregner

8:30 pm Adjourn for Evening


MondayMondayMondayMondayMonday, October 18, October 18, October 18, October 18, October 18

6:30-8:00 am Breakfast in Guest Dining

PLENARY LECTURES – General Session Room N3-365

8:00 National Nanotechnology Initiative: Overview and Planning for the Future – – – – –Mihail RocoMihail RocoMihail RocoMihail RocoMihail Roco, Chair, National Science & Technology Council’s Subcommitteeon Nanoscale Science, Engineering & Technology

8:45 Department of Energy Nanotechnology Programs – P– P– P– P– Paul Burrowsaul Burrowsaul Burrowsaul Burrowsaul Burrows,Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

9:30 Nanobiomaterials – Art RagauskasArt RagauskasArt RagauskasArt RagauskasArt Ragauskas, Georgia Institute of Technology

10:15 Discussion

10:30 Break

10:45 BREAKOUT SESSIONS MEET

• Polymer Composites and Nano-reinforced Materials – Art RagauskasArt RagauskasArt RagauskasArt RagauskasArt Ragauskasand Margaret JoyceMargaret JoyceMargaret JoyceMargaret JoyceMargaret Joyce, Session Chairs – Room N3-365

• Self-Assembly and Biomimetics – WWWWWolfgang Glasserolfgang Glasserolfgang Glasserolfgang Glasserolfgang Glasser, Derek GrayDerek GrayDerek GrayDerek GrayDerek Gray andPPPPPete Lete Lete Lete Lete Lancasterancasterancasterancasterancaster, Session Chairs – Room N3-247

• Cell Wall Nanotechnology – Rajai AtallaRajai AtallaRajai AtallaRajai AtallaRajai Atalla and Candace HaiglerCandace HaiglerCandace HaiglerCandace HaiglerCandace Haigler,Session Chairs – Room N3-148

• Nanotechnology in Sensors, Processing and Process Control – YYYYYulinulinulinulinulinDengDengDengDengDeng, Steve KSteve KSteve KSteve KSteve Kelleyelleyelleyelleyelley, and JY ZhuJY ZhuJY ZhuJY ZhuJY Zhu, Session Chairs – Room N3-555

• Analytical Methods for Nanostructure Characterization – Jim BeecherJim BeecherJim BeecherJim BeecherJim Beecherand Tim RialsTim RialsTim RialsTim RialsTim Rials, Session Chairs – Room N3-249

12:30 Lunch – – – – – Guest Dining

1:30 CONTINUE BREAKOUT SESSIONS

3:30 Break

3:45 Progress Reports from the Breakout Sessions – – – – – Session Chairs/Representatives – – – – – General Session Room N3-365

5:30 Announcements – Phil Jones – Phil Jones – Phil Jones – Phil Jones – Phil Jones, T T T T Ted Wed Wed Wed Wed Wegneregneregneregneregner, and Jane Kane Kane Kane Kane Kohlmanohlmanohlmanohlmanohlman


MondayMondayMondayMondayMonday, October 18—Continued, October 18—Continued, October 18—Continued, October 18—Continued, October 18—Continued

5:30 – Dinner – – – – – Guest Dining

Evening Speakers – General Session Room N3-365

7:00 Nanotechnology – The European Forest Products Perspective – TTTTTomomomomomLindstromLindstromLindstromLindstromLindstrom, STFI

7:30 Forest Products Industry Perspectives for Nanotechnology – Del – Del – Del – Del – DelRaymondRaymondRaymondRaymondRaymond, Weyerhaeuser

TTTTTuesdayuesdayuesdayuesdayuesday, October 19, October 19, October 19, October 19, October 19

6:30-8:00 am Breakfast in Guest Dining

8:00 CONTINUE BREAKOUT SESSIONS

10:30 Break

Morning Speaker – General Session Room N3-365

10:30 Nanotechnology – The National Nanotechnology Initiative – SharonSharonSharonSharonSharonHaysHaysHaysHaysHays, Deputy Associate Director, Technology Division of the Office ofScience & Technology

11:00 Roadmapping Report-outs from the Breakout Sessions – – – – – SessionChairs/Representatives – – – – – General Session Room N3-365

12:30 Lunch – – – – – Guest Dining

1:30 Depart


Appendix B: List of PAppendix B: List of PAppendix B: List of PAppendix B: List of PAppendix B: List of Participantsarticipantsarticipantsarticipantsarticipants

DrDrDrDrDr. Donald Baer. Donald Baer. Donald Baer. Donald Baer. Donald BaerLaboratory FellowPacific Northwest NationalLaboratoryBox 999 MS KB-93Richland, WA 99352Phone: 509-376-1609Fax: 509-376-5106Email: [email protected]: Analytical-Speaker

DrDrDrDrDr. F. F. F. F. Fred Barlowred Barlowred Barlowred Barlowred BarlowConsultant901 Rose Cottage RoadSt. Simons Island, GA 31522Phone: 912-399-6552Fax: 912-634-1150Email: [email protected]: Analytical

DrDrDrDrDr. James F. James F. James F. James F. James F. Beecher. Beecher. Beecher. Beecher. BeecherGroup Leader, Analytical Chemistry& Microscopy Lab.USDA FS, Forest ProductsLaboratoryOne Gifford Pinchot Dr.Madison, WI 53726Phone: 608-231-9475Fax: 608-231-9538Email: [email protected]: Analytical

Ms. Janice BottiglieriMs. Janice BottiglieriMs. Janice BottiglieriMs. Janice BottiglieriMs. Janice BottiglieriEditorTAPPI704 Preston LaneSchaumburg, IL 60193Phone: 847-466-3891Fax: 630-237-6120Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Brian S. Brian S. Brian S. Brian S. Brian S. Boyer. Boyer. Boyer. Boyer. BoyerPatent AttorneySquire, Sanders & Dempsey L.L.P.One Maritime PlazaSan Francisco, CA 94111Phone: 415-954-0230Fax: 415-393-9887Email: [email protected]: Self-Assembly

DrDrDrDrDr. Donald B. Donald B. Donald B. Donald B. Donald B. Anthony. Anthony. Anthony. Anthony. AnthonyPresident & Executive DirectorThe Council for Chemical Research1620 L Street, NW, Suite 620Washington, DC 20036Phone: 202-429-3971Fax: 202-429-0436Email: [email protected]: Composites-Speaker

MrMrMrMrMr. Sven Arenander. Sven Arenander. Sven Arenander. Sven Arenander. Sven ArenanderManager Paper Science SolutionsInternational Paper6285 Tri-Ridge Blvd.Loveland, OH 45140Phone: 513-248-6694Email: [email protected]: Composites

DrDrDrDrDr. Dimitri Argyropoulos. Dimitri Argyropoulos. Dimitri Argyropoulos. Dimitri Argyropoulos. Dimitri ArgyropoulosProfessorNorth Carolina State UniversityBiltmore HallRaleigh, NC 27615Phone: 919-515-7708Fax: 919-515-6302Email: [email protected]: Analytical

DrDrDrDrDr. Rajai Atalla. Rajai Atalla. Rajai Atalla. Rajai Atalla. Rajai AtallaSr. ScientistUSDA FS, Forest ProductsLaboratoryOne Gifford Pinchot Dr.Madison, WI 53726Phone: 608-231-9443Fax: 608-231-9538Email: [email protected]: Cell Wall

DrDrDrDrDr. Sundar Atre. Sundar Atre. Sundar Atre. Sundar Atre. Sundar AtreProfessorOregon State University118 Covell HallCorvallis, WA 97331Phone: 541-737-2367Fax: 541-737-5241Email: [email protected]: Self-Assembly

DrDrDrDrDr. Joseph J. Joseph J. Joseph J. Joseph J. Joseph J. Bozell. Bozell. Bozell. Bozell. BozellPrincipal ScientistNational Renewable Energy Lab.1617 Cole Blvd.Golden, CO 80401Phone: 303-384-6276Email: [email protected]: Sensors

DrDrDrDrDr. P. P. P. P. Paul Burrowsaul Burrowsaul Burrowsaul Burrowsaul BurrowsLaboratory FellowPacific Northwest NationalLaboratoryMS#K3-59, PO Box 999Richland, WA 99338Phone: 509-375-5990Fax: 509-375-3864Email: [email protected]: Self-Assembly

DrDrDrDrDr. Alan F. Alan F. Alan F. Alan F. Alan F. Button. Button. Button. Button. ButtonPresidentButtonwood Consulting, LLC8 Inverness CircleAppleton, WI 54914Phone: 920-730-5670Fax: 920-968-0254Email: [email protected]: Cell Wall

DrDrDrDrDr. Jeffrey Catchmark. Jeffrey Catchmark. Jeffrey Catchmark. Jeffrey Catchmark. Jeffrey CatchmarkOperations ManagerPenn State UniversityUniversity Park, PA 16802Phone: 814-865-6577Fax: 814-865-7173Email: [email protected]: Cell Wall

DrDrDrDrDr. Daniel F. Daniel F. Daniel F. Daniel F. Daniel F. Caulfield. Caulfield. Caulfield. Caulfield. CaulfieldResearch ChemistUSDA FS, Forest ProductsLaboratoryOne Gifford Pinchot Dr.Madison, WI 53726Phone: 608-231-9436Fax: 608-231-9262Email: [email protected]: Self-Assembly


DrDrDrDrDr. Hongda Chen. Hongda Chen. Hongda Chen. Hongda Chen. Hongda ChenNational Program Leader,Bioprocessing EngineeringUSDA/CSREES1400 Independence Ave., SW, MS2220Washington, DC 20250Phone: 202-401-6497Fax: 202-401-4888Email: [email protected]: Composites & GuestSpeaker

DrDrDrDrDr. Charles Cleland. Charles Cleland. Charles Cleland. Charles Cleland. Charles ClelandSBIR National Program LeaderUS Department of Agriculture800 9th St., SW, Suite 2312Washington, DC 20024Phone: 202-401-6852Fax: 202-401-6070Email: [email protected]: Sensors

DrDrDrDrDr. George Cody. George Cody. George Cody. George Cody. George CodyGeophysical LaboratoryCarnegie Institution of Washington5251 Broad Branch Road, NWWashington, DC 21015Phone: 202-475-8980Email: [email protected]: Analytical-Speaker

DrDrDrDrDr. Scott Cunningham. Scott Cunningham. Scott Cunningham. Scott Cunningham. Scott CunninghamNew Market Development ManagerDuPontChestnut Run Plaza, Bldg. 728-14154417 Lancaster PikeWilmington, DE 19805Phone: 302-999-2969Fax: 302-999-4930Email:[email protected]: Self-Assembly

MrMrMrMrMr. Y. Y. Y. Y. Yulin Dengulin Dengulin Dengulin Dengulin DengProfessorIPST at Georgia Institute ofTechnology500 10th St., NWAtlanta, GA 30318Phone: 404-894-5759Fax: 404-894-4778Email: [email protected]: Sensors

Ms. Sara DilllichMs. Sara DilllichMs. Sara DilllichMs. Sara DilllichMs. Sara DilllichLead Technology ManagerDOE-Materials, Sensors &Automation1000 Independence Ave SWWashington, DC 20585Phone: 202-586-7925Fax: 202-586-9234Email: [email protected]: Sensors

DrDrDrDrDr. Mahendra Doshi. Mahendra Doshi. Mahendra Doshi. Mahendra Doshi. Mahendra DoshiExecutive EditorProgress in Paper Recycling18 Woodbury CourtAppleton, WI 54913Phone: 920-832-9101Fax: 920-832-0870Email: [email protected]: Self-AssemblyDrDrDrDrDr. Ray Drumright. Ray Drumright. Ray Drumright. Ray Drumright. Ray DrumrightDow Chemical1604 BuildingMidland, MI 48640Phone: 989-636-6084Fax: 989-638-6356Email: [email protected]: Composites

MrMrMrMrMr. Gerald M. Dykstra. Gerald M. Dykstra. Gerald M. Dykstra. Gerald M. Dykstra. Gerald M. DykstraPulp & Paper Technology DirectorBuckman Laboratories1256 N. McLean Blvd.Memphis, TN 38108Phone: 901-272-8389Fax: 901-274-8035Email: [email protected]: Composites

DrDrDrDrDr. Thomas Elder. Thomas Elder. Thomas Elder. Thomas Elder. Thomas ElderResearch Forest ProductsTechnologistUSDA FS, Southern Research Station2500 Shreveport Hwy.Pineville, LA 71360Phone: 318-473-7008Fax: 318-473-7246Email: [email protected]: Analytical

DrDrDrDrDr. Alan R. Esker. Alan R. Esker. Alan R. Esker. Alan R. Esker. Alan R. EskerAssistant ProfessorVirginia Tech, Dept. of Chemistry,(0212)Blacksburg, VA 24061Phone: 540-231-4601Fax: 540-231-3255Email: [email protected]: Self Assembly

DrDrDrDrDr. Alexander F. Alexander F. Alexander F. Alexander F. Alexander FridmanridmanridmanridmanridmanProfessorDrexel University3141 Chestnut StreetPhiladelphia, PA 19104Phone: 215-895-1542Fax: 215-895-1478Email: [email protected]: Composites

DrDrDrDrDr. Charles R. F. Charles R. F. Charles R. F. Charles R. F. Charles R. FrihartrihartrihartrihartrihartProj. Leader, Wood Adhes. Science& Tech.USDA FS, Forest ProductsLaboratoryOne Gifford Pinchot Dr.Madison, WI 53726Phone: 608-231-9208Fax: 608-231-9592Email: [email protected]: Cell Wall

DrDrDrDrDr. Gil Garnier. Gil Garnier. Gil Garnier. Gil Garnier. Gil GarnierKimberly-Clark2100 Winchester RoadNeenah, WI 54956Phone: 920-721-2557Fax: 920-721-7748Email: [email protected]: Composites

