nanonetworks: a new communication paradigm i. f. akyildiz georgia institute of technology bwn...

NANONETWORKS: A NEW NANONETWORKS: A NEW

COMMUNICATION PARADIGMCOMMUNICATION PARADIGM

I. F. AKYILDIZI. F. AKYILDIZ

Georgia Institute of TechnologyGeorgia Institute of Technology BWN (Broadband Wireless Networking) Lab BWN (Broadband Wireless Networking) Lab

Atlanta, GA, USA &Atlanta, GA, USA &

Universitat Politecnica de CatalunyaUniversitat Politecnica de Catalunya

NN33CAT (Center for NaNoNetworking in Catalunya)CAT (Center for NaNoNetworking in Catalunya)

Barcelona, SpainBarcelona, Spain

IFA’2010 EURECOM 22

I.F. Akyildiz, F. Brunetti, and C. Blazquez, "NanoNetworking: A New Communication Paradigm",Computer Networks Journal, (Elsevier), June 2008.

I.I.F. Akyildiz and J. M. Jornet, F. Akyildiz and J. M. Jornet, ““Electromagnetic Wireless Nanosensor Networks”, Electromagnetic Wireless Nanosensor Networks”, Nano Communication Networks Journal (Elsevier), May 2010.Nano Communication Networks Journal (Elsevier), May 2010.

REFERENCES


NanotechnologyNanotechnology

Study of the control of matter on an Study of the control of matter on an atomic atomic and molecular scaleand molecular scale..

– Enabling the miniaturization and fabricationEnabling the miniaturization and fabrication of devices in a scale ranging from of devices in a scale ranging from one to a one to a few hundreds nanometers few hundreds nanometers

3


NanotechnologyNanotechnology

4

Diameter of human hair20-200

µm

Typical cell diameter 10 µm

DNA double-helix diameter

2 nm

Carbon atoms bond length

0.145 nm


NANOMATERIALS: NANOMATERIALS: GRAPHENE, NANOTUBES & GRAPHENE, NANOTUBES & NANORIBBONSNANORIBBONS

Graphene:Graphene: A one-atom-thick planar sheet of bonded carbon A one-atom-thick planar sheet of bonded carbon atoms in a honeycomb crystal lattice.atoms in a honeycomb crystal lattice.

* Carbon Nanotubes (CNT):* Carbon Nanotubes (CNT): A folded nano-ribbon A folded nano-ribbon (1991)(1991)* Graphene Nanoribbons (GNR):* Graphene Nanoribbons (GNR): A thin strip of grapheneA thin strip of graphene (2004) (2004)


NANOMATERIALS: NANOMATERIALS: GRAPHENE, NANOTUBES & GRAPHENE, NANOTUBES & NANORIBBONSNANORIBBONS

Ten graphene nanoribbons Ten graphene nanoribbons between a pair of electrodesbetween a pair of electrodes

A graphene material A graphene material sample used for testing its sample used for testing its propertiesproperties..

Courtesy of the Exploratory Courtesy of the Exploratory Nanoelectronics and Technology (ENT) Nanoelectronics and Technology (ENT) Group, School of ECE, GaTech.Group, School of ECE, GaTech.


Nanomaterials: Nanomaterials: Graphene, Carbon Nanotubes & NanoribbonsGraphene, Carbon Nanotubes & Nanoribbons

Their electrical and optical properties, Their electrical and optical properties, analyzed in light of Quantum analyzed in light of Quantum MechanicsMechanics, offer:, offer:

* High current capacity + High thermal conductivity* High current capacity + High thermal conductivity Energy efficiency Energy efficiency* * Extremely high mechanical strengthExtremely high mechanical strength Robustness Robustness* Very high sensitivity (all atoms are exposed)* Very high sensitivity (all atoms are exposed) Sensing capabilities Sensing capabilities

New opportunities for device-technology: New opportunities for device-technology: Nano-batteries, nano-memories, nano-processors,Nano-batteries, nano-memories, nano-processors,nano-antennas, nano-tx, nano-rx.nano-antennas, nano-tx, nano-rx.


Design of Nano-DevicesDesign of Nano-Devices


Top-DownTop-Down

Main Challenge:Main Challenge: Achieve molecular Achieve molecular

and atomic and atomic precisionprecision

Examples:Examples:

* Photolithography, * Photolithography,

* Micro-contact* Micro-contact

printing.printing.

Design of Nano-MachinesDesign of Nano-Machines

Bottom-UpBottom-Up

Main Challenge:Main Challenge: * Controlling the assembly * Controlling the assembly

process process * Obtaining complex * Obtaining complex structures.structures.

Examples: Examples: * Molecular self-assembly* Molecular self-assembly * Molecular recognition.* Molecular recognition.

Bio-HybridBio-Hybrid

Main Challenge:Main Challenge:

* Isolation of * Isolation of biological biological nano-machines nano-machines * Hybridization.* Hybridization.

Examples: Examples: Bacteria transportBacteria transport


DESIGN OF NANO-MACHINESDESIGN OF NANO-MACHINES

Nano-Material Nano-Material based Nano-based Nano-MachinesMachines

Biologically Inspired Biologically Inspired Nano-MachinesNano-Machines


POWER UNIT (NANO-BATTERIES)POWER UNIT (NANO-BATTERIES)

Zinc Oxide Nano WiresZinc Oxide Nano Wires

Improved power density, lifetime, and charge/discharge Improved power density, lifetime, and charge/discharge rates.rates.

