A

Term paper

On

ldquoNanofinishing in textile garmentsrdquo

Submitted to-

Mr Amit madhu

Submitted by-

Pardeep sangwan

2808613

DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE TECHNOLOGY

Panipat Institute of Engineering amp Technology

AFFILILATED TO

KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY KURUKSHETRA

1

Contents

2

1 Abstract

The concept of nanotechnology was started over forty years ago and it also has real commercial

potential it the textile industry The use of nanotechnology in textile industry has increased

rapidly due to its unique valuable properties The present status of nanotechnology use in

industry is reviewed with an emphasis on improving the properties of textile materials The

unique and new properties of nanomaterials have attracted not only the scientists and researchers

but also the businesses due to huge economical potential

With the advent of nanoscience and technology a new area has developed in the area of textile

finishing called Nanofinishing The impact of nanotechnology in the textile garment finishing

area has brought up innovative finishes as well as new application techniques These advanced

garments finishes setup an unprecedented level of textile performances of strain-resistant

hydrophilic antistatic and wrinkle resistant and shrink proof abilities and protection methods

SNO TITLESPAGE NO

1 Abstract 32 Introduction 33 Definition of nanotechnology 44 Application of Nanotechnology on garment finishing 55 Anti-Microbial finish 76 UV protection finish 107 Swim suit with minimum flow resistance 128 Anti-static performance 139 Advantages of Nano-Antistatic finish 14

10 Wrinkle resistance 1411 Anti-pollen finish 1512 Flame retardant finish 1513 Characteristics of nano finishing in garments 1614 Some commercially available nano-particles 1715 Next generation finishing 17-2016 conclusion 21

Coating the surface of textiles and clothing with nanoparticles is an approach to the production

of highly active surfaces to have UV blocking antimicrobial flame retardant water repellant and

self-cleaning properties As there are various potential applications of nanotechnology in the

textile industry only some of the well-known properties imparted by nano-treatment are

highlighted

2 Introduction

Nanotechnology is concerned with materials whose structures exhibit significantly novel and

improved physical chemical and biological properties and functionality due to their nano-

scaled size Nanotechnology is increasingly attracting worldwide attention because it is widely

perceived as offering huge potential in world wide range of end users Enhancement of textile

materials by nanotechnology is expected to become a trillion dollar industry in the next decade

with tremendous technological economic and ecologic benefits Therefore the interest in using

nanotechnology in textile industry is also increasing

3

3 Definition of nanotechnology

The nanotechnology comes from the Greek word nanos which means dwarf Nanotechnology a

science that manipulates materials with atomic or molecular precision in a nanometer region is

regarded as the next basic technology to follow IT and bio-technology ie through three-

dimensional control of materials processes and devices at atomic scale level Nano-particles

commonly used in commercial products are in the range of 1 to 100nm

Coating is a common technique used to apply nano-particles onto textile materials The

properties imparted to textiles using nanotechnology include water repellence soil resistance

wrinkles resistance anti-bacterial anti-static and UV- protection flame retardation

improvement of dye ability and so on Conventional finishing methods used to impart different

properties to fabrics and garments often do not lead to permanent effects and will lose their

functions after laundering or wearing Nanotechnology can provide high durability for fabrics

because nano-particles have a large surface area-to-volume ratio and high surface energy thus

presenting better affinity for fabrics and lending to an increase in durability of the function In

addition the coating of nano-particles on fabrics will not affect the breathability or hand feel

4

4 Current application of Nanotechnology on garment finishing

Self-cleaning textiles Self cleaning garments were developed keeping nature as a role model ie Self cleaning

property of plant leaves and insects were investigated Majority of wettable leaves and insects

investigated were more or less smooth without any prominent surface sculptures In contrast

water repellant leaves and insects exhibit various surface sculptures mainly epicuticular wax

crystal in combination with papillose epidermal cell

Self-cleaning process in nature

Hydrophilic Surface Hydrophobic Surface

Nano structure for small particles Micro structure for large particles

5

The German researcher Wilhelm Barthlott of the Bonn Institute of Botany discovered in 1990

that the lotus plant admired for the resplendence of its flowers and leaves owed this property of

self-cleaning to the high density of minute surface protrusions These protrusions catch deposits

of soil preventing them from sticking When it rains the leaf has a hydrophobic reaction Water

rolls around as droplets removing dust as it move Reproduced for nano technological process on

the surface of woven fabrics this self-cleaning property can be developed as a technological

innovation

Self cleaning surfaces in nature

Lotus leaf Rose beetle insect Housefly

The water repellant property of fabric is obtained by creating combination of micro and nano-

whiskers with low surface energy which are generated by wax crystals and 11000 of the size of

a typical cotton fiber added to the fabric to create a peach fuzz effect This creates a cushion of

air on the fabric surface without lowering the strength of fabric When water hits the fabric it

beads on the points of the whiskers the beads compress the air in the cavities between the

whiskers creating extra buoyancy In technical terms the fabric has been rendered super-non

wettable or super-hydrophobic The whiskers also create fewer points of contact for dirt When

water is applied to soiled fabric the dirt adheres to the water far better than it adheres to the

textile surface and is carried off with the water as it beads up and rolls off the surface of the

fabric Thus the concept of Soil-cleaning is based on the leaves of the lotus plant

6

Self-cleaning fabric

bull Water oil and dirt simply roll off

bull But structures are sensitive to mechanical stress (scratching abrasion washing)

bull Effect is lost if structures are damaged

bull Nature can re-grow these structures ndash but textiles cannot

5 Anti-Microbial finish

Neither natural nor synthetic textile fibers are resistant to bacterial or pathogenic fungi

Therefore antibacterial disinfection and finishing technique have been developed for many types

of textiles Metallic ions and metallic compounds display a certain degree of sterilizing effect It

is considered that a part of oxygen in the air or water is turned into active oxygen by means of

photo catalysis with the metallic ion thereby dissolving the organic substance to create a

sterilizing effect With the use of nano sized particles the number of particles per unit area is

increased and thus anti-microbial effect can be maximized

Among the various antimicrobial agents used for finishing of textile substrates silver or silver

ions have long been known to have strong inhibitory and bactericidal effect as well as broad

spectrum of antimicrobial activities

7

Even though metallic silver has adequate antimicrobial properties it is expected that conversion

of silver to nano particles will have high specific area that may lead to high antimicrobial activity

compared to bulk metal The method of producing durable silver containing antimicrobial finish

is to encapsulate silver compound or nano particle with a fiber reactive polymer like poly

(styrene co-maleic-anhydride) Nano-silver particles have an extremely large relative surface

area thus increasing their contact with bacteria or fungi and vastly improving their bactericidal

and fungicidal effectiveness Nano-silver is very reactive with proteins When contacting

bacteria and fungus it will adversely affect cellular metabolism and inhibit cell growth It also

suppresses respiration the basal metabolism of the electron transfer system and the transport of

substrate into microbial cell membrane Furthermore it inhibits the growth of these bacteria and

fungi which cause infection odour itchiness and sores Hence nano-sliver particles are widely

applied to socks in order to prohibit the growth of bacteria In addition nano-silver can be applied

to a range of health care products such as dressings for burns scald skin donor and recipient

sites

Prof Yang has patented a process for preparing a silver nano particle containing functional

microcapsule having the intrinsic anti-microbial and therapeutic functions of silver as well as

additional functions of the products contained in the inner core of the capsule

8

These microcapsules can be prepared by a two step process In the first step an emulsified

solution of a perfume is encapsulated with melanin pre-condensate In second step microcapsule

so produced is treated with silver nano particle dispersed in water soluble styrene maleic

anhydride polymer solution before it fully dries Thus the microcapsules with dual function are

produced In these microcapsules the silver nano-particles are on the surface of the capsule

Instead of perfume we may use thermo sensitive pigment thermal storage materials or

pharmaceutical preparation in the inner core The treated yarns showed effective anti-microbial

activity against various bacteria fungi and Chlamydia that included Escherichia coli

nitrobacteria bacillus subtilis etc this finished goods is used in medical industry as a safe amp

effective means of controlling microbial growth in the wound bed

Ceramic coating of wound dressings (Sol-Gel-Process)

Ceramic coating for wound dressings through Sol-gel-Process is one of the latest advancement in

nano finishing Sol-gel-Process is a process for making very small particles 20 to 40nm that are

virtually impossible to make by conventional grinding Its main use at present seems to be for

optical coatings where the finer particles give the better optical clarity Manufacture of a fine

ceramic fiber seems to be the other common application

9

A liquid precursor of the particle is dissolved in a solvent usually alcohol water is added and

then acid or base The mixture is coated or cast The precursor then decomposes to form the fine

ceramic particles If the particle concentration is high the gel is dried and then heated at high

temperature to sinter the ceramic giving the desired ceramic film or fiber During this drying and

sintering process shrinkage occurs through loss of solvent and air and this shrinkage must be

carefully controlled to avoid cracking

6 UV ndashProtection finish

The most important functions performed by the garment are to protect the wearer from the

weather However it is also to protect the wearer from harmful rays of the sun The rays in the

wavelength region of 150 to 400 nm are known as ultraviolet radiations The UV-blocking

property of a fabric is enhanced when a dye pigment de-lustrant or ultraviolet absorber finish is

present that absorbs ultraviolet radiation and blocks its transmission through a fabric to the skin

To impart UV protection several nano compounds or nano particles can be applied on textile

material

Inorganic UV blockers are more preferable to organic UV blockers as they are non-toxic and

chemically stable under exposure to high temperature and UV Inorganic UV blockers are

usually certain semiconductors oxides such as TiO2 ZnO SiO2 and Al2O3 The commonest

nano compounds used are titanium dioxide and zinc oxide of nano size They provide a

protective benefit by reflecting scattering or absorbing harmful UV It was determined that nano

sized Titanium dioxide(TiO2) and Zinc oxide(ZnO) were more efficient at absorbing and

scattering UV radiations than the conventional size and were thus better able to block UV This

is due to the fact that nano-particles have larger surface area per unit mass and volume than the

conventional methods leading to the increase of effectiveness of blocking UV radiation Zinc

oxide nanoparticles scores over Titanium dioxide nanoparticles and nano-silver in cost-

effectiveness and UV-blocking property

For small particles light scattering predominates at approximately one-tenth of the wavelength

of the scattered light Raleighrsquos scattering theory stated that the scattering was strongly

dependent upon the wave length where the scattering was inversely proportional to the

10

wavelength to the fourth power This theory predicts that in order to scatter UV radiations

between 200nm and 400nm the optimum particle size will be 20nm to 40nm

Various research works on the application of UV-blocking treatment to fabric using nano

technology were conducted UV-blocking treatment for cotton fabrics was developed using the

sol-gel method A thin layer of Titanium dioxide is formed on the surface of the yarn or directly

on the fabric which provides excellent UV-protection ZnO nanoparticles are applied on cotton

using pad-dry-cure method Zinc oxide nanoparticles are prepared by wet chemical method using

zinc nitrate and sodium hydroxide as precursors and soluble starch as stabilizing agent These

nano-particles which have an average size of 40 nm were coated on the bleached cotton fabrics

(plain weave 30 s count) using acrylic binder and functional properties of coated fabrics were

studied On an average of 75 UV blocking was recorded for the cotton fabrics treated with 2

ZnO nanoparticles And in addition nano-ZnO impregnated onto cotton textiles showed

excellent antibacterial activity against two representative bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and

Klebsiella pneumoniae In case of wearable cotton textiles use of 06 nano-ZnO for coating

can be sufficient to impart antimicrobial property But in case of medical textiles where a high

degree of antimicrobial activity is required use of 10 nano-ZnO can be recommended Air

permeability of the nano-ZnO coated fabrics was significantly higher hence the increased

breathability In case of nano-ZnO coated fabric due to its nano-size and uniform distribution

friction was significantly lower than the bulk-ZnO coated fabric

Fabric treated with UV absorbers ensures that the clothes deflect the harmful ultraviolet rays of

the sun reducing a personrsquos UVR exposure and protecting the skin from potential damage The

extent of skin protection required by different types of human skin depends on UV radiation

intensity amp distribution in reference to geographical location time of day and season This

protection is expressed as UPF (UV Protection Factor) higher the UPF value better is the

protection against UV radiation

11

UPF before and after nano-TiO2 Coating

CO ndash Cotton

PES ndash Polyester

PA ndash Polyamide (6 66)

7 Swimsuits with minimum flow resistance

Special types of swimsuits are being used now days by the athletes in the water games These

swim suits minimizes the flow resistance while swimming through the water The kind of

swimsuits with less flow resistance was developed entirely based on nature as role model

Different friction coefficients on the fabrics are obtained by creating micro vortices on the fabric

surface using micro and nano-particles This effect is similar to the sharkrsquos skin which exhibits a

very low flow resistance in water The below figure shows the micro vortices on the sharkrsquos skin

and similar effect created on the swimsuit

12

Micro vortices on Sharkrsquos skin similar effect on swimsuit

8 Anti static performance

Conventionally surfactants were used to spread the small amount of moisture on the surface of

fiber so as to pose the static charge to leak away Static usually builds up in synthetic fibers such

as in nylon and polyester because they absorb little water Cellulose fibers such as cotton have

higher moisture content to carry away static charges so that no static charge will accumulate As

synthetic fibers provide poor anti-static properties research work concerning the improvement of

anti-static properties of textiles by using nanotechnology were conducted

One of the best electrically conductive nano particles is silver Silver nano particle helps to

dissipate the static charge effectively It was determined that nano-sized Titanium dioxide Zinc

oxide whiskers nano antimony-doped Tin oxide (ATO) and silane nanosol could impart

antistatic properties to the synthetic fibers TiO2 ZnO ATO provide anti-static effects because

they are electrically conductive materials Such materials help effectively to dissipate the static

charge which is accumulated on the fabric On the other hand the Silane gel particles absorb

moisture in the air by amino and hydroxyl groups and bound water and thus improves anti-static

properties of the fabric or garment

13

9 Advantages of Nano-Antistatic finish

bull Provides permanent static protection

bull Repels lint dust dirt and pet hair

bull Enhances appearance and comfort

bull Retains fabrics natural softness

bull Allows fabric to breathe naturally

10 Wrinkle resistance

Wrinkling occurs when the fiber is severally creased When fiber or fabric is bent hydrogen

bonds between the molecular chains in the amorphous regions break and allow the chains to slip

past one another The bonds reform in new places and fiber or fabric is held in the creased

configurations

To impart wrinkle resistance to fabric resin is commonly used in conventional methods The

disadvantages of conventional resin applications include decrease in the strength of fiber and in

abrasion resistance water absorbency and dye ability as well as breathability To overcome the

limitations of using resin some researches employed nano-Titanium dioxide and nano Silica to

improve the wrinkle resistance of cotton and silk respectively

Nano-Titanium dioxide was employed with Carboxylic acid as a catalyst under UV irradiation to

catalyze the cross linking reaction between the cellulose molecule and the acid On other hand

nano-Silica was applied with Maleic anhydride as a catalyst the results showed that the

application of nano-Silica with Maleic anhydride could successfully improve the wrinkle

resistance of silk Odour fight finish

14

The active ingredient of odour fight finish fabric are nano-particles of bamboo charcoal made

from the Moso Bamboo the worlds most porous bamboo grown in the Jhushan ldquoBamboo

Mountainrdquo region of Taiwan The bamboo contains many pores in its structure making it

excellent for absorbing odour-causing chemicals controlling temperature and voiding moisture

The bamboo is also naturally biocidal and inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi

A Taiwanese nanotech firm Greensheild has created underwear that fights odour through

nanotechnology The underwear fibers release undetectable negative ions and infrared rays that

destroy odour-causing bacteria The negative ions create a magnetic field that inhibits the

reproduction of bacteria thus eliminating odour and lowering the risk of skin infection or

irritation

11 Anti-Pollen finish

Miyuki keori Co of Japan is marketing anti-pollen fabrics and garments It is claimed that

particles of 30nm sizes are attached to the surface of yarns The smoothness of the finish on the

surface and the anti-static effect does not let pollen or dust come close This is achieved by using

the polymer which has antistatic or electro conductive

Composition (Eg Fluor alkyl ndash methacrylate polymers)It is used in coats blouses hats gloves

arm covers bedding covers etc

12 Flame Retardant Finish

Nyacol nano technologies Inc has been the worldrsquos leading supplier of colloidal

Antimony pentoxide which is used for flame retardant finish in textile The company offers

colloidal antimony pentoxide as fine particle dispersion for use as a flame retardant synergist

with halogenated flame-retardants (The ratio of halogen to antimony is 51 to 21) Nano

antimony pentoxide is used with halogenated flame-retardants for a flame retardant finish to the

garments

15

13 Characteristics of nano finishing in garments

1 Their protective layer is difficult to detect with the naked eye

2 Saving time and laundering cost

3 When a substance is manipulated at sizes of approximately 100 nm the structure of the

processed clothing becomes more compressed This makes clothing stain- and dirt-resistant

5 Nano-materials allow good ventilation and reduce moisture absorption resulting in enhanced

breathability while maintaining the good hand feel of ordinary material

6 The crease resistant feature keeps clothing neat

7 Nano-processed products are toxic free

8 Garments stay bright fresh looking and are more durable than ordinary materials

9 Manufacturing cost is low adding value to the products

14 Some commercially available nano-particles

SNo Nano-Particles Properties

1 Silver Nano-Particles Anti-bacterial finishing

2 Fe Nano-Particles Conductive magnetic properties remote heating

3 ZnO and TiO2 UV protection fiber protection oxidative catalysis

4 TiO2 and MgO Chemical and biological protective performance

provide self-sterilizing function

5 SiO2 or Al2O3 Nano-particles

with PP or PE coating Super water repellent finishing

6 Indium-tin oxide Nano- EM IR protective clothing

Particles

7 Ceramic Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion

8 Carbon black Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion chemical

resistance and impart electrical conductivity

colouration of some textiles

9 Clay Nano-particles High electrical heat and chemical resistance

15 Next Generation Finishing

A) Nano-Care

A technology that brings about an entirely carefree fabric with wrinkle resistant shrink

proof water and stain repellent properties intended for use in cellulosic fibers such as cotton

and linen It is a next-generation ease-of-care dimension-stabilizing finish one step ahead of

methods that simply give wrinkle resistance and shrink-proofing Nano-Care withstands more

than 50 home launderings It imparts water repellency and stain resistance superior to those

of conventional methods maintaining high water and oil repellency levels (80 and 4) even

after 20 home washes

17

Features

bull Superior Stain Water and Oil Repellency

bull Resists Wrinkles

bull Breathable Fabric

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Easy Care

B) Nano-Pel

This nanotech application of water-and-oil repellent finishing is effective for use in

natural fibers such as cotton linen wool and silk as well as synthetics such as polyester

nylon and acryl Unsurpassed performance in durability and water and oil repellency may be

expected particularly with natural fibers Nano-Pel cotton withstands 50 home launderings

with functionality levels well-maintained for water and oil repellency (80 and 4) even after 20

washes (Figure shows Before amp After)

Features

Superior Water and Oil Repellency

bull Minimize Stains

bull Breathable Fabric

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Easy Care

bull Durable Performance

18

C) Nano-Dry

It is a hydrophilic finishing technology that imparts outstanding endurance of more

than 50 home launderings and offers prospects of considerable contribution to the area of

polyester and nylon synthetic garments Nano-Dry exerts durability superior to that of the

hydrophilic finishing of polyester commonly carried out in Japan using polyethylene glycol

polymer molecules and allows no dye migration when deep-dyed It is expected to serve

particularly well for use in nylon as there exists no such durable hydrophilic finishing in the

field of sportswear and underwear that require perspiration absorbency Considerable growth

is expected within the forthcoming period of 3 to 6 months mainly in the field of sportswear

Features

bull Moisture Wicking

bull Retains Breathability of Fabric

bull Quick Drying

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Durable Performance

D) Nano-Touch

This ultimate finishing technology gives durable cellulose wrapping over synthetic

fiber Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure to bring overall

solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic electrostatic having artificial