MrMrMrMrMr. P. P. P. P. Paul Gilbertaul Gilbertaul Gilbertaul Gilbertaul GilbertEngineerSAPPI Fine Papers NA89 Cumberland StreetWestbrook, ME 04098Phone: 207-856-3835Fax: 207-856-3770Email: [email protected]: Sensors

DrDrDrDrDr. W. W. W. W. Wolfgang Glasserolfgang Glasserolfgang Glasserolfgang Glasserolfgang GlasserProf. EmeritusVirginia Tech230 J. Cheatham HallBlacksburg, VA 24061Phone: 540-231-4403Fax: 540-231-8176Email: [email protected]: Self-Assembly

DrDrDrDrDr. Derek Gray. Derek Gray. Derek Gray. Derek Gray. Derek GrayProfessor, ChemistryMcGill University3620 University StreetMontreal, QC H3A 2A7Phone: 514-398-6182Fax: 514-398-8256Email: [email protected]: Self-Assembly


DrDrDrDrDr. Michael G. Michael G. Michael G. Michael G. Michael G. Hahn. Hahn. Hahn. Hahn. HahnAssociate ProfessorUniversity of GeorgiaCCRC/315 Riverbend RoadAthens, GA 30602Phone: 706-542-4457Fax: 706-542-4412Email: [email protected]: Cell Wall

DrDrDrDrDr. Candace Haigler. Candace Haigler. Candace Haigler. Candace Haigler. Candace HaiglerProfessorNorth Carolina State UniversityDept. Crop Science, 4405 WilliamsHallRaleigh, NC 27695Phone: 919-515-5645Fax: 919-515-5315Email: [email protected]: Cell Wall

Ms. Karina HanninenMs. Karina HanninenMs. Karina HanninenMs. Karina HanninenMs. Karina HanninenConsultantJaakko Poyry ConsultingJaakonkatu 3, PO Box 4Vantaa, FI 01621Phone: 3589-8947-2119Fax: 3589-878-2482Email: [email protected]: Composites

DrDrDrDrDr. Sharon Hays. Sharon Hays. Sharon Hays. Sharon Hays. Sharon HaysDeputy Associate DirectorOffice of Science & TechnologyPolicyTechnology DivisionWashington, DC 20502Phone: 202-456-6046Fax: 202-456-6021Email:[email protected] Speaker

DrDrDrDrDr. John C. Hermanson. John C. Hermanson. John C. Hermanson. John C. Hermanson. John C. HermansonResearch ScientistUSDA FS, Forest ProductsLaboratoryOne Gifford Pinchot Dr.Madison, WI 53726Phone: 608-231-9229Fax: 608-231-9303Email: [email protected]: Analytical

DrDrDrDrDr. K. K. K. K. Kevin Tevin Tevin Tevin Tevin T. Hodgson. Hodgson. Hodgson. Hodgson. HodgsonProfessorUniversity of WashingtonBox 352100Seattle, WA 98195Phone: 206-543-7346Fax: 206-685-3091Email: [email protected]: Composites

DrDrDrDrDr. James Holbery. James Holbery. James Holbery. James Holbery. James HolberySenior ScientistPacific Northwest NationalLaboratoryPO Box 999, MS K5-22Richland, WA 99352Phone: 509-375-3686Fax: 509-375-2379Email: [email protected]: Self-Assembly

DrDrDrDrDr. Sam Hudson. Sam Hudson. Sam Hudson. Sam Hudson. Sam HudsonProfessor Polymer ChemistryNorth Carolina State Univ.2401 Research DriveRaleigh, NC 27695Phone: 919-515-6545Fax: 919-515-6532Email: [email protected]: Composites

DrDrDrDrDr. Ki-. Ki-. Ki-. Ki-. Ki-Oh HwangOh HwangOh HwangOh HwangOh HwangLead Research ScientistCargill Inc.1710 16th Street, SECedar Rapids, IA 52401Phone: 319-399-6181Fax: 319-399-6666Email: [email protected]: Composites

MrMrMrMrMr. Gopal Iyengar. Gopal Iyengar. Gopal Iyengar. Gopal Iyengar. Gopal IyengarSr. Research EngineerStora Enso North America300 North Biron DriveWisconsin Rapids, WI 54494Phone: 715-422-2329Fax: 715-422-2227Email:[email protected]: Composites

Ms. Katie JerezaMs. Katie JerezaMs. Katie JerezaMs. Katie JerezaMs. Katie JerezaChemical EngineerEnergetics, Inc.7164 Columbia Gateway Dr.Columbia, MD 21046Phone: 410-953-6254Fax: 410-290-0377Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Phil Jones. Phil Jones. Phil Jones. Phil Jones. Phil JonesDirector, Technology & New VenturesIMERYS100 Mansell Ct. ERoswell, GA 30076Phone: 770-331-0325Fax: 770-645-3391Email: [email protected] Co-Chair

DrDrDrDrDr. C.P. C.P. C.P. C.P. C.P. Joshi. Joshi. Joshi. Joshi. JoshiAssociate ProfessorMichigan Tech U, SFRES1400 Townsend DriveHoughton, MI 49931Phone: 906-487-3480Fax: 906-487-2915Email: [email protected]: Cell Wall

DrDrDrDrDr. Margaret Joyce. Margaret Joyce. Margaret Joyce. Margaret Joyce. Margaret JoyceAssociate ProfessorWestern Michigan University4601 Campus Drive Suite A234Kalamazoo, MI 49008Phone: 269-276-3514Fax: 269-276-3501Email: [email protected]: Composites

DrDrDrDrDr. John K. John K. John K. John K. John KadlaadlaadlaadlaadlaAssociate ProfessorUniversity of British Columbia4034 Main MallVancouver, BC V6T 1Z4Phone: 604-827-5254Fax: 604-822-9104Email: [email protected]: Self-Assembly

DrDrDrDrDr. D. D. D. D. D. Steven K. Steven K. Steven K. Steven K. Steven KellerellerellerellerellerAssociate ProfessorSUNY-ESF/ESPRI1 Forestry DriveSyracuse, NY 13104Phone: 315-470-6907Fax: 315-470-6945Email: [email protected]: Analytical

Ms. Judith KiefferMs. Judith KiefferMs. Judith KiefferMs. Judith KiefferMs. Judith KiefferContracts/CommunicationAdministratorWeyerhaeuser Co.33330 8th Ave. So.Federal Way, WA 98023Phone: 253-924-6200Fax: 253-924-6812Email:[email protected]


DrDrDrDrDr. David E. David E. David E. David E. David E. Knox. Knox. Knox. Knox. KnoxResearch DirectorMeadwestvaco11101 Johns Hopkins RoadLaurel, MD 20723Phone: 301-497-1340Email: [email protected]: Analytical

Ms. Jane KohlmanMs. Jane KohlmanMs. Jane KohlmanMs. Jane KohlmanMs. Jane KohlmanAdministrative AssistantUSDA FS, Forest ProductsLaboratoryOne Gifford Pinchot Dr.Madison, WI 53726Phone: 608-231-9479Fax: 608-231-9567Email: [email protected] Organizer/Recorder

DrDrDrDrDr. Alexander K. Alexander K. Alexander K. Alexander K. Alexander KoukoulasoukoulasoukoulasoukoulasoukoulasChief ScientistInternational Paper6285 Tri-Ridge Blvd.Loveland, OH 45140Phone: 513-348-6614Fax: 513-348-6615Email: [email protected]: Composites

DrDrDrDrDr. Charles E. Charles E. Charles E. Charles E. Charles E. Kramer. Kramer. Kramer. Kramer. KramerR&D DirectorAlbany Intl. Research Co.777 West StreetMansfield, MA 02048Phone: 508-337-9541Fax: 508-337-9617Email: [email protected]: Composites

DrDrDrDrDr. E. E. E. E. E. P. P. P. P. Peter Leter Leter Leter Leter LancasterancasterancasterancasterancasterScientific Advisor, Fiber Science R&DWeyerhaeuser Co.32901 Weyerhaeuser Way S.Federal Way, WA 98063Phone: 253-924-6688Fax: 253-924-5920Email:[email protected]: Self-Assembly

DrDrDrDrDr. K. K. K. K. Kaichang Liaichang Liaichang Liaichang Liaichang LiAssistant ProfessorOregon State UniversityDept. of Wood Science &EngineeringCorvallis, OR 97331Phone: 541-737-8421Fax: 541-737-3385Email: [email protected]: Self-Assembly

DrDrDrDrDr. T. T. T. T. Tom Lindstromom Lindstromom Lindstromom Lindstromom LindstromSTFI - Packforsh ABPO Box 5604Stockholm, SWEDEN SE-11486Phone: 011-468-676-7000Fax: 011-468-214235Email: [email protected]: Self-Assembly

DrDrDrDrDr. L. L. L. L. Lucian Aucian Aucian Aucian Aucian A. L. L. L. L. LuciauciauciauciauciaAssociate Professor of ChemistryNorth Carolina State UniversityCampus Box 8005Raleigh, NC 27695Phone: 919-515-7707Fax: 919-515-6302Email: [email protected]: Analytical

DrDrDrDrDr. Y. Y. Y. Y. Yuri Lvovuri Lvovuri Lvovuri Lvovuri LvovProfessorLouisiana Tech University911 Hergot AvenueRuston, LA 71270Phone: 318-257-5144Fax: 318-257-5104Email: [email protected]: Self-Assembly

DrDrDrDrDr. Anthony V. Anthony V. Anthony V. Anthony V. Anthony V. L. L. L. L. LyonsyonsyonsyonsyonsDirector of ResearchIMERYS140 Saddle Run CourtMacon, GA 31210Phone: 478-553-5243Fax: 478-553-5460Email: [email protected]: Analytical

DrDrDrDrDr. Christine Mahoney. Christine Mahoney. Christine Mahoney. Christine Mahoney. Christine MahoneyNational Institute of Standards &Technology100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8371Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8391Phone: 301-975-8515Email: [email protected]: Analytical-Speaker

MrMrMrMrMr. Steven L. Steven L. Steven L. Steven L. Steven L. Masia. Masia. Masia. Masia. MasiaResearch ScientistSAPPI Fine Paper N.A. TechnologyCenter89 Cumberland StreetWestbrook, ME 04092Phone: 207-856-3579Fax: 207-856-3770Email: [email protected]: Self-Assembly

DrDrDrDrDr. Vijay Mathur. Vijay Mathur. Vijay Mathur. Vijay Mathur. Vijay MathurPresidentGR International32918 6th Street SWFederal Way, WA 98023Phone: 253-924-6070Email: [email protected]: Analytical

Ms. Shawna McQueenMs. Shawna McQueenMs. Shawna McQueenMs. Shawna McQueenMs. Shawna McQueenSenior AnalystEnergetics, Inc.7164 Columbia Gateway Dr.Columbia, MD 21046Phone: 410-953-6235Fax: 410-290-0377Email: [email protected]

MrMrMrMrMr. Reid Miner. Reid Miner. Reid Miner. Reid Miner. Reid MinerVice PresidentNCASIPO Box 13318Durham, NC 27509Phone: 919-941-6407Fax: 919-941-6401Email: [email protected]: Composites

DrDrDrDrDr. Graham Moore. Graham Moore. Graham Moore. Graham Moore. Graham MooreStrategic Consulting ManagerPIRA InternationalRandalls RoadLeatherhead, Surrey KT22 7RJPhone: 44-1372-802000Fax: 44-1372-802249Email: [email protected]: Sensors

DrDrDrDrDr. B. B. B. B. B.M. Mulder.M. Mulder.M. Mulder.M. Mulder.M. MulderProfessorWageningen UniversityArboretum Lane 4Wageningen, NETHERLANDS6703 BDPhone: 31206081234Email: [email protected]: Cell Wall

DrDrDrDrDr. Hiroki Nanko. Hiroki Nanko. Hiroki Nanko. Hiroki Nanko. Hiroki NankoPrincipal Research ScientistIPST at Georgia Institute ofTechnology500 10th St., NWAtlanta, GA 30332-0620Phone: 404-894-9520Fax: 404-894-5700Email:[email protected]: Composites


Ms. Kimberly NelsonMs. Kimberly NelsonMs. Kimberly NelsonMs. Kimberly NelsonMs. Kimberly NelsonIPST at Georgia Institute ofTechnology500 10th St., NWAtlanta, GA 30318Phone: 404-894-5758Email:[email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Xuan Nguyen. Xuan Nguyen. Xuan Nguyen. Xuan Nguyen. Xuan NguyenResearch FellowInternational Paper6285 Tri-Ridge Blvd.Loveland, OH 45140Phone: 513-248-6073Email: [email protected]: Composites

Ms. TMs. TMs. TMs. TMs. Tracy Nollinracy Nollinracy Nollinracy Nollinracy NollinPhone: 408-206-2558Session: Analytical

MrMrMrMrMr. L. L. L. L. Larry Garry Garry Garry Garry G. Oien. Oien. Oien. Oien. OienTechnology Sourcing ManagerFlint Ink4600 Arrowhead DriveAnn Arbor, MI 48105Phone: 734-622-6308Fax: 734-622-6101Email: [email protected]: Self-Assembly

MrMrMrMrMr. Raymond R. P. Raymond R. P. Raymond R. P. Raymond R. P. Raymond R. ParentarentarentarentarentVP Technology/R&D DirectorSappi Fine Paper N.A. TechnologyCenter89 Cumberland StreetWestbrook, ME 04092Phone: 207-856-3556Fax: 207-856-3770Email: [email protected]: Self-Assembly

DrDrDrDrDr. Robert P. Robert P. Robert P. Robert P. Robert PeltoneltoneltoneltoneltonProfessorMcMaster University1280 Main St., WHamilton, ONT L8S 4L7Phone: 905-529-7070Fax: 905-528-5114Email: [email protected]: Composites

Ms. LMs. LMs. LMs. LMs. Lori Aori Aori Aori Aori A. P. P. P. P. PerineerineerineerineerineExectutive Director, Agenda 2020American Forest & PaperAssociation1111 19th Street, NW, Ste. 800Washington, DC 20036Phone: 202-463-2777Fax: 202-463-4711Email: [email protected] Integrator