High density nano-wires High density nano-wires used for nano-batteriesused for nano-batteries..


NANO-PROCESSORNANO-PROCESSOR

World smallest World smallest transistortransistorCourtesy of Courtesy of Mesoscopic Physics Mesoscopic Physics group at the group at the University of University of Manchester.Manchester.

* 45 nm transistor technology is already * 45 nm transistor technology is already on the on the marketmarket

* 32 nm technology is around the corner* 32 nm technology is around the corner

* World’s smallest transistor (2008) is * World’s smallest transistor (2008) is based on a based on a thin strip of graphene just 1 atom x 10 thin strip of graphene just 1 atom x 10 atoms atoms (1 nm transistor)(1 nm transistor)


Graphene EM Nano-Graphene EM Nano-TransmitterTransmitter

Can we develop an EM transmitter in the nano-scale in Can we develop an EM transmitter in the nano-scale in light of molecular electronics?light of molecular electronics?

– Yes, we can do that consistently with physics laws!Yes, we can do that consistently with physics laws!

– It may take us some time !!It may take us some time !!

Signal Generator

Signal Generator

ModulatorModulator

Power Amplifier

Power Amplifier

Antenna

Information


Graphene EM Nano-Graphene EM Nano-ReceiverReceiver

DemodulatorDemodulatorLNALNA

Antenna

Information


NANO-MEMORYNANO-MEMORY

Graphene-based micro-scale memories Graphene-based micro-scale memories offer high offer high

density storage systems (e.g., 64 density storage systems (e.g., 64 Gbits/cmGbits/cm22))


NANO-ANTENNASNANO-ANTENNAS

Graphene can also be used to build antennas:Graphene can also be used to build antennas:

– Using a single Carbon Nanotube (or a set of Using a single Carbon Nanotube (or a set of them): them):

a nano-dipolea nano-dipole

– Using a single Graphene Nanoribbon: Using a single Graphene Nanoribbon: a nano-a nano-patchpatch

– Atom-precise antennasAtom-precise antennas


A GRAPHENE-BASED NANO-ANTENNAA GRAPHENE-BASED NANO-ANTENNAJ. M. Jornet and I.F. Akyildiz, J. M. Jornet and I.F. Akyildiz, “Graphene-based Nano-antennas for Electromagnetic Nanocommunications in “Graphene-based Nano-antennas for Electromagnetic Nanocommunications in the Terahertz Band”the Terahertz Band”,, in Proc. of 4in Proc. of 4thth European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, (EUCAP), European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, (EUCAP), April 2010.April 2010.

– PPropose, model and analyze ropose, model and analyze a novel nano-antenna a novel nano-antenna design based on a metallic multi-conducting band design based on a metallic multi-conducting band Graphene Nanoribbon (GNR) and resembling a Graphene Nanoribbon (GNR) and resembling a nano-nano- patch antennapatch antenna..


OUR CONTRIBUTIONSOUR CONTRIBUTIONS

Developed a Developed a quantum mechanical framework quantum mechanical framework to model the to model the transmission line properties of GrapheneNanoRibbons:transmission line properties of GrapheneNanoRibbons:

Contact resistanceContact resistance Quantum capacitanceQuantum capacitance Kinetic inductanceKinetic inductance

as a function of different design variablesas a function of different design variables

Ribbon dimensionsRibbon dimensions System temperatureSystem temperature System energySystem energy


WHAT DID WE LEARN?WHAT DID WE LEARN?

Graphene can be used to manufacture nano-antennas Graphene can be used to manufacture nano-antennas with atomic precision.with atomic precision.

Using nano-antennas, EM waves will be radiatedUsing nano-antennas, EM waves will be radiated in the in the Terahertz Band Terahertz Band (0.1-10 THz):(0.1-10 THz):

New opportunities for electromagnetic nano-scale New opportunities for electromagnetic nano-scale communicationscommunications

New opportunities for Terahertz technology.New opportunities for Terahertz technology.


DESIGN OF NANO-MACHINESDESIGN OF NANO-MACHINES

Nano-Material Nano-Material based Nano- based Nano- MachinesMachines

Biologically Inspired Biologically Inspired Nano-MachinesNano-Machines


BIOLOGICAL NANO-MACHINESBIOLOGICAL NANO-MACHINES

A CELLA CELLThe most sophisticated existing The most sophisticated existing nano-machine:nano-machine:

- Efficient energy consumption + Efficient energy consumption + Harvesting MechanismsHarvesting Mechanisms

- Multi-task computing + DNA Multi-task computing + DNA processingprocessing

- Multi-sensing + ActuationMulti-sensing + Actuation

I.F. Akyildiz, F. Brunetti, and C. Blazquez, I.F. Akyildiz, F. Brunetti, and C. Blazquez,

"NanoNetworking: A New Communication Paradigm","NanoNetworking: A New Communication Paradigm",

Computer Networks Journal, (Elsevier), June 2008.Computer Networks Journal, (Elsevier), June 2008.