19

hand and glaring luster It will broaden the existing use of synthetics being free of their

disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being hydrophobic electrostatic and having

unnatural hand The following are examples of new areas of use created through Nano-

Touch a new standard for fiber compounding Self-assembled nanolayer (SAN) coating is a

challenge to traditional textile coating Research in this area is still in embryo stage In

selfassembled

nanolayer (SAN) coating target chemical molecules form a layer of thickness less

than nanometer on the surface of textile materials Additional layers can be added on the top

of the existing ones creating a nanolayered structure Different SAN approaches are being

explored to confer special functions to textile materials

Features

bull Superior Refinement in a Blended Fabric

bull Durable Performance

bull Luxurious Cotton-Like Hand

bull Easy Care

bull Reduced Static Build-up

Future Prospect

The development of ultra fine fibers functional finishes and smart textiles based on

the nanotechnology has end less properties At present the application of nano technology in

textiles has merely reaches only the starting line The reason for less commercialization of

nano technology is due to their higher time consumption and cost factor involved The current

global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going

to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States

Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have

bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of

nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus

(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials

(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology

The new functions with textiles to be developed include

20

1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and

sophisticated protection and detection

1048729 health-care and wound healing functions

16Conclusion

We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and

lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the

next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the

textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability

and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable

trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its

collaboration with other disciplines

With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the

technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie

Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile

chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some

of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been

briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will

emerge to dominate the textile field in future

21

REFRENCES

1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-

finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012

2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue

Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012

3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC

press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC

4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp

5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm

6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm

7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm

Contents

2

1 Abstract

The concept of nanotechnology was started over forty years ago and it also has real commercial

potential it the textile industry The use of nanotechnology in textile industry has increased

rapidly due to its unique valuable properties The present status of nanotechnology use in

industry is reviewed with an emphasis on improving the properties of textile materials The

unique and new properties of nanomaterials have attracted not only the scientists and researchers

but also the businesses due to huge economical potential

With the advent of nanoscience and technology a new area has developed in the area of textile

finishing called Nanofinishing The impact of nanotechnology in the textile garment finishing

area has brought up innovative finishes as well as new application techniques These advanced

garments finishes setup an unprecedented level of textile performances of strain-resistant

hydrophilic antistatic and wrinkle resistant and shrink proof abilities and protection methods

SNO TITLESPAGE NO

1 Abstract 32 Introduction 33 Definition of nanotechnology 44 Application of Nanotechnology on garment finishing 55 Anti-Microbial finish 76 UV protection finish 107 Swim suit with minimum flow resistance 128 Anti-static performance 139 Advantages of Nano-Antistatic finish 14

10 Wrinkle resistance 1411 Anti-pollen finish 1512 Flame retardant finish 1513 Characteristics of nano finishing in garments 1614 Some commercially available nano-particles 1715 Next generation finishing 17-2016 conclusion 21

Coating the surface of textiles and clothing with nanoparticles is an approach to the production

of highly active surfaces to have UV blocking antimicrobial flame retardant water repellant and

self-cleaning properties As there are various potential applications of nanotechnology in the

textile industry only some of the well-known properties imparted by nano-treatment are

highlighted

2 Introduction

Nanotechnology is concerned with materials whose structures exhibit significantly novel and

improved physical chemical and biological properties and functionality due to their nano-

scaled size Nanotechnology is increasingly attracting worldwide attention because it is widely

perceived as offering huge potential in world wide range of end users Enhancement of textile

materials by nanotechnology is expected to become a trillion dollar industry in the next decade

with tremendous technological economic and ecologic benefits Therefore the interest in using

nanotechnology in textile industry is also increasing

3

3 Definition of nanotechnology

The nanotechnology comes from the Greek word nanos which means dwarf Nanotechnology a

science that manipulates materials with atomic or molecular precision in a nanometer region is

regarded as the next basic technology to follow IT and bio-technology ie through three-

dimensional control of materials processes and devices at atomic scale level Nano-particles

commonly used in commercial products are in the range of 1 to 100nm

Coating is a common technique used to apply nano-particles onto textile materials The

properties imparted to textiles using nanotechnology include water repellence soil resistance

wrinkles resistance anti-bacterial anti-static and UV- protection flame retardation

improvement of dye ability and so on Conventional finishing methods used to impart different

properties to fabrics and garments often do not lead to permanent effects and will lose their

functions after laundering or wearing Nanotechnology can provide high durability for fabrics

because nano-particles have a large surface area-to-volume ratio and high surface energy thus

presenting better affinity for fabrics and lending to an increase in durability of the function In

addition the coating of nano-particles on fabrics will not affect the breathability or hand feel

4

4 Current application of Nanotechnology on garment finishing

Self-cleaning textiles Self cleaning garments were developed keeping nature as a role model ie Self cleaning

property of plant leaves and insects were investigated Majority of wettable leaves and insects

investigated were more or less smooth without any prominent surface sculptures In contrast

water repellant leaves and insects exhibit various surface sculptures mainly epicuticular wax

crystal in combination with papillose epidermal cell

Self-cleaning process in nature

Hydrophilic Surface Hydrophobic Surface

Nano structure for small particles Micro structure for large particles

5

The German researcher Wilhelm Barthlott of the Bonn Institute of Botany discovered in 1990

that the lotus plant admired for the resplendence of its flowers and leaves owed this property of

self-cleaning to the high density of minute surface protrusions These protrusions catch deposits

of soil preventing them from sticking When it rains the leaf has a hydrophobic reaction Water

rolls around as droplets removing dust as it move Reproduced for nano technological process on

the surface of woven fabrics this self-cleaning property can be developed as a technological

innovation

Self cleaning surfaces in nature

Lotus leaf Rose beetle insect Housefly

The water repellant property of fabric is obtained by creating combination of micro and nano-

whiskers with low surface energy which are generated by wax crystals and 11000 of the size of

a typical cotton fiber added to the fabric to create a peach fuzz effect This creates a cushion of

air on the fabric surface without lowering the strength of fabric When water hits the fabric it

beads on the points of the whiskers the beads compress the air in the cavities between the

whiskers creating extra buoyancy In technical terms the fabric has been rendered super-non

wettable or super-hydrophobic The whiskers also create fewer points of contact for dirt When

water is applied to soiled fabric the dirt adheres to the water far better than it adheres to the

textile surface and is carried off with the water as it beads up and rolls off the surface of the

fabric Thus the concept of Soil-cleaning is based on the leaves of the lotus plant

6

Self-cleaning fabric

bull Water oil and dirt simply roll off

bull But structures are sensitive to mechanical stress (scratching abrasion washing)

bull Effect is lost if structures are damaged

bull Nature can re-grow these structures ndash but textiles cannot

5 Anti-Microbial finish

Neither natural nor synthetic textile fibers are resistant to bacterial or pathogenic fungi

Therefore antibacterial disinfection and finishing technique have been developed for many types

of textiles Metallic ions and metallic compounds display a certain degree of sterilizing effect It

is considered that a part of oxygen in the air or water is turned into active oxygen by means of

photo catalysis with the metallic ion thereby dissolving the organic substance to create a

sterilizing effect With the use of nano sized particles the number of particles per unit area is

increased and thus anti-microbial effect can be maximized

Among the various antimicrobial agents used for finishing of textile substrates silver or silver

ions have long been known to have strong inhibitory and bactericidal effect as well as broad

spectrum of antimicrobial activities

7

Even though metallic silver has adequate antimicrobial properties it is expected that conversion

of silver to nano particles will have high specific area that may lead to high antimicrobial activity

compared to bulk metal The method of producing durable silver containing antimicrobial finish

is to encapsulate silver compound or nano particle with a fiber reactive polymer like poly

(styrene co-maleic-anhydride) Nano-silver particles have an extremely large relative surface

area thus increasing their contact with bacteria or fungi and vastly improving their bactericidal

and fungicidal effectiveness Nano-silver is very reactive with proteins When contacting

bacteria and fungus it will adversely affect cellular metabolism and inhibit cell growth It also

suppresses respiration the basal metabolism of the electron transfer system and the transport of

substrate into microbial cell membrane Furthermore it inhibits the growth of these bacteria and

fungi which cause infection odour itchiness and sores Hence nano-sliver particles are widely

applied to socks in order to prohibit the growth of bacteria In addition nano-silver can be applied

to a range of health care products such as dressings for burns scald skin donor and recipient

sites

Prof Yang has patented a process for preparing a silver nano particle containing functional

microcapsule having the intrinsic anti-microbial and therapeutic functions of silver as well as

additional functions of the products contained in the inner core of the capsule

8

These microcapsules can be prepared by a two step process In the first step an emulsified

solution of a perfume is encapsulated with melanin pre-condensate In second step microcapsule

so produced is treated with silver nano particle dispersed in water soluble styrene maleic

anhydride polymer solution before it fully dries Thus the microcapsules with dual function are

produced In these microcapsules the silver nano-particles are on the surface of the capsule

Instead of perfume we may use thermo sensitive pigment thermal storage materials or

pharmaceutical preparation in the inner core The treated yarns showed effective anti-microbial

activity against various bacteria fungi and Chlamydia that included Escherichia coli

nitrobacteria bacillus subtilis etc this finished goods is used in medical industry as a safe amp

effective means of controlling microbial growth in the wound bed

Ceramic coating of wound dressings (Sol-Gel-Process)

Ceramic coating for wound dressings through Sol-gel-Process is one of the latest advancement in

nano finishing Sol-gel-Process is a process for making very small particles 20 to 40nm that are

virtually impossible to make by conventional grinding Its main use at present seems to be for

optical coatings where the finer particles give the better optical clarity Manufacture of a fine

ceramic fiber seems to be the other common application

9

A liquid precursor of the particle is dissolved in a solvent usually alcohol water is added and

then acid or base The mixture is coated or cast The precursor then decomposes to form the fine

ceramic particles If the particle concentration is high the gel is dried and then heated at high

temperature to sinter the ceramic giving the desired ceramic film or fiber During this drying and

sintering process shrinkage occurs through loss of solvent and air and this shrinkage must be

carefully controlled to avoid cracking

6 UV ndashProtection finish

The most important functions performed by the garment are to protect the wearer from the

weather However it is also to protect the wearer from harmful rays of the sun The rays in the

wavelength region of 150 to 400 nm are known as ultraviolet radiations The UV-blocking

property of a fabric is enhanced when a dye pigment de-lustrant or ultraviolet absorber finish is

present that absorbs ultraviolet radiation and blocks its transmission through a fabric to the skin

To impart UV protection several nano compounds or nano particles can be applied on textile

material

Inorganic UV blockers are more preferable to organic UV blockers as they are non-toxic and

chemically stable under exposure to high temperature and UV Inorganic UV blockers are

usually certain semiconductors oxides such as TiO2 ZnO SiO2 and Al2O3 The commonest

nano compounds used are titanium dioxide and zinc oxide of nano size They provide a

protective benefit by reflecting scattering or absorbing harmful UV It was determined that nano

sized Titanium dioxide(TiO2) and Zinc oxide(ZnO) were more efficient at absorbing and

scattering UV radiations than the conventional size and were thus better able to block UV This

is due to the fact that nano-particles have larger surface area per unit mass and volume than the

conventional methods leading to the increase of effectiveness of blocking UV radiation Zinc

oxide nanoparticles scores over Titanium dioxide nanoparticles and nano-silver in cost-

effectiveness and UV-blocking property

For small particles light scattering predominates at approximately one-tenth of the wavelength

of the scattered light Raleighrsquos scattering theory stated that the scattering was strongly

dependent upon the wave length where the scattering was inversely proportional to the

10

wavelength to the fourth power This theory predicts that in order to scatter UV radiations

between 200nm and 400nm the optimum particle size will be 20nm to 40nm

Various research works on the application of UV-blocking treatment to fabric using nano

technology were conducted UV-blocking treatment for cotton fabrics was developed using the

sol-gel method A thin layer of Titanium dioxide is formed on the surface of the yarn or directly

on the fabric which provides excellent UV-protection ZnO nanoparticles are applied on cotton

using pad-dry-cure method Zinc oxide nanoparticles are prepared by wet chemical method using

zinc nitrate and sodium hydroxide as precursors and soluble starch as stabilizing agent These

nano-particles which have an average size of 40 nm were coated on the bleached cotton fabrics

(plain weave 30 s count) using acrylic binder and functional properties of coated fabrics were

studied On an average of 75 UV blocking was recorded for the cotton fabrics treated with 2

ZnO nanoparticles And in addition nano-ZnO impregnated onto cotton textiles showed

excellent antibacterial activity against two representative bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and

Klebsiella pneumoniae In case of wearable cotton textiles use of 06 nano-ZnO for coating

can be sufficient to impart antimicrobial property But in case of medical textiles where a high

degree of antimicrobial activity is required use of 10 nano-ZnO can be recommended Air

permeability of the nano-ZnO coated fabrics was significantly higher hence the increased

breathability In case of nano-ZnO coated fabric due to its nano-size and uniform distribution

friction was significantly lower than the bulk-ZnO coated fabric

Fabric treated with UV absorbers ensures that the clothes deflect the harmful ultraviolet rays of

the sun reducing a personrsquos UVR exposure and protecting the skin from potential damage The

extent of skin protection required by different types of human skin depends on UV radiation

intensity amp distribution in reference to geographical location time of day and season This

protection is expressed as UPF (UV Protection Factor) higher the UPF value better is the

protection against UV radiation

11

UPF before and after nano-TiO2 Coating

CO ndash Cotton

PES ndash Polyester

PA ndash Polyamide (6 66)

7 Swimsuits with minimum flow resistance

Special types of swimsuits are being used now days by the athletes in the water games These

swim suits minimizes the flow resistance while swimming through the water The kind of

swimsuits with less flow resistance was developed entirely based on nature as role model

Different friction coefficients on the fabrics are obtained by creating micro vortices on the fabric

surface using micro and nano-particles This effect is similar to the sharkrsquos skin which exhibits a

very low flow resistance in water The below figure shows the micro vortices on the sharkrsquos skin

and similar effect created on the swimsuit

12

Micro vortices on Sharkrsquos skin similar effect on swimsuit

8 Anti static performance

Conventionally surfactants were used to spread the small amount of moisture on the surface of

fiber so as to pose the static charge to leak away Static usually builds up in synthetic fibers such

as in nylon and polyester because they absorb little water Cellulose fibers such as cotton have

higher moisture content to carry away static charges so that no static charge will accumulate As

synthetic fibers provide poor anti-static properties research work concerning the improvement of

anti-static properties of textiles by using nanotechnology were conducted

One of the best electrically conductive nano particles is silver Silver nano particle helps to

dissipate the static charge effectively It was determined that nano-sized Titanium dioxide Zinc

oxide whiskers nano antimony-doped Tin oxide (ATO) and silane nanosol could impart

antistatic properties to the synthetic fibers TiO2 ZnO ATO provide anti-static effects because

they are electrically conductive materials Such materials help effectively to dissipate the static

charge which is accumulated on the fabric On the other hand the Silane gel particles absorb

moisture in the air by amino and hydroxyl groups and bound water and thus improves anti-static

properties of the fabric or garment

13

9 Advantages of Nano-Antistatic finish

bull Provides permanent static protection

bull Repels lint dust dirt and pet hair

bull Enhances appearance and comfort

bull Retains fabrics natural softness

bull Allows fabric to breathe naturally

10 Wrinkle resistance

Wrinkling occurs when the fiber is severally creased When fiber or fabric is bent hydrogen

bonds between the molecular chains in the amorphous regions break and allow the chains to slip

past one another The bonds reform in new places and fiber or fabric is held in the creased

configurations

To impart wrinkle resistance to fabric resin is commonly used in conventional methods The

disadvantages of conventional resin applications include decrease in the strength of fiber and in

abrasion resistance water absorbency and dye ability as well as breathability To overcome the

limitations of using resin some researches employed nano-Titanium dioxide and nano Silica to

improve the wrinkle resistance of cotton and silk respectively

Nano-Titanium dioxide was employed with Carboxylic acid as a catalyst under UV irradiation to

catalyze the cross linking reaction between the cellulose molecule and the acid On other hand

nano-Silica was applied with Maleic anhydride as a catalyst the results showed that the

application of nano-Silica with Maleic anhydride could successfully improve the wrinkle

resistance of silk Odour fight finish

14

The active ingredient of odour fight finish fabric are nano-particles of bamboo charcoal made

from the Moso Bamboo the worlds most porous bamboo grown in the Jhushan ldquoBamboo

Mountainrdquo region of Taiwan The bamboo contains many pores in its structure making it

excellent for absorbing odour-causing chemicals controlling temperature and voiding moisture

The bamboo is also naturally biocidal and inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi

A Taiwanese nanotech firm Greensheild has created underwear that fights odour through

nanotechnology The underwear fibers release undetectable negative ions and infrared rays that

destroy odour-causing bacteria The negative ions create a magnetic field that inhibits the

reproduction of bacteria thus eliminating odour and lowering the risk of skin infection or

irritation

11 Anti-Pollen finish

Miyuki keori Co of Japan is marketing anti-pollen fabrics and garments It is claimed that

particles of 30nm sizes are attached to the surface of yarns The smoothness of the finish on the

surface and the anti-static effect does not let pollen or dust come close This is achieved by using

the polymer which has antistatic or electro conductive

Composition (Eg Fluor alkyl ndash methacrylate polymers)It is used in coats blouses hats gloves

arm covers bedding covers etc

12 Flame Retardant Finish

Nyacol nano technologies Inc has been the worldrsquos leading supplier of colloidal

Antimony pentoxide which is used for flame retardant finish in textile The company offers

colloidal antimony pentoxide as fine particle dispersion for use as a flame retardant synergist

with halogenated flame-retardants (The ratio of halogen to antimony is 51 to 21) Nano

antimony pentoxide is used with halogenated flame-retardants for a flame retardant finish to the

garments

15

13 Characteristics of nano finishing in garments

1 Their protective layer is difficult to detect with the naked eye

2 Saving time and laundering cost

3 When a substance is manipulated at sizes of approximately 100 nm the structure of the

processed clothing becomes more compressed This makes clothing stain- and dirt-resistant

5 Nano-materials allow good ventilation and reduce moisture absorption resulting in enhanced

breathability while maintaining the good hand feel of ordinary material

6 The crease resistant feature keeps clothing neat

7 Nano-processed products are toxic free

8 Garments stay bright fresh looking and are more durable than ordinary materials

9 Manufacturing cost is low adding value to the products

14 Some commercially available nano-particles

SNo Nano-Particles Properties

1 Silver Nano-Particles Anti-bacterial finishing

2 Fe Nano-Particles Conductive magnetic properties remote heating

3 ZnO and TiO2 UV protection fiber protection oxidative catalysis

4 TiO2 and MgO Chemical and biological protective performance

provide self-sterilizing function

5 SiO2 or Al2O3 Nano-particles

with PP or PE coating Super water repellent finishing

6 Indium-tin oxide Nano- EM IR protective clothing

Particles

7 Ceramic Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion

8 Carbon black Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion chemical

resistance and impart electrical conductivity

colouration of some textiles

9 Clay Nano-particles High electrical heat and chemical resistance

15 Next Generation Finishing

A) Nano-Care

A technology that brings about an entirely carefree fabric with wrinkle resistant shrink

proof water and stain repellent properties intended for use in cellulosic fibers such as cotton

and linen It is a next-generation ease-of-care dimension-stabilizing finish one step ahead of

methods that simply give wrinkle resistance and shrink-proofing Nano-Care withstands more

than 50 home launderings It imparts water repellency and stain resistance superior to those

of conventional methods maintaining high water and oil repellency levels (80 and 4) even

after 20 home washes

17

Features

bull Superior Stain Water and Oil Repellency

bull Resists Wrinkles

bull Breathable Fabric

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Easy Care

B) Nano-Pel

This nanotech application of water-and-oil repellent finishing is effective for use in

natural fibers such as cotton linen wool and silk as well as synthetics such as polyester

nylon and acryl Unsurpassed performance in durability and water and oil repellency may be

expected particularly with natural fibers Nano-Pel cotton withstands 50 home launderings

with functionality levels well-maintained for water and oil repellency (80 and 4) even after 20

washes (Figure shows Before amp After)