DrDrDrDrDr. Arthur Ragauskas. Arthur Ragauskas. Arthur Ragauskas. Arthur Ragauskas. Arthur RagauskasAssociate ProfessorIPST at Georgia Institute ofTechnology500 10th St., NWAtlanta, GA 30318Phone: 404-894-9701Fax: 404-894-4778Email: [email protected]: Composites

DrDrDrDrDr. B. B. B. B. B.V.V.V.V.V. Ramarao. Ramarao. Ramarao. Ramarao. RamaraoProfessor & Associate DirectorESPRI/SUNYForestry DriveSyracuse, NY 13260Phone: 315-470-6513Fax: 315-470-6945Email: [email protected]: Sensors

DrDrDrDrDr. Delmar Raymond. Delmar Raymond. Delmar Raymond. Delmar Raymond. Delmar RaymondDirector, Strategic EnergyWeyerhaeuser Co.33330 8th Ave. So.Federal Way, WA 98023Phone: 253-924-6850Fax: 253-924-6812Email:[email protected]: Sensors

DrDrDrDrDr. Timothy G. Timothy G. Timothy G. Timothy G. Timothy G. Rials. Rials. Rials. Rials. RialsProfessorUniversity of Tennessee2509 Jacob DriveKnoxville, TN 37996-4510Phone: 865-946-1129Fax: 865-946-1109Email: [email protected]: Analytical

DrDrDrDrDr. T. T. T. T. Tom Richardom Richardom Richardom Richardom RichardProfessorPenn State University225 Ag. Engineering BldgUniversity Park, PA 16802Phone: 814-865-3722Fax: 814-863-1031Email: [email protected]: Composites

DrDrDrDrDr. Chris Risbrudt. Chris Risbrudt. Chris Risbrudt. Chris Risbrudt. Chris RisbrudtDirectorUSDA FS, Forest Products LaboratoryOne Gifford Pinchot Dr.Madison, WI 53726Phone: 608-231-9318Fax: 608-231-9567Email: [email protected]: Sensors

DrDrDrDrDr. Alison Roberts. Alison Roberts. Alison Roberts. Alison Roberts. Alison RobertsAssociate ProfessorUniversity of Rhode IslandDept. of Biological SciencesKingston, RI 02881Phone: 401-874-4098Fax: 401-874-5974Email: [email protected]: Cell Wall

DrDrDrDrDr. Mihail Roco. Mihail Roco. Mihail Roco. Mihail Roco. Mihail RocoChair, National Science & TechnologyCouncil’s Subcommittee on NSETNational Science Foundation4201 Wilson Blvd.Arlington, VA 22230Phone: 703-292-8301Fax: 703-292-9013Email: [email protected] Speaker

DrDrDrDrDr. Augusto Rodriguez. Augusto Rodriguez. Augusto Rodriguez. Augusto Rodriguez. Augusto RodriguezManager R&DGeorgia-Pacific Corporation2883 Miller RoadDecatur, GA 30035Phone: 770-593-6807Fax: 770-322-9973Email: [email protected]: Sensors

Ms. Melissa RollinsMs. Melissa RollinsMs. Melissa RollinsMs. Melissa RollinsMs. Melissa RollinsAdministrative AssistantIMERYS100 Mansell Ct. ERoswell, GA 30076Phone: 770-645-3369Fax: 770-645-3391Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Maren Roman. Maren Roman. Maren Roman. Maren Roman. Maren RomanAssistant ProfessorVirginia Tech230 Cheatham HallBlacksburg, VA 24061-0323Phone: 540-231-1421Fax: 540-231-8176Email: [email protected]: Composites


DrDrDrDrDr. Howard Rosen. Howard Rosen. Howard Rosen. Howard Rosen. Howard RosenStaff SpecialistUSDA Forest Service RVUR1400 Independence Ave., SW,Mailstop: 1114Washington, DC 20250-1114Phone: 703-605-4196Fax: 703-605-5137Email: [email protected]: Self Assembly

DrDrDrDrDr. David Rothbard. David Rothbard. David Rothbard. David Rothbard. David RothbardChemical MicroscopistBureau of Engraving & Printing14th & C Streets, SW, Room 207-25AWashington, DC 20228Phone: 202-874-3102Fax: 202-874-3310Email:[email protected]: Analytical-Speaker

DrDrDrDrDr. Alan Rudie. Alan Rudie. Alan Rudie. Alan Rudie. Alan RudieProject Leader, Chemistry & PulpingUSDA Forest Service, ForestProducts LaboratoryOne Gifford Pinchot Dr.Madison, WI 53726Phone: 608-231-9496Fax: 608-231-9538Email: [email protected]: Analytical

DrDrDrDrDr. Nigel D. Nigel D. Nigel D. Nigel D. Nigel D. Sanders. Sanders. Sanders. Sanders. SandersTechnical ManagerSpecialty Minerals Inc.9 Highland AvenueBethlehem, PA 18017Phone: 610-861-3457Fax: 610-861-3412Email:[email protected]: Composites

DrDrDrDrDr. Jagannadh Satyavolu. Jagannadh Satyavolu. Jagannadh Satyavolu. Jagannadh Satyavolu. Jagannadh SatyavoluProcess Technology Team LeaderCargill Industrial Starches1710 16th Street, SECedar Rapids, IA 52401Phone: 319-399-6612Fax: 319-399-6666Email:[email protected]: Composites

MrMrMrMrMr. Amit Saxena. Amit Saxena. Amit Saxena. Amit Saxena. Amit SaxenaIPST at Georgia Institute ofTechnology500 10th St., NWAtlanta, GA 30318Phone: 404-894-9701Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. John Henry Scott. John Henry Scott. John Henry Scott. John Henry Scott. John Henry ScottPhysicistNIST100 Bureau Drive Stop 8371Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8371Phone: 301-975-4981Fax: 301-471-1321Email: [email protected]: Analytical-Speaker

DrDrDrDrDr. Rana Shehadeh. Rana Shehadeh. Rana Shehadeh. Rana Shehadeh. Rana ShehadehDirectorGeorgia-Pacific Corporation133 Peachtree Street, NEAtlanta, GA 30303Phone: 404-652-6038Fax: 404-487-4442Email: [email protected]: Composites

DrDrDrDrDr. Allan Showalter. Allan Showalter. Allan Showalter. Allan Showalter. Allan ShowalterProfessorOhio UniversityDept. of Plant BiologyAthens, OH 45701Phone: 740-593-1135Fax: 740-593-1130Email: [email protected]: Cell Wall

DrDrDrDrDr. Chris Somerville. Chris Somerville. Chris Somerville. Chris Somerville. Chris SomervilleDirectorCarnegie Institution260 Panama StreetStanford, CA 94305Phone: 650-325-1521, Ext. 203Fax: 650-325-6857Email: [email protected]: Cell Wall

DrDrDrDrDr. Ian Suckling. Ian Suckling. Ian Suckling. Ian Suckling. Ian SucklingScientistEnsis Papro49 Sala St.Rotorua, New ZealandPhone: 64-7-343-5867Fax: 64-7-343-5695Email:[email protected]: Composites

MrMrMrMrMr. Glen T. Glen T. Glen T. Glen T. Glen TracyracyracyracyracyExecutive DirectorPaper Technology FoundationWestern Michigan UniversityKalamazoo, MI 49008-5441Phone: 264-276-3856Fax: 269-276-3535Email: [email protected]: Self-Assembly

DrDrDrDrDr. David L. David L. David L. David L. David L. V. V. V. V. VanderHartanderHartanderHartanderHartanderHartChemistNIST101 Bureau DriveGaithersburg, MD 20899Phone: 301-975-6754Fax: 301-975-3928Email: [email protected]: Cell Wall

DrDrDrDrDr. Mark V. Mark V. Mark V. Mark V. Mark VanLanLanLanLanLandinghamandinghamandinghamandinghamandinghamU.S. Army Research Laboratory100 Bureau DriveGaithersburg, MD 20899Phone: 410-306-0700Email:[email protected]: Analytical-Speaker

DrDrDrDrDr. Wilfred V. Wilfred V. Wilfred V. Wilfred V. Wilfred VermerrisermerrisermerrisermerrisermerrisAssistant ProfessorPurdue University - Agronomy915 W. State StreetWest Lafayette, IN 47907-2054Phone: 765-496-2645Fax: 765-496-2926Email: [email protected]: Cell Wall

DrDrDrDrDr. K. K. K. K. Kathryn Wathryn Wathryn Wathryn Wathryn WahlahlahlahlahlMaterials Research ScientistU.S. Naval Research LaboratoryCode 6176Washington, DC 20375Phone: 202-767-5419Fax: 202-767-3321Email: [email protected]: Analytical

DrDrDrDrDr. Theodore H. Theodore H. Theodore H. Theodore H. Theodore H. W. W. W. W. WegneregneregneregneregnerAssistant DirectorUSDA FS, Forest ProductsLaboratoryOne Gifford Pinchot Dr.Madison, WI 53726Phone: 608-231-9479Fax: 608-231-9567Email: [email protected] Co-Chair


PPPPPaul Waul Waul Waul Waul WestestestestestPhone: 408-206-2558Session: Analytical

DrDrDrDrDr. R. Sam Williams. R. Sam Williams. R. Sam Williams. R. Sam Williams. R. Sam WilliamsProject Leader, Wood SurfaceChemistryUSDA FS, Forest ProductsLaboratoryOne Gifford Pinchot Dr.Madison, WI 53726Phone: 608-231-9412Fax: 608-231-9262Email: [email protected]: Sensors

DrDrDrDrDr. William T. William T. William T. William T. William T. Winter. Winter. Winter. Winter. WinterDirector, Cellular Res. Inst.SUNY-ESF121 E.C. Jahn LaboratorySyracuse, NY 13210Phone: 315-470-6876Fax: 315-470-6856Email: [email protected]: Sensors

DrDrDrDrDr. Joseph D. Joseph D. Joseph D. Joseph D. Joseph D. W. W. W. W. WrightrightrightrightrightPresident & CEOPAPRICAN570 Boul. St-JeanPointe-Claire, QUEBEC H9R 3J9Phone: 514-630-4102Fax: 514-630-4110Email: [email protected]: Sensors

DrDrDrDrDr. Y. Y. Y. Y. Yibin Xueibin Xueibin Xueibin Xueibin XueAssistant Research ProfessorMississippi State University124 Northgate DriveStarkville, MS 39759Phone: 662-325-5450Fax: 662-325-5433Email: [email protected]: Analytical

DrDrDrDrDr. Zheng. Zheng. Zheng. Zheng. Zheng-Hua Y-Hua Y-Hua Y-Hua Y-Hua YeeeeeAssociate ProfessorUniversity of GeorgiaDept. of Plant BiologyAthens, GA 30602Phone: 706-542-1832Fax: 706-542-1805Email:[email protected]: Cell Wall

DrDrDrDrDr. JiL. JiL. JiL. JiL. JiLei Zhangei Zhangei Zhangei Zhangei ZhangAssociate ProfessorMississippi State University100 Blackjack RoadStarkville, MS 39759Phone: 662-325-9413Fax: 662-325-8126Email: [email protected]: Analytical

DrDrDrDrDr. Jinwen Zhang. Jinwen Zhang. Jinwen Zhang. Jinwen Zhang. Jinwen ZhangAssistant ProfessorWashington State University1445 NE Terre View Dr., Suite APullman, WA 99163Phone: 509-335-8723Fax: 509-335-5077Email: [email protected]: Composites

DrDrDrDrDr. Junyong Zhu. Junyong Zhu. Junyong Zhu. Junyong Zhu. Junyong ZhuProject LeaderUSDA FS Forest ProductsLaboratoryOne Gifford Pinchot DriveMadison, WI 53726Phone: 608-231-9520Fax: 608-231-9538Email: [email protected]: Sensors


Appendix CAppendix CAppendix CAppendix CAppendix C: Breakout Group: Breakout Group: Breakout Group: Breakout Group: Breakout GroupMembersMembersMembersMembersMembers

DrDrDrDrDr. Steve K. Steve K. Steve K. Steve K. Steve KellerellerellerellerellerAssociate ProfessorSUNY-ESF/ESPRIPhone: 315-470-6907Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Dave Knox. Dave Knox. Dave Knox. Dave Knox. Dave KnoxResearch DirectorMeadwestvacoPhone: 301-497-1340Email:[email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. L. L. L. L. Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian Lucian LuciauciauciauciauciaAssociate Professor of ChemistryNorth Carolina State Univ.Phone: 919-515-7707Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. T. T. T. T. Tony Lony Lony Lony Lony LyonsyonsyonsyonsyonsDirector of ResearchIMERYSPhone: 478-553-5243Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Christine Mahoney. Christine Mahoney. Christine Mahoney. Christine Mahoney. Christine MahoneyNational Institute of Standards &TechnologyPhone: 301-975-8515Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Vijay Mathur. Vijay Mathur. Vijay Mathur. Vijay Mathur. Vijay MathurPresidentGR InternationalPhone: 253-924-6070Email: [email protected]

Ms. TMs. TMs. TMs. TMs. Tracy Nollinracy Nollinracy Nollinracy Nollinracy NollinPhone: 408-206-2558

DrDrDrDrDr. Tim Rials. Tim Rials. Tim Rials. Tim Rials. Tim RialsProfessorUniversity of TennesseePhone: 865-946-1129Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. David Rothbard. David Rothbard. David Rothbard. David Rothbard. David RothbardChemical MicroscopistBureau of Engraving & PrintingPhone: 202-874-3102Email:[email protected]

Analytical Methods forAnalytical Methods forAnalytical Methods forAnalytical Methods forAnalytical Methods forNanostructureNanostructureNanostructureNanostructureNanostructureCharacterizationCharacterizationCharacterizationCharacterizationCharacterizationChairs: Jim Beecher andChairs: Jim Beecher andChairs: Jim Beecher andChairs: Jim Beecher andChairs: Jim Beecher andTim RialsTim RialsTim RialsTim RialsTim Rials

