1. 1. TINYTHINGS FOR BIG PROBLEMS NANOMATERIALS INTHE ENVIRONMENT (WATER AIR AND SOIL) CONTAMINATION King F.Wong 14817 Rhein Waal University of Applied Sciences 1
2. 2. NATURAL NANOPARTICLES 2 Photograph courtesy NASA Earth Observatory
3. 3. 3source: http://www.futuretimeline.net/subject/nanotechnology.htm
4. 4. 4 Source: http://sustainable-nano.com/2014/05/13/nano-contaminants-how-nanoparticles-get-into-the-environment/
5. 5. POSSIBLE FATE OF NEP 5
6. 6. 6 Ball-and-stick model of part of the crystal structure of rutile, one of the mineral forms of titanium dioxide,TiO2. Oxygen atoms are coloured red, titaniums are grey. X-ray crystallographic data from: R.W. G.Wyckoff (1963) Second edition. Interscience Publishers, NewYork, NewYork. Crystal Structures 1, 239-444 CIF retrieved fromThe American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. See R.T. Downs, M. Hall-Wallace, "The American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database.",American Mineralogist (2003) 88, 247-250 for details. Image generated in Accelrys DSVisualizer. Nano-silica made by chrispotocki in lab Nano-silver, taken from http://www.mining.com/silver-nano-particles-used- to-make-hiv-resistant-super-prophylactic-81331/
7. 7. NANO ZINC-OXIDE IN SOIL Light microscopic observation of longitudinal sections of ryegrass primary root tips under treatments of control (A); 1000 mg/L ZnO nanoparticles (B); 1000 mg/L Zn2+(C). rc: rootcap; ep: epidermis; ct: cortex; vs: vascular cylinder. (Reprinted with permission from American Chemical Society) Inhibition of germination of corn adverse effects on root growth in 5 different plants (Lopez-Moreno M. et al. , 2010; de la Rosa G. et al. In Press; Lin D. 2007) 7
8. 8. 8 Jacquin, N.J. von, Icones plantarum rariorum, vol. 1: t. 145 (1781-1786) mesquite (Prosopis juliora?) 1880-1883 edition of F.M. Blanco's Flora de Filipinas Photo of Cercidium oridum (blue palo verde) at the Springs Preserve garden in LasVegas, Nevada, Stan Shebs May 1, 2005 KaliTragus, taken from http://www.reyforest.com/ owers/2291/salsola-tragus-prickly-russian-thistle/, visited on 13/05/2015
9. 9. NANO ZINC-OXIDE/TITANIUM DIOXIDE IN WATER 1 9
10. 10. ZINC-OXIDE/TITANIUM DIOXIDE IN WATER 2 dissolution of ZnO triggers sublethal and cytotoxic effects reduction in phytoplankton population growth rate at concentrations at 223-428 g/L low photoactivity ofTiO2 in fresh/seawater, due to 1. high ionic strength of seawater 2. coating of NOM competes for photons (Miller R. et al. 2010; Bennett, S. et al. In Press) 10
11. 11. Courtesy of Prof. Bridgette Clarkston 11
12. 12. 12 Zebrash (Photo: Lynn Ketchum)
13. 13. NANO SILICA EFFECTS ON AQUATIC LIFE zebrash embryos were treated with SiNPs (25, 50, 100, 200 g/mL) during 496 hours post fertilization decrease hatching rate with increase exposure dosage increase mortality and cell deaths caused embryonic malformations, including pericardial edema, yolk sac edema, tail and head malformation (Duan, J. et al. 2013) 13 (A) Representative optical images of deformed zebrash. (B) Pericardial and tail malformation were mainly typically malformation of embryos induced by silica nanoparticles. (C) Time-course variations of zebrash embryos malformations induced by silica nanoparticles. Scale bar: 500 m
14. 14. FATE OF DISCHARGED NANOSILVER 8.8 tonnes per year of AgNPs are released from consumer products to wastewater in UK A yearly increase of AgNP concentration in agriculture land of 36 g per kg per year (Whiteley, C et al. 2013) 14
15. 15. NANO-SILVERS EFFECT ON LIFE inhibits seedling growth of common grass, Lolium multiorum Nanosilvers toxicity is inuenced by its surface area, smaller surface area(6nm) affects more than bigger surface area(25nm) (Yin, L. et al. 2011) 15
16. 16. ECOSYSTEMS RESPONSETO NANO- SILVER UNDER REALISTIC FIELD SCENARIO a low dose, (0.14 mg Ag kg1) of soil is applied in long term one of plant species, Microstegium vimeneum decrease 32% in biomass a signicantly different microorganisms community composition, with much lower enzyme activity compare to normal 35% lower in total microbial biomass compare to normal (Benjamin P. Colman et al. 2013) 16 Figure 1.Terrestrial mesocosms in the Duke Forest, Durham, NC, USA. Mesocosms A on the day of planting, and B 63 days later (Day 0 of the experiment) mesocosms being amended with biosolid slurry doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057189.g001