Features

Superior Water and Oil Repellency

bull Minimize Stains

bull Breathable Fabric

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Easy Care

bull Durable Performance

18

C) Nano-Dry

It is a hydrophilic finishing technology that imparts outstanding endurance of more

than 50 home launderings and offers prospects of considerable contribution to the area of

polyester and nylon synthetic garments Nano-Dry exerts durability superior to that of the

hydrophilic finishing of polyester commonly carried out in Japan using polyethylene glycol

polymer molecules and allows no dye migration when deep-dyed It is expected to serve

particularly well for use in nylon as there exists no such durable hydrophilic finishing in the

field of sportswear and underwear that require perspiration absorbency Considerable growth

is expected within the forthcoming period of 3 to 6 months mainly in the field of sportswear

Features

bull Moisture Wicking

bull Retains Breathability of Fabric

bull Quick Drying

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Durable Performance

D) Nano-Touch

This ultimate finishing technology gives durable cellulose wrapping over synthetic

fiber Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure to bring overall

solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic electrostatic having artificial

19

hand and glaring luster It will broaden the existing use of synthetics being free of their

disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being hydrophobic electrostatic and having

unnatural hand The following are examples of new areas of use created through Nano-

Touch a new standard for fiber compounding Self-assembled nanolayer (SAN) coating is a

challenge to traditional textile coating Research in this area is still in embryo stage In

selfassembled

nanolayer (SAN) coating target chemical molecules form a layer of thickness less

than nanometer on the surface of textile materials Additional layers can be added on the top

of the existing ones creating a nanolayered structure Different SAN approaches are being

explored to confer special functions to textile materials

Features

bull Superior Refinement in a Blended Fabric

bull Durable Performance

bull Luxurious Cotton-Like Hand

bull Easy Care

bull Reduced Static Build-up

Future Prospect

The development of ultra fine fibers functional finishes and smart textiles based on

the nanotechnology has end less properties At present the application of nano technology in

textiles has merely reaches only the starting line The reason for less commercialization of

nano technology is due to their higher time consumption and cost factor involved The current

global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going

to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States

Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have

bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of

nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus

(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials

(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology

The new functions with textiles to be developed include

20

1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and

sophisticated protection and detection

1048729 health-care and wound healing functions

16Conclusion

We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and

lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the

next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the

textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability

and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable

trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its

collaboration with other disciplines

With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the

technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie

Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile

chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some

of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been

briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will

emerge to dominate the textile field in future

21

REFRENCES

1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-

finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012

2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue

Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012

3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC

press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC

4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp

5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm

6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm

7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm

Coating the surface of textiles and clothing with nanoparticles is an approach to the production

of highly active surfaces to have UV blocking antimicrobial flame retardant water repellant and

self-cleaning properties As there are various potential applications of nanotechnology in the

textile industry only some of the well-known properties imparted by nano-treatment are

highlighted

2 Introduction

Nanotechnology is concerned with materials whose structures exhibit significantly novel and

improved physical chemical and biological properties and functionality due to their nano-

scaled size Nanotechnology is increasingly attracting worldwide attention because it is widely

perceived as offering huge potential in world wide range of end users Enhancement of textile

materials by nanotechnology is expected to become a trillion dollar industry in the next decade

with tremendous technological economic and ecologic benefits Therefore the interest in using

nanotechnology in textile industry is also increasing

3

3 Definition of nanotechnology

The nanotechnology comes from the Greek word nanos which means dwarf Nanotechnology a

science that manipulates materials with atomic or molecular precision in a nanometer region is

regarded as the next basic technology to follow IT and bio-technology ie through three-

dimensional control of materials processes and devices at atomic scale level Nano-particles

commonly used in commercial products are in the range of 1 to 100nm

Coating is a common technique used to apply nano-particles onto textile materials The

properties imparted to textiles using nanotechnology include water repellence soil resistance

wrinkles resistance anti-bacterial anti-static and UV- protection flame retardation

improvement of dye ability and so on Conventional finishing methods used to impart different

properties to fabrics and garments often do not lead to permanent effects and will lose their

functions after laundering or wearing Nanotechnology can provide high durability for fabrics

because nano-particles have a large surface area-to-volume ratio and high surface energy thus

presenting better affinity for fabrics and lending to an increase in durability of the function In

addition the coating of nano-particles on fabrics will not affect the breathability or hand feel

4

4 Current application of Nanotechnology on garment finishing

Self-cleaning textiles Self cleaning garments were developed keeping nature as a role model ie Self cleaning

property of plant leaves and insects were investigated Majority of wettable leaves and insects

investigated were more or less smooth without any prominent surface sculptures In contrast

water repellant leaves and insects exhibit various surface sculptures mainly epicuticular wax

crystal in combination with papillose epidermal cell

Self-cleaning process in nature

Hydrophilic Surface Hydrophobic Surface

Nano structure for small particles Micro structure for large particles

5

The German researcher Wilhelm Barthlott of the Bonn Institute of Botany discovered in 1990

that the lotus plant admired for the resplendence of its flowers and leaves owed this property of

self-cleaning to the high density of minute surface protrusions These protrusions catch deposits

of soil preventing them from sticking When it rains the leaf has a hydrophobic reaction Water

rolls around as droplets removing dust as it move Reproduced for nano technological process on

the surface of woven fabrics this self-cleaning property can be developed as a technological

innovation

Self cleaning surfaces in nature

Lotus leaf Rose beetle insect Housefly

The water repellant property of fabric is obtained by creating combination of micro and nano-

whiskers with low surface energy which are generated by wax crystals and 11000 of the size of

a typical cotton fiber added to the fabric to create a peach fuzz effect This creates a cushion of

air on the fabric surface without lowering the strength of fabric When water hits the fabric it

beads on the points of the whiskers the beads compress the air in the cavities between the

whiskers creating extra buoyancy In technical terms the fabric has been rendered super-non

wettable or super-hydrophobic The whiskers also create fewer points of contact for dirt When

water is applied to soiled fabric the dirt adheres to the water far better than it adheres to the

textile surface and is carried off with the water as it beads up and rolls off the surface of the

fabric Thus the concept of Soil-cleaning is based on the leaves of the lotus plant

6

Self-cleaning fabric

bull Water oil and dirt simply roll off

bull But structures are sensitive to mechanical stress (scratching abrasion washing)

bull Effect is lost if structures are damaged

bull Nature can re-grow these structures ndash but textiles cannot

5 Anti-Microbial finish

Neither natural nor synthetic textile fibers are resistant to bacterial or pathogenic fungi

Therefore antibacterial disinfection and finishing technique have been developed for many types

of textiles Metallic ions and metallic compounds display a certain degree of sterilizing effect It

is considered that a part of oxygen in the air or water is turned into active oxygen by means of

photo catalysis with the metallic ion thereby dissolving the organic substance to create a

sterilizing effect With the use of nano sized particles the number of particles per unit area is

increased and thus anti-microbial effect can be maximized

Among the various antimicrobial agents used for finishing of textile substrates silver or silver

ions have long been known to have strong inhibitory and bactericidal effect as well as broad

spectrum of antimicrobial activities

7

Even though metallic silver has adequate antimicrobial properties it is expected that conversion

of silver to nano particles will have high specific area that may lead to high antimicrobial activity

compared to bulk metal The method of producing durable silver containing antimicrobial finish

is to encapsulate silver compound or nano particle with a fiber reactive polymer like poly

(styrene co-maleic-anhydride) Nano-silver particles have an extremely large relative surface

area thus increasing their contact with bacteria or fungi and vastly improving their bactericidal

and fungicidal effectiveness Nano-silver is very reactive with proteins When contacting

bacteria and fungus it will adversely affect cellular metabolism and inhibit cell growth It also

suppresses respiration the basal metabolism of the electron transfer system and the transport of

substrate into microbial cell membrane Furthermore it inhibits the growth of these bacteria and

fungi which cause infection odour itchiness and sores Hence nano-sliver particles are widely

applied to socks in order to prohibit the growth of bacteria In addition nano-silver can be applied

to a range of health care products such as dressings for burns scald skin donor and recipient

sites

Prof Yang has patented a process for preparing a silver nano particle containing functional

microcapsule having the intrinsic anti-microbial and therapeutic functions of silver as well as

additional functions of the products contained in the inner core of the capsule

8

These microcapsules can be prepared by a two step process In the first step an emulsified

solution of a perfume is encapsulated with melanin pre-condensate In second step microcapsule

so produced is treated with silver nano particle dispersed in water soluble styrene maleic

anhydride polymer solution before it fully dries Thus the microcapsules with dual function are

produced In these microcapsules the silver nano-particles are on the surface of the capsule

Instead of perfume we may use thermo sensitive pigment thermal storage materials or

pharmaceutical preparation in the inner core The treated yarns showed effective anti-microbial

activity against various bacteria fungi and Chlamydia that included Escherichia coli

nitrobacteria bacillus subtilis etc this finished goods is used in medical industry as a safe amp

effective means of controlling microbial growth in the wound bed

Ceramic coating of wound dressings (Sol-Gel-Process)

Ceramic coating for wound dressings through Sol-gel-Process is one of the latest advancement in

nano finishing Sol-gel-Process is a process for making very small particles 20 to 40nm that are

virtually impossible to make by conventional grinding Its main use at present seems to be for

optical coatings where the finer particles give the better optical clarity Manufacture of a fine

ceramic fiber seems to be the other common application

9

A liquid precursor of the particle is dissolved in a solvent usually alcohol water is added and

then acid or base The mixture is coated or cast The precursor then decomposes to form the fine

ceramic particles If the particle concentration is high the gel is dried and then heated at high

temperature to sinter the ceramic giving the desired ceramic film or fiber During this drying and

sintering process shrinkage occurs through loss of solvent and air and this shrinkage must be

carefully controlled to avoid cracking

6 UV ndashProtection finish

The most important functions performed by the garment are to protect the wearer from the

weather However it is also to protect the wearer from harmful rays of the sun The rays in the

wavelength region of 150 to 400 nm are known as ultraviolet radiations The UV-blocking

property of a fabric is enhanced when a dye pigment de-lustrant or ultraviolet absorber finish is

present that absorbs ultraviolet radiation and blocks its transmission through a fabric to the skin

To impart UV protection several nano compounds or nano particles can be applied on textile

material

Inorganic UV blockers are more preferable to organic UV blockers as they are non-toxic and

chemically stable under exposure to high temperature and UV Inorganic UV blockers are

usually certain semiconductors oxides such as TiO2 ZnO SiO2 and Al2O3 The commonest

nano compounds used are titanium dioxide and zinc oxide of nano size They provide a

protective benefit by reflecting scattering or absorbing harmful UV It was determined that nano

sized Titanium dioxide(TiO2) and Zinc oxide(ZnO) were more efficient at absorbing and

scattering UV radiations than the conventional size and were thus better able to block UV This

is due to the fact that nano-particles have larger surface area per unit mass and volume than the

conventional methods leading to the increase of effectiveness of blocking UV radiation Zinc

oxide nanoparticles scores over Titanium dioxide nanoparticles and nano-silver in cost-

effectiveness and UV-blocking property

For small particles light scattering predominates at approximately one-tenth of the wavelength

of the scattered light Raleighrsquos scattering theory stated that the scattering was strongly

dependent upon the wave length where the scattering was inversely proportional to the

10

wavelength to the fourth power This theory predicts that in order to scatter UV radiations

between 200nm and 400nm the optimum particle size will be 20nm to 40nm

Various research works on the application of UV-blocking treatment to fabric using nano

technology were conducted UV-blocking treatment for cotton fabrics was developed using the

sol-gel method A thin layer of Titanium dioxide is formed on the surface of the yarn or directly

on the fabric which provides excellent UV-protection ZnO nanoparticles are applied on cotton

using pad-dry-cure method Zinc oxide nanoparticles are prepared by wet chemical method using

zinc nitrate and sodium hydroxide as precursors and soluble starch as stabilizing agent These

nano-particles which have an average size of 40 nm were coated on the bleached cotton fabrics

(plain weave 30 s count) using acrylic binder and functional properties of coated fabrics were

studied On an average of 75 UV blocking was recorded for the cotton fabrics treated with 2

ZnO nanoparticles And in addition nano-ZnO impregnated onto cotton textiles showed

excellent antibacterial activity against two representative bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and

Klebsiella pneumoniae In case of wearable cotton textiles use of 06 nano-ZnO for coating

can be sufficient to impart antimicrobial property But in case of medical textiles where a high

degree of antimicrobial activity is required use of 10 nano-ZnO can be recommended Air

permeability of the nano-ZnO coated fabrics was significantly higher hence the increased

breathability In case of nano-ZnO coated fabric due to its nano-size and uniform distribution

friction was significantly lower than the bulk-ZnO coated fabric

Fabric treated with UV absorbers ensures that the clothes deflect the harmful ultraviolet rays of

the sun reducing a personrsquos UVR exposure and protecting the skin from potential damage The

extent of skin protection required by different types of human skin depends on UV radiation

intensity amp distribution in reference to geographical location time of day and season This

protection is expressed as UPF (UV Protection Factor) higher the UPF value better is the

protection against UV radiation

11

UPF before and after nano-TiO2 Coating

CO ndash Cotton

PES ndash Polyester

PA ndash Polyamide (6 66)

7 Swimsuits with minimum flow resistance

Special types of swimsuits are being used now days by the athletes in the water games These

swim suits minimizes the flow resistance while swimming through the water The kind of

swimsuits with less flow resistance was developed entirely based on nature as role model

Different friction coefficients on the fabrics are obtained by creating micro vortices on the fabric

surface using micro and nano-particles This effect is similar to the sharkrsquos skin which exhibits a

very low flow resistance in water The below figure shows the micro vortices on the sharkrsquos skin

and similar effect created on the swimsuit

12

Micro vortices on Sharkrsquos skin similar effect on swimsuit

8 Anti static performance

Conventionally surfactants were used to spread the small amount of moisture on the surface of

fiber so as to pose the static charge to leak away Static usually builds up in synthetic fibers such

as in nylon and polyester because they absorb little water Cellulose fibers such as cotton have

higher moisture content to carry away static charges so that no static charge will accumulate As

synthetic fibers provide poor anti-static properties research work concerning the improvement of

anti-static properties of textiles by using nanotechnology were conducted

One of the best electrically conductive nano particles is silver Silver nano particle helps to

dissipate the static charge effectively It was determined that nano-sized Titanium dioxide Zinc

oxide whiskers nano antimony-doped Tin oxide (ATO) and silane nanosol could impart

antistatic properties to the synthetic fibers TiO2 ZnO ATO provide anti-static effects because

they are electrically conductive materials Such materials help effectively to dissipate the static

charge which is accumulated on the fabric On the other hand the Silane gel particles absorb

moisture in the air by amino and hydroxyl groups and bound water and thus improves anti-static

properties of the fabric or garment

13

9 Advantages of Nano-Antistatic finish

bull Provides permanent static protection

bull Repels lint dust dirt and pet hair

bull Enhances appearance and comfort

bull Retains fabrics natural softness

bull Allows fabric to breathe naturally

10 Wrinkle resistance

Wrinkling occurs when the fiber is severally creased When fiber or fabric is bent hydrogen

bonds between the molecular chains in the amorphous regions break and allow the chains to slip

past one another The bonds reform in new places and fiber or fabric is held in the creased

configurations

To impart wrinkle resistance to fabric resin is commonly used in conventional methods The

disadvantages of conventional resin applications include decrease in the strength of fiber and in

abrasion resistance water absorbency and dye ability as well as breathability To overcome the

limitations of using resin some researches employed nano-Titanium dioxide and nano Silica to

improve the wrinkle resistance of cotton and silk respectively

Nano-Titanium dioxide was employed with Carboxylic acid as a catalyst under UV irradiation to

catalyze the cross linking reaction between the cellulose molecule and the acid On other hand

nano-Silica was applied with Maleic anhydride as a catalyst the results showed that the

application of nano-Silica with Maleic anhydride could successfully improve the wrinkle

resistance of silk Odour fight finish

14

The active ingredient of odour fight finish fabric are nano-particles of bamboo charcoal made

from the Moso Bamboo the worlds most porous bamboo grown in the Jhushan ldquoBamboo

Mountainrdquo region of Taiwan The bamboo contains many pores in its structure making it

excellent for absorbing odour-causing chemicals controlling temperature and voiding moisture

The bamboo is also naturally biocidal and inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi

A Taiwanese nanotech firm Greensheild has created underwear that fights odour through

nanotechnology The underwear fibers release undetectable negative ions and infrared rays that

destroy odour-causing bacteria The negative ions create a magnetic field that inhibits the

reproduction of bacteria thus eliminating odour and lowering the risk of skin infection or

irritation

11 Anti-Pollen finish

Miyuki keori Co of Japan is marketing anti-pollen fabrics and garments It is claimed that

particles of 30nm sizes are attached to the surface of yarns The smoothness of the finish on the

surface and the anti-static effect does not let pollen or dust come close This is achieved by using

the polymer which has antistatic or electro conductive

Composition (Eg Fluor alkyl ndash methacrylate polymers)It is used in coats blouses hats gloves

arm covers bedding covers etc

12 Flame Retardant Finish

Nyacol nano technologies Inc has been the worldrsquos leading supplier of colloidal

Antimony pentoxide which is used for flame retardant finish in textile The company offers

colloidal antimony pentoxide as fine particle dispersion for use as a flame retardant synergist

with halogenated flame-retardants (The ratio of halogen to antimony is 51 to 21) Nano

antimony pentoxide is used with halogenated flame-retardants for a flame retardant finish to the

garments

15

13 Characteristics of nano finishing in garments

1 Their protective layer is difficult to detect with the naked eye

2 Saving time and laundering cost

3 When a substance is manipulated at sizes of approximately 100 nm the structure of the

processed clothing becomes more compressed This makes clothing stain- and dirt-resistant

5 Nano-materials allow good ventilation and reduce moisture absorption resulting in enhanced

breathability while maintaining the good hand feel of ordinary material

6 The crease resistant feature keeps clothing neat

7 Nano-processed products are toxic free

8 Garments stay bright fresh looking and are more durable than ordinary materials

9 Manufacturing cost is low adding value to the products

14 Some commercially available nano-particles

SNo Nano-Particles Properties

1 Silver Nano-Particles Anti-bacterial finishing

2 Fe Nano-Particles Conductive magnetic properties remote heating

3 ZnO and TiO2 UV protection fiber protection oxidative catalysis

4 TiO2 and MgO Chemical and biological protective performance

provide self-sterilizing function

5 SiO2 or Al2O3 Nano-particles

with PP or PE coating Super water repellent finishing

6 Indium-tin oxide Nano- EM IR protective clothing

Particles

7 Ceramic Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion

8 Carbon black Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion chemical

resistance and impart electrical conductivity

colouration of some textiles

9 Clay Nano-particles High electrical heat and chemical resistance

15 Next Generation Finishing

A) Nano-Care

A technology that brings about an entirely carefree fabric with wrinkle resistant shrink

proof water and stain repellent properties intended for use in cellulosic fibers such as cotton

and linen It is a next-generation ease-of-care dimension-stabilizing finish one step ahead of

methods that simply give wrinkle resistance and shrink-proofing Nano-Care withstands more

than 50 home launderings It imparts water repellency and stain resistance superior to those

of conventional methods maintaining high water and oil repellency levels (80 and 4) even

after 20 home washes

17

Features

bull Superior Stain Water and Oil Repellency

bull Resists Wrinkles

bull Breathable Fabric

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Easy Care

B) Nano-Pel

This nanotech application of water-and-oil repellent finishing is effective for use in

natural fibers such as cotton linen wool and silk as well as synthetics such as polyester

nylon and acryl Unsurpassed performance in durability and water and oil repellency may be

expected particularly with natural fibers Nano-Pel cotton withstands 50 home launderings

with functionality levels well-maintained for water and oil repellency (80 and 4) even after 20

washes (Figure shows Before amp After)