DrDrDrDrDr. Dimitri Argyropoulos. Dimitri Argyropoulos. Dimitri Argyropoulos. Dimitri Argyropoulos. Dimitri ArgyropoulosProfessorNorth Carolina State Univ.Phone: 919-515-7708Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Don Baer. Don Baer. Don Baer. Don Baer. Don BaerLaboratory FellowPacific Northwest NationalLaboratoryPhone: 509-376-1609Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. F. F. F. F. Fred Barlowred Barlowred Barlowred Barlowred BarlowConsultantPhone: 912-399-6552Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Jim Beecher. Jim Beecher. Jim Beecher. Jim Beecher. Jim BeecherGroup Leader, AnalyticalChemistry & Microscopy Lab.USDA FS, Forest ProductsLaboratoryPhone: 608-231-9475Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. George Cody. George Cody. George Cody. George Cody. George CodyGeophysical LaboratoryCarnegie Institution of WashingtonPhone: 202-475-8980Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. T. T. T. T. Tom Elderom Elderom Elderom Elderom ElderResearch Forest ProductsTechnologistUSDA FSSouthern Research StationPhone: 318-473-7008Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. John Hermanson. John Hermanson. John Hermanson. John Hermanson. John HermansonResearch ScientistUSDA FSForest Products LaboratoryPhone: 608-231-9229Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Alan Rudie. Alan Rudie. Alan Rudie. Alan Rudie. Alan RudieProject Leader, Chemistry &PulpingUSDA FS, Forest ProductsLaboratoryPhone: 608-231-9496Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. John Henry Scott. John Henry Scott. John Henry Scott. John Henry Scott. John Henry ScottPhysicistNISTPhone: 301-975-4981Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Mark V. Mark V. Mark V. Mark V. Mark Van Lan Lan Lan Lan LandinghamandinghamandinghamandinghamandinghamU.S. Army Research LaboratoryPhone: 410-306-0700Email:[email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. K. K. K. K. Kathy Wathy Wathy Wathy Wathy WahlahlahlahlahlMaterials Research ScientistU.S. Naval Research LaboratoryPhone: 202-767-5419Email: [email protected]

PPPPPaul Waul Waul Waul Waul WestestestestestPhone: 408-206-2558

DrDrDrDrDr. Anna Xue. Anna Xue. Anna Xue. Anna Xue. Anna XueAssistant Research ProfessorMississippi State UniversityPhone: 662-325-5450Email: [email protected]

Cell WCell WCell WCell WCell Wall Nanotechnologyall Nanotechnologyall Nanotechnologyall Nanotechnologyall NanotechnologyChairs: Rajai Atalla andChairs: Rajai Atalla andChairs: Rajai Atalla andChairs: Rajai Atalla andChairs: Rajai Atalla andCandace HaiglerCandace HaiglerCandace HaiglerCandace HaiglerCandace Haigler

DrDrDrDrDr. Rajai Atalla. Rajai Atalla. Rajai Atalla. Rajai Atalla. Rajai AtallaSr. ScientistUSDA FS, Forest ProductsLaboratoryPhone: 608-231-9443Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Al Button. Al Button. Al Button. Al Button. Al ButtonPresidentButtonwood Consulting, LLCPhone: 920-730-5670Email: [email protected]


DrDrDrDrDr. Jeffrey Catchmark. Jeffrey Catchmark. Jeffrey Catchmark. Jeffrey Catchmark. Jeffrey CatchmarkOperations ManagerPenn State UniversityPhone: 814-865-6577Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Chuck F. Chuck F. Chuck F. Chuck F. Chuck FrihartrihartrihartrihartrihartProject Leader, Wood AdhesivesScience & TechnologyUSDA FS, Forest ProductsLaboratoryPhone: 608-231-9208Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Michael Hahn. Michael Hahn. Michael Hahn. Michael Hahn. Michael HahnAssociate ProfessorUniversity of GeorgiaPhone: 706-542-4457Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Candace Haigler. Candace Haigler. Candace Haigler. Candace Haigler. Candace HaiglerProfessorNorth Carolina State Univ.Phone: 919-515-5645Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Shekhar Joshi. Shekhar Joshi. Shekhar Joshi. Shekhar Joshi. Shekhar JoshiAssociate ProfessorMichigan Tech U, SFRESPhone: 906-487-3480Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Bela Mulder. Bela Mulder. Bela Mulder. Bela Mulder. Bela MulderProfessorWageningen UniversityPhone: 31206081234Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Alison Roberts. Alison Roberts. Alison Roberts. Alison Roberts. Alison RobertsAssociate ProfessorUniversity of Rhode IslandPhone: 401-874-4098Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Allan Showalter. Allan Showalter. Allan Showalter. Allan Showalter. Allan ShowalterProfessorOhio UniversityPhone: 740-593-1135Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Chris Somervill. Chris Somervill. Chris Somervill. Chris Somervill. Chris SomervilleDirectorCarnegie InstitutionPhone: 650-325-1521, Ext. 203Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Dave V. Dave V. Dave V. Dave V. Dave VanderHartanderHartanderHartanderHartanderHartChemistNISTPhone: 301-975-6754Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Wilfred V. Wilfred V. Wilfred V. Wilfred V. Wilfred VermerrisermerrisermerrisermerrisermerrisAssistant ProfessorPurdue University - AgronomyPhone: 765-496-2645Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Zheng. Zheng. Zheng. Zheng. Zheng-Hua Y-Hua Y-Hua Y-Hua Y-Hua YeeeeeAssociate ProfessorUniversity of GeorgiaPhone: 706-542-1832Email:[email protected]

PPPPPolymer Composites andolymer Composites andolymer Composites andolymer Composites andolymer Composites andNano-reinforced MaterialsNano-reinforced MaterialsNano-reinforced MaterialsNano-reinforced MaterialsNano-reinforced MaterialsChairs: Margaret Joyce andChairs: Margaret Joyce andChairs: Margaret Joyce andChairs: Margaret Joyce andChairs: Margaret Joyce andArt RagauskasArt RagauskasArt RagauskasArt RagauskasArt Ragauskas

DrDrDrDrDr. Don Anthony. Don Anthony. Don Anthony. Don Anthony. Don AnthonyPresident & Executive DirectorThe Council for ChemicalResearchPhone: 202-429-3971Email: [email protected]

MrMrMrMrMr. Sven Arenander. Sven Arenander. Sven Arenander. Sven Arenander. Sven ArenanderManager Paper Science SolutionsInternational PaperPhone: 513-248-6694Email:[email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Hongda Chen. Hongda Chen. Hongda Chen. Hongda Chen. Hongda ChenNational Program Leader,Bioprocessing EngineeringUSDA/CSREESPhone: 202-401-6497Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Ray Drumright. Ray Drumright. Ray Drumright. Ray Drumright. Ray DrumrightDow ChemicalPhone: 989-636-6084Email: [email protected]

MrMrMrMrMr. Jerry Dykstra. Jerry Dykstra. Jerry Dykstra. Jerry Dykstra. Jerry DykstraPulp & Paper Technology DirectorBuckman LaboratoriesPhone: 901-272-8389Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Alex F. Alex F. Alex F. Alex F. Alex FridmanridmanridmanridmanridmanProfessorDrexel UniversityPhone: 215-895-1542Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Gil Garnier. Gil Garnier. Gil Garnier. Gil Garnier. Gil GarnierKimberly-ClarkPhone: 920-721-2557Email: [email protected]

Ms. Karina HanninenMs. Karina HanninenMs. Karina HanninenMs. Karina HanninenMs. Karina HanninenConsultantJaakko Poyry ConsultingPhone: 3589-8947-2119Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. K. K. K. K. Kevin Hodgsonevin Hodgsonevin Hodgsonevin Hodgsonevin HodgsonProfessorUniversity of WashingtonPhone: 206-543-7346Email:[email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Sam Hudson. Sam Hudson. Sam Hudson. Sam Hudson. Sam HudsonProfessor Polymer ChemistryNorth Carolina State Univ.Phone: 919-515-6545Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Ki-. Ki-. Ki-. Ki-. Ki-Oh HwangOh HwangOh HwangOh HwangOh HwangLead Research ScientistCargill Inc.Phone: 319-399-6181Email: [email protected]

MrMrMrMrMr. Gopal Iyengar. Gopal Iyengar. Gopal Iyengar. Gopal Iyengar. Gopal IyengarSr. Research EngineerStora Enso North AmericaPhone: 715-422-2329Email:[email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Margaret Joyce. Margaret Joyce. Margaret Joyce. Margaret Joyce. Margaret JoyceAssociate ProfessorWestern Michigan UniversityPhone: 269-276-3514Email:[email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Alexander K. Alexander K. Alexander K. Alexander K. Alexander KoukoulasoukoulasoukoulasoukoulasoukoulasChief ScientistInternational PaperPhone: 513-348-6614Email:[email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Charlie Kramer. Charlie Kramer. Charlie Kramer. Charlie Kramer. Charlie KramerR&D DirectorAlbany Intl. Research Co.Phone: 508-337-9541Email: [email protected]

MrMrMrMrMr. Reid Miner. Reid Miner. Reid Miner. Reid Miner. Reid MinerVice PresidentNCASIPhone: 919-941-6407Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Hiroki Nanko. Hiroki Nanko. Hiroki Nanko. Hiroki Nanko. Hiroki NankoPrincipal Research ScientistIPST at Georgia Institute ofTechnologyPhone: 404-894-9520Email:[email protected]


Self-Assembly andSelf-Assembly andSelf-Assembly andSelf-Assembly andSelf-Assembly andBiomimeticsBiomimeticsBiomimeticsBiomimeticsBiomimeticsChairs: WChairs: WChairs: WChairs: WChairs: Wolfgang Glasserolfgang Glasserolfgang Glasserolfgang Glasserolfgang Glasser,,,,,Derek Gray and PDerek Gray and PDerek Gray and PDerek Gray and PDerek Gray and PeteeteeteeteeteLancasterLancasterLancasterLancasterLancaster

DrDrDrDrDr. Sundar Atre. Sundar Atre. Sundar Atre. Sundar Atre. Sundar AtreProfessorOregon State UniversityPhone: 541-737-2367Email:[email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Brian Boyer. Brian Boyer. Brian Boyer. Brian Boyer. Brian BoyerPatent AttorneySquire, Sanders & Dempsey L.L.P.Phone: 415-954-0230Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Joe Bozell. Joe Bozell. Joe Bozell. Joe Bozell. Joe BozellPrincipal ScientistNational Renewable Energy Lab.Phone: 303-384-6276Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. P. P. P. P. Paul Burrowsaul Burrowsaul Burrowsaul Burrowsaul BurrowsLaboratory FellowPacific Northwest NationalLaboratoryPhone: 509-375-5990Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Dan Caulfield. Dan Caulfield. Dan Caulfield. Dan Caulfield. Dan CaulfieldResearch ChemistUSDA FS, Forest ProductsLaboratoryPhone: 608-231-9436Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Scott Cunningham. Scott Cunningham. Scott Cunningham. Scott Cunningham. Scott CunninghamNew Market DevelopmentManagerDuPontPhone: 302-999-2969Email:[email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Mahendra Doshi. Mahendra Doshi. Mahendra Doshi. Mahendra Doshi. Mahendra DoshiExecutive EditorProgress in Paper RecyclingPhone: 920-832-9101Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Alan Esker. Alan Esker. Alan Esker. Alan Esker. Alan EskerAssistant ProfessorVirginia TechPhone: 540-231-4601Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. W. W. W. W. Wolfgang Glasserolfgang Glasserolfgang Glasserolfgang Glasserolfgang GlasserProf. EmeritusVirginia TechPhone: 540-231-4403Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Xuan Nguyen. Xuan Nguyen. Xuan Nguyen. Xuan Nguyen. Xuan NguyenResearch FellowInternational PaperPhone: 513-248-6073Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Bob P. Bob P. Bob P. Bob P. Bob PeltoneltoneltoneltoneltonProfessorMcMaster UniversityPhone: 905-529-7070Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Art Ragauskas. Art Ragauskas. Art Ragauskas. Art Ragauskas. Art RagauskasAssociate ProfessorIPST at Georgia Institute ofTechnologyPhone: 404-894-9701Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. T. T. T. T. Tom Richardom Richardom Richardom Richardom RichardProfessorPenn State UniversityPhone: 814-865-3722Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Maren Roman. Maren Roman. Maren Roman. Maren Roman. Maren RomanAssistant ProfessorVirginia TechPhone: 540-231-1421Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Nigel Sanders. Nigel Sanders. Nigel Sanders. Nigel Sanders. Nigel SandersTechnical ManagerSpecialty Minerals Inc.Phone: 610-861-3457Email:[email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Nadh Satyavolu. Nadh Satyavolu. Nadh Satyavolu. Nadh Satyavolu. Nadh SatyavoluProcess Technology Team LeaderCargill Industrial StarchesPhone: 319-399-6612Email:[email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Rana Shehadeh. Rana Shehadeh. Rana Shehadeh. Rana Shehadeh. Rana ShehadehDirectorGeorgia-Pacific CorporationPhone: 404-652-6038Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Ian Suckling. Ian Suckling. Ian Suckling. Ian Suckling. Ian SucklingScientistEnsis PaproPhone: 64-7-343-5867Email:[email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Jinwen Zhang. Jinwen Zhang. Jinwen Zhang. Jinwen Zhang. Jinwen ZhangAssistant ProfessorWashington State UniversityPhone: 509-335-8723Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Derek Gray. Derek Gray. Derek Gray. Derek Gray. Derek GrayProfessor, ChemistryMcGill UniversityPhone: 514-398-6182Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Jim Holbery. Jim Holbery. Jim Holbery. Jim Holbery. Jim HolberySenior ScientistPacific Northwest NationalLaboratoryPhone: 509-375-3686Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. John K. John K. John K. John K. John KadlaadlaadlaadlaadlaAssociate ProfessorUniversity of British ColumbiaPhone: 604-827-5254Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. P. P. P. P. Pete Lete Lete Lete Lete LancasterancasterancasterancasterancasterScientific Advisor, Fiber ScienceR&DWeyerhaeuser Co.Phone: 253-924-6688Email:[email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. K. K. K. K. Kaichang Liaichang Liaichang Liaichang Liaichang LiAssistant ProfessorOregon State UniversityPhone: 541-737-8421Email:[email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. T. T. T. T. Tom Lindstromom Lindstromom Lindstromom Lindstromom LindstromSTFI - Packforsh ABPhone: 468-676-7000Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Y. Y. Y. Y. Yuri Lvovuri Lvovuri Lvovuri Lvovuri LvovProfessorLouisiana Tech UniversityPhone: 318-257-5144Email: [email protected]