I.F. Akyildiz, F. Brunetti, and C. Blazquez, I.F. Akyildiz, F. Brunetti, and C. Blazquez,

"NanoNetworking: A New Communication Paradigm","NanoNetworking: A New Communication Paradigm",

Computer Networks Journal, (Elsevier), June 2008.Computer Networks Journal, (Elsevier), June 2008.


BIOLOGICAL NANO-MACHINESBIOLOGICAL NANO-MACHINES: : POWERPOWER

The cell obtains energy which is The cell obtains energy which is used to used to

synthesize synthesize Adenosine TriPhosphate Adenosine TriPhosphate or ATPor ATP

–GlucoseGlucose–Amino AcidsAmino Acids–Fatty AcidsFatty Acids–OxygenOxygen

CELLULAR RESPIRATIONCELLULAR RESPIRATIONCell gains useful energy.Cell gains useful energy.

By combiningBy combining


HOW ABOUT AN ATP BATTERY?HOW ABOUT AN ATP BATTERY?

Mitochondria: Mitochondria: a membrane a membrane enclosed enclosed organelle found in most eukaryotic organelle found in most eukaryotic cells.cells.

** They generate most of the ATP ** They generate most of the ATP per per cell.cell.

** Only present in eukaryotic cells.** Only present in eukaryotic cells.


BIOLOGICAL NANO-MACHINE:BIOLOGICAL NANO-MACHINE:PROCESSOR/MEMORYPROCESSOR/MEMORY

Cells pose a good example of Cells pose a good example of multi-tasking multi-tasking processorsprocessors..

In each cell, the “In each cell, the “instructionsinstructions” are contained in ” are contained in the the

genes, genes, which are portions of DNA.which are portions of DNA.

Enzymes Enzymes are bio-molecules that catalyze are bio-molecules that catalyze (trigger) the (trigger) the

expression of a gene -> DNA processors.expression of a gene -> DNA processors.


BIOLOGICAL NANO-MACHINEBIOLOGICAL NANO-MACHINEPROCESSOR/MEMORYPROCESSOR/MEMORY

DNA: DNA: A nucleic acid that contains the instructions used in the A nucleic acid that contains the instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. development and functioning of all known living organisms.

The manipulation of DNA or The manipulation of DNA or Hybridization will allow us to Hybridization will allow us to obtain user-defined biological obtain user-defined biological Nano-machinesNano-machines

IFA’2010 EURECOM

BBIOLOGICAL NANO-MACHINE:IOLOGICAL NANO-MACHINE:TRANSCEIVER: ETRANSCEIVER: EMISSION PROCESSMISSION PROCESS

A cell (A cell (the transmitterthe transmitter) synthesizes and releases in the medium ) synthesizes and releases in the medium molecules molecules (proteins), (proteins), as a result of the expression of a DNA as a result of the expression of a DNA

sequence.sequence.

IFA’2010 EURECOM

BBIOLOGICAL NANO-MACHINE:IOLOGICAL NANO-MACHINE:RECEIVER: RECEIVER: RECEPTION PROCESSRECEPTION PROCESS

Another cell (Another cell (the receiverthe receiver) captures those molecules and creates an ) captures those molecules and creates an internal internal

chemical pathway that triggers the expression of other DNA chemical pathway that triggers the expression of other DNA sequences.sequences.

IFA’2010 EURECOM




Receptor-ligand binding:Receptor-ligand binding:

AA ligandligand is a substance that is able to is a substance that is able to bind to and form a complex with a bind to and form a complex with a bio-molecule to serve a biological bio-molecule to serve a biological purposepurpose

A A receptorreceptor is a protein molecule, is a protein molecule, embedded in either the plasma embedded in either the plasma

membrane or the cytoplasm of a cellmembrane or the cytoplasm of a cell..


BIOLOGICAL NANO-MACHINE:BIOLOGICAL NANO-MACHINE:PHEROMONE ANTENNAPHEROMONE ANTENNA

Pheromones are bigger molecules externally released by plants, insects and other animals that trigger specific behaviors among the receptor members of the same species.

Ll. Parcerisa and I.F. Akyildiz,Ll. Parcerisa and I.F. Akyildiz, "Molecular Communication Options "Molecular Communication Options for Long Range Nanonetworks“for Long Range Nanonetworks“, , Computer Networks (Elsevier) Computer Networks (Elsevier) Journal, Fall 2009.Journal, Fall 2009.


EM Based

Communication for

Nano-Material Based

Nano-Networks

Molecular Molecular

Communication Communication for for

Biological Biological

Nano-NetworksNano-Networks

NANO-COMMUNICATION PARADIGMS


TERAHERTZ BAND FOR EM BASED NANO-NETWORKS TERAHERTZ BAND FOR EM BASED NANO-NETWORKS

– Developed an Developed an Attenuation and Noise model for EMAttenuation and Noise model for EM communications in the communications in the Terahertz Band (0.1-10 THz)Terahertz Band (0.1-10 THz)

– Uniqueness of the Terahertz band: Uniqueness of the Terahertz band: * Terahertz channel is seriously affected by the * Terahertz channel is seriously affected by the presence of presence of different molecules present in the different molecules present in the

mediummedium

* * High molecular absorption attenuates the travelling High molecular absorption attenuates the travelling wave and introduces noise into the channelwave and introduces noise into the channel

J.M. Jornet and I.F. Akyildiz,J.M. Jornet and I.F. Akyildiz,““Channel Capacity of Electromagnetic Nanonetworks in the Channel Capacity of Electromagnetic Nanonetworks in the Terahertz Band”Terahertz Band”,, in Proc. of IEEE ICC, Cape Town, South Africa, in Proc. of IEEE ICC, Cape Town, South Africa, 2010.2010.