Features

Superior Water and Oil Repellency

bull Minimize Stains

bull Breathable Fabric

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Easy Care

bull Durable Performance

18

C) Nano-Dry

It is a hydrophilic finishing technology that imparts outstanding endurance of more

than 50 home launderings and offers prospects of considerable contribution to the area of

polyester and nylon synthetic garments Nano-Dry exerts durability superior to that of the

hydrophilic finishing of polyester commonly carried out in Japan using polyethylene glycol

polymer molecules and allows no dye migration when deep-dyed It is expected to serve

particularly well for use in nylon as there exists no such durable hydrophilic finishing in the

field of sportswear and underwear that require perspiration absorbency Considerable growth

is expected within the forthcoming period of 3 to 6 months mainly in the field of sportswear

Features

bull Moisture Wicking

bull Retains Breathability of Fabric

bull Quick Drying

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Durable Performance

D) Nano-Touch

This ultimate finishing technology gives durable cellulose wrapping over synthetic

fiber Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure to bring overall

solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic electrostatic having artificial

19

hand and glaring luster It will broaden the existing use of synthetics being free of their

disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being hydrophobic electrostatic and having

unnatural hand The following are examples of new areas of use created through Nano-

Touch a new standard for fiber compounding Self-assembled nanolayer (SAN) coating is a

challenge to traditional textile coating Research in this area is still in embryo stage In

selfassembled

nanolayer (SAN) coating target chemical molecules form a layer of thickness less

than nanometer on the surface of textile materials Additional layers can be added on the top

of the existing ones creating a nanolayered structure Different SAN approaches are being

explored to confer special functions to textile materials

Features

bull Superior Refinement in a Blended Fabric

bull Durable Performance

bull Luxurious Cotton-Like Hand

bull Easy Care

bull Reduced Static Build-up

Future Prospect

The development of ultra fine fibers functional finishes and smart textiles based on

the nanotechnology has end less properties At present the application of nano technology in

textiles has merely reaches only the starting line The reason for less commercialization of

nano technology is due to their higher time consumption and cost factor involved The current

global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going

to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States

Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have

bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of

nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus

(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials

(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology

The new functions with textiles to be developed include

20

1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and

sophisticated protection and detection

1048729 health-care and wound healing functions

16Conclusion

We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and

lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the

next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the

textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability

and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable

trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its

collaboration with other disciplines

With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the

technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie

Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile

chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some

of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been

briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will

emerge to dominate the textile field in future

21

REFRENCES

1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-

finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012

2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue

Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012

3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC

press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC

4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp

5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm

6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm

7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm

presenting better affinity for fabrics and lending to an increase in durability of the function In

addition the coating of nano-particles on fabrics will not affect the breathability or hand feel

4

4 Current application of Nanotechnology on garment finishing

Self-cleaning textiles Self cleaning garments were developed keeping nature as a role model ie Self cleaning

property of plant leaves and insects were investigated Majority of wettable leaves and insects

investigated were more or less smooth without any prominent surface sculptures In contrast

water repellant leaves and insects exhibit various surface sculptures mainly epicuticular wax

crystal in combination with papillose epidermal cell

Self-cleaning process in nature

Hydrophilic Surface Hydrophobic Surface

Nano structure for small particles Micro structure for large particles

5

The German researcher Wilhelm Barthlott of the Bonn Institute of Botany discovered in 1990

that the lotus plant admired for the resplendence of its flowers and leaves owed this property of

self-cleaning to the high density of minute surface protrusions These protrusions catch deposits

of soil preventing them from sticking When it rains the leaf has a hydrophobic reaction Water

rolls around as droplets removing dust as it move Reproduced for nano technological process on

the surface of woven fabrics this self-cleaning property can be developed as a technological

innovation

Self cleaning surfaces in nature

Lotus leaf Rose beetle insect Housefly

The water repellant property of fabric is obtained by creating combination of micro and nano-

whiskers with low surface energy which are generated by wax crystals and 11000 of the size of

a typical cotton fiber added to the fabric to create a peach fuzz effect This creates a cushion of

air on the fabric surface without lowering the strength of fabric When water hits the fabric it

beads on the points of the whiskers the beads compress the air in the cavities between the

whiskers creating extra buoyancy In technical terms the fabric has been rendered super-non

wettable or super-hydrophobic The whiskers also create fewer points of contact for dirt When

water is applied to soiled fabric the dirt adheres to the water far better than it adheres to the

textile surface and is carried off with the water as it beads up and rolls off the surface of the

fabric Thus the concept of Soil-cleaning is based on the leaves of the lotus plant

6

Self-cleaning fabric

bull Water oil and dirt simply roll off

bull But structures are sensitive to mechanical stress (scratching abrasion washing)

bull Effect is lost if structures are damaged

bull Nature can re-grow these structures ndash but textiles cannot

5 Anti-Microbial finish

Neither natural nor synthetic textile fibers are resistant to bacterial or pathogenic fungi

Therefore antibacterial disinfection and finishing technique have been developed for many types

of textiles Metallic ions and metallic compounds display a certain degree of sterilizing effect It

is considered that a part of oxygen in the air or water is turned into active oxygen by means of

photo catalysis with the metallic ion thereby dissolving the organic substance to create a

sterilizing effect With the use of nano sized particles the number of particles per unit area is

increased and thus anti-microbial effect can be maximized

Among the various antimicrobial agents used for finishing of textile substrates silver or silver

ions have long been known to have strong inhibitory and bactericidal effect as well as broad

spectrum of antimicrobial activities

7

Even though metallic silver has adequate antimicrobial properties it is expected that conversion

of silver to nano particles will have high specific area that may lead to high antimicrobial activity

compared to bulk metal The method of producing durable silver containing antimicrobial finish

is to encapsulate silver compound or nano particle with a fiber reactive polymer like poly

(styrene co-maleic-anhydride) Nano-silver particles have an extremely large relative surface

area thus increasing their contact with bacteria or fungi and vastly improving their bactericidal

and fungicidal effectiveness Nano-silver is very reactive with proteins When contacting

bacteria and fungus it will adversely affect cellular metabolism and inhibit cell growth It also

suppresses respiration the basal metabolism of the electron transfer system and the transport of

substrate into microbial cell membrane Furthermore it inhibits the growth of these bacteria and

fungi which cause infection odour itchiness and sores Hence nano-sliver particles are widely

applied to socks in order to prohibit the growth of bacteria In addition nano-silver can be applied

to a range of health care products such as dressings for burns scald skin donor and recipient

sites

Prof Yang has patented a process for preparing a silver nano particle containing functional

microcapsule having the intrinsic anti-microbial and therapeutic functions of silver as well as

additional functions of the products contained in the inner core of the capsule

8

These microcapsules can be prepared by a two step process In the first step an emulsified

solution of a perfume is encapsulated with melanin pre-condensate In second step microcapsule

so produced is treated with silver nano particle dispersed in water soluble styrene maleic

anhydride polymer solution before it fully dries Thus the microcapsules with dual function are

produced In these microcapsules the silver nano-particles are on the surface of the capsule

Instead of perfume we may use thermo sensitive pigment thermal storage materials or

pharmaceutical preparation in the inner core The treated yarns showed effective anti-microbial

activity against various bacteria fungi and Chlamydia that included Escherichia coli

nitrobacteria bacillus subtilis etc this finished goods is used in medical industry as a safe amp

effective means of controlling microbial growth in the wound bed

Ceramic coating of wound dressings (Sol-Gel-Process)

Ceramic coating for wound dressings through Sol-gel-Process is one of the latest advancement in

nano finishing Sol-gel-Process is a process for making very small particles 20 to 40nm that are

virtually impossible to make by conventional grinding Its main use at present seems to be for

optical coatings where the finer particles give the better optical clarity Manufacture of a fine

ceramic fiber seems to be the other common application

9

A liquid precursor of the particle is dissolved in a solvent usually alcohol water is added and

then acid or base The mixture is coated or cast The precursor then decomposes to form the fine

ceramic particles If the particle concentration is high the gel is dried and then heated at high

temperature to sinter the ceramic giving the desired ceramic film or fiber During this drying and

sintering process shrinkage occurs through loss of solvent and air and this shrinkage must be

carefully controlled to avoid cracking

6 UV ndashProtection finish

The most important functions performed by the garment are to protect the wearer from the

weather However it is also to protect the wearer from harmful rays of the sun The rays in the

wavelength region of 150 to 400 nm are known as ultraviolet radiations The UV-blocking

property of a fabric is enhanced when a dye pigment de-lustrant or ultraviolet absorber finish is

present that absorbs ultraviolet radiation and blocks its transmission through a fabric to the skin

To impart UV protection several nano compounds or nano particles can be applied on textile

material

Inorganic UV blockers are more preferable to organic UV blockers as they are non-toxic and

chemically stable under exposure to high temperature and UV Inorganic UV blockers are

usually certain semiconductors oxides such as TiO2 ZnO SiO2 and Al2O3 The commonest

nano compounds used are titanium dioxide and zinc oxide of nano size They provide a

protective benefit by reflecting scattering or absorbing harmful UV It was determined that nano

sized Titanium dioxide(TiO2) and Zinc oxide(ZnO) were more efficient at absorbing and

scattering UV radiations than the conventional size and were thus better able to block UV This

is due to the fact that nano-particles have larger surface area per unit mass and volume than the

conventional methods leading to the increase of effectiveness of blocking UV radiation Zinc

oxide nanoparticles scores over Titanium dioxide nanoparticles and nano-silver in cost-

effectiveness and UV-blocking property

For small particles light scattering predominates at approximately one-tenth of the wavelength

of the scattered light Raleighrsquos scattering theory stated that the scattering was strongly

dependent upon the wave length where the scattering was inversely proportional to the

10

wavelength to the fourth power This theory predicts that in order to scatter UV radiations

between 200nm and 400nm the optimum particle size will be 20nm to 40nm

Various research works on the application of UV-blocking treatment to fabric using nano

technology were conducted UV-blocking treatment for cotton fabrics was developed using the

sol-gel method A thin layer of Titanium dioxide is formed on the surface of the yarn or directly

on the fabric which provides excellent UV-protection ZnO nanoparticles are applied on cotton

using pad-dry-cure method Zinc oxide nanoparticles are prepared by wet chemical method using

zinc nitrate and sodium hydroxide as precursors and soluble starch as stabilizing agent These

nano-particles which have an average size of 40 nm were coated on the bleached cotton fabrics

(plain weave 30 s count) using acrylic binder and functional properties of coated fabrics were

studied On an average of 75 UV blocking was recorded for the cotton fabrics treated with 2

ZnO nanoparticles And in addition nano-ZnO impregnated onto cotton textiles showed

excellent antibacterial activity against two representative bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and

Klebsiella pneumoniae In case of wearable cotton textiles use of 06 nano-ZnO for coating

can be sufficient to impart antimicrobial property But in case of medical textiles where a high

degree of antimicrobial activity is required use of 10 nano-ZnO can be recommended Air

permeability of the nano-ZnO coated fabrics was significantly higher hence the increased

breathability In case of nano-ZnO coated fabric due to its nano-size and uniform distribution

friction was significantly lower than the bulk-ZnO coated fabric

Fabric treated with UV absorbers ensures that the clothes deflect the harmful ultraviolet rays of

the sun reducing a personrsquos UVR exposure and protecting the skin from potential damage The

extent of skin protection required by different types of human skin depends on UV radiation

intensity amp distribution in reference to geographical location time of day and season This

protection is expressed as UPF (UV Protection Factor) higher the UPF value better is the

protection against UV radiation

11

UPF before and after nano-TiO2 Coating

CO ndash Cotton

PES ndash Polyester

PA ndash Polyamide (6 66)

7 Swimsuits with minimum flow resistance

Special types of swimsuits are being used now days by the athletes in the water games These

swim suits minimizes the flow resistance while swimming through the water The kind of

swimsuits with less flow resistance was developed entirely based on nature as role model

Different friction coefficients on the fabrics are obtained by creating micro vortices on the fabric

surface using micro and nano-particles This effect is similar to the sharkrsquos skin which exhibits a

very low flow resistance in water The below figure shows the micro vortices on the sharkrsquos skin

and similar effect created on the swimsuit

12

Micro vortices on Sharkrsquos skin similar effect on swimsuit

8 Anti static performance

Conventionally surfactants were used to spread the small amount of moisture on the surface of

fiber so as to pose the static charge to leak away Static usually builds up in synthetic fibers such

as in nylon and polyester because they absorb little water Cellulose fibers such as cotton have

higher moisture content to carry away static charges so that no static charge will accumulate As

synthetic fibers provide poor anti-static properties research work concerning the improvement of

anti-static properties of textiles by using nanotechnology were conducted

One of the best electrically conductive nano particles is silver Silver nano particle helps to

dissipate the static charge effectively It was determined that nano-sized Titanium dioxide Zinc

oxide whiskers nano antimony-doped Tin oxide (ATO) and silane nanosol could impart

antistatic properties to the synthetic fibers TiO2 ZnO ATO provide anti-static effects because

they are electrically conductive materials Such materials help effectively to dissipate the static

charge which is accumulated on the fabric On the other hand the Silane gel particles absorb

moisture in the air by amino and hydroxyl groups and bound water and thus improves anti-static

properties of the fabric or garment

13

9 Advantages of Nano-Antistatic finish

bull Provides permanent static protection

bull Repels lint dust dirt and pet hair

bull Enhances appearance and comfort

bull Retains fabrics natural softness

bull Allows fabric to breathe naturally

10 Wrinkle resistance

Wrinkling occurs when the fiber is severally creased When fiber or fabric is bent hydrogen

bonds between the molecular chains in the amorphous regions break and allow the chains to slip

past one another The bonds reform in new places and fiber or fabric is held in the creased

configurations

To impart wrinkle resistance to fabric resin is commonly used in conventional methods The

disadvantages of conventional resin applications include decrease in the strength of fiber and in

abrasion resistance water absorbency and dye ability as well as breathability To overcome the

limitations of using resin some researches employed nano-Titanium dioxide and nano Silica to

improve the wrinkle resistance of cotton and silk respectively

Nano-Titanium dioxide was employed with Carboxylic acid as a catalyst under UV irradiation to

catalyze the cross linking reaction between the cellulose molecule and the acid On other hand

nano-Silica was applied with Maleic anhydride as a catalyst the results showed that the

application of nano-Silica with Maleic anhydride could successfully improve the wrinkle

resistance of silk Odour fight finish

14

The active ingredient of odour fight finish fabric are nano-particles of bamboo charcoal made

from the Moso Bamboo the worlds most porous bamboo grown in the Jhushan ldquoBamboo

Mountainrdquo region of Taiwan The bamboo contains many pores in its structure making it

excellent for absorbing odour-causing chemicals controlling temperature and voiding moisture

The bamboo is also naturally biocidal and inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi

A Taiwanese nanotech firm Greensheild has created underwear that fights odour through

nanotechnology The underwear fibers release undetectable negative ions and infrared rays that

destroy odour-causing bacteria The negative ions create a magnetic field that inhibits the

reproduction of bacteria thus eliminating odour and lowering the risk of skin infection or

irritation

11 Anti-Pollen finish

Miyuki keori Co of Japan is marketing anti-pollen fabrics and garments It is claimed that

particles of 30nm sizes are attached to the surface of yarns The smoothness of the finish on the

surface and the anti-static effect does not let pollen or dust come close This is achieved by using

the polymer which has antistatic or electro conductive

Composition (Eg Fluor alkyl ndash methacrylate polymers)It is used in coats blouses hats gloves

arm covers bedding covers etc

12 Flame Retardant Finish

Nyacol nano technologies Inc has been the worldrsquos leading supplier of colloidal

Antimony pentoxide which is used for flame retardant finish in textile The company offers

colloidal antimony pentoxide as fine particle dispersion for use as a flame retardant synergist

with halogenated flame-retardants (The ratio of halogen to antimony is 51 to 21) Nano

antimony pentoxide is used with halogenated flame-retardants for a flame retardant finish to the

garments

15

13 Characteristics of nano finishing in garments

1 Their protective layer is difficult to detect with the naked eye

2 Saving time and laundering cost

3 When a substance is manipulated at sizes of approximately 100 nm the structure of the

processed clothing becomes more compressed This makes clothing stain- and dirt-resistant

5 Nano-materials allow good ventilation and reduce moisture absorption resulting in enhanced

breathability while maintaining the good hand feel of ordinary material

6 The crease resistant feature keeps clothing neat

7 Nano-processed products are toxic free

8 Garments stay bright fresh looking and are more durable than ordinary materials

9 Manufacturing cost is low adding value to the products

14 Some commercially available nano-particles

SNo Nano-Particles Properties

1 Silver Nano-Particles Anti-bacterial finishing

2 Fe Nano-Particles Conductive magnetic properties remote heating

3 ZnO and TiO2 UV protection fiber protection oxidative catalysis

4 TiO2 and MgO Chemical and biological protective performance

provide self-sterilizing function

5 SiO2 or Al2O3 Nano-particles

with PP or PE coating Super water repellent finishing

6 Indium-tin oxide Nano- EM IR protective clothing

Particles

7 Ceramic Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion

8 Carbon black Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion chemical

resistance and impart electrical conductivity

colouration of some textiles

9 Clay Nano-particles High electrical heat and chemical resistance

15 Next Generation Finishing

A) Nano-Care

A technology that brings about an entirely carefree fabric with wrinkle resistant shrink

proof water and stain repellent properties intended for use in cellulosic fibers such as cotton

and linen It is a next-generation ease-of-care dimension-stabilizing finish one step ahead of

methods that simply give wrinkle resistance and shrink-proofing Nano-Care withstands more

than 50 home launderings It imparts water repellency and stain resistance superior to those

of conventional methods maintaining high water and oil repellency levels (80 and 4) even

after 20 home washes

17

Features

bull Superior Stain Water and Oil Repellency

bull Resists Wrinkles

bull Breathable Fabric

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Easy Care

B) Nano-Pel

This nanotech application of water-and-oil repellent finishing is effective for use in

natural fibers such as cotton linen wool and silk as well as synthetics such as polyester

nylon and acryl Unsurpassed performance in durability and water and oil repellency may be

expected particularly with natural fibers Nano-Pel cotton withstands 50 home launderings

with functionality levels well-maintained for water and oil repellency (80 and 4) even after 20

washes (Figure shows Before amp After)

Features

Superior Water and Oil Repellency

bull Minimize Stains

bull Breathable Fabric

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Easy Care

bull Durable Performance

18

C) Nano-Dry

It is a hydrophilic finishing technology that imparts outstanding endurance of more

than 50 home launderings and offers prospects of considerable contribution to the area of

polyester and nylon synthetic garments Nano-Dry exerts durability superior to that of the

hydrophilic finishing of polyester commonly carried out in Japan using polyethylene glycol

polymer molecules and allows no dye migration when deep-dyed It is expected to serve

particularly well for use in nylon as there exists no such durable hydrophilic finishing in the

field of sportswear and underwear that require perspiration absorbency Considerable growth

is expected within the forthcoming period of 3 to 6 months mainly in the field of sportswear

Features

bull Moisture Wicking

bull Retains Breathability of Fabric

bull Quick Drying

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Durable Performance

D) Nano-Touch

This ultimate finishing technology gives durable cellulose wrapping over synthetic

fiber Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure to bring overall

solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic electrostatic having artificial

19

hand and glaring luster It will broaden the existing use of synthetics being free of their

disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being hydrophobic electrostatic and having

unnatural hand The following are examples of new areas of use created through Nano-