MrMrMrMrMr. Steve Masia. Steve Masia. Steve Masia. Steve Masia. Steve MasiaResearch ScientistSAPPI Fine Paper N.A. TechnologyCenterPhone: 207-856-3579Email: [email protected]

MrMrMrMrMr. L. L. L. L. Larry Oienarry Oienarry Oienarry Oienarry OienTechnology Sourcing ManagerFlint InkPhone: 734-622-6308Email: [email protected]

MrMrMrMrMr. Ray P. Ray P. Ray P. Ray P. Ray ParentarentarentarentarentVP Technology/R&D DirectorSappi Fine Paper N.A. TechnologyCenterPhone: 207-856-3556Email: [email protected]


DrDrDrDrDr. Howard Rosen. Howard Rosen. Howard Rosen. Howard Rosen. Howard RosenStaff SpecialistUSDA Forest Service RVURPhone: 703-605-4196Email: [email protected]

MrMrMrMrMr. Glen T. Glen T. Glen T. Glen T. Glen TracyracyracyracyracyExecutive DirectorPaper Technology FoundationPhone: 264-276-3856Email: [email protected]

Nanotechnology in Sensors,Nanotechnology in Sensors,Nanotechnology in Sensors,Nanotechnology in Sensors,Nanotechnology in Sensors,Processing and ProcessProcessing and ProcessProcessing and ProcessProcessing and ProcessProcessing and ProcessControlControlControlControlControlChairs: YChairs: YChairs: YChairs: YChairs: Yulin Deng and JYulin Deng and JYulin Deng and JYulin Deng and JYulin Deng and JYZhuZhuZhuZhuZhu

DrDrDrDrDr. Charles Cleland. Charles Cleland. Charles Cleland. Charles Cleland. Charles ClelandSBIR National Program LeaderUS Department of AgriculturePhone: 202-401-6852Email: [email protected]

MrMrMrMrMr. Y. Y. Y. Y. Yulin Dengulin Dengulin Dengulin Dengulin DengProfessorIPST at Georgia Institute ofTechnologyPhone: 404-894-5758Email: [email protected]

Ms. Sara DilllichMs. Sara DilllichMs. Sara DilllichMs. Sara DilllichMs. Sara DilllichLead Technology ManagerDOE-Materials, Sensors &AutomationPhone: 202-586-7925Email: [email protected]

MrMrMrMrMr. P. P. P. P. Paul Gilbertaul Gilbertaul Gilbertaul Gilbertaul GilbertEngineerSAPPI Fine Papers NAPhone: 207-856-3835Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Graham Moore. Graham Moore. Graham Moore. Graham Moore. Graham MooreStrategic Consulting ManagerPIRA InternationalPhone: 44-1372-802000Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Ram Ramarao. Ram Ramarao. Ram Ramarao. Ram Ramarao. Ram RamaraoProfessor & Associate DirectorESPRI/SUNYPhone: 315-470-6513Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Del Raymond. Del Raymond. Del Raymond. Del Raymond. Del RaymondDirector, Strategic EnergyWeyerhaeuser Co.Phone: 253-924-6850Email:[email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Chris Risbrudt. Chris Risbrudt. Chris Risbrudt. Chris Risbrudt. Chris RisbrudtDirectorUSDA FS, Forest ProductsLaboratoryPhone: 608-231-9318Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Augie Rodriguez. Augie Rodriguez. Augie Rodriguez. Augie Rodriguez. Augie RodriguezManager R&DGeorgia-Pacific CorporationPhone: 770-593-6807Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Sam Williams. Sam Williams. Sam Williams. Sam Williams. Sam WilliamsProject Leader, Wood SurfaceChemistryUSDA FS, Forest ProductsLaboratoryPhone: 608-231-9412Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Bill Winter. Bill Winter. Bill Winter. Bill Winter. Bill WinterDirector, Cellular Res. Inst.SUNY-ESFPhone: 315-470-6876Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. Joe W. Joe W. Joe W. Joe W. Joe WrightrightrightrightrightPresident & CEOPAPRICANPhone: 514-630-4102Email: [email protected]

DrDrDrDrDr. JY Zhu. JY Zhu. JY Zhu. JY Zhu. JY ZhuProject LeaderUSDA FS, Forest ProductsLaboratoryPhone: 608-231-9520Email: [email protected]


Appendix D: Selected WAppendix D: Selected WAppendix D: Selected WAppendix D: Selected WAppendix D: Selected WorkshoporkshoporkshoporkshoporkshopPPPPPresentation Summariesresentation Summariesresentation Summariesresentation Summariesresentation Summaries

The following are summaries of selectedpresentations from the Workshop. Thecomplete presentations can be found atwww.nanotechforest.org.

USDA Nanotechnology Roadmap –USDA Nanotechnology Roadmap –USDA Nanotechnology Roadmap –USDA Nanotechnology Roadmap –USDA Nanotechnology Roadmap –Hongda Chen, National ProgramHongda Chen, National ProgramHongda Chen, National ProgramHongda Chen, National ProgramHongda Chen, National ProgramLLLLLeadereadereadereadereader, Bioprocessing Engineering, Bioprocessing Engineering, Bioprocessing Engineering, Bioprocessing Engineering, Bioprocessing Engineering,,,,,USDA-CSREESUSDA-CSREESUSDA-CSREESUSDA-CSREESUSDA-CSREES

Nanotechnology, as a new enablingtechnology, has the potential to revolutionizeagriculture and food systems in the UnitedStates. Agricultural and food systems security,disease treatment delivery systems, new toolsfor molecular and cellular biology, newmaterials for pathogen detection andprotection of the environment are examplesof the important links of nanotechnology tothe science and engineering of agricultureand food systems. Some overarchingexamples of nanotechnology as an enablingtechnology are:

• Production, processing, and shipment offood products can be made more securethrough the development andimplementation of nanosensors forpathogen and contaminant detection.

• The development of nanodevices canenable the keeping of historicalenvironmental records and locationtracking of individual shipments.

• Systems that provide the integration of“Smart Systems” sensing, localization,reporting, and remote control canincrease efficiency and security.

The USDA is a partner agency of the NationalNanotechnology Initiative (NNI). TheCooperative State Research, Education and

Extension Service (CSREES) has identifiedspecific priority research areas in agricultureand food systems, several of which candirectly benefit from research innanotechnology. Research areas, which arehighlighted in the USDA NanotechnologyRoadmap, are complementary to andsupportive of the goals and missions ofCSREES and the Experiment StationCommittee on Organization and Policy(ESCOP). Research areas include: pathogenand contaminant detection, identitypreservation and tracking, smart treatmentdelivery systems, smart systems integration foragriculture and food processing, nanodevicesfor molecular and cellular biology, nanoscalematerials science and engineering,environmental issues and agricultural waste,and education of the public and futureworkforce.

National Nanotechnology Initiative:National Nanotechnology Initiative:National Nanotechnology Initiative:National Nanotechnology Initiative:National Nanotechnology Initiative:Overview and Planning for the Future –Overview and Planning for the Future –Overview and Planning for the Future –Overview and Planning for the Future –Overview and Planning for the Future –Mihail Roco, ChairMihail Roco, ChairMihail Roco, ChairMihail Roco, ChairMihail Roco, Chair, National Science &, National Science &, National Science &, National Science &, National Science &TTTTTechnology Council’s Subcommittee onechnology Council’s Subcommittee onechnology Council’s Subcommittee onechnology Council’s Subcommittee onechnology Council’s Subcommittee onNanoscale Science, Engineering &Nanoscale Science, Engineering &Nanoscale Science, Engineering &Nanoscale Science, Engineering &Nanoscale Science, Engineering &TTTTTechnologyechnologyechnologyechnologyechnology

The vision of the NNI is a future in which theability to understand and control matter onthe nanoscale leads to a revolution intechnology and industry. Toward this vision,the NNI will expedite the discovery,development, and deployment ofnanotechnology in order to achieveresponsible and sustainable economicbenefits, to enhance quality of life, and topromote national security. The initiative is amulti-agency, multidisciplinary program thatsupports research and development (R&D),develops infrastructure, and promoteseducation, knowledge diffusion, andcommercialization in nanotechnology.


Concomitant with development of newtechnology options, the NNI is addressingnanotechnology’s various societaldimensions. Interagency coordination ismanaged through the Nanoscale Science,Engineering, and Technology (NSET)Subcommittee of the National Science andTechnology Council (NSTC) Committee onTechnology.

The goals of the NNI are as follows:

• Maintain a world-class R&D programaimed at realizing the full potential ofnanotechnology.

• Facilitate transfer of the new technologiesinto products for economic and publicbenefit.

• Develop educational resources, a skilledworkforce, and the supportinginfrastructure and tools to advancenanotechnology.

• Support responsible development ofnanotechnology.

The NNI will provide a balanced andcoordinated investment in the programcomponent areas and in a broad spectrum ofapplications. This will ensure that the UnitedStates remains a global leader in theresponsible development of nanotechnologyand secures the resulting benefits to theeconomy, to national security, and to thequality of life of all citizens.


Department of Energy NanotechnologyDepartment of Energy NanotechnologyDepartment of Energy NanotechnologyDepartment of Energy NanotechnologyDepartment of Energy NanotechnologyPPPPPrograms – Programs – Programs – Programs – Programs – Paul Burrows, Paul Burrows, Paul Burrows, Paul Burrows, Paul Burrows, PacificacificacificacificacificNorthwest National LaboratoryNorthwest National LaboratoryNorthwest National LaboratoryNorthwest National LaboratoryNorthwest National Laboratory


The National Nanotechnology InitiativeThe National Nanotechnology InitiativeThe National Nanotechnology InitiativeThe National Nanotechnology InitiativeThe National Nanotechnology Initiative– Sharon Hays, Deputy Associate– Sharon Hays, Deputy Associate– Sharon Hays, Deputy Associate– Sharon Hays, Deputy Associate– Sharon Hays, Deputy AssociateDirectorDirectorDirectorDirectorDirector, T, T, T, T, Technology Division of theechnology Division of theechnology Division of theechnology Division of theechnology Division of theOffice of Science & TOffice of Science & TOffice of Science & TOffice of Science & TOffice of Science & Technologyechnologyechnologyechnologyechnology

The federal government’s investments inscience and technology have been guided byseveral fundamental principles. Theseprinciples include the following: a) sustainand nurture America’s world-leading scienceand technology enterprise through pursuit ofspecific agency missions and throughstewardship of critical research fields andscientific facilities; b) strengthen and expandaccess to high-quality science, mathematics,and engineering education, and contribute topreparing the next generation of scientistsand engineers; c) focus on activities thatrequire a federal presence to attain nationalgoals, including national security,environmental quality, economic growth andprosperity, and human health and well being;and d) promote international cooperation inscience and technology that will strengthenthe advance of science and achievement ofnational priorities.

Nanotechnology will likely have a broad andfundamental impact on many sectors of theeconomy. The NNI incorporates long-termresearch leading to new fundamentalunderstanding and discoveries ofphenomena, processes, and tools fornanotechnology, and applies them towardsgrand challenges that support agencymissions. The NNI creates centers andnetworks of excellence to encourage researchnetworking and shared academic users’facilities, develop enabling infrastructures toaccelerate commercialization, and prepare anew generation of skilled workers with themultidisciplinary perspectives necessary forrapid progress in nanotechnology.

The President signed the 21st CenturyNanotechnology Research and DevelopmentAct, which put into law programs andactivities supported by the NNI. Consistentwith this legislation, in 2005 the Initiative willcontinue to focus on fundamental and

applied research through investigator-ledactivities, multidisciplinary centers ofexcellence, and infrastructure development,and will continue to support activities aimedat assessing the societal implications ofnanotechnology, including ethical, legal,public and environmental health, andworkforce-related issues. The President’sCouncil of Advisors on Science andTechnology (PCAST) reviews the multi-agencynanotechnology R&D programs andarticulates a strategic plan for the program,defining specific grand challenges to guidethe program and identifying metrics formeasuring progress toward those grandchallenges.

The President’s 2005 Budget provides $1billion for the multi-agency NNI, a doublingover levels in 2001, the first year of theInitiative. This investment advances ourunderstanding of nanoscale phenomena—the unique properties of matter that occur atthe level of clusters of atoms and molecules –and enable the use of this knowledge to bringabout improvements in medicine,manufacturing, high-performance materials,information technology, and energy andenvironmental technologies. Agencyinvestments must be consistent withinteragency planning documents such as theNNI implementation plan.