IFA’2010 EURECOM

PATH-LOSSPATH-LOSS

Determined by:Determined by:

– Spreading Loss: Spreading Loss: accounts for the attenuation due to the expansion accounts for the attenuation due to the expansion of the wave as it propagates through the medium.of the wave as it propagates through the medium.

– Absorption Loss: Absorption Loss: accounts for the attenuation due to molecular accounts for the attenuation due to molecular absorption.absorption.

33

, , ,spread absA f d dB A f d dB A f d dB

IFA’2010 EURECOM

SPREADING LOSSSPREADING LOSS

Depends on the frequency of the wave Depends on the frequency of the wave f f and the and the total path length total path length dd::

34

4, 20logspread

fdA f d

c

A dominant term in the total path loss A dominant term in the total path loss computation !!computation !!

A dominant term in the total path loss A dominant term in the total path loss computation !!computation !!

IFA’2010 EURECOM

ABSORPTION LOSSABSORPTION LOSS

Molecular composition of the channel:Molecular composition of the channel:

3535

1

,,absA f df d

where where ττ is the transmittance of the medium and is the transmittance of the medium and accounts accounts

for the for the molecular absorption molecular absorption of the channel; of the channel;

i.e., i.e., measures the amount of radiation that is able to pass through the measures the amount of radiation that is able to pass through the medium.medium.

where where ττ is the transmittance of the medium and is the transmittance of the medium and accounts accounts

for the for the molecular absorption molecular absorption of the channel; of the channel;

i.e., i.e., measures the amount of radiation that is able to pass through the measures the amount of radiation that is able to pass through the medium.medium.

IFA’2010 EURECOM

MOLECULAR ABSORPTIONMOLECULAR ABSORPTION

Using Using Beer-Lambert law Beer-Lambert law we obtain the we obtain the transmittance transmittance

of the medium of the medium ττ as: as:

36

0, k f d

i

Pf d e

P

where where ff is the wave frequency is the wave frequency

dd is the path length is the path length

PP00 is is the output power the output power

PPii isthe input power, and isthe input power, and

k k is the medium absorption coefficientis the medium absorption coefficient..

where where ff is the wave frequency is the wave frequency

dd is the path length is the path length

PP00 is is the output power the output power

PPii isthe input power, and isthe input power, and

k k is the medium absorption coefficientis the medium absorption coefficient..

IFA’2010 EURECOM

MOLECULAR MOLECULAR ABSORPTIONABSORPTION

Medium absorption coefficient k Medium absorption coefficient k depends on the particular depends on the particular

mixture of particles found along the channel:mixture of particles found along the channel:

3737

,

,

i g

i g

k f k fwhere where ff is frequency is frequency kki,gi,g is is absorption coefficient of each isotopologue absorption coefficient of each isotopologue ii of a gas of a gas

gg..

e.g., Air in an office is mainly composed of e.g., Air in an office is mainly composed of * Nitrogen (78.1%)* Nitrogen (78.1%) * Oxygen (20.9%) and * Oxygen (20.9%) and * Water vapor (0.1-10%).* Water vapor (0.1-10%).

where where ff is frequency is frequency kki,gi,g is is absorption coefficient of each isotopologue absorption coefficient of each isotopologue ii of a gas of a gas

gg..

e.g., Air in an office is mainly composed of e.g., Air in an office is mainly composed of * Nitrogen (78.1%)* Nitrogen (78.1%) * Oxygen (20.9%) and * Oxygen (20.9%) and * Water vapor (0.1-10%).* Water vapor (0.1-10%).

IFA’2010 EURECOM


AAbsorption coefficient bsorption coefficient of a specific isotopologue i of a gas gof a specific isotopologue i of a gas g

38

, , ,

0

i g i g i gSTPTpk f Q f

p T

wherewherewherewhere

,

0

,

system pressure

reference pressure (1 atm)

temperature

Standard-Pressure Te

molecular volumetric den

mperature (273.1

s

5 K)

absorption cross section

ity

STP

i g

i g

p

T

Q

p

T

IFA’2010 EURECOM


For a given gas mixture, the For a given gas mixture, the volumetric water density volumetric water density can can be obtained from the ideal gas laws equation as:be obtained from the ideal gas laws equation as:

39

, , ,i g i g i gA A

n pQ q N q N

V RT

wherewherewherewhere

,

number of moles of a given gas

volume

mixing ratio of a isotopologue of gas

Avogadro Constant

temperature

gas constant

i g

n

V

q i g

NA

T

R

For example, For example, with a 10% of with a 10% of water vapor, water vapor, one molecule one molecule of Hof H22O is O is found every 1 found every 1 µµmm33

For example, For example, with a 10% of with a 10% of water vapor, water vapor, one molecule one molecule of Hof H22O is O is found every 1 found every 1 µµmm33

IFA’2010 EURECOM


Absorption cross sectionAbsorption cross section can be further decomposed in can be further decomposed in

* the absorption * the absorption line intensity Sline intensity Si,gi,g and and

* the absorption * the absorption line shape Gline shape Gi,gi,g::

4040

, , ,Si g i g i gf G f

SSi,gi,g depends on the type of molecules. depends on the type of molecules.