Touch a new standard for fiber compounding Self-assembled nanolayer (SAN) coating is a

challenge to traditional textile coating Research in this area is still in embryo stage In

selfassembled

nanolayer (SAN) coating target chemical molecules form a layer of thickness less

than nanometer on the surface of textile materials Additional layers can be added on the top

of the existing ones creating a nanolayered structure Different SAN approaches are being

explored to confer special functions to textile materials

Features

bull Superior Refinement in a Blended Fabric

bull Durable Performance

bull Luxurious Cotton-Like Hand

bull Easy Care

bull Reduced Static Build-up

Future Prospect

The development of ultra fine fibers functional finishes and smart textiles based on

the nanotechnology has end less properties At present the application of nano technology in

textiles has merely reaches only the starting line The reason for less commercialization of

nano technology is due to their higher time consumption and cost factor involved The current

global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going

to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States

Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have

bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of

nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus

(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials

(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology

The new functions with textiles to be developed include

20

1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and

sophisticated protection and detection

1048729 health-care and wound healing functions

16Conclusion

We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and

lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the

next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the

textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability

and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable

trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its

collaboration with other disciplines

With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the

technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie

Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile

chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some

of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been

briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will

emerge to dominate the textile field in future

21

REFRENCES

1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-

finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012

2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue

Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012

3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC

press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC

4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp

5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm

6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm

7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm

Nano structure for small particles Micro structure for large particles

5

The German researcher Wilhelm Barthlott of the Bonn Institute of Botany discovered in 1990

that the lotus plant admired for the resplendence of its flowers and leaves owed this property of

self-cleaning to the high density of minute surface protrusions These protrusions catch deposits

of soil preventing them from sticking When it rains the leaf has a hydrophobic reaction Water

rolls around as droplets removing dust as it move Reproduced for nano technological process on

the surface of woven fabrics this self-cleaning property can be developed as a technological

innovation

Self cleaning surfaces in nature

Lotus leaf Rose beetle insect Housefly

The water repellant property of fabric is obtained by creating combination of micro and nano-

whiskers with low surface energy which are generated by wax crystals and 11000 of the size of

a typical cotton fiber added to the fabric to create a peach fuzz effect This creates a cushion of

air on the fabric surface without lowering the strength of fabric When water hits the fabric it

beads on the points of the whiskers the beads compress the air in the cavities between the

whiskers creating extra buoyancy In technical terms the fabric has been rendered super-non

wettable or super-hydrophobic The whiskers also create fewer points of contact for dirt When

water is applied to soiled fabric the dirt adheres to the water far better than it adheres to the

textile surface and is carried off with the water as it beads up and rolls off the surface of the

fabric Thus the concept of Soil-cleaning is based on the leaves of the lotus plant

6

Self-cleaning fabric

bull Water oil and dirt simply roll off

bull But structures are sensitive to mechanical stress (scratching abrasion washing)

bull Effect is lost if structures are damaged

bull Nature can re-grow these structures ndash but textiles cannot

5 Anti-Microbial finish

Neither natural nor synthetic textile fibers are resistant to bacterial or pathogenic fungi

Therefore antibacterial disinfection and finishing technique have been developed for many types

of textiles Metallic ions and metallic compounds display a certain degree of sterilizing effect It

is considered that a part of oxygen in the air or water is turned into active oxygen by means of

photo catalysis with the metallic ion thereby dissolving the organic substance to create a

sterilizing effect With the use of nano sized particles the number of particles per unit area is

increased and thus anti-microbial effect can be maximized

Among the various antimicrobial agents used for finishing of textile substrates silver or silver

ions have long been known to have strong inhibitory and bactericidal effect as well as broad

spectrum of antimicrobial activities

7

Even though metallic silver has adequate antimicrobial properties it is expected that conversion

of silver to nano particles will have high specific area that may lead to high antimicrobial activity

compared to bulk metal The method of producing durable silver containing antimicrobial finish

is to encapsulate silver compound or nano particle with a fiber reactive polymer like poly

(styrene co-maleic-anhydride) Nano-silver particles have an extremely large relative surface

area thus increasing their contact with bacteria or fungi and vastly improving their bactericidal

and fungicidal effectiveness Nano-silver is very reactive with proteins When contacting

bacteria and fungus it will adversely affect cellular metabolism and inhibit cell growth It also

suppresses respiration the basal metabolism of the electron transfer system and the transport of

substrate into microbial cell membrane Furthermore it inhibits the growth of these bacteria and

fungi which cause infection odour itchiness and sores Hence nano-sliver particles are widely

applied to socks in order to prohibit the growth of bacteria In addition nano-silver can be applied

to a range of health care products such as dressings for burns scald skin donor and recipient

sites

Prof Yang has patented a process for preparing a silver nano particle containing functional

microcapsule having the intrinsic anti-microbial and therapeutic functions of silver as well as

additional functions of the products contained in the inner core of the capsule

8

These microcapsules can be prepared by a two step process In the first step an emulsified

solution of a perfume is encapsulated with melanin pre-condensate In second step microcapsule

so produced is treated with silver nano particle dispersed in water soluble styrene maleic

anhydride polymer solution before it fully dries Thus the microcapsules with dual function are

produced In these microcapsules the silver nano-particles are on the surface of the capsule

Instead of perfume we may use thermo sensitive pigment thermal storage materials or

pharmaceutical preparation in the inner core The treated yarns showed effective anti-microbial

activity against various bacteria fungi and Chlamydia that included Escherichia coli

nitrobacteria bacillus subtilis etc this finished goods is used in medical industry as a safe amp

effective means of controlling microbial growth in the wound bed

Ceramic coating of wound dressings (Sol-Gel-Process)

Ceramic coating for wound dressings through Sol-gel-Process is one of the latest advancement in

nano finishing Sol-gel-Process is a process for making very small particles 20 to 40nm that are

virtually impossible to make by conventional grinding Its main use at present seems to be for

optical coatings where the finer particles give the better optical clarity Manufacture of a fine

ceramic fiber seems to be the other common application

9

A liquid precursor of the particle is dissolved in a solvent usually alcohol water is added and

then acid or base The mixture is coated or cast The precursor then decomposes to form the fine

ceramic particles If the particle concentration is high the gel is dried and then heated at high

temperature to sinter the ceramic giving the desired ceramic film or fiber During this drying and

sintering process shrinkage occurs through loss of solvent and air and this shrinkage must be

carefully controlled to avoid cracking

6 UV ndashProtection finish

The most important functions performed by the garment are to protect the wearer from the

weather However it is also to protect the wearer from harmful rays of the sun The rays in the

wavelength region of 150 to 400 nm are known as ultraviolet radiations The UV-blocking

property of a fabric is enhanced when a dye pigment de-lustrant or ultraviolet absorber finish is

present that absorbs ultraviolet radiation and blocks its transmission through a fabric to the skin

To impart UV protection several nano compounds or nano particles can be applied on textile

material

Inorganic UV blockers are more preferable to organic UV blockers as they are non-toxic and

chemically stable under exposure to high temperature and UV Inorganic UV blockers are

usually certain semiconductors oxides such as TiO2 ZnO SiO2 and Al2O3 The commonest

nano compounds used are titanium dioxide and zinc oxide of nano size They provide a

protective benefit by reflecting scattering or absorbing harmful UV It was determined that nano

sized Titanium dioxide(TiO2) and Zinc oxide(ZnO) were more efficient at absorbing and

scattering UV radiations than the conventional size and were thus better able to block UV This

is due to the fact that nano-particles have larger surface area per unit mass and volume than the

conventional methods leading to the increase of effectiveness of blocking UV radiation Zinc

oxide nanoparticles scores over Titanium dioxide nanoparticles and nano-silver in cost-

effectiveness and UV-blocking property

For small particles light scattering predominates at approximately one-tenth of the wavelength

of the scattered light Raleighrsquos scattering theory stated that the scattering was strongly

dependent upon the wave length where the scattering was inversely proportional to the

10

wavelength to the fourth power This theory predicts that in order to scatter UV radiations

between 200nm and 400nm the optimum particle size will be 20nm to 40nm

Various research works on the application of UV-blocking treatment to fabric using nano

technology were conducted UV-blocking treatment for cotton fabrics was developed using the

sol-gel method A thin layer of Titanium dioxide is formed on the surface of the yarn or directly

on the fabric which provides excellent UV-protection ZnO nanoparticles are applied on cotton

using pad-dry-cure method Zinc oxide nanoparticles are prepared by wet chemical method using

zinc nitrate and sodium hydroxide as precursors and soluble starch as stabilizing agent These

nano-particles which have an average size of 40 nm were coated on the bleached cotton fabrics

(plain weave 30 s count) using acrylic binder and functional properties of coated fabrics were

studied On an average of 75 UV blocking was recorded for the cotton fabrics treated with 2

ZnO nanoparticles And in addition nano-ZnO impregnated onto cotton textiles showed

excellent antibacterial activity against two representative bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and

Klebsiella pneumoniae In case of wearable cotton textiles use of 06 nano-ZnO for coating

can be sufficient to impart antimicrobial property But in case of medical textiles where a high

degree of antimicrobial activity is required use of 10 nano-ZnO can be recommended Air

permeability of the nano-ZnO coated fabrics was significantly higher hence the increased

breathability In case of nano-ZnO coated fabric due to its nano-size and uniform distribution

friction was significantly lower than the bulk-ZnO coated fabric

Fabric treated with UV absorbers ensures that the clothes deflect the harmful ultraviolet rays of

the sun reducing a personrsquos UVR exposure and protecting the skin from potential damage The

extent of skin protection required by different types of human skin depends on UV radiation

intensity amp distribution in reference to geographical location time of day and season This

protection is expressed as UPF (UV Protection Factor) higher the UPF value better is the

protection against UV radiation

11

UPF before and after nano-TiO2 Coating

CO ndash Cotton

PES ndash Polyester

PA ndash Polyamide (6 66)

7 Swimsuits with minimum flow resistance

Special types of swimsuits are being used now days by the athletes in the water games These

swim suits minimizes the flow resistance while swimming through the water The kind of

swimsuits with less flow resistance was developed entirely based on nature as role model

Different friction coefficients on the fabrics are obtained by creating micro vortices on the fabric

surface using micro and nano-particles This effect is similar to the sharkrsquos skin which exhibits a

very low flow resistance in water The below figure shows the micro vortices on the sharkrsquos skin

and similar effect created on the swimsuit

12

Micro vortices on Sharkrsquos skin similar effect on swimsuit

8 Anti static performance

Conventionally surfactants were used to spread the small amount of moisture on the surface of

fiber so as to pose the static charge to leak away Static usually builds up in synthetic fibers such

as in nylon and polyester because they absorb little water Cellulose fibers such as cotton have

higher moisture content to carry away static charges so that no static charge will accumulate As

synthetic fibers provide poor anti-static properties research work concerning the improvement of

anti-static properties of textiles by using nanotechnology were conducted

One of the best electrically conductive nano particles is silver Silver nano particle helps to

dissipate the static charge effectively It was determined that nano-sized Titanium dioxide Zinc

oxide whiskers nano antimony-doped Tin oxide (ATO) and silane nanosol could impart

antistatic properties to the synthetic fibers TiO2 ZnO ATO provide anti-static effects because

they are electrically conductive materials Such materials help effectively to dissipate the static

charge which is accumulated on the fabric On the other hand the Silane gel particles absorb

moisture in the air by amino and hydroxyl groups and bound water and thus improves anti-static

properties of the fabric or garment

13

9 Advantages of Nano-Antistatic finish

bull Provides permanent static protection

bull Repels lint dust dirt and pet hair

bull Enhances appearance and comfort

bull Retains fabrics natural softness

bull Allows fabric to breathe naturally

10 Wrinkle resistance

Wrinkling occurs when the fiber is severally creased When fiber or fabric is bent hydrogen

bonds between the molecular chains in the amorphous regions break and allow the chains to slip

past one another The bonds reform in new places and fiber or fabric is held in the creased

configurations

To impart wrinkle resistance to fabric resin is commonly used in conventional methods The

disadvantages of conventional resin applications include decrease in the strength of fiber and in

abrasion resistance water absorbency and dye ability as well as breathability To overcome the

limitations of using resin some researches employed nano-Titanium dioxide and nano Silica to

improve the wrinkle resistance of cotton and silk respectively

Nano-Titanium dioxide was employed with Carboxylic acid as a catalyst under UV irradiation to

catalyze the cross linking reaction between the cellulose molecule and the acid On other hand

nano-Silica was applied with Maleic anhydride as a catalyst the results showed that the

application of nano-Silica with Maleic anhydride could successfully improve the wrinkle

resistance of silk Odour fight finish

14

The active ingredient of odour fight finish fabric are nano-particles of bamboo charcoal made

from the Moso Bamboo the worlds most porous bamboo grown in the Jhushan ldquoBamboo

Mountainrdquo region of Taiwan The bamboo contains many pores in its structure making it

excellent for absorbing odour-causing chemicals controlling temperature and voiding moisture

The bamboo is also naturally biocidal and inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi

A Taiwanese nanotech firm Greensheild has created underwear that fights odour through

nanotechnology The underwear fibers release undetectable negative ions and infrared rays that

destroy odour-causing bacteria The negative ions create a magnetic field that inhibits the

reproduction of bacteria thus eliminating odour and lowering the risk of skin infection or

irritation

11 Anti-Pollen finish

Miyuki keori Co of Japan is marketing anti-pollen fabrics and garments It is claimed that

particles of 30nm sizes are attached to the surface of yarns The smoothness of the finish on the

surface and the anti-static effect does not let pollen or dust come close This is achieved by using

the polymer which has antistatic or electro conductive

Composition (Eg Fluor alkyl ndash methacrylate polymers)It is used in coats blouses hats gloves

arm covers bedding covers etc

12 Flame Retardant Finish

Nyacol nano technologies Inc has been the worldrsquos leading supplier of colloidal

Antimony pentoxide which is used for flame retardant finish in textile The company offers

colloidal antimony pentoxide as fine particle dispersion for use as a flame retardant synergist

with halogenated flame-retardants (The ratio of halogen to antimony is 51 to 21) Nano

antimony pentoxide is used with halogenated flame-retardants for a flame retardant finish to the

garments

15

13 Characteristics of nano finishing in garments

1 Their protective layer is difficult to detect with the naked eye

2 Saving time and laundering cost

3 When a substance is manipulated at sizes of approximately 100 nm the structure of the

processed clothing becomes more compressed This makes clothing stain- and dirt-resistant

5 Nano-materials allow good ventilation and reduce moisture absorption resulting in enhanced

breathability while maintaining the good hand feel of ordinary material

6 The crease resistant feature keeps clothing neat

7 Nano-processed products are toxic free

8 Garments stay bright fresh looking and are more durable than ordinary materials

9 Manufacturing cost is low adding value to the products

14 Some commercially available nano-particles

SNo Nano-Particles Properties

1 Silver Nano-Particles Anti-bacterial finishing

2 Fe Nano-Particles Conductive magnetic properties remote heating

3 ZnO and TiO2 UV protection fiber protection oxidative catalysis

4 TiO2 and MgO Chemical and biological protective performance

provide self-sterilizing function

5 SiO2 or Al2O3 Nano-particles

with PP or PE coating Super water repellent finishing

6 Indium-tin oxide Nano- EM IR protective clothing

Particles

7 Ceramic Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion

8 Carbon black Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion chemical

resistance and impart electrical conductivity

colouration of some textiles

9 Clay Nano-particles High electrical heat and chemical resistance

15 Next Generation Finishing

A) Nano-Care

A technology that brings about an entirely carefree fabric with wrinkle resistant shrink

proof water and stain repellent properties intended for use in cellulosic fibers such as cotton

and linen It is a next-generation ease-of-care dimension-stabilizing finish one step ahead of

methods that simply give wrinkle resistance and shrink-proofing Nano-Care withstands more

than 50 home launderings It imparts water repellency and stain resistance superior to those

of conventional methods maintaining high water and oil repellency levels (80 and 4) even

after 20 home washes

17

Features

bull Superior Stain Water and Oil Repellency

bull Resists Wrinkles

bull Breathable Fabric

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Easy Care

B) Nano-Pel

This nanotech application of water-and-oil repellent finishing is effective for use in

natural fibers such as cotton linen wool and silk as well as synthetics such as polyester

nylon and acryl Unsurpassed performance in durability and water and oil repellency may be

expected particularly with natural fibers Nano-Pel cotton withstands 50 home launderings

with functionality levels well-maintained for water and oil repellency (80 and 4) even after 20

washes (Figure shows Before amp After)

Features

Superior Water and Oil Repellency

bull Minimize Stains

bull Breathable Fabric

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Easy Care

bull Durable Performance

18

C) Nano-Dry

It is a hydrophilic finishing technology that imparts outstanding endurance of more

than 50 home launderings and offers prospects of considerable contribution to the area of

polyester and nylon synthetic garments Nano-Dry exerts durability superior to that of the

hydrophilic finishing of polyester commonly carried out in Japan using polyethylene glycol

polymer molecules and allows no dye migration when deep-dyed It is expected to serve

particularly well for use in nylon as there exists no such durable hydrophilic finishing in the

field of sportswear and underwear that require perspiration absorbency Considerable growth

is expected within the forthcoming period of 3 to 6 months mainly in the field of sportswear

Features

bull Moisture Wicking

bull Retains Breathability of Fabric

bull Quick Drying

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Durable Performance

D) Nano-Touch

This ultimate finishing technology gives durable cellulose wrapping over synthetic

fiber Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure to bring overall

solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic electrostatic having artificial

19

hand and glaring luster It will broaden the existing use of synthetics being free of their

disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being hydrophobic electrostatic and having

unnatural hand The following are examples of new areas of use created through Nano-

Touch a new standard for fiber compounding Self-assembled nanolayer (SAN) coating is a

challenge to traditional textile coating Research in this area is still in embryo stage In

selfassembled

nanolayer (SAN) coating target chemical molecules form a layer of thickness less

than nanometer on the surface of textile materials Additional layers can be added on the top

of the existing ones creating a nanolayered structure Different SAN approaches are being

explored to confer special functions to textile materials

Features

bull Superior Refinement in a Blended Fabric

bull Durable Performance

bull Luxurious Cotton-Like Hand

bull Easy Care

bull Reduced Static Build-up

Future Prospect

The development of ultra fine fibers functional finishes and smart textiles based on

the nanotechnology has end less properties At present the application of nano technology in

textiles has merely reaches only the starting line The reason for less commercialization of

nano technology is due to their higher time consumption and cost factor involved The current

global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going

to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States

Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have

bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of

nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus

(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials

(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology

The new functions with textiles to be developed include

20

1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and

sophisticated protection and detection

1048729 health-care and wound healing functions

16Conclusion

We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and

lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the

next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the

textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability

and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable

trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its

collaboration with other disciplines

With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the

technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie

Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile

chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some

of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been

briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will

emerge to dominate the textile field in future

21

REFRENCES

1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-

finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012

2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue

Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012

3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC

press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC

4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp

5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm

6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm

7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm

Lotus leaf Rose beetle insect Housefly

The water repellant property of fabric is obtained by creating combination of micro and nano-

whiskers with low surface energy which are generated by wax crystals and 11000 of the size of

a typical cotton fiber added to the fabric to create a peach fuzz effect This creates a cushion of

air on the fabric surface without lowering the strength of fabric When water hits the fabric it

beads on the points of the whiskers the beads compress the air in the cavities between the

whiskers creating extra buoyancy In technical terms the fabric has been rendered super-non

wettable or super-hydrophobic The whiskers also create fewer points of contact for dirt When

water is applied to soiled fabric the dirt adheres to the water far better than it adheres to the

textile surface and is carried off with the water as it beads up and rolls off the surface of the

fabric Thus the concept of Soil-cleaning is based on the leaves of the lotus plant