FFFFForest Porest Porest Porest Porest Products Industry Products Industry Products Industry Products Industry Products Industry Perspectiveserspectiveserspectiveserspectiveserspectivesfor Nanotechnology – Del Raymond,for Nanotechnology – Del Raymond,for Nanotechnology – Del Raymond,for Nanotechnology – Del Raymond,for Nanotechnology – Del Raymond,WWWWWeyerhaeusereyerhaeusereyerhaeusereyerhaeusereyerhaeuser


Nanotechnology – The European FNanotechnology – The European FNanotechnology – The European FNanotechnology – The European FNanotechnology – The European ForestorestorestorestorestPPPPProducts Products Products Products Products Perspective – Terspective – Terspective – Terspective – Terspective – Tom Lindstrom,om Lindstrom,om Lindstrom,om Lindstrom,om Lindstrom,STF ISTF ISTF ISTF ISTF I

Nanotechnologies and nanosciencesrepresent a new multi-disciplinary andintegrative approach to materials science andengineering, as well as designing new systemsand processes by exploiting effects at thenanoscale and controlling the structure andself-assembly of materials. Europe enjoys astrong position in the nanosciences that needsto be translated into a competitive advantagefor European industry. The objective istwofold: to promote the creation of aEuropean nanotechnology-enabled industry,and to promote the uptake ofnanotechnologies into existing industrialsectors. Research may be long-term and high-risk but will be oriented towards industrialapplication and co-ordination of efforts at theEuropean Union (EU) level. Encouragingindustrial companies, including start-ups, willbe pursued through the promotion of strong

industry/research interactions in consortiaundertaking projects with substantial criticalmass. Research and development activitiesshould promote development of newprofessional skills. For an effectivedevelopment, European universities mayhave to adapt with respect to education andtraining in nanosciences andnanotechnologies. Whenever appropriate,ethical, societal, communication, health,environmental and regulatory issues, inparticular metrology and measurementtraceability aspects, should be addressed.


Nanobioterials—-Arthur JNanobioterials—-Arthur JNanobioterials—-Arthur JNanobioterials—-Arthur JNanobioterials—-Arthur J. Ragauskas,. Ragauskas,. Ragauskas,. Ragauskas,. Ragauskas,Institute of PInstitute of PInstitute of PInstitute of PInstitute of Paper Science andaper Science andaper Science andaper Science andaper Science andTTTTTechnology — Georgia Institute ofechnology — Georgia Institute ofechnology — Georgia Institute ofechnology — Georgia Institute ofechnology — Georgia Institute ofTTTTTechnologyechnologyechnologyechnologyechnology, Atlanta, GA, Atlanta, GA, Atlanta, GA, Atlanta, GA, Atlanta, GA


Appendix EAppendix EAppendix EAppendix EAppendix E: W: W: W: W: Workshop Organizingorkshop Organizingorkshop Organizingorkshop Organizingorkshop OrganizingCommittee and Contacts forCommittee and Contacts forCommittee and Contacts forCommittee and Contacts forCommittee and Contacts forFFFFFurther Informationurther Informationurther Informationurther Informationurther Information

Scott CunninghamScott CunninghamScott CunninghamScott CunninghamScott CunninghamE.I. DuPont de Nemours andCompanyWilmington, [email protected]

YYYYYulin Dengulin Dengulin Dengulin Dengulin DengIPST at Georgia Institute ofTechnologyAtlanta, [email protected]

WWWWWolfgang Glasserolfgang Glasserolfgang Glasserolfgang Glasserolfgang GlasserVirginia TechBlacksburg, [email protected]

Lawrence GollobLawrence GollobLawrence GollobLawrence GollobLawrence GollobGeorgia Pacific Resins [email protected]

Derek GrayDerek GrayDerek GrayDerek GrayDerek GrayMcGillMontreal, [email protected]

WWWWWayne Grossayne Grossayne Grossayne Grossayne GrossTAPPINorcross, [email protected]

Candace HaiglerCandace HaiglerCandace HaiglerCandace HaiglerCandace HaiglerNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, [email protected]

Philip JonesPhilip JonesPhilip JonesPhilip JonesPhilip JonesIMERYSRoswell, [email protected]

Rajai AtallaRajai AtallaRajai AtallaRajai AtallaRajai AtallaUSDA-FS, Forest ProductsLaboratoryMadison, [email protected]

PPPPP. (Bala) Balaguru. (Bala) Balaguru. (Bala) Balaguru. (Bala) Balaguru. (Bala) BalaguruRutgers UniversityPiscataway, [email protected]

Jim BeecherJim BeecherJim BeecherJim BeecherJim BeecherUSDA FSForest Products LaboratoryMadison, [email protected]

G. Ronald BrownG. Ronald BrownG. Ronald BrownG. Ronald BrownG. Ronald BrownMeadWestvacoLaurel, [email protected]

PPPPPaul Burrowsaul Burrowsaul Burrowsaul Burrowsaul BurrowsU.S. DOE, Pacific NorthwestNational LaboratoryRichland, [email protected]

Robert CaronRobert CaronRobert CaronRobert CaronRobert CaronTAPPINorcross, [email protected]

Jeffrey CatchmarkJeffrey CatchmarkJeffrey CatchmarkJeffrey CatchmarkJeffrey CatchmarkPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, [email protected]

Margaret JoyceMargaret JoyceMargaret JoyceMargaret JoyceMargaret JoyceWestern Michigan UniversityKalamazoo, [email protected]

Stephen KelleyStephen KelleyStephen KelleyStephen KelleyStephen KelleyNational Renewable EnergyLaboratoryGolden, [email protected]

Jane KohlmanJane KohlmanJane KohlmanJane KohlmanJane KohlmanUSDA FS, Forest ProductsLaboratoryMadison, [email protected]

Alexander KoukoulasAlexander KoukoulasAlexander KoukoulasAlexander KoukoulasAlexander KoukoulasInternational Paper CompanyTuxedo Park, [email protected]

PPPPPeter Leter Leter Leter Leter LancasterancasterancasterancasterancasterWeyerhaeuserFederal Way, [email protected]

Lucian LuciaLucian LuciaLucian LuciaLucian LuciaLucian LuciaNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, [email protected]

Shawna McQueenShawna McQueenShawna McQueenShawna McQueenShawna McQueenEnergeticsColumbia, [email protected]


Raymond PRaymond PRaymond PRaymond PRaymond ParentarentarentarentarentSappi Fine Paper N.A.Westbrook, [email protected]

LLLLLori Pori Pori Pori Pori PerineerineerineerineerineAmerican Forest & PaperAssociationWashington, [email protected]

Art RagauskasArt RagauskasArt RagauskasArt RagauskasArt RagauskasIPST at Georgia Institute ofTechnologyAtlanta, [email protected]

Timothy RialsTimothy RialsTimothy RialsTimothy RialsTimothy RialsUniversity of TennesseeKnoxville, [email protected]

Augusto RodriguezAugusto RodriguezAugusto RodriguezAugusto RodriguezAugusto RodriguezGeorgia-Pacific CorporationDecatur, [email protected]

Douglas StokkeDouglas StokkeDouglas StokkeDouglas StokkeDouglas StokkeIowa State UniversityAmes, [email protected]

Theodore WTheodore WTheodore WTheodore WTheodore WegneregneregneregneregnerUSDA FSForest Products LaboratoryMadison, [email protected]

Michael WMichael WMichael WMichael WMichael WolcottolcottolcottolcottolcottWashington State UniversityPullman, [email protected]

Joseph WrightJoseph WrightJoseph WrightJoseph WrightJoseph WrightPAPRICANPointe Claire, [email protected]

Jinwen ZhangJinwen ZhangJinwen ZhangJinwen ZhangJinwen ZhangWashington State UniversityPullman, [email protected]

Junyong ZhuJunyong ZhuJunyong ZhuJunyong ZhuJunyong ZhuUSDA FSForest Products LaboratoryMadison, [email protected]


Appendix FAppendix FAppendix FAppendix FAppendix F: T: T: T: T: Tools for theools for theools for theools for theools for theCharacterization ofCharacterization ofCharacterization ofCharacterization ofCharacterization ofNanometerNanometerNanometerNanometerNanometer-----Scale MaterialsScale MaterialsScale MaterialsScale MaterialsScale Materials

Before discussing some of the contemporarytools which are available and might advanceour understanding of cell wall structure, letsreview some limitations. When employing atechnique in which photon or particle beamsare used to form images by transmission, thespecimen must be thin.

Another challenge is discriminating differentmaterials. Lignin and holocellulose aredistinguishable because lignin has mostlyaromatic carbon structures, and celluloses aremostly aliphatic carbon structures. There arefew differences between cellulose andhemicelluloses: molecular weight, branching,some side groups, non-glucose sugarmonomers.

Another general shortcoming is theinterpretation of microscopy/spectroscopywithout an understanding of the probe/specimen interaction. This was mentionedmany times during the Workshop discussions.It was suggested that computational modelsshould be employed for interpretation. Thisappears to be particularly problematic inmicroscopy because images tend to beinterpreted as a scene before our eyes lit bythe sun.

Duchesne and Daniels recently reviewedwood cell wall structure, the techniques usedto learn that structure and some of thelimitations (Duchesne 1999). Some toolswhich may be useful in advancing ourknowledge are reviewed below.

Specimen PreparationSpecimen PreparationSpecimen PreparationSpecimen PreparationSpecimen Preparation

Drying

Drying methods for wood and artifactscreated by critical-point drying, freeze drying,and air drying are reviewed by Duchesne andDaniel (Duchesne 1999).

Microtomy

It is a serious challenge to prepare 20- to 30-nm cross sections of homogeneous materialsby ultramicrotomy. The challenge is greatlyincreased with heterogeneous and fibrousmaterials. The microtome knife is reallyinitiating a crack which will grow along thepath of least resistance (Jesior 1986). Thepresence of fibrous materials such ascellulose fibrils will redirect the progress of thecrack.

For thin cross sections, which are appropriatefor visible light microscopy, the commonpractice is to ‘soften’ wood by swelling inwater or other liquid mixtures. This practicemay not always be appropriate. Analternative means of ‘softening’ wood couldbe to heat the specimen. This is equivalent tothe widely employed practice in syntheticpolymer microtomy–cryoultramicrotomy–oflowering the specimen temperature toachieve the desired hardness.

Distortions introduced by microtomy havebeen systematically examined (Jesior 1986),and means to reduce distortion with diamondand glass knives have been reported(Matzelle 2000; Matzelle 2003). H. Sitte, whohas extensively studied microtomy and


directed the design of commercialinstruments, has thoroughly reviewedmicrotomy practice (Sitte 1996).

Polishing

Grinding and polishing are frequently used toprepare flat specimens for analysis (ASTM1960). Specimens of metals and alloys forSEM/EDX or optical microscopy are routinelyprepared by cutting cross sections andpolishing the surface with abrasives ofincreasing fineness (MetallographicMetallographicMetallographicMetallographicMetallographicsectionssectionssectionssectionssections). There is no special difficulty if allphases of the specimen have similarhardness.

These techniques have been adapted forpreparing large cross sections of paper byembedding the paper in epoxy resin(Williams 2000; Rothbard 2003).

Focused Ion Beam Cutting

Ions with kilovolt energy interact with solidspecimens in a number of ways. The primaryions implant within the specimen anddisplace specimen atoms in the process.Along this interaction path, secondary ionsand neutrals are sputtered from the specimenalong with electrons and photons. Ultimately,some of the energy raises the specimentemperature. These interactions can haveuseful effects and some create damage(Meingaills 1987).

Focused ion beams (FIBFIBFIBFIBFIB) are often used in thesemiconductor electronics industry formanufacturing and specimen preparation.Typically, 30-keV gallium ions focused toabout 100 nm with beam currents ofnanoamperes (nA) are used to cut specimens.In the usual process, stair-stepped depressionsare carved into the specimen with a rasteredion beam on either side of a thin (~ 100 nm)section to be studied. Finally, the edges of thethin section are cut free from the specimen,which is recovered and mounted on atransmission electron microscopy grid(Giannuzzi 1999; Overwijk 1993).

Most of the published examples involveinorganic semiconductor materials (Veirman1999; Phaneuf 1999) or inorganiccomposites (Kim 2000). There are reports ofbiological specimen cross sections–humanhair and housefly eye (Ishitani 1995). An FIBwas used to prepare a cross section of colorphotographic film which was subsequentlyimaged by the ion beam (Phaneuf 1999).John Henry Scott showed a wood crosssection which was prepared by FIB in hispresentation at the Workshop.

Estimates of the damage caused by FIB canbe made by Monte Carlo simulations (Kim2000) or by determining the depth to whichgallium ions are implanted. These have beenreported to agree well (Giannuzzi 1999).Specific results depend upon materialcomposition and ion energy, but the ionimplantation depth is usually about 20 nm,and atom displacements are confined toabout 30 nm for gallium ions in low atomicnumber materials. The depth of the damagelayer is strongly dependent upon ionaccelerating voltage and the incident ionmilling angle (McCaffrey 2001). Single crystalsilicon layers cut by FIB still show evidence ofcrystallinity where the ion damaged layerswould be expected to be amorphous(Giannuzzi 1999).

Another consideration for biologicalmaterials is that the specimens will necessarilybe exposed to vacuum during preparation.However, this may not be a concern becausethe preparations are intended for TEM, STXM,or EXAFS examination where further vacuumexposure will occur.

The focused ion beams are often used todecompose gases such as W(CO)6 at thespecimen surface to deposit metal decorationon the specimen for protection or to reducecharge accumulation.


Microscopy and SpectroscopyMicroscopy and SpectroscopyMicroscopy and SpectroscopyMicroscopy and SpectroscopyMicroscopy and Spectroscopy

Scanning Probe Microscopies

Scanning probe microscopy techniques,especially tapping mode atomic forcemicroscopy, are the most frequentlymentioned techniques for characterizingnanometer-scale structures. These techniquesare reported in well over 10,000 researchpapers each year. Their potential use isevident, and the potential for abuse is muchmore subtle. Like all microscopy techniques,SPM can be self-satisfying—an image will beobtained (often just what you were lookingfor); the instruments are readily available andconvenient to operate.

The early use of AFM by Hanley and Gray et.al. to describe wood cell structure illustratessome of the specimen preparation problemsand limitations (Hanley 1992; Hanley 1994).Cell structures were subjected to physical andchemical treatment in the preparationprocess. Although such methods arecommonly used, it leaves concern that theresulting specimen is an accuraterepresentation of native plant morphology.The AFM images illustrate the problem ofprobe tip shape convolution with specimenmorphology.