We obtain this value from the HITRAN database.We obtain this value from the HITRAN database.

SSi,gi,g depends on the type of molecules. depends on the type of molecules.

We obtain this value from the HITRAN database.We obtain this value from the HITRAN database.

IFA’2010 EURECOM


The The continuum absorptioncontinuum absorption is obtained from Van Vleck- is obtained from Van Vleck-Weisskopf Weisskopf

assymetric line shapeassymetric line shape

4141

2 ,,

2 2 2 2, ,, , , ,

tanh21 1

tanh2

i gBi g L

i g i gi g i g i g i gc cc L c L

B

hcfk Tf

G ff hcff f f f

k T

where where hh is the Planck Constant is the Planck Constant

cc is the speed of light in vacuum is the speed of light in vacuum

kkbb ithe Boltzmann constant and ithe Boltzmann constant and

ααLLi,gi,g is the broadening coefficient. is the broadening coefficient.

where where hh is the Planck Constant is the Planck Constant

cc is the speed of light in vacuum is the speed of light in vacuum

kkbb ithe Boltzmann constant and ithe Boltzmann constant and

ααLLi,gi,g is the broadening coefficient. is the broadening coefficient.

IFA’2010 EURECOM

NOISENOISE

The total noise at the receiver will be mainly contributed The total noise at the receiver will be mainly contributed by:by:

– Electronic noise: Electronic noise: predictably low due to large predictably low due to large Mean Free PathMean Free Path of electrons in graphene, of electrons in graphene, more accurate models are needed.more accurate models are needed.

– Molecular noise: Molecular noise: which also appears due to which also appears due to molecular absorption.molecular absorption.

42


WHAT DID WE LEARN?WHAT DID WE LEARN?

– Terahertz communication channel has a strong Terahertz communication channel has a strong dependencedependence on on

* the transmission distance* the transmission distance ** medium molecular compositionmedium molecular composition..

– Main factor affecting the performance of the Terahertz Main factor affecting the performance of the Terahertz band band

the presence of the presence of water vapor moleculeswater vapor molecules..

– Terahertz frequency band offers incredibly Terahertz frequency band offers incredibly huge huge bandwidths for short range (less than 1m) deployed nano-bandwidths for short range (less than 1m) deployed nano-networksnetworks


Total Path LossTotal Path Loss

Frequency [THz]

Dis

tanc

e

Standard Atmosphere (1% H2O)

2 4 6 8 101mm

1m

1km

0

50

100

150

We can certainly not go further

The almost absence of molecules in short distance does simplify everything in the short range.

For the middle range, there are several windows TENTHS OF GIGAHERTZS WIDE. Can we exploit this? Maybe not nano… but micro?


Frequency [THz]

Dis

tanc

e

Noise Temperature [k]

2 4 6 81mm

1m

1km

Frequency [THz]

Dis

tanc

e


2 4 6 81mm

1m

1km

1

2

3

4

5

6

Frequency [THz]

Dis

tanc

e


2 4 6 81mm

1m

1km

50

100

150

200

250

Frequency [THz]

Dis

tanc

e


2 4 6 81mm

1m

1km

50

100

150

200

250

50

100

150

200

250

NUMERICAL RESULTSNUMERICAL RESULTS

MOLECULAR NOISE TEMPERATURE IN THE TERAHERTZ MOLECULAR NOISE TEMPERATURE IN THE TERAHERTZ BANDBAND


TERAHERTZ COMMUNICATIONSTERAHERTZ COMMUNICATIONS

Some novel properties:Some novel properties:

–Extreme large bandwidthsExtreme large bandwidths

–The noise in the terahertz band is neither The noise in the terahertz band is neither additive nor white.additive nor white.


RESEARCH CHALLENGES IN TERAHERTZ COMMUNICATIONSRESEARCH CHALLENGES IN TERAHERTZ COMMUNICATIONS

– Accurate channel modelsAccurate channel models accounting for molecular accounting for molecular absorption, molecular noise, multi-path, etc.absorption, molecular noise, multi-path, etc.

– New communication techniquesNew communication techniques (e.g., sub-picosecond or femtosecond long pulses, (e.g., sub-picosecond or femtosecond long pulses, multicarrier modulations, MIMO boosted with large multicarrier modulations, MIMO boosted with large integration of nano-antennas?).integration of nano-antennas?).

– This band is still not regulated, we can contribute to This band is still not regulated, we can contribute to the development of future communication standards the development of future communication standards in THz band.in THz band.



– New information encoding techniques,New information encoding techniques, definition of definition of new codes tailored to the channel characteristics new codes tailored to the channel characteristics (time varying channel, non white noise).(time varying channel, non white noise).

– Frame and packet size, synchronization issues, Frame and packet size, synchronization issues, transceivers architectures, etc. need to be defined.transceivers architectures, etc. need to be defined.