6

Self-cleaning fabric

bull Water oil and dirt simply roll off

bull But structures are sensitive to mechanical stress (scratching abrasion washing)

bull Effect is lost if structures are damaged

bull Nature can re-grow these structures ndash but textiles cannot

5 Anti-Microbial finish

Neither natural nor synthetic textile fibers are resistant to bacterial or pathogenic fungi

Therefore antibacterial disinfection and finishing technique have been developed for many types

of textiles Metallic ions and metallic compounds display a certain degree of sterilizing effect It

is considered that a part of oxygen in the air or water is turned into active oxygen by means of

photo catalysis with the metallic ion thereby dissolving the organic substance to create a

sterilizing effect With the use of nano sized particles the number of particles per unit area is

increased and thus anti-microbial effect can be maximized

Among the various antimicrobial agents used for finishing of textile substrates silver or silver

ions have long been known to have strong inhibitory and bactericidal effect as well as broad

spectrum of antimicrobial activities

7

Even though metallic silver has adequate antimicrobial properties it is expected that conversion

of silver to nano particles will have high specific area that may lead to high antimicrobial activity

compared to bulk metal The method of producing durable silver containing antimicrobial finish

is to encapsulate silver compound or nano particle with a fiber reactive polymer like poly

(styrene co-maleic-anhydride) Nano-silver particles have an extremely large relative surface

area thus increasing their contact with bacteria or fungi and vastly improving their bactericidal

and fungicidal effectiveness Nano-silver is very reactive with proteins When contacting

bacteria and fungus it will adversely affect cellular metabolism and inhibit cell growth It also

suppresses respiration the basal metabolism of the electron transfer system and the transport of

substrate into microbial cell membrane Furthermore it inhibits the growth of these bacteria and

fungi which cause infection odour itchiness and sores Hence nano-sliver particles are widely

applied to socks in order to prohibit the growth of bacteria In addition nano-silver can be applied

to a range of health care products such as dressings for burns scald skin donor and recipient

sites

Prof Yang has patented a process for preparing a silver nano particle containing functional

microcapsule having the intrinsic anti-microbial and therapeutic functions of silver as well as

additional functions of the products contained in the inner core of the capsule

8

These microcapsules can be prepared by a two step process In the first step an emulsified

solution of a perfume is encapsulated with melanin pre-condensate In second step microcapsule

so produced is treated with silver nano particle dispersed in water soluble styrene maleic

anhydride polymer solution before it fully dries Thus the microcapsules with dual function are

produced In these microcapsules the silver nano-particles are on the surface of the capsule

Instead of perfume we may use thermo sensitive pigment thermal storage materials or

pharmaceutical preparation in the inner core The treated yarns showed effective anti-microbial

activity against various bacteria fungi and Chlamydia that included Escherichia coli

nitrobacteria bacillus subtilis etc this finished goods is used in medical industry as a safe amp

effective means of controlling microbial growth in the wound bed

Ceramic coating of wound dressings (Sol-Gel-Process)

Ceramic coating for wound dressings through Sol-gel-Process is one of the latest advancement in

nano finishing Sol-gel-Process is a process for making very small particles 20 to 40nm that are

virtually impossible to make by conventional grinding Its main use at present seems to be for

optical coatings where the finer particles give the better optical clarity Manufacture of a fine

ceramic fiber seems to be the other common application

9

A liquid precursor of the particle is dissolved in a solvent usually alcohol water is added and

then acid or base The mixture is coated or cast The precursor then decomposes to form the fine

ceramic particles If the particle concentration is high the gel is dried and then heated at high

temperature to sinter the ceramic giving the desired ceramic film or fiber During this drying and

sintering process shrinkage occurs through loss of solvent and air and this shrinkage must be

carefully controlled to avoid cracking

6 UV ndashProtection finish

The most important functions performed by the garment are to protect the wearer from the

weather However it is also to protect the wearer from harmful rays of the sun The rays in the

wavelength region of 150 to 400 nm are known as ultraviolet radiations The UV-blocking

property of a fabric is enhanced when a dye pigment de-lustrant or ultraviolet absorber finish is

present that absorbs ultraviolet radiation and blocks its transmission through a fabric to the skin

To impart UV protection several nano compounds or nano particles can be applied on textile

material

Inorganic UV blockers are more preferable to organic UV blockers as they are non-toxic and

chemically stable under exposure to high temperature and UV Inorganic UV blockers are

usually certain semiconductors oxides such as TiO2 ZnO SiO2 and Al2O3 The commonest

nano compounds used are titanium dioxide and zinc oxide of nano size They provide a

protective benefit by reflecting scattering or absorbing harmful UV It was determined that nano

sized Titanium dioxide(TiO2) and Zinc oxide(ZnO) were more efficient at absorbing and

scattering UV radiations than the conventional size and were thus better able to block UV This

is due to the fact that nano-particles have larger surface area per unit mass and volume than the

conventional methods leading to the increase of effectiveness of blocking UV radiation Zinc

oxide nanoparticles scores over Titanium dioxide nanoparticles and nano-silver in cost-

effectiveness and UV-blocking property

For small particles light scattering predominates at approximately one-tenth of the wavelength

of the scattered light Raleighrsquos scattering theory stated that the scattering was strongly

dependent upon the wave length where the scattering was inversely proportional to the

10

wavelength to the fourth power This theory predicts that in order to scatter UV radiations

between 200nm and 400nm the optimum particle size will be 20nm to 40nm

Various research works on the application of UV-blocking treatment to fabric using nano

technology were conducted UV-blocking treatment for cotton fabrics was developed using the

sol-gel method A thin layer of Titanium dioxide is formed on the surface of the yarn or directly

on the fabric which provides excellent UV-protection ZnO nanoparticles are applied on cotton

using pad-dry-cure method Zinc oxide nanoparticles are prepared by wet chemical method using

zinc nitrate and sodium hydroxide as precursors and soluble starch as stabilizing agent These

nano-particles which have an average size of 40 nm were coated on the bleached cotton fabrics

(plain weave 30 s count) using acrylic binder and functional properties of coated fabrics were

studied On an average of 75 UV blocking was recorded for the cotton fabrics treated with 2

ZnO nanoparticles And in addition nano-ZnO impregnated onto cotton textiles showed

excellent antibacterial activity against two representative bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and

Klebsiella pneumoniae In case of wearable cotton textiles use of 06 nano-ZnO for coating

can be sufficient to impart antimicrobial property But in case of medical textiles where a high

degree of antimicrobial activity is required use of 10 nano-ZnO can be recommended Air

permeability of the nano-ZnO coated fabrics was significantly higher hence the increased

breathability In case of nano-ZnO coated fabric due to its nano-size and uniform distribution

friction was significantly lower than the bulk-ZnO coated fabric

Fabric treated with UV absorbers ensures that the clothes deflect the harmful ultraviolet rays of

the sun reducing a personrsquos UVR exposure and protecting the skin from potential damage The

extent of skin protection required by different types of human skin depends on UV radiation

intensity amp distribution in reference to geographical location time of day and season This

protection is expressed as UPF (UV Protection Factor) higher the UPF value better is the

protection against UV radiation

11

UPF before and after nano-TiO2 Coating

CO ndash Cotton

PES ndash Polyester

PA ndash Polyamide (6 66)

7 Swimsuits with minimum flow resistance

Special types of swimsuits are being used now days by the athletes in the water games These

swim suits minimizes the flow resistance while swimming through the water The kind of

swimsuits with less flow resistance was developed entirely based on nature as role model

Different friction coefficients on the fabrics are obtained by creating micro vortices on the fabric

surface using micro and nano-particles This effect is similar to the sharkrsquos skin which exhibits a

very low flow resistance in water The below figure shows the micro vortices on the sharkrsquos skin

and similar effect created on the swimsuit

12

Micro vortices on Sharkrsquos skin similar effect on swimsuit

8 Anti static performance

Conventionally surfactants were used to spread the small amount of moisture on the surface of

fiber so as to pose the static charge to leak away Static usually builds up in synthetic fibers such

as in nylon and polyester because they absorb little water Cellulose fibers such as cotton have

higher moisture content to carry away static charges so that no static charge will accumulate As

synthetic fibers provide poor anti-static properties research work concerning the improvement of

anti-static properties of textiles by using nanotechnology were conducted

One of the best electrically conductive nano particles is silver Silver nano particle helps to

dissipate the static charge effectively It was determined that nano-sized Titanium dioxide Zinc

oxide whiskers nano antimony-doped Tin oxide (ATO) and silane nanosol could impart

antistatic properties to the synthetic fibers TiO2 ZnO ATO provide anti-static effects because

they are electrically conductive materials Such materials help effectively to dissipate the static

charge which is accumulated on the fabric On the other hand the Silane gel particles absorb

moisture in the air by amino and hydroxyl groups and bound water and thus improves anti-static

properties of the fabric or garment

13

9 Advantages of Nano-Antistatic finish

bull Provides permanent static protection

bull Repels lint dust dirt and pet hair

bull Enhances appearance and comfort

bull Retains fabrics natural softness

bull Allows fabric to breathe naturally

10 Wrinkle resistance

Wrinkling occurs when the fiber is severally creased When fiber or fabric is bent hydrogen

bonds between the molecular chains in the amorphous regions break and allow the chains to slip

past one another The bonds reform in new places and fiber or fabric is held in the creased

configurations

To impart wrinkle resistance to fabric resin is commonly used in conventional methods The

disadvantages of conventional resin applications include decrease in the strength of fiber and in

abrasion resistance water absorbency and dye ability as well as breathability To overcome the

limitations of using resin some researches employed nano-Titanium dioxide and nano Silica to

improve the wrinkle resistance of cotton and silk respectively

Nano-Titanium dioxide was employed with Carboxylic acid as a catalyst under UV irradiation to

catalyze the cross linking reaction between the cellulose molecule and the acid On other hand

nano-Silica was applied with Maleic anhydride as a catalyst the results showed that the

application of nano-Silica with Maleic anhydride could successfully improve the wrinkle

resistance of silk Odour fight finish

14

The active ingredient of odour fight finish fabric are nano-particles of bamboo charcoal made

from the Moso Bamboo the worlds most porous bamboo grown in the Jhushan ldquoBamboo

Mountainrdquo region of Taiwan The bamboo contains many pores in its structure making it

excellent for absorbing odour-causing chemicals controlling temperature and voiding moisture

The bamboo is also naturally biocidal and inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi

A Taiwanese nanotech firm Greensheild has created underwear that fights odour through

nanotechnology The underwear fibers release undetectable negative ions and infrared rays that

destroy odour-causing bacteria The negative ions create a magnetic field that inhibits the

reproduction of bacteria thus eliminating odour and lowering the risk of skin infection or

irritation

11 Anti-Pollen finish

Miyuki keori Co of Japan is marketing anti-pollen fabrics and garments It is claimed that

particles of 30nm sizes are attached to the surface of yarns The smoothness of the finish on the

surface and the anti-static effect does not let pollen or dust come close This is achieved by using

the polymer which has antistatic or electro conductive

Composition (Eg Fluor alkyl ndash methacrylate polymers)It is used in coats blouses hats gloves

arm covers bedding covers etc

12 Flame Retardant Finish

Nyacol nano technologies Inc has been the worldrsquos leading supplier of colloidal

Antimony pentoxide which is used for flame retardant finish in textile The company offers

colloidal antimony pentoxide as fine particle dispersion for use as a flame retardant synergist

with halogenated flame-retardants (The ratio of halogen to antimony is 51 to 21) Nano

antimony pentoxide is used with halogenated flame-retardants for a flame retardant finish to the

garments

15

13 Characteristics of nano finishing in garments

1 Their protective layer is difficult to detect with the naked eye

2 Saving time and laundering cost

3 When a substance is manipulated at sizes of approximately 100 nm the structure of the

processed clothing becomes more compressed This makes clothing stain- and dirt-resistant

5 Nano-materials allow good ventilation and reduce moisture absorption resulting in enhanced

breathability while maintaining the good hand feel of ordinary material

6 The crease resistant feature keeps clothing neat

7 Nano-processed products are toxic free

8 Garments stay bright fresh looking and are more durable than ordinary materials

9 Manufacturing cost is low adding value to the products

14 Some commercially available nano-particles

SNo Nano-Particles Properties

1 Silver Nano-Particles Anti-bacterial finishing

2 Fe Nano-Particles Conductive magnetic properties remote heating

3 ZnO and TiO2 UV protection fiber protection oxidative catalysis

4 TiO2 and MgO Chemical and biological protective performance

provide self-sterilizing function

5 SiO2 or Al2O3 Nano-particles

with PP or PE coating Super water repellent finishing

6 Indium-tin oxide Nano- EM IR protective clothing

Particles

7 Ceramic Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion

8 Carbon black Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion chemical

resistance and impart electrical conductivity

colouration of some textiles

9 Clay Nano-particles High electrical heat and chemical resistance

15 Next Generation Finishing

A) Nano-Care

A technology that brings about an entirely carefree fabric with wrinkle resistant shrink

proof water and stain repellent properties intended for use in cellulosic fibers such as cotton

and linen It is a next-generation ease-of-care dimension-stabilizing finish one step ahead of

methods that simply give wrinkle resistance and shrink-proofing Nano-Care withstands more

than 50 home launderings It imparts water repellency and stain resistance superior to those

of conventional methods maintaining high water and oil repellency levels (80 and 4) even

after 20 home washes

17

Features

bull Superior Stain Water and Oil Repellency

bull Resists Wrinkles

bull Breathable Fabric

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Easy Care

B) Nano-Pel

This nanotech application of water-and-oil repellent finishing is effective for use in

natural fibers such as cotton linen wool and silk as well as synthetics such as polyester

nylon and acryl Unsurpassed performance in durability and water and oil repellency may be

expected particularly with natural fibers Nano-Pel cotton withstands 50 home launderings

with functionality levels well-maintained for water and oil repellency (80 and 4) even after 20

washes (Figure shows Before amp After)

Features

Superior Water and Oil Repellency

bull Minimize Stains

bull Breathable Fabric

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Easy Care

bull Durable Performance

18

C) Nano-Dry

It is a hydrophilic finishing technology that imparts outstanding endurance of more

than 50 home launderings and offers prospects of considerable contribution to the area of

polyester and nylon synthetic garments Nano-Dry exerts durability superior to that of the

hydrophilic finishing of polyester commonly carried out in Japan using polyethylene glycol

polymer molecules and allows no dye migration when deep-dyed It is expected to serve

particularly well for use in nylon as there exists no such durable hydrophilic finishing in the

field of sportswear and underwear that require perspiration absorbency Considerable growth

is expected within the forthcoming period of 3 to 6 months mainly in the field of sportswear

Features

bull Moisture Wicking

bull Retains Breathability of Fabric

bull Quick Drying

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Durable Performance

D) Nano-Touch

This ultimate finishing technology gives durable cellulose wrapping over synthetic

fiber Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure to bring overall

solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic electrostatic having artificial

19

hand and glaring luster It will broaden the existing use of synthetics being free of their

disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being hydrophobic electrostatic and having

unnatural hand The following are examples of new areas of use created through Nano-

Touch a new standard for fiber compounding Self-assembled nanolayer (SAN) coating is a

challenge to traditional textile coating Research in this area is still in embryo stage In

selfassembled

nanolayer (SAN) coating target chemical molecules form a layer of thickness less

than nanometer on the surface of textile materials Additional layers can be added on the top

of the existing ones creating a nanolayered structure Different SAN approaches are being

explored to confer special functions to textile materials

Features

bull Superior Refinement in a Blended Fabric

bull Durable Performance

bull Luxurious Cotton-Like Hand

bull Easy Care

bull Reduced Static Build-up

Future Prospect

The development of ultra fine fibers functional finishes and smart textiles based on

the nanotechnology has end less properties At present the application of nano technology in

textiles has merely reaches only the starting line The reason for less commercialization of

nano technology is due to their higher time consumption and cost factor involved The current

global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going

to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States

Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have

bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of

nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus

(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials

(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology

The new functions with textiles to be developed include

20

1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and

sophisticated protection and detection

1048729 health-care and wound healing functions

16Conclusion

We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and

lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the

next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the

textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability

and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable

trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its

collaboration with other disciplines

With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the

technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie

Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile

chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some

of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been

briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will

emerge to dominate the textile field in future

21

REFRENCES

1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-

finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012

2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue

Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012

3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC

press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC

4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp

5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm

6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm

7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm

5 Anti-Microbial finish

Neither natural nor synthetic textile fibers are resistant to bacterial or pathogenic fungi

Therefore antibacterial disinfection and finishing technique have been developed for many types

of textiles Metallic ions and metallic compounds display a certain degree of sterilizing effect It

is considered that a part of oxygen in the air or water is turned into active oxygen by means of

photo catalysis with the metallic ion thereby dissolving the organic substance to create a

sterilizing effect With the use of nano sized particles the number of particles per unit area is

increased and thus anti-microbial effect can be maximized

Among the various antimicrobial agents used for finishing of textile substrates silver or silver

ions have long been known to have strong inhibitory and bactericidal effect as well as broad

spectrum of antimicrobial activities

7

Even though metallic silver has adequate antimicrobial properties it is expected that conversion

of silver to nano particles will have high specific area that may lead to high antimicrobial activity

compared to bulk metal The method of producing durable silver containing antimicrobial finish

is to encapsulate silver compound or nano particle with a fiber reactive polymer like poly

(styrene co-maleic-anhydride) Nano-silver particles have an extremely large relative surface

area thus increasing their contact with bacteria or fungi and vastly improving their bactericidal

and fungicidal effectiveness Nano-silver is very reactive with proteins When contacting

bacteria and fungus it will adversely affect cellular metabolism and inhibit cell growth It also

suppresses respiration the basal metabolism of the electron transfer system and the transport of

substrate into microbial cell membrane Furthermore it inhibits the growth of these bacteria and

fungi which cause infection odour itchiness and sores Hence nano-sliver particles are widely

applied to socks in order to prohibit the growth of bacteria In addition nano-silver can be applied

to a range of health care products such as dressings for burns scald skin donor and recipient

sites

Prof Yang has patented a process for preparing a silver nano particle containing functional

microcapsule having the intrinsic anti-microbial and therapeutic functions of silver as well as

additional functions of the products contained in the inner core of the capsule

8

These microcapsules can be prepared by a two step process In the first step an emulsified

solution of a perfume is encapsulated with melanin pre-condensate In second step microcapsule

so produced is treated with silver nano particle dispersed in water soluble styrene maleic

anhydride polymer solution before it fully dries Thus the microcapsules with dual function are

produced In these microcapsules the silver nano-particles are on the surface of the capsule

Instead of perfume we may use thermo sensitive pigment thermal storage materials or

pharmaceutical preparation in the inner core The treated yarns showed effective anti-microbial

activity against various bacteria fungi and Chlamydia that included Escherichia coli

nitrobacteria bacillus subtilis etc this finished goods is used in medical industry as a safe amp

effective means of controlling microbial growth in the wound bed

Ceramic coating of wound dressings (Sol-Gel-Process)

Ceramic coating for wound dressings through Sol-gel-Process is one of the latest advancement in

nano finishing Sol-gel-Process is a process for making very small particles 20 to 40nm that are

virtually impossible to make by conventional grinding Its main use at present seems to be for

optical coatings where the finer particles give the better optical clarity Manufacture of a fine

ceramic fiber seems to be the other common application

9

A liquid precursor of the particle is dissolved in a solvent usually alcohol water is added and

then acid or base The mixture is coated or cast The precursor then decomposes to form the fine

ceramic particles If the particle concentration is high the gel is dried and then heated at high

temperature to sinter the ceramic giving the desired ceramic film or fiber During this drying and

sintering process shrinkage occurs through loss of solvent and air and this shrinkage must be

carefully controlled to avoid cracking

6 UV ndashProtection finish

The most important functions performed by the garment are to protect the wearer from the

weather However it is also to protect the wearer from harmful rays of the sun The rays in the

wavelength region of 150 to 400 nm are known as ultraviolet radiations The UV-blocking

property of a fabric is enhanced when a dye pigment de-lustrant or ultraviolet absorber finish is

present that absorbs ultraviolet radiation and blocks its transmission through a fabric to the skin