Interpretation of the images requires athorough understanding of the probe/specimen interactions. Quantitative modelingof the contrast mechanism is encouraged. Theuse of other microscopy techniques along withSPM is beneficial in two ways: 1) examinationat larger scale will establish a context forhigh-resolution studies and help to selectrepresentative fields, 2) other imagingmethods will reinforce the SPM findingsbecause scanning probes frequently createartifacts.

This is a case where collaboration with anexperienced SPM microscopist may be thebest path to understanding.

Fortunately, there have been many reviews ofthis field recently (Poggi 2004; Meyer 2004).

One excellent and comprehensive review byan SPM-pioneer offers a good place to beginlearning of the promise and pitfalls of SPM(Colton 2004). This review begins withscanning tunneling microscopy (STMSTMSTMSTMSTM) andfollows its evolution and concludes with themeasurement of mechanical propertiesutilizing nanoindentation methods.

Atomic Force Microscopy

Atomic force microscopy (AFMAFMAFMAFMAFM) is the mostoften applied SPM method for describingmolecular solids or biological specimens. Inits first mode, contact AFM, the stylus tip wasmaintained in contact (or very near contact)with the specimen as in a miniatureprofilometer. Currently, it is most often used ina tapping mode in which the stylus andsupporting cantilever are set into vibrationnear their resonant bending frequency(nominally ~ 100 kHz).

The tip makes only intermittent contact withthe specimen surface. The tip/specimeninteractions alter the amplitude, resonancefrequency, and phase angle of the oscillatingcantilever. The relative vertical position of thetip is moved to maintain constant amplitudeof oscillation; this is often described asamplitude modulation (AM-AFMAM-AFMAM-AFMAM-AFMAM-AFM). Thereduced surface forces result in less specimendamage. The change in vibration phase (i.e.,the delay between the cyclic motive forceapplied to the cantilever and the resultantmovement of the cantilever) often is used todiscriminate between areas with differentcomposition on the specimen surface. Thephase image thus contains chemicallysensitive information. However, theinterpretation of this information is not alwaysclear (Colton 2004; Raghavan 2000).

Frequency modulation (FM-AFMFM-AFMFM-AFMFM-AFMFM-AFM) is anotherdynamic mode of operation in which thecantilever amplitude is maintained constantwhile the stylus/specimen interaction alters thefrequency. FM-AFM is used with the stylus nearthe specimen surface but not in contact. Anexhaustive review of dynamic AFM, includingtheory and operation, is available (Garcia &Perez 2002).


Interactions between the stylus and specimenarise from many different mechanisms—vander Walls attraction, electrostatic, friction,viscoelastic, wetting, et cetera. It is not alwaysevident which forces are involved. Onefrequent effect which is not always anticipatedis the condensation of water on the specimensurface about the stylus. This results in acapillary force which is large enough todominate the probe/specimen interaction. Itis difficult to get the atmosphere dry enoughto eliminate this water condensation. Themost frequent practice for very high resolutionstudies is to work in ultrahigh vacuum (usualfor atomic solids) or under fluids (water forbiological materials).

AFM has been used to measure the van derWalls’ force between regenerated cellulosesurfaces (Notley 2004). Measurements weremade in an aqueous environment with low pHand high ionic strength to suppress DLVOcharge effects.

Force Spectroscopy

To learn some chemical or physicalinformation about a specimen in addition tothe topographical image, some microscopistshave gained information by studying thechanging forces that occur as the probeapproaches and retracts from the surface.This is often called force spectroscopyforce spectroscopyforce spectroscopyforce spectroscopyforce spectroscopy andcan be performed at selected individuallocations or at each point in an entire imagefield (Dufrene 2002; van der Aa 2001). Stylustips have been modified for forcespectroscopy by chemical modification or bybonding cells to the surface. This has beenparticularly valuable in characterizing cellsurfaces (Ahimou 2002; Ong 1999; Frederix2004). Functionalized AFM tips were used tostudy intermolecular interactions with epoxypolymers in different liquids (Vezenov 2002).

A similar process, chemical force microscopy(CFMCFMCFMCFMCFM), was first described by Frisbie et. al.(Frisbie 1994). Chemically modified probeswere used to measure the adhesive andfriction forces between the probe tip andorganic monolayers terminating in

lithographically defined patterns of distinctfunctional groups.

Friction–nanotribology–is another force whichhas been studied using SPM (Burns 1999;Carpick 2004). An in-depth review of frictionforce measurement applied mostly to atomicsolids was prepared by Carpick andSalmeron (Carpick 1997). The non-verticalcomponent of stylus motion is often attributedto friction or viscosity. However, as Carpickpoints out: “If the sample surface is not flat,the surface normal force will have acomponent directed laterally and will result incontrast in the lateral force image.” We cananticipate that there will not be a lot of flatsurface on biological materials.

Nanoindentation

Vertical forces may be used to measurematerial properties of specimens such aselastic modulus or hardness. This has beendone with AFM for measurement of materialproperties as well as identification of phases(VanLandingham 2001; Bischel 2000). Thespatial resolution afforded by AFM must betempered with inherent limitations due to thedefinition of stylus tip shape and the non-vertical component of force.

Recently a review of the contact mechanicsrelevant to SFM has been published (Unertl1999). This emphasizes the assumptionsunderlying and restricting the application ofmost commonly used models and theirimplications for SFM measurements.

More rigorous and quantitative materialproperty measurements can be obtained at asacrifice of spatial resolution using ananoindenter (Bhushan 1996; Colton,2004).With a nanoindenter the force on the probeand the position of the probe are measuredindependently. This is not the case with anAFM probe; the force on the stylus point isdetermined by the deflection of the cantileverwhich is related to the position relative to thespecimen. The nanoindenter probe onlymoves vertically; whereas, an AFM stylus isalways tilted from the vertical and often


twisted by lateral force. However,nanoindenter probes are on the order of 50nm in tip radius, which is much broader thanAFM styli.

Nanoindentation has been used toquantitatively measure dynamic mechanicalproperties as well as static measurements onthe nanometer scale (Syed Asif 2001; SyedAsif 2000; Syed Asif 1999). With theapplication of a small vertical oscillation tothe probe, quantitative stiffness imaging ofmechanical properties can be mapped at thenanoscale. This offers an excellent way totransition between the optical microscopyscale (micrometer scale) to the AFM scale(nanometer scale). These techniques are mucheasier to apply to flat specimens than highlytextured surfaces.

Probe Shape

When characterizing non-planar specimens,the shape and size of the probe becomesimportant. The tip of the probe is oftendescribed as a hemisphere having aparticular radius. Real probe tips are morecomplex and are not often characterized.However, the SPM image is a convolution ofthe probe tip shape and the morphology ofthe specimen; thus, it is important tocharacterize the tip (Villarrubia 1997).

Carbon nanotubes with diameters of about 1nm have been suggested as the ultimate high-resolution probe. These probes havelimitations, especially when they are notexactly perpendicular to the specimensurface. These effects have been analyzedand their use for non-contact imagingexamined (Snow 2002). Isolated proteinmolecules on mica were imaged usingcarbon nanotube non-contact AFM (Bunch2002).

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes used a probesin tapping mode AFM offer a more complexsituation. The nonlinear dynamicsappropriate for this interaction have beeninvestigated experimentally and theoretically(Lee 2004).

Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy

The spatial resolution attainable withconventional optical techniques is limited toabout half the wavelength of the light sourceused. For visible radiation, this results in atheoretical resolution limit of 200-300nm.Higher resolution—near-field scanningoptical microscopy (NSOMNSOMNSOMNSOMNSOM)—can beobtained by illuminating a specimen througha very small aperture (ca. 50 nm) positionedvery close to the specimen (about oneaperture diameter away). An extensive anddetailed review of NSOM is recommended(Dunn 1999).

To interpret NSOM images it is necessary tounderstand how these devices deliver light tosubwavelength dimensions and tocharacterize the fields at the aperture. One ofthe current limitations is due to the hightemperatures developed at the end of thescanning tip. Most of the radiant energy isabsorbed by the conductive coating whichdefines the aperture; this has resulted intemperatures near the tip of nearly 500°C.NSOM tips can be used in the tapping AFMmode by synchronizing the detection with thetip vibration.

Many examples involve the illumination ofspecimens with NSOM and recordingfluorescent emission from the specimen.Spectra from single molecules have beenmeasured using this approach.

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Scanning electron microscopy (SEMSEMSEMSEMSEM) offersthe possibility of nanometer resolution withlittle sample preparation. This is especiallythe case with variable pressure orenvironmental (ESEMESEMESEMESEMESEM) in which specimenscan be examined in a low pressureatmosphere without any conductive metalcoating. This atmosphere could be watervapor; therefore, plant or wood specimenscan be examined in great detail in their nativestate.


The difficulty of achieving sharp images withgood contrast increases with increasingatmospheric pressure. It also depends uponthe experience and skill of the microscopistand the characteristics of the microscope.

There is little difference in the probability ofsecondary electron or backscatter electronemission for materials composed of carbon,oxygen, and nitrogen. This means that theSEM images convey little chemicalinformation and mostly describe texture ortopography.

Substantial advantage may be obtained byoperating an SEM with a beam voltage in therange 0.5—5 keV. Low voltage (LLLLLVSEMVSEMVSEMVSEMVSEM) oftenaffords good voltage contrast on uncoatedspecimens and reduces charging anddamage (Goldstein 1984). The difference insecondary electron emission betweenpolymeric materials of different compositioncan be optimized at low accelerating voltage(Berry 1988). The LVSEM images onlyinterrogate a shallow surface layer becausethe penetration depth of these electrons islimited (Goldstein 1984).

Beam electrons stimulate the excitation ofinner-shell electrons, which result in theemission of characteristic x-rays or Augerelectrons. For low atomic number atoms, theprobability of Auger electron emission isgreater than x-ray emission. X-rays emitted bythis process can be quantified imagewise byenergy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDXEDXEDXEDXEDX). It isdifficult to quantify the low energy x-rays fromlow atomic number elements (Goldstein1984).

EDX analysis is somewhat complicated inESEM because of the large number ofsecondary electrons generated by interactionswith the gas surrounding the specimen. Thesesecondary electrons stimulate x-ray emissionfrom everything in the specimen chamber; thisincreases the amount and complexity of thebackground signal.

Transmission Electron Microscopy

Transmission electron microscopy (TEMTEMTEMTEMTEM)offers the possibility of sub-nanometer spatialresolution along with limited imagewisechemical information. The most seriouslimitations are that specimens must be thinenough that only single electron scatteringevents are likely—ca. 100 nm or less—andspecimens must resist electron damage.Carbon replicas have been employed toavoid the problem of thick specimens (Cote1964; Norberg 1968).

Images in TEM are created by the diffractionof electrons. The materials with which we aremostly concerned are made of carbon,oxygen, and nitrogen, which have very similarelectron scattering cross sections. There is verylittle contrast between different components.One approach to developing image contrastis to preferentially label a component with ahigher atomic number element. Lignin hasbeen labeled using bromine, potassiumpermanganate, and osmium tetroxide(Duchesne 1999).

The highest resolution images of cellulosefibril morphology are a result of theexamination of developing wood cells. Cellsin different stages of development are rapidlyfrozen (so quickly that water does not formice). The frozen specimens are cleaved, andthe exposed surface is replicated with carbonand shadowed with platinum. The replica isexamined by TEM (Itoh 2002)

Our current knowledge of hemicellulosedisposition is from TEM of specimens whichhave hemicellulose labeled with gold taggedantibodies to hemicellulose (Baba 1994). Theuse of nanometer gold tagged antibodies isroutine in biological microscopy (Baschong1998). Software has been developed tocreate 3-dimensional images from acollection of rotated images containing thesesmall gold particles (Ziese 2002).


EELS

In addition to being deflected, some beamelectrons suffer energy losses due tointeractions with specimens. Many beamelectrons lose small amounts of energy (<50eV) by exciting valence electrons to nearbyunoccupied states. Less often, beam electronslose energy by ionization of specimen atoms(i.e., exciting electrons from inner shell boundstates). These are discrete losses and arecharacteristic of different elements; this givesrise to the descriptive term ‘core edge.’ Thus,the electron energy loss spectrum (EELSEELSEELSEELSEELS) for acarbohydrate would exhibit a carbon coreedge near 285 eV from the primary beamenergy and an oxygen core edge near 532 eV(Leapman 1992).

Different types of carbon bonding can bedistinguished if the EELS spectra can beobtained with sufficient energy resolution.Thus, amorphous carbon can bedistinguished from diamond or graphite, oraromatic carbon can be distinguished fromaliphatic carbon. This can readily beachieved with 70 meV resolution currentlyavailable. It is best to use a field emissionelectron source for this purpose because theyhave an energy spread <.3 eV comparedwith the 1.0—1.5 eV energy spread (FWHM)of a thermionic electron source.

Quantitative chemically specific images maybe obtained imagewise using energy filteredTEM (EFTEMEFTEMEFTEMEFTEMEFTEM), or a spectrum may becollected at each image pixel by scanningtransmission electron microscopy (STEMSTEMSTEMSTEMSTEM).Rapid advancement in this instrumentationhas occurred in the past 10-12 years. There isstill concern about electron damage tospecimens because beam currents of about 1nA are required for acquisition times of a fewminutes to obtain good signal to noise.

A new approach which is still limited byspecimen thickness but promises higherresolution is NAEDNAEDNAEDNAEDNAED–nano-area electrondiffraction. A nanometer-sized coherentelectron beam was used to resolve thestructure of a single double-walled carbon

nanotube (Zuo 2003). The diffractionintensities were recorded and Fourier-transformed into an image. Iterative softwarewas employed to find a unique solution to thephase problem.