– Network topology issues, network connectivity, Network topology issues, network connectivity, network capacity, how are they affected by the network capacity, how are they affected by the channel?channel?



– New MACs exploiting the properties of the THz band New MACs exploiting the properties of the THz band (e.g., collisions among femtosecond pulses may be (e.g., collisions among femtosecond pulses may be negligible, negligible,

OFDMA may be useful in such big bandwidths).OFDMA may be useful in such big bandwidths).

– New routing protocols and transport layer solutionsNew routing protocols and transport layer solutions for reliable transport in terahertz networks. Cross-for reliable transport in terahertz networks. Cross-layer solutions?layer solutions?

– What are the applications enabled by this huge What are the applications enabled by this huge bandwidth?bandwidth?


COMMUNICATION PARADIGMS FORCOMMUNICATION PARADIGMS FORNANO-NETWORKSNANO-NETWORKS

EM Based

Communication for

Nano-Machines

Molecular Molecular

Communication Communication

for Nano-for Nano-

MachinesMachines


A Possible Solution: A Possible Solution: Molecular CommunicationMolecular Communication

Defined as the transmission and reception of Defined as the transmission and reception of

information encoded in moleculesinformation encoded in molecules

A new and A new and interdisciplinary interdisciplinary field that spans field that spans

nano, ece, cs, bio, nano, ece, cs, bio, physics, physics,

chemistry, chemistry, medicine, and medicine, and information information technologiestechnologies


Nanonetworks vs Traditional Communication NetworksNanonetworks vs Traditional Communication Networks

Molecular Molecular

CommunicatCommunicat

ionion

Traditional Traditional

CommunicatCommunicat

ionion


Molecular Molecular CommunicationCommunication

Molecular Communication

Short Range(nm to µm)

Molecular

Motors

Ion

Signaling

(e.g., calcium, sodium, potassium, chlorine)

Medium Range

(µm to mm)

Flagellate

d

Bacteria

Catalytic

Nanomoto

rs

Long Range(mm to m)

Axons

Capillaries

Pheromones

Light transduction

Pollen/Spores


Short-Range CommunicationShort-Range Communication

Molecular MotorsMolecular Motors(Wired)(Wired)

Calcium IonsCalcium Ions(Wireless)(Wireless)


Short-Range Communication using Molecular MotorsShort-Range Communication using Molecular Motors

What is a Molecular What is a Molecular Motor?Motor?

– Is a protein or a protein Is a protein or a protein complex that transforms complex that transforms chemical energy into chemical energy into mechanical work at a mechanical work at a molecular scalemolecular scale

– Has the ability to move Has the ability to move moleculesmolecules



Molecular Motors:Molecular Motors:

* Found in eukaryotic cells in living * Found in eukaryotic cells in living organismsorganisms

* Molecular motors travel or move along * Molecular motors travel or move along molecularmolecular

rails called microtubulesrails called microtubules

* Movement created by molecular motors * Movement created by molecular motors can becan be

used to transport used to transport information moleculesinformation molecules



Encapsulation of information:Encapsulation of information:

Information can be encapsulated in vesicles.Information can be encapsulated in vesicles.

AA vesicle is a fluid or an air-filled cavity that can store or digest cell vesicle is a fluid or an air-filled cavity that can store or digest cell

products.products.



EncodingTransmission

Select the Select the right right molecules molecules that that represent represent informationinformation

Attach the Attach the informatioinformation packet n packet to the to the molecular molecular motormotor

Microtubules Microtubules (molecular (molecular rails) restrict rails) restrict the the movement to movement to themselvesthemselves

Information Information molecules molecules

are are detached detached from from molecular molecular motorsmotors

Receiver nano-Receiver nano-machine machine invokes the invokes the desired desired reaction reaction according to according to the received the received informationinformation

PropagationReception Decoding


Short-Range Communication using Calcium SignalingShort-Range Communication using Calcium Signaling

Two Different Deployment Two Different Deployment

ScenariosScenarios

Direct Access Indirect Access

Exchange of information Exchange of information amongamong

cells located next to each cells located next to each otherother

Cells deployed Cells deployed separately separately

without any physical without any physical contactcontact



Direct Access: Direct Access: CaCa2+2+signal travel through signal travel through

gatesgates



– Gap Junctions:Gap Junctions: Biological gates that allow different Biological gates that allow different molecules and molecules and

ions to pass freely between cells (membranes).ions to pass freely between cells (membranes).



– Indirect Access:Indirect Access: Transmitter nano-machine release information molecules to the the Transmitter nano-machine release information molecules to the the

medium. medium. Generate a CaGenerate a Ca2+2+ at the receiver nano-machine. at the receiver nano-machine.




Information Information is is

encoded in encoded in CaCa2+2+

Involves Involves the the signaling signaling initiationinitiation

Propagation Propagation of the Caof the Ca2+2+ waveswaves

Receiver Receiver perceives perceives the Cathe Ca2+2+ concentraticoncentrationon

Receiver Receiver nano-nano-machine machine reacts to reacts to the Cathe Ca2+2+ concentraticoncentrationon

Signal Propagation Reception Decoding


– Molecular Motors:Molecular Motors: Molecular motors velocity is 500 nm/sMolecular motors velocity is 500 nm/s

They detach of the microtubule and diffuse away when they They detach of the microtubule and diffuse away when they have moved distances in the order of 1 µmhave moved distances in the order of 1 µm

Development of a proper network infrastructure of microtubulesDevelopment of a proper network infrastructure of microtubules is requiredis required

Molecular motors move in a unidirectional Molecular motors move in a unidirectional way through the way through the

microtubulesmicrotubules very long communication delays !very long communication delays !