To impart UV protection several nano compounds or nano particles can be applied on textile

material

Inorganic UV blockers are more preferable to organic UV blockers as they are non-toxic and

chemically stable under exposure to high temperature and UV Inorganic UV blockers are

usually certain semiconductors oxides such as TiO2 ZnO SiO2 and Al2O3 The commonest

nano compounds used are titanium dioxide and zinc oxide of nano size They provide a

protective benefit by reflecting scattering or absorbing harmful UV It was determined that nano

sized Titanium dioxide(TiO2) and Zinc oxide(ZnO) were more efficient at absorbing and

scattering UV radiations than the conventional size and were thus better able to block UV This

is due to the fact that nano-particles have larger surface area per unit mass and volume than the

conventional methods leading to the increase of effectiveness of blocking UV radiation Zinc

oxide nanoparticles scores over Titanium dioxide nanoparticles and nano-silver in cost-

effectiveness and UV-blocking property

For small particles light scattering predominates at approximately one-tenth of the wavelength

of the scattered light Raleighrsquos scattering theory stated that the scattering was strongly

dependent upon the wave length where the scattering was inversely proportional to the

10

wavelength to the fourth power This theory predicts that in order to scatter UV radiations

between 200nm and 400nm the optimum particle size will be 20nm to 40nm

Various research works on the application of UV-blocking treatment to fabric using nano

technology were conducted UV-blocking treatment for cotton fabrics was developed using the

sol-gel method A thin layer of Titanium dioxide is formed on the surface of the yarn or directly

on the fabric which provides excellent UV-protection ZnO nanoparticles are applied on cotton

using pad-dry-cure method Zinc oxide nanoparticles are prepared by wet chemical method using

zinc nitrate and sodium hydroxide as precursors and soluble starch as stabilizing agent These

nano-particles which have an average size of 40 nm were coated on the bleached cotton fabrics

(plain weave 30 s count) using acrylic binder and functional properties of coated fabrics were

studied On an average of 75 UV blocking was recorded for the cotton fabrics treated with 2

ZnO nanoparticles And in addition nano-ZnO impregnated onto cotton textiles showed

excellent antibacterial activity against two representative bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and

Klebsiella pneumoniae In case of wearable cotton textiles use of 06 nano-ZnO for coating

can be sufficient to impart antimicrobial property But in case of medical textiles where a high

degree of antimicrobial activity is required use of 10 nano-ZnO can be recommended Air

permeability of the nano-ZnO coated fabrics was significantly higher hence the increased

breathability In case of nano-ZnO coated fabric due to its nano-size and uniform distribution

friction was significantly lower than the bulk-ZnO coated fabric

Fabric treated with UV absorbers ensures that the clothes deflect the harmful ultraviolet rays of

the sun reducing a personrsquos UVR exposure and protecting the skin from potential damage The

extent of skin protection required by different types of human skin depends on UV radiation

intensity amp distribution in reference to geographical location time of day and season This

protection is expressed as UPF (UV Protection Factor) higher the UPF value better is the

protection against UV radiation

11

UPF before and after nano-TiO2 Coating

CO ndash Cotton

PES ndash Polyester

PA ndash Polyamide (6 66)

7 Swimsuits with minimum flow resistance

Special types of swimsuits are being used now days by the athletes in the water games These

swim suits minimizes the flow resistance while swimming through the water The kind of

swimsuits with less flow resistance was developed entirely based on nature as role model

Different friction coefficients on the fabrics are obtained by creating micro vortices on the fabric

surface using micro and nano-particles This effect is similar to the sharkrsquos skin which exhibits a

very low flow resistance in water The below figure shows the micro vortices on the sharkrsquos skin

and similar effect created on the swimsuit

12

Micro vortices on Sharkrsquos skin similar effect on swimsuit

8 Anti static performance

Conventionally surfactants were used to spread the small amount of moisture on the surface of

fiber so as to pose the static charge to leak away Static usually builds up in synthetic fibers such

as in nylon and polyester because they absorb little water Cellulose fibers such as cotton have

higher moisture content to carry away static charges so that no static charge will accumulate As

synthetic fibers provide poor anti-static properties research work concerning the improvement of

anti-static properties of textiles by using nanotechnology were conducted

One of the best electrically conductive nano particles is silver Silver nano particle helps to

dissipate the static charge effectively It was determined that nano-sized Titanium dioxide Zinc

oxide whiskers nano antimony-doped Tin oxide (ATO) and silane nanosol could impart

antistatic properties to the synthetic fibers TiO2 ZnO ATO provide anti-static effects because

they are electrically conductive materials Such materials help effectively to dissipate the static

charge which is accumulated on the fabric On the other hand the Silane gel particles absorb

moisture in the air by amino and hydroxyl groups and bound water and thus improves anti-static

properties of the fabric or garment

13

9 Advantages of Nano-Antistatic finish

bull Provides permanent static protection

bull Repels lint dust dirt and pet hair

bull Enhances appearance and comfort

bull Retains fabrics natural softness

bull Allows fabric to breathe naturally

10 Wrinkle resistance

Wrinkling occurs when the fiber is severally creased When fiber or fabric is bent hydrogen

bonds between the molecular chains in the amorphous regions break and allow the chains to slip

past one another The bonds reform in new places and fiber or fabric is held in the creased

configurations

To impart wrinkle resistance to fabric resin is commonly used in conventional methods The

disadvantages of conventional resin applications include decrease in the strength of fiber and in

abrasion resistance water absorbency and dye ability as well as breathability To overcome the

limitations of using resin some researches employed nano-Titanium dioxide and nano Silica to

improve the wrinkle resistance of cotton and silk respectively

Nano-Titanium dioxide was employed with Carboxylic acid as a catalyst under UV irradiation to

catalyze the cross linking reaction between the cellulose molecule and the acid On other hand

nano-Silica was applied with Maleic anhydride as a catalyst the results showed that the

application of nano-Silica with Maleic anhydride could successfully improve the wrinkle

resistance of silk Odour fight finish

14

The active ingredient of odour fight finish fabric are nano-particles of bamboo charcoal made

from the Moso Bamboo the worlds most porous bamboo grown in the Jhushan ldquoBamboo

Mountainrdquo region of Taiwan The bamboo contains many pores in its structure making it

excellent for absorbing odour-causing chemicals controlling temperature and voiding moisture

The bamboo is also naturally biocidal and inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi

A Taiwanese nanotech firm Greensheild has created underwear that fights odour through

nanotechnology The underwear fibers release undetectable negative ions and infrared rays that

destroy odour-causing bacteria The negative ions create a magnetic field that inhibits the

reproduction of bacteria thus eliminating odour and lowering the risk of skin infection or

irritation

11 Anti-Pollen finish

Miyuki keori Co of Japan is marketing anti-pollen fabrics and garments It is claimed that

particles of 30nm sizes are attached to the surface of yarns The smoothness of the finish on the

surface and the anti-static effect does not let pollen or dust come close This is achieved by using

the polymer which has antistatic or electro conductive

Composition (Eg Fluor alkyl ndash methacrylate polymers)It is used in coats blouses hats gloves

arm covers bedding covers etc

12 Flame Retardant Finish

Nyacol nano technologies Inc has been the worldrsquos leading supplier of colloidal

Antimony pentoxide which is used for flame retardant finish in textile The company offers

colloidal antimony pentoxide as fine particle dispersion for use as a flame retardant synergist

with halogenated flame-retardants (The ratio of halogen to antimony is 51 to 21) Nano

antimony pentoxide is used with halogenated flame-retardants for a flame retardant finish to the

garments

15

13 Characteristics of nano finishing in garments

1 Their protective layer is difficult to detect with the naked eye

2 Saving time and laundering cost

3 When a substance is manipulated at sizes of approximately 100 nm the structure of the

processed clothing becomes more compressed This makes clothing stain- and dirt-resistant

5 Nano-materials allow good ventilation and reduce moisture absorption resulting in enhanced

breathability while maintaining the good hand feel of ordinary material

6 The crease resistant feature keeps clothing neat

7 Nano-processed products are toxic free

8 Garments stay bright fresh looking and are more durable than ordinary materials

9 Manufacturing cost is low adding value to the products

14 Some commercially available nano-particles

SNo Nano-Particles Properties

1 Silver Nano-Particles Anti-bacterial finishing

2 Fe Nano-Particles Conductive magnetic properties remote heating

3 ZnO and TiO2 UV protection fiber protection oxidative catalysis

4 TiO2 and MgO Chemical and biological protective performance

provide self-sterilizing function

5 SiO2 or Al2O3 Nano-particles

with PP or PE coating Super water repellent finishing

6 Indium-tin oxide Nano- EM IR protective clothing

Particles

7 Ceramic Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion

8 Carbon black Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion chemical

resistance and impart electrical conductivity

colouration of some textiles

9 Clay Nano-particles High electrical heat and chemical resistance

15 Next Generation Finishing

A) Nano-Care

A technology that brings about an entirely carefree fabric with wrinkle resistant shrink

proof water and stain repellent properties intended for use in cellulosic fibers such as cotton

and linen It is a next-generation ease-of-care dimension-stabilizing finish one step ahead of

methods that simply give wrinkle resistance and shrink-proofing Nano-Care withstands more

than 50 home launderings It imparts water repellency and stain resistance superior to those

of conventional methods maintaining high water and oil repellency levels (80 and 4) even

after 20 home washes

17

Features

bull Superior Stain Water and Oil Repellency

bull Resists Wrinkles

bull Breathable Fabric

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Easy Care

B) Nano-Pel

This nanotech application of water-and-oil repellent finishing is effective for use in

natural fibers such as cotton linen wool and silk as well as synthetics such as polyester

nylon and acryl Unsurpassed performance in durability and water and oil repellency may be

expected particularly with natural fibers Nano-Pel cotton withstands 50 home launderings

with functionality levels well-maintained for water and oil repellency (80 and 4) even after 20

washes (Figure shows Before amp After)

Features

Superior Water and Oil Repellency

bull Minimize Stains

bull Breathable Fabric

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Easy Care

bull Durable Performance

18

C) Nano-Dry

It is a hydrophilic finishing technology that imparts outstanding endurance of more

than 50 home launderings and offers prospects of considerable contribution to the area of

polyester and nylon synthetic garments Nano-Dry exerts durability superior to that of the

hydrophilic finishing of polyester commonly carried out in Japan using polyethylene glycol

polymer molecules and allows no dye migration when deep-dyed It is expected to serve

particularly well for use in nylon as there exists no such durable hydrophilic finishing in the

field of sportswear and underwear that require perspiration absorbency Considerable growth

is expected within the forthcoming period of 3 to 6 months mainly in the field of sportswear

Features

bull Moisture Wicking

bull Retains Breathability of Fabric

bull Quick Drying

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Durable Performance

D) Nano-Touch

This ultimate finishing technology gives durable cellulose wrapping over synthetic

fiber Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure to bring overall

solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic electrostatic having artificial

19

hand and glaring luster It will broaden the existing use of synthetics being free of their

disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being hydrophobic electrostatic and having

unnatural hand The following are examples of new areas of use created through Nano-

Touch a new standard for fiber compounding Self-assembled nanolayer (SAN) coating is a

challenge to traditional textile coating Research in this area is still in embryo stage In

selfassembled

nanolayer (SAN) coating target chemical molecules form a layer of thickness less

than nanometer on the surface of textile materials Additional layers can be added on the top

of the existing ones creating a nanolayered structure Different SAN approaches are being

explored to confer special functions to textile materials

Features

bull Superior Refinement in a Blended Fabric

bull Durable Performance

bull Luxurious Cotton-Like Hand

bull Easy Care

bull Reduced Static Build-up

Future Prospect

The development of ultra fine fibers functional finishes and smart textiles based on

the nanotechnology has end less properties At present the application of nano technology in

textiles has merely reaches only the starting line The reason for less commercialization of

nano technology is due to their higher time consumption and cost factor involved The current

global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going

to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States

Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have

bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of

nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus

(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials

(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology

The new functions with textiles to be developed include

20

1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and

sophisticated protection and detection

1048729 health-care and wound healing functions

16Conclusion

We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and

lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the

next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the

textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability

and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable

trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its

collaboration with other disciplines

With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the

technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie

Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile

chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some

of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been

briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will

emerge to dominate the textile field in future

21

REFRENCES

1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-

finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012

2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue

Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012

3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC

press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC

4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp

5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm

6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm

7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm

substrate into microbial cell membrane Furthermore it inhibits the growth of these bacteria and

fungi which cause infection odour itchiness and sores Hence nano-sliver particles are widely

applied to socks in order to prohibit the growth of bacteria In addition nano-silver can be applied

to a range of health care products such as dressings for burns scald skin donor and recipient

sites

Prof Yang has patented a process for preparing a silver nano particle containing functional

microcapsule having the intrinsic anti-microbial and therapeutic functions of silver as well as

additional functions of the products contained in the inner core of the capsule

8

These microcapsules can be prepared by a two step process In the first step an emulsified

solution of a perfume is encapsulated with melanin pre-condensate In second step microcapsule

so produced is treated with silver nano particle dispersed in water soluble styrene maleic

anhydride polymer solution before it fully dries Thus the microcapsules with dual function are

produced In these microcapsules the silver nano-particles are on the surface of the capsule

Instead of perfume we may use thermo sensitive pigment thermal storage materials or

pharmaceutical preparation in the inner core The treated yarns showed effective anti-microbial

activity against various bacteria fungi and Chlamydia that included Escherichia coli

nitrobacteria bacillus subtilis etc this finished goods is used in medical industry as a safe amp

effective means of controlling microbial growth in the wound bed

Ceramic coating of wound dressings (Sol-Gel-Process)

Ceramic coating for wound dressings through Sol-gel-Process is one of the latest advancement in

nano finishing Sol-gel-Process is a process for making very small particles 20 to 40nm that are

virtually impossible to make by conventional grinding Its main use at present seems to be for

optical coatings where the finer particles give the better optical clarity Manufacture of a fine

ceramic fiber seems to be the other common application

9

A liquid precursor of the particle is dissolved in a solvent usually alcohol water is added and

then acid or base The mixture is coated or cast The precursor then decomposes to form the fine

ceramic particles If the particle concentration is high the gel is dried and then heated at high

temperature to sinter the ceramic giving the desired ceramic film or fiber During this drying and

sintering process shrinkage occurs through loss of solvent and air and this shrinkage must be

carefully controlled to avoid cracking

6 UV ndashProtection finish

The most important functions performed by the garment are to protect the wearer from the

weather However it is also to protect the wearer from harmful rays of the sun The rays in the

wavelength region of 150 to 400 nm are known as ultraviolet radiations The UV-blocking

property of a fabric is enhanced when a dye pigment de-lustrant or ultraviolet absorber finish is

present that absorbs ultraviolet radiation and blocks its transmission through a fabric to the skin

To impart UV protection several nano compounds or nano particles can be applied on textile

material

Inorganic UV blockers are more preferable to organic UV blockers as they are non-toxic and

chemically stable under exposure to high temperature and UV Inorganic UV blockers are

usually certain semiconductors oxides such as TiO2 ZnO SiO2 and Al2O3 The commonest

nano compounds used are titanium dioxide and zinc oxide of nano size They provide a

protective benefit by reflecting scattering or absorbing harmful UV It was determined that nano

sized Titanium dioxide(TiO2) and Zinc oxide(ZnO) were more efficient at absorbing and

scattering UV radiations than the conventional size and were thus better able to block UV This

is due to the fact that nano-particles have larger surface area per unit mass and volume than the

conventional methods leading to the increase of effectiveness of blocking UV radiation Zinc

oxide nanoparticles scores over Titanium dioxide nanoparticles and nano-silver in cost-

effectiveness and UV-blocking property

For small particles light scattering predominates at approximately one-tenth of the wavelength

of the scattered light Raleighrsquos scattering theory stated that the scattering was strongly

dependent upon the wave length where the scattering was inversely proportional to the

10

wavelength to the fourth power This theory predicts that in order to scatter UV radiations

between 200nm and 400nm the optimum particle size will be 20nm to 40nm

Various research works on the application of UV-blocking treatment to fabric using nano

technology were conducted UV-blocking treatment for cotton fabrics was developed using the

sol-gel method A thin layer of Titanium dioxide is formed on the surface of the yarn or directly

on the fabric which provides excellent UV-protection ZnO nanoparticles are applied on cotton

using pad-dry-cure method Zinc oxide nanoparticles are prepared by wet chemical method using

zinc nitrate and sodium hydroxide as precursors and soluble starch as stabilizing agent These

nano-particles which have an average size of 40 nm were coated on the bleached cotton fabrics

(plain weave 30 s count) using acrylic binder and functional properties of coated fabrics were

studied On an average of 75 UV blocking was recorded for the cotton fabrics treated with 2

ZnO nanoparticles And in addition nano-ZnO impregnated onto cotton textiles showed

excellent antibacterial activity against two representative bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and

Klebsiella pneumoniae In case of wearable cotton textiles use of 06 nano-ZnO for coating

can be sufficient to impart antimicrobial property But in case of medical textiles where a high

degree of antimicrobial activity is required use of 10 nano-ZnO can be recommended Air

permeability of the nano-ZnO coated fabrics was significantly higher hence the increased

breathability In case of nano-ZnO coated fabric due to its nano-size and uniform distribution

friction was significantly lower than the bulk-ZnO coated fabric

Fabric treated with UV absorbers ensures that the clothes deflect the harmful ultraviolet rays of

the sun reducing a personrsquos UVR exposure and protecting the skin from potential damage The

extent of skin protection required by different types of human skin depends on UV radiation

intensity amp distribution in reference to geographical location time of day and season This

protection is expressed as UPF (UV Protection Factor) higher the UPF value better is the

protection against UV radiation

11

UPF before and after nano-TiO2 Coating

CO ndash Cotton

PES ndash Polyester

PA ndash Polyamide (6 66)

7 Swimsuits with minimum flow resistance

Special types of swimsuits are being used now days by the athletes in the water games These

swim suits minimizes the flow resistance while swimming through the water The kind of

swimsuits with less flow resistance was developed entirely based on nature as role model

Different friction coefficients on the fabrics are obtained by creating micro vortices on the fabric

surface using micro and nano-particles This effect is similar to the sharkrsquos skin which exhibits a

very low flow resistance in water The below figure shows the micro vortices on the sharkrsquos skin

and similar effect created on the swimsuit

12

Micro vortices on Sharkrsquos skin similar effect on swimsuit

8 Anti static performance

Conventionally surfactants were used to spread the small amount of moisture on the surface of

fiber so as to pose the static charge to leak away Static usually builds up in synthetic fibers such

as in nylon and polyester because they absorb little water Cellulose fibers such as cotton have

higher moisture content to carry away static charges so that no static charge will accumulate As

synthetic fibers provide poor anti-static properties research work concerning the improvement of

anti-static properties of textiles by using nanotechnology were conducted

One of the best electrically conductive nano particles is silver Silver nano particle helps to

dissipate the static charge effectively It was determined that nano-sized Titanium dioxide Zinc

oxide whiskers nano antimony-doped Tin oxide (ATO) and silane nanosol could impart

antistatic properties to the synthetic fibers TiO2 ZnO ATO provide anti-static effects because

they are electrically conductive materials Such materials help effectively to dissipate the static

charge which is accumulated on the fabric On the other hand the Silane gel particles absorb

moisture in the air by amino and hydroxyl groups and bound water and thus improves anti-static

properties of the fabric or garment

13

9 Advantages of Nano-Antistatic finish

bull Provides permanent static protection

bull Repels lint dust dirt and pet hair

bull Enhances appearance and comfort

bull Retains fabrics natural softness

bull Allows fabric to breathe naturally

10 Wrinkle resistance

Wrinkling occurs when the fiber is severally creased When fiber or fabric is bent hydrogen

bonds between the molecular chains in the amorphous regions break and allow the chains to slip

past one another The bonds reform in new places and fiber or fabric is held in the creased

configurations

To impart wrinkle resistance to fabric resin is commonly used in conventional methods The

disadvantages of conventional resin applications include decrease in the strength of fiber and in

abrasion resistance water absorbency and dye ability as well as breathability To overcome the

limitations of using resin some researches employed nano-Titanium dioxide and nano Silica to

improve the wrinkle resistance of cotton and silk respectively

Nano-Titanium dioxide was employed with Carboxylic acid as a catalyst under UV irradiation to

catalyze the cross linking reaction between the cellulose molecule and the acid On other hand

nano-Silica was applied with Maleic anhydride as a catalyst the results showed that the

application of nano-Silica with Maleic anhydride could successfully improve the wrinkle

resistance of silk Odour fight finish

14

The active ingredient of odour fight finish fabric are nano-particles of bamboo charcoal made

from the Moso Bamboo the worlds most porous bamboo grown in the Jhushan ldquoBamboo