X-ray Beam ProbesX-ray Beam ProbesX-ray Beam ProbesX-ray Beam ProbesX-ray Beam Probes

The intense energetic beams generated bysynchrotrons can be collimated to very smalldimensions (ca. 10 to 50 nm) and resolved to0.3 electron volts (eV). Scanning transmissionx-ray microscopy STXMSTXMSTXMSTXMSTXM has been used todescribe the morphology of polymercomposites (Ade 1992; Hitchcock 2002). Byselecting x-radiation of different wavelengths,contrast can be developed between differentmaterials (this is the same phenomenon asEELS, described above, except that x-raysinstead of electrons are used to stimulate coreelectron transitions). Very thin specimens (100– 150 nm thick) are necessary because this isa transmission probe technique. Intense highenergy radiation could alter the specimens(although x-radiation is not as directlydamaging as electrons).

It may be difficult to develop contrast betweencellulose and hemicellulose. However, arecent study of mixtures of ethylene-butenecopolymer with ethylene-octene copolymerdemonstrated STXM images of separatephases of these polymers. They differ only inthe length of the side chair (i.e., ethyl versushexyl groups) (Appel 2002).

X-ray spectroscopies are often used alongwith STXM (Cody 1995a, 1995b). NEXAFSNEXAFSNEXAFSNEXAFSNEXAFS(near edge x-ray absorption) and XANESXANESXANESXANESXANES (x-ray absorption spectroscopy) use x-rays toexcite core level electrons to unoccupiedstates. In near-edge spectroscopy, the finestructure at lower energy than the absorptionedge is investigated with high energyresolution. This fine structure depends onmany parameters such as the oxidation state,local symmetry, or ligands around theabsorbing atom. The perceived difficulties arethe same as those for STXM.


At energies higher than the absorption edge isa weak periodic modulation which mayextend for hundreds of electron volts. Thisextended energy-loss fine structure (EXELFSEXELFSEXELFSEXELFSEXELFS)arises from a modulation in the ionizationcross section caused by interference betweenthe outgoing electromagnetic wave emittedfrom the ionized atom and componentsreflected from neighboring atoms (Leapman1981; Joy 1986).

In x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPSXPSXPSXPSXPS), anincoming monochromatic x-ray photoncauses the removal of a core or valenceelectron. The escaping electron has a kineticenergy that is determined by the energy of thephoton and the binding energy of theelectron. XPS is an ultrahigh vacuumtechnique which provides information fromthe outermost 3- to 5-nanometer layer of thespecimen. The binding energy depends uponthe element and its chemical state. This isinherently a surface technique because of thelow energy of the photoelectrons (Briggs1983). It has limited chemical specificity (candistinguish lignin from cellulose but notcellulose from hemicellulose) and can beperformed imagewise with resolution of about20 nm (Fulghum 1999).

Another method for obtaining spatiallyresolved chemical information is XXXXX-PEEM-PEEM-PEEM-PEEM-PEEM(Tonner 1988). In this technique,photoelectrons emitted from a specimen arerecorded as the wavelength of x-rays ischanged. Synchrotron radiation is used as asource of x-rays which are dispersed with amonochrometer. This is an ultrahigh vacuumtechnique which requires conductive or thin(ca. 100 nm or less) specimens to avoidcharge accumulation on the specimen(Gilbert 2000).

A good illustration of the application of X-PEEM, STXM, and AFM to the study of animmiscible blend of polymers was reportedrecently (Morin 2001). In addition toillustrating the value of the differenttechniques, it is a good example of how amore complete picture is created bycombining the data from multiple techniques.

Spatial resolution of 10 nm has beenreported at the Wisconsin SynchrotronRadiation Center (SRC) (De Stasio 1999;Frazer 2004).

Infrared MicrospectroscopyInfrared MicrospectroscopyInfrared MicrospectroscopyInfrared MicrospectroscopyInfrared Microspectroscopy

Coupling infrared and visible light through aninfrared microscope, this technique combinesthe chemical specificity afforded by infraredspectroscopy with the visual imaging ofoptical microscopy. Spatial resolution claimsrange from 3 to 30 micrometers (Koenig1998). Synchrotrons may be used as a sourceof high-intensity infrared radiation; theyprovide a small spot source (ca. 100 mm)with between two to three orders ofmagnitude brightness increase overblackbody sources (Dumas 2003). In spite ofthe high brightness, synchrotron sources havenot produced evidence of damage tobiological specimens. Focal plane mercury-cadmium-telluride array detectors areroutinely used to obtain spectral informationimagewise.

The spatial resolution is poor compared withsome other techniques, but the chemicalspecificity is very high. Infraredmicrospectroscopy is an excellentcomplement to other spectroscopic tools.Sample thickness greater than a few tens ofmicrometers can be a problem unlessreflectance modes are employed.

Spectroscopic maps with 8-mm spatialresolution have been obtained using anattenuated total reflectance objective lenswith a focal plane array detector (Sommer2001). Even better spatial resolution has beenattained by applying near-field optics with amodified AFM head and using synchrotronradiation (Bozec 2002).

Similar information may be obtained byRaman microspectroscopy, but often theintense laser radiation used in Ramanspectroscopy creates damage in organicmaterials. Infrared absorbance is a singlephoton, direct process while the Ramanprocess is a two-photon scattering process;


the underlying physics are different. Theselection rules are different and thus the twospectroscopic methods can providecomplementary information. Spatialresolution for Raman microspectroscopy canapproach 1 mm. There are two commonproblems: 1) the excitation laser frequentlycauses fluorescence which masks the Ramansignal and 2) the efficiency of the process isvery low (about 1 photon out for 106 in) (Adar2003).

Secondary Ion Mass SpectrometrySecondary Ion Mass SpectrometrySecondary Ion Mass SpectrometrySecondary Ion Mass SpectrometrySecondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

In secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMSSIMSSIMSSIMSSIMS), afocused ion beam is directed to a solidsurface, removing material in the form ofneutral and ionized atoms and molecules (asdiscussed in FIB above). The secondary ionsare accelerated into a mass spectrometer andseparated according to their mass-to-chargeratio. The lateral resolution is between 1micrometer and 50 nanometers in differentinstruments. The mass spectra provide goodchemical specificity.

This is inherently a surface probe with 1- to10-nm depth resolution. The sensitivity todifferent chemical species varies greatlybecause only ions are detected, whereas mostof the products of sputtering are neutralfragments (Briggs 1992).

The use of primary beams with cluster ions(ions of high molecular weight such as Csn,SF5, C60, and Aun) has improved the value ofSIMS for molecular solids (Wagner 2004;Gillen 2001; Postwa 2003). Cluster ionsproduce greater useful signal intensity andsputter rate while limiting damage andpenetration depth. Cluster ions may be usedfor analysis at low ion current (static SIMS)and may be used to systematically removelayers from the specimen at higher ioncurrents. Sputter depth profiles have beendemonstrated for polymethyl methacrylate(Wagner 2004). This is a promising way ofobtaining imagewise chemical data in threedimensions.

SIMS is inherently an ultrahigh vacuumtechnique which requires flat specimens.Some means must be employed to eliminatecharge accumulation (e.g., electron flood gunor conductive screen over the specimen).


Appendix GAppendix GAppendix GAppendix GAppendix G: Nanoscience User: Nanoscience User: Nanoscience User: Nanoscience User: Nanoscience UserFFFFFacilitiesacilitiesacilitiesacilitiesacilities

This is a listing of facilities where uncommontools may be available. Rather than attemptdescriptions of these laboratories, the URLsfor their web sites are provided.

In addition to this list, most universities havecenters where major instruments are sharedamong different departments. Often, non-university users can also use these facilitieswhich usually include electron and opticalmicroscopes, as well as surface analysisinstrumentation. These centers may alsoprovide contact with university specialists whomay be potential collaborators; who aremore significant help than instruments.

National LaboratoriesNational LaboratoriesNational LaboratoriesNational LaboratoriesNational Laboratories

Argonne National LaboratoryArgonne National LaboratoryArgonne National LaboratoryArgonne National LaboratoryArgonne National LaboratoryAdvanced Photon Sourcewww.aps.anl.gov

Brookhaven National LaboratoryBrookhaven National LaboratoryBrookhaven National LaboratoryBrookhaven National LaboratoryBrookhaven National LaboratoryNational Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS)www.nsls.bnl.gov/

Lawrence-Berkley National LaboratoLawrence-Berkley National LaboratoLawrence-Berkley National LaboratoLawrence-Berkley National LaboratoLawrence-Berkley National LaboratoryAdvanced Light Sourcewww-als.lbl.gov/als/microscopes/index.html

• visible, infrared microspectroscopy• PEEM (Photoelectron emission

spectrometer)• imaging x-ray microscopy• x-ray photoelectron

microspectroscopy

National Institute for Standards andNational Institute for Standards andNational Institute for Standards andNational Institute for Standards andNational Institute for Standards andTTTTTechnology (NIST)echnology (NIST)echnology (NIST)echnology (NIST)echnology (NIST)

SURF III synchrotronPhysics.nist.gov/MajResFac/SURF/SURF.html

High-Resolution UV and OpticalSpectroscopy Facility

National Renewable Energy LaboratoryNational Renewable Energy LaboratoryNational Renewable Energy LaboratoryNational Renewable Energy LaboratoryNational Renewable Energy Laboratory(NREL)(NREL)(NREL)(NREL)(NREL)

Surface Analysiswww.nrel.gov/measurements/surface.html

PPPPPacific Northwest National Lacific Northwest National Lacific Northwest National Lacific Northwest National Lacific Northwest National LaboratoryaboratoryaboratoryaboratoryaboratoryEnvironmental Molecular SciencesLaboratorywww.emsl.pnl.gov/

Universities and Research CentersUniversities and Research CentersUniversities and Research CentersUniversities and Research CentersUniversities and Research Centers

Lehigh UniversityLehigh UniversityLehigh UniversityLehigh UniversityLehigh Universitywww.lehigh.edu/nano/

• 13 electron microscopes• Scienta high resolution x-ray• photoelectron spectrometer

University of PUniversity of PUniversity of PUniversity of PUniversity of Pennsylvaniaennsylvaniaennsylvaniaennsylvaniaennsylvaniawww.seas.upenn.edu/nanotechfacility/

• facilities for corporate users

University of AlbanyUniversity of AlbanyUniversity of AlbanyUniversity of AlbanyUniversity of Albanywww.albanynanotech.org/Programs/metrology/index.cfm

• six electron microscopes• two x-ray photoelectron

spectrometers• focused ion beam• three scanning probe microscopes• Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

University of Notre DameUniversity of Notre DameUniversity of Notre DameUniversity of Notre DameUniversity of Notre Damewww.nd.edu/~ndnano/title.htm

• mostly electronics fabrication• four electron microscopes• atomic force microscope• near-field scanning optical

microscope• Fourier transform infrared

spectroscopy


University of IllinoisUniversity of IllinoisUniversity of IllinoisUniversity of IllinoisUniversity of IllinoisCenter for Microanalysis of Materialscmm.mrl.uiuc.edu/techniques/sims.htm

• Cameca ims 5f

University of WisconsinUniversity of WisconsinUniversity of WisconsinUniversity of WisconsinUniversity of WisconsinMaterial Science Centerwww.msae.wisc.edu/mscweb/

• electron microscopes• preparation facilities• atomic force microscope• x-ray photoelectron spectrometers• focused ion beam

Synchrotron Radiation Center—Aladdinwww.src.wisc.edu

• Scienta 200 high resolution x-ray photoelectron spectrometers• Infrared microscope• PEEM Photoelectron emission

spectrometer

Nanoscale Science and EngineeringCenterwww.nsec.wisc.edu

Northeastern UniversityNortheastern UniversityNortheastern UniversityNortheastern UniversityNortheastern UniversityCenter for High-rate Nanomanufacturingwww.nano.neu.edu/

• electron microscopy• atomic force microscopy

PPPPPennsylvania State Universityennsylvania State Universityennsylvania State Universityennsylvania State Universityennsylvania State UniversityNational Nanotechnology InfrastructureNetworkwww.nanofab.psu.edu

• electron beam, optical and probelithography

• novel materials deposition andetching

• electron and optical microscopy• scanning probe microscopy• focused ion beam• near-field scanning optical

microscopy

Colorado State UniversityColorado State UniversityColorado State UniversityColorado State UniversityColorado State UniversityNSF Engineering Research Center forExtreme Ultraviolet Scienceeuverc.colostate.edu/

University of SaskatchewanUniversity of SaskatchewanUniversity of SaskatchewanUniversity of SaskatchewanUniversity of SaskatchewanCanadian Light Source, Inc.www.lightsource.ca/experimental/

• x-ray microscopy• Fourier transform infrared

spectroscopy

Duke UniversityDuke UniversityDuke UniversityDuke UniversityDuke UniversityFree Electron Laser Laboratorywww.fel.duke.edu/

• infrared FEL• ultraviolet FEL

Louisiana State UniversityLouisiana State UniversityLouisiana State UniversityLouisiana State UniversityLouisiana State UniversityCenter for Advanced Microstructures andDeviceswww.camd.lsu.edu/

• synchrotron for x-ray microscopy andspectroscopy

Cornell UniversityCornell UniversityCornell UniversityCornell UniversityCornell UniversityCornell High Energy Synchrotron Source(CHESS)www.chess.cornell.edu/

North Carolina State UniversityNorth Carolina State UniversityNorth Carolina State UniversityNorth Carolina State UniversityNorth Carolina State UniversityHarold Ade research groupwww.physics.ncsu.edu/stxm/stxm.html

• near edge x-ray fluorescencespectroscopy (NEXAFS)

• scanning transmission x-raymicroscopy (STXM)

• photoelectron emission spectrometer(PEEM)

University of DaytonUniversity of DaytonUniversity of DaytonUniversity of DaytonUniversity of DaytonUniversity of Dayton Research Institute(UDRI)www.udri.udayton.edu/

• x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy• electron microscopy

Purdue UniversityPurdue UniversityPurdue UniversityPurdue UniversityPurdue UniversityBirck Nanotechnology Centerhttp://www.nano.purdue.edu/wps/portal/.cmd/cs/.ce/155/.s/4271/_s.155/4271


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