ProblemsProblems of Short Range Molecular of Short Range Molecular CommunicationCommunication


Problems of Short Range Molecular Problems of Short Range Molecular CommunicationCommunication

– Calcium SignalingCalcium Signaling

Very high delays for longer (more than few µm) Very high delays for longer (more than few µm) distances distances


Medium Range Molecular Medium Range Molecular CommunicationCommunicationM. Gregori and I. F. Akyildiz, "A New NanoNetwork Architecture using Flagellated Bacteria and Catalytic Nanomotors," IEEE JSAC (Journal of Selected Areas in Communications), May 2010

• Ion Signaling

• Molecular Motors

• Flagellated bacteria

• Catalytic nanomotors• Pheromones

• Pollen & Spores


Medium Range Molecular Medium Range Molecular Communication:Communication:

Flagellated BacteriaFlagellated Bacteria

– Bacteria are microorganisms composed only by Bacteria are microorganisms composed only by one prokaryotic cell.one prokaryotic cell.– Flagellum allows them to convert chemical energy into motion.Flagellum allows them to convert chemical energy into motion.– Escherichia coli Escherichia coli ((E. coliE. coli) has between 4 and 10 flagella, which are ) has between 4 and 10 flagella, which are

moved by rotary motors, fuelled by chemical compounds.moved by rotary motors, fuelled by chemical compounds.– E. coliE. coli bacteria is approximately 2 µm long and 1 µm in diameter. bacteria is approximately 2 µm long and 1 µm in diameter.


Medium-Range Communication using Medium-Range Communication using Flagellated BacteriaFlagellated Bacteria


DNA packet is DNA packet is introduced inside the introduced inside the bacteria’s cytoplasm, bacteria’s cytoplasm, using:using:

– PlasmidsPlasmids– BacteriophagesBacteriophages– Bacterial Artificial Bacterial Artificial

ChromosomesChromosomes (BACs)(BACs)

PropagationReception Decoding

– Information is expressed as a set of DNA base pairs, the DNA packet, which is inserted in a plasmid.

• Bacteria sense gradients of Bacteria sense gradients of attractant particles.attractant particles.

• They move towards the direction They move towards the direction and and

finds more attractants finds more attractants (chemotaxis).(chemotaxis).

• The receiver releases attractants The receiver releases attractants so the bacteria can reach it.so the bacteria can reach it.

DNA packet is DNA packet is extracted from extracted from the plasmid using:the plasmid using:

Restriction Restriction endonucleaseendonucleases enzymess enzymes

IFA’2010 EURECOM

Why Bacterial Communication?Why Bacterial Communication?

Spans medium range to long range (Spans medium range to long range (μm to tens of cm)μm to tens of cm)

No need of infrastructureNo need of infrastructure– Better than molecular motorsBetter than molecular motors

Reliable transfer of huge amount of informationReliable transfer of huge amount of information– Up to 100Kbyte per bacteria (400K base pairs) using a Up to 100Kbyte per bacteria (400K base pairs) using a

plasmid.plasmid.

IFA’2010 EURECOM

ObjectiveObjective

Analyze the communications aspects of Analyze the communications aspects of flagellated bacteria-based information flagellated bacteria-based information transporttransport– Delay and rangeDelay and range

And relation with other parameters (receiver size, And relation with other parameters (receiver size, bacteria speed, bacteria run period)bacteria speed, bacteria run period)

How? Simulation!!How? Simulation!!

– Others: routing, codingOthers: routing, coding

IFA’2010 EURECOM

Why Simulation?Why Simulation?

Bacteria perform Bacteria perform BIASED RANDOM WALKBIASED RANDOM WALK– Moves more or less randomly, but tends to climb concentration Moves more or less randomly, but tends to climb concentration

gradients of gradients of attractantsattractants

We simulate a bacteria thatWe simulate a bacteria that– Starts swimming in a random directionStarts swimming in a random direction– Starts at given distance from spherical receptor of certain sizeStarts at given distance from spherical receptor of certain size

DelayDelay time to reach the receptor time to reach the receptor

RangeRange maximum distance maximum distance

IFA’2010 EURECOM

Simulation ModelSimulation Model

acterium acterium RUNSRUNS or or TUMBLESTUMBLES


Medium Range Molecular Medium Range Molecular Communication:Communication:Catalytic Nanomotors (Nanorods)Catalytic Nanomotors (Nanorods)

– Au/Ni/Au/Ni/Pt striped nanorods are Au/Ni/Au/Ni/Pt striped nanorods are catalytic nanomotors, catalytic nanomotors,

– 1.3 µm long and 400 nm on 1.3 µm long and 400 nm on diameter, diameter,

– can be externally directed by can be externally directed by applying magnetic fields.applying magnetic fields.

We propose to use them as a carrier to transport the DNA information among nano-sensors


Medium-Range Communication using Catalytic Medium-Range Communication using Catalytic NanomotorsNanomotors

EncodingTransmissionPropagationReception Decoding

– Information is expressed as a set of DNA base pairs, the DNA packet, which is inserted in a plasmid.