17. 17. PLANT EXPOSESTO ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES an assay is done with Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo ssp pepo) and Squash (Cucurbita pepo ssp ovifera), which germinated from seeds both plants are exposed with Carbon, Silver, Gold, Copper and Silicon nanoparticles at various concentrations along with elements in bulk form for 14-16 days (Dimitrios Stampoulis et al. 2009) 17 Stam (200 of N Env Env
18. 18. RESULT (NANO-CARBON) 18 Effect of activated carbon, MWCNTs or Fullerenes on zucchini biomass under hydroponic conditions; all present at 1000 mg/L
19. 19. 19 Zucchini dose-uptake study (0-1000mg/ L) assessing effect of NP or bulk form of silver on biomass and transpiration
20. 20. 20 Silver (Ag) content of zucchini shoots grown in silver nanoparticle or bulk solutions (1-1000mg/L) Elemental content of plant tissue was determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS)
21. 21. Squash biomass and transpiration upon exposure to 500 mg/L bulk or nanoparticle silver (Ag) in the presence or absence of 50 mg/L humic acid 21
22. 22. Squash biomass and transpiration upon exposure to 500 mg/L bulk or nanoparticle copper (Cu) in the presence or absence of 50 mg/L humic acid 22
23. 23. Squash biomass and transpiration upon exposure to 100 mg/L bulk or nanoparticle copper (Cu) in the presence or absence of 50 mg/L humic acid 23
24. 24. CONCLUSION Nano-pollution is an imminent situation an limited knowledge of ecological fate of NEPs a scheme for monitoring NEPs is needed 24 Photo: NASA
25. 25. REFERENCES Slide 7Lopez-Moreno, M. L.; de La Rosa, G.; Hernandez-Viezcas, J. A.; Castillo-Michel, H.; Botez, C. E.; Peralta-Videa, J. R.; Gardea-Torresdey, J. L. Evidence of the Dierential Biotransformation and Genotoxicity of ZnO and CeO2 Nanoparticles on Soybean (Glycine max) Plants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 73157320. de la Rosa, G.; Lopez-Moreno, M. L.; Hernandez-Viezcas, J.; Peralta-Videa, J. R.; Gardea-Torresdey, J. L. Toxicity and Biotransformation of ZnO Nanoparticles in the Desert Plants Prosopis juliora- velutina, Salsola tragus and Parkinsonia orida. Int. J. Nanotechnol. In press. Lin, D.; Xing, B. Phytotoxicity of Nanoparticles: Inhibition of Seed Germination and Root Growth. Environ. Pollut. 2007, 150, 243250. Slide 10Miller, R.; Lenihan, H.; Muller, E.; Tseng, N.; Keller, A. A. Impacts of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles on Marine Phytoplankton. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 73297334. Slide 13Duan, J., Yu, Y., Shi, H., Tian, L., Guo, C., Huang, P., . . . Sun, Z. (2013). Toxic Eects of Silica Nanoparticles on Zebrash Embryos and Larvae. PLoS ONE.Slide 14Whiteley, C., Valle, M., Jones, K., & Sweetman, A. (n.d.). Challenges in assessing release, exposure and fate of silver nanoparticles within the UK environment. Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 2050-2050.Slide 15Yin, L., Cheng, Y., Espinasse, B., Colman, B., Auan, M., Wiesner, M., . . . Bernhardt, E. (2011). More than the Ions: The Eects of Silver Nanoparticles on Lolium multiorum. Environmental Science & Technology Environ. Sci. Technol., 2360-2367.Slide 16Low Concentrations of Silver Nanoparticles in Biosolids Cause Adverse Ecosystem Responses under Realistic Field Scenario; Benjamin P. Colman , Christina L. Arnaout, Sarah Anciaux, Claudia K. Gunsch, Michael F. Hochella Jr, Bojeong Kim, Gregory V. Lowry, Bonnie M. McGill, Brian C. Reinsch, Curtis J. Richardson, Jason M. Unrine, Justin P. Wright, Liyan Yin, Emily S. Bernhardt; Published: February 27, 2013DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057189Slide 17Stampoulis, D., Sinha, S., & White, J. (2009). Assay-Dependent Phytotoxicity of Nanoparticles to Plants. Environmental Science & Technology Environ. Sci. Technol., 9473-9479.25