• Magnetic Fields guide Magnetic Fields guide the nanorod to the the nanorod to the receiverreceiver

DNA packet is DNA packet is extracted from extracted from the plasmid using:the plasmid using:

Restriction Restriction endonucleaseendonucleases enzymess enzymes

• Nanorods are introduced in a Nanorods are introduced in a solution of solution of AEDPAEDP

• AEDP binds with the Nickel segments

• DNA packets (plasmids) are DNA packets (plasmids) are attached to nanorodsattached to nanorods

• CaCl2 solution is used in order to compress and immobilize the plasmid


Long-Range Communication using PheromonesLong-Range Communication using PheromonesL. Parcerisa and I.F. Akyildiz,L. Parcerisa and I.F. Akyildiz, "Molecular Communication Options for Long Range Nanonetworks“"Molecular Communication Options for Long Range Nanonetworks“, , Computer Networks (Elsevier) Journal, Fall 2009Computer Networks (Elsevier) Journal, Fall 2009

Features:Features:

CommunicatioCommunicatio

n Rangen Range

MediumMedium

CarrierCarrier

mm - mmm - m

• PheromonesPheromones• Pollen & Spores

Wet and dryWet and dry


Long-Range Communication using PheromonesLong-Range Communication using Pheromones

Communication Features:Communication Features:


Long-Range Communication using PheromonesLong-Range Communication using Pheromones

Encoding Transmission

Selection of Selection of the the specific specific pheromones pheromones to transmit to transmit the the information information and produce and produce the reaction the reaction at the at the intended intended receiverreceiver

Releasing Releasing the the pheromones pheromones through through liquids or liquids or gasesgases

Pheremones Pheremones are diffused are diffused into the into the mediummedium

PheremonPheremones bind to es bind to the the ReceptorReceptor

InterpretatioInterpretation of the n of the informationinformation

(Different (Different pheremones pheremones trigger trigger different different reactions)reactions)

Signal Propagation Reception Decoding


Research Challenges in Nano-NetworksResearch Challenges in Nano-Networks

Development Development of nano-of nano-

machines, machines, testbeds and testbeds and

simulation simulation toolstools

Information Information Theoretical Theoretical ApproachApproach

Architectures Architectures and and

CommunicatioCommunication Protocolsn Protocols


Molecule Diffusion Communication: Exchange of information encoded in the concentration variations of molecules.

MOLECULE DIFFUSION CHANNEL MODELMOLECULE DIFFUSION CHANNEL MODELM. Pierobon, and I. F. Akyildiz, ``A Physical Channel Model for Molecular Communication in Nanonetworks,’’ IEEE JSAC (Journal of Selected Areas in Communications), May 2010.

Diffusion

process

Reception

process

Emission

process

TN RN

IFA’2010 EURECOM

END-TO-ENDEND-TO-END


Derivation of DELAY and ATTENUATION

as functions of the frequency and the transmission range

Non-linear attenuation with respect to the frequency Distortion due to delay dispersion

OBJECTIVE OF THE PHYSICAL CHANNEL MODEL


Transmitter How chemical reactions allow the modulation of molecule concentrations as transmission signals ?

Propagation How the “particle diffusion” controls the propagation of modulated concentrations ?

Receiver How chemical reactions allow to sense the modulated molecule concentrations from the environment and translate them into received signals ?

MODELING CHALLENGES FOR THE PHYSICAL CHANNEL


Transmitter Model

Design of a chemical actuator scheme (chemical transmitting antenna)

Analytical modeling of the chemical reactions involved in an actuator

Signal to be transmitted Modulated concentration

MOLECULE DIFFUSION CHANNEL MODELMOLECULE DIFFUSION CHANNEL MODEL


Propagation Model

Solution of the diffusion physical laws (FICK’s First and Second Laws (1855)) in the presence of an external concentration modulation

Modulated concentration Space-time concentration evolution



Receiver Model

Design of a chemical receptor scheme (chemical receiving antenna)

Analytical modeling of the chemical reactions involved in a receptor

Propagated modulated concentration Received signal



FURTHER RESEARCH CHALLENGES FURTHER RESEARCH CHALLENGES FOR CHANNEL MODELFOR CHANNEL MODEL

Noise

Capacity

Throughput

IFA’2010 EURECOM

FINAL GOAL OF MOLECULAR FINAL GOAL OF MOLECULAR COMMUNICATION RESEARCHCOMMUNICATION RESEARCH

88

Physical Channel ModelPhysical Channel Model How information is transmitted, propagated and How information is transmitted, propagated and

received received when a molecular carrier is usedwhen a molecular carrier is used

Noise RepresentationNoise Representation How can be physically and mathematically How can be physically and mathematically

expressed the expressed the noise affected information transmitted through noise affected information transmitted through

molecular molecular communicationcommunication

Information Encoding/DecodingInformation Encoding/Decoding ConcentrationConcentration Chemical structureChemical structure EncapsulationEncapsulation

MoleculMolecular ar Channel Channel CapacityCapacity

nanonetworks: a new communication paradigm i. f. akyildiz georgia institute of technology bwn...

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