Mountainrdquo region of Taiwan The bamboo contains many pores in its structure making it

excellent for absorbing odour-causing chemicals controlling temperature and voiding moisture

The bamboo is also naturally biocidal and inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi

A Taiwanese nanotech firm Greensheild has created underwear that fights odour through

nanotechnology The underwear fibers release undetectable negative ions and infrared rays that

destroy odour-causing bacteria The negative ions create a magnetic field that inhibits the

reproduction of bacteria thus eliminating odour and lowering the risk of skin infection or

irritation

11 Anti-Pollen finish

Miyuki keori Co of Japan is marketing anti-pollen fabrics and garments It is claimed that

particles of 30nm sizes are attached to the surface of yarns The smoothness of the finish on the

surface and the anti-static effect does not let pollen or dust come close This is achieved by using

the polymer which has antistatic or electro conductive

Composition (Eg Fluor alkyl ndash methacrylate polymers)It is used in coats blouses hats gloves

arm covers bedding covers etc

12 Flame Retardant Finish

Nyacol nano technologies Inc has been the worldrsquos leading supplier of colloidal

Antimony pentoxide which is used for flame retardant finish in textile The company offers

colloidal antimony pentoxide as fine particle dispersion for use as a flame retardant synergist

with halogenated flame-retardants (The ratio of halogen to antimony is 51 to 21) Nano

antimony pentoxide is used with halogenated flame-retardants for a flame retardant finish to the

garments

15

13 Characteristics of nano finishing in garments

1 Their protective layer is difficult to detect with the naked eye

2 Saving time and laundering cost

3 When a substance is manipulated at sizes of approximately 100 nm the structure of the

processed clothing becomes more compressed This makes clothing stain- and dirt-resistant

5 Nano-materials allow good ventilation and reduce moisture absorption resulting in enhanced

breathability while maintaining the good hand feel of ordinary material

6 The crease resistant feature keeps clothing neat

7 Nano-processed products are toxic free

8 Garments stay bright fresh looking and are more durable than ordinary materials

9 Manufacturing cost is low adding value to the products

14 Some commercially available nano-particles

SNo Nano-Particles Properties

1 Silver Nano-Particles Anti-bacterial finishing

2 Fe Nano-Particles Conductive magnetic properties remote heating

3 ZnO and TiO2 UV protection fiber protection oxidative catalysis

4 TiO2 and MgO Chemical and biological protective performance

provide self-sterilizing function

5 SiO2 or Al2O3 Nano-particles

with PP or PE coating Super water repellent finishing

6 Indium-tin oxide Nano- EM IR protective clothing

Particles

7 Ceramic Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion

8 Carbon black Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion chemical

resistance and impart electrical conductivity

colouration of some textiles

9 Clay Nano-particles High electrical heat and chemical resistance

15 Next Generation Finishing

A) Nano-Care

A technology that brings about an entirely carefree fabric with wrinkle resistant shrink

proof water and stain repellent properties intended for use in cellulosic fibers such as cotton

and linen It is a next-generation ease-of-care dimension-stabilizing finish one step ahead of

methods that simply give wrinkle resistance and shrink-proofing Nano-Care withstands more

than 50 home launderings It imparts water repellency and stain resistance superior to those

of conventional methods maintaining high water and oil repellency levels (80 and 4) even

after 20 home washes

17

Features

bull Superior Stain Water and Oil Repellency

bull Resists Wrinkles

bull Breathable Fabric

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Easy Care

B) Nano-Pel

This nanotech application of water-and-oil repellent finishing is effective for use in

natural fibers such as cotton linen wool and silk as well as synthetics such as polyester

nylon and acryl Unsurpassed performance in durability and water and oil repellency may be

expected particularly with natural fibers Nano-Pel cotton withstands 50 home launderings

with functionality levels well-maintained for water and oil repellency (80 and 4) even after 20

washes (Figure shows Before amp After)

Features

Superior Water and Oil Repellency

bull Minimize Stains

bull Breathable Fabric

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Easy Care

bull Durable Performance

18

C) Nano-Dry

It is a hydrophilic finishing technology that imparts outstanding endurance of more

than 50 home launderings and offers prospects of considerable contribution to the area of

polyester and nylon synthetic garments Nano-Dry exerts durability superior to that of the

hydrophilic finishing of polyester commonly carried out in Japan using polyethylene glycol

polymer molecules and allows no dye migration when deep-dyed It is expected to serve

particularly well for use in nylon as there exists no such durable hydrophilic finishing in the

field of sportswear and underwear that require perspiration absorbency Considerable growth

is expected within the forthcoming period of 3 to 6 months mainly in the field of sportswear

Features

bull Moisture Wicking

bull Retains Breathability of Fabric

bull Quick Drying

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Durable Performance

D) Nano-Touch

This ultimate finishing technology gives durable cellulose wrapping over synthetic

fiber Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure to bring overall

solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic electrostatic having artificial

19

hand and glaring luster It will broaden the existing use of synthetics being free of their

disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being hydrophobic electrostatic and having

unnatural hand The following are examples of new areas of use created through Nano-

Touch a new standard for fiber compounding Self-assembled nanolayer (SAN) coating is a

challenge to traditional textile coating Research in this area is still in embryo stage In

selfassembled

nanolayer (SAN) coating target chemical molecules form a layer of thickness less

than nanometer on the surface of textile materials Additional layers can be added on the top

of the existing ones creating a nanolayered structure Different SAN approaches are being

explored to confer special functions to textile materials

Features

bull Superior Refinement in a Blended Fabric

bull Durable Performance

bull Luxurious Cotton-Like Hand

bull Easy Care

bull Reduced Static Build-up

Future Prospect

The development of ultra fine fibers functional finishes and smart textiles based on

the nanotechnology has end less properties At present the application of nano technology in

textiles has merely reaches only the starting line The reason for less commercialization of

nano technology is due to their higher time consumption and cost factor involved The current

global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going

to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States

Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have

bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of

nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus

(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials

(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology

The new functions with textiles to be developed include

20

1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and

sophisticated protection and detection

1048729 health-care and wound healing functions

16Conclusion

We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and

lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the

next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the

textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability

and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable

trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its

collaboration with other disciplines

With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the

technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie

Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile

chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some

of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been

briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will

emerge to dominate the textile field in future

21

REFRENCES

1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-

finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012

2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue

Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012

3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC

press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC

4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp

5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm

6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm

7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm

nitrobacteria bacillus subtilis etc this finished goods is used in medical industry as a safe amp

effective means of controlling microbial growth in the wound bed

Ceramic coating of wound dressings (Sol-Gel-Process)

Ceramic coating for wound dressings through Sol-gel-Process is one of the latest advancement in

nano finishing Sol-gel-Process is a process for making very small particles 20 to 40nm that are

virtually impossible to make by conventional grinding Its main use at present seems to be for

optical coatings where the finer particles give the better optical clarity Manufacture of a fine

ceramic fiber seems to be the other common application

9

A liquid precursor of the particle is dissolved in a solvent usually alcohol water is added and

then acid or base The mixture is coated or cast The precursor then decomposes to form the fine

ceramic particles If the particle concentration is high the gel is dried and then heated at high

temperature to sinter the ceramic giving the desired ceramic film or fiber During this drying and

sintering process shrinkage occurs through loss of solvent and air and this shrinkage must be

carefully controlled to avoid cracking

6 UV ndashProtection finish

The most important functions performed by the garment are to protect the wearer from the

weather However it is also to protect the wearer from harmful rays of the sun The rays in the

wavelength region of 150 to 400 nm are known as ultraviolet radiations The UV-blocking

property of a fabric is enhanced when a dye pigment de-lustrant or ultraviolet absorber finish is

present that absorbs ultraviolet radiation and blocks its transmission through a fabric to the skin

To impart UV protection several nano compounds or nano particles can be applied on textile

material

Inorganic UV blockers are more preferable to organic UV blockers as they are non-toxic and

chemically stable under exposure to high temperature and UV Inorganic UV blockers are

usually certain semiconductors oxides such as TiO2 ZnO SiO2 and Al2O3 The commonest

nano compounds used are titanium dioxide and zinc oxide of nano size They provide a

protective benefit by reflecting scattering or absorbing harmful UV It was determined that nano

sized Titanium dioxide(TiO2) and Zinc oxide(ZnO) were more efficient at absorbing and

scattering UV radiations than the conventional size and were thus better able to block UV This

is due to the fact that nano-particles have larger surface area per unit mass and volume than the

conventional methods leading to the increase of effectiveness of blocking UV radiation Zinc

oxide nanoparticles scores over Titanium dioxide nanoparticles and nano-silver in cost-

effectiveness and UV-blocking property

For small particles light scattering predominates at approximately one-tenth of the wavelength

of the scattered light Raleighrsquos scattering theory stated that the scattering was strongly

dependent upon the wave length where the scattering was inversely proportional to the

10

wavelength to the fourth power This theory predicts that in order to scatter UV radiations

between 200nm and 400nm the optimum particle size will be 20nm to 40nm

Various research works on the application of UV-blocking treatment to fabric using nano

technology were conducted UV-blocking treatment for cotton fabrics was developed using the

sol-gel method A thin layer of Titanium dioxide is formed on the surface of the yarn or directly

on the fabric which provides excellent UV-protection ZnO nanoparticles are applied on cotton

using pad-dry-cure method Zinc oxide nanoparticles are prepared by wet chemical method using

zinc nitrate and sodium hydroxide as precursors and soluble starch as stabilizing agent These

nano-particles which have an average size of 40 nm were coated on the bleached cotton fabrics

(plain weave 30 s count) using acrylic binder and functional properties of coated fabrics were

studied On an average of 75 UV blocking was recorded for the cotton fabrics treated with 2

ZnO nanoparticles And in addition nano-ZnO impregnated onto cotton textiles showed

excellent antibacterial activity against two representative bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and

Klebsiella pneumoniae In case of wearable cotton textiles use of 06 nano-ZnO for coating

can be sufficient to impart antimicrobial property But in case of medical textiles where a high

degree of antimicrobial activity is required use of 10 nano-ZnO can be recommended Air

permeability of the nano-ZnO coated fabrics was significantly higher hence the increased

breathability In case of nano-ZnO coated fabric due to its nano-size and uniform distribution

friction was significantly lower than the bulk-ZnO coated fabric

Fabric treated with UV absorbers ensures that the clothes deflect the harmful ultraviolet rays of

the sun reducing a personrsquos UVR exposure and protecting the skin from potential damage The

extent of skin protection required by different types of human skin depends on UV radiation

intensity amp distribution in reference to geographical location time of day and season This

protection is expressed as UPF (UV Protection Factor) higher the UPF value better is the

protection against UV radiation

11

UPF before and after nano-TiO2 Coating

CO ndash Cotton

PES ndash Polyester

PA ndash Polyamide (6 66)

7 Swimsuits with minimum flow resistance

Special types of swimsuits are being used now days by the athletes in the water games These

swim suits minimizes the flow resistance while swimming through the water The kind of

swimsuits with less flow resistance was developed entirely based on nature as role model

Different friction coefficients on the fabrics are obtained by creating micro vortices on the fabric

surface using micro and nano-particles This effect is similar to the sharkrsquos skin which exhibits a

very low flow resistance in water The below figure shows the micro vortices on the sharkrsquos skin

and similar effect created on the swimsuit

12

Micro vortices on Sharkrsquos skin similar effect on swimsuit

8 Anti static performance

Conventionally surfactants were used to spread the small amount of moisture on the surface of

fiber so as to pose the static charge to leak away Static usually builds up in synthetic fibers such

as in nylon and polyester because they absorb little water Cellulose fibers such as cotton have

higher moisture content to carry away static charges so that no static charge will accumulate As

synthetic fibers provide poor anti-static properties research work concerning the improvement of

anti-static properties of textiles by using nanotechnology were conducted

One of the best electrically conductive nano particles is silver Silver nano particle helps to

dissipate the static charge effectively It was determined that nano-sized Titanium dioxide Zinc

oxide whiskers nano antimony-doped Tin oxide (ATO) and silane nanosol could impart

antistatic properties to the synthetic fibers TiO2 ZnO ATO provide anti-static effects because

they are electrically conductive materials Such materials help effectively to dissipate the static

charge which is accumulated on the fabric On the other hand the Silane gel particles absorb

moisture in the air by amino and hydroxyl groups and bound water and thus improves anti-static

properties of the fabric or garment

13

9 Advantages of Nano-Antistatic finish

bull Provides permanent static protection

bull Repels lint dust dirt and pet hair

bull Enhances appearance and comfort

bull Retains fabrics natural softness

bull Allows fabric to breathe naturally

10 Wrinkle resistance

Wrinkling occurs when the fiber is severally creased When fiber or fabric is bent hydrogen

bonds between the molecular chains in the amorphous regions break and allow the chains to slip

past one another The bonds reform in new places and fiber or fabric is held in the creased

configurations

To impart wrinkle resistance to fabric resin is commonly used in conventional methods The

disadvantages of conventional resin applications include decrease in the strength of fiber and in

abrasion resistance water absorbency and dye ability as well as breathability To overcome the

limitations of using resin some researches employed nano-Titanium dioxide and nano Silica to

improve the wrinkle resistance of cotton and silk respectively

Nano-Titanium dioxide was employed with Carboxylic acid as a catalyst under UV irradiation to

catalyze the cross linking reaction between the cellulose molecule and the acid On other hand

nano-Silica was applied with Maleic anhydride as a catalyst the results showed that the

application of nano-Silica with Maleic anhydride could successfully improve the wrinkle

resistance of silk Odour fight finish

14

The active ingredient of odour fight finish fabric are nano-particles of bamboo charcoal made

from the Moso Bamboo the worlds most porous bamboo grown in the Jhushan ldquoBamboo

Mountainrdquo region of Taiwan The bamboo contains many pores in its structure making it

excellent for absorbing odour-causing chemicals controlling temperature and voiding moisture

The bamboo is also naturally biocidal and inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi

A Taiwanese nanotech firm Greensheild has created underwear that fights odour through

nanotechnology The underwear fibers release undetectable negative ions and infrared rays that

destroy odour-causing bacteria The negative ions create a magnetic field that inhibits the

reproduction of bacteria thus eliminating odour and lowering the risk of skin infection or

irritation

11 Anti-Pollen finish

Miyuki keori Co of Japan is marketing anti-pollen fabrics and garments It is claimed that

particles of 30nm sizes are attached to the surface of yarns The smoothness of the finish on the

surface and the anti-static effect does not let pollen or dust come close This is achieved by using

the polymer which has antistatic or electro conductive

Composition (Eg Fluor alkyl ndash methacrylate polymers)It is used in coats blouses hats gloves

arm covers bedding covers etc

12 Flame Retardant Finish

Nyacol nano technologies Inc has been the worldrsquos leading supplier of colloidal

Antimony pentoxide which is used for flame retardant finish in textile The company offers

colloidal antimony pentoxide as fine particle dispersion for use as a flame retardant synergist

with halogenated flame-retardants (The ratio of halogen to antimony is 51 to 21) Nano

antimony pentoxide is used with halogenated flame-retardants for a flame retardant finish to the

garments

15

13 Characteristics of nano finishing in garments

1 Their protective layer is difficult to detect with the naked eye

2 Saving time and laundering cost

3 When a substance is manipulated at sizes of approximately 100 nm the structure of the

processed clothing becomes more compressed This makes clothing stain- and dirt-resistant

5 Nano-materials allow good ventilation and reduce moisture absorption resulting in enhanced

breathability while maintaining the good hand feel of ordinary material

6 The crease resistant feature keeps clothing neat

7 Nano-processed products are toxic free

8 Garments stay bright fresh looking and are more durable than ordinary materials

9 Manufacturing cost is low adding value to the products

14 Some commercially available nano-particles

SNo Nano-Particles Properties

1 Silver Nano-Particles Anti-bacterial finishing

2 Fe Nano-Particles Conductive magnetic properties remote heating

3 ZnO and TiO2 UV protection fiber protection oxidative catalysis

4 TiO2 and MgO Chemical and biological protective performance

provide self-sterilizing function

5 SiO2 or Al2O3 Nano-particles

with PP or PE coating Super water repellent finishing

6 Indium-tin oxide Nano- EM IR protective clothing

Particles

7 Ceramic Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion

8 Carbon black Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion chemical

resistance and impart electrical conductivity

colouration of some textiles

9 Clay Nano-particles High electrical heat and chemical resistance

15 Next Generation Finishing

A) Nano-Care

A technology that brings about an entirely carefree fabric with wrinkle resistant shrink

proof water and stain repellent properties intended for use in cellulosic fibers such as cotton

and linen It is a next-generation ease-of-care dimension-stabilizing finish one step ahead of

methods that simply give wrinkle resistance and shrink-proofing Nano-Care withstands more

than 50 home launderings It imparts water repellency and stain resistance superior to those

of conventional methods maintaining high water and oil repellency levels (80 and 4) even

after 20 home washes

17

Features

bull Superior Stain Water and Oil Repellency

bull Resists Wrinkles

bull Breathable Fabric

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Easy Care

B) Nano-Pel

This nanotech application of water-and-oil repellent finishing is effective for use in

natural fibers such as cotton linen wool and silk as well as synthetics such as polyester

nylon and acryl Unsurpassed performance in durability and water and oil repellency may be

expected particularly with natural fibers Nano-Pel cotton withstands 50 home launderings

with functionality levels well-maintained for water and oil repellency (80 and 4) even after 20

washes (Figure shows Before amp After)

Features

Superior Water and Oil Repellency

bull Minimize Stains

bull Breathable Fabric

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Easy Care

bull Durable Performance

18

C) Nano-Dry

It is a hydrophilic finishing technology that imparts outstanding endurance of more

than 50 home launderings and offers prospects of considerable contribution to the area of

polyester and nylon synthetic garments Nano-Dry exerts durability superior to that of the

hydrophilic finishing of polyester commonly carried out in Japan using polyethylene glycol

polymer molecules and allows no dye migration when deep-dyed It is expected to serve

particularly well for use in nylon as there exists no such durable hydrophilic finishing in the

field of sportswear and underwear that require perspiration absorbency Considerable growth

is expected within the forthcoming period of 3 to 6 months mainly in the field of sportswear

Features

bull Moisture Wicking

bull Retains Breathability of Fabric

bull Quick Drying

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Durable Performance

D) Nano-Touch

This ultimate finishing technology gives durable cellulose wrapping over synthetic

fiber Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure to bring overall

solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic electrostatic having artificial

19

hand and glaring luster It will broaden the existing use of synthetics being free of their

disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being hydrophobic electrostatic and having

unnatural hand The following are examples of new areas of use created through Nano-

Touch a new standard for fiber compounding Self-assembled nanolayer (SAN) coating is a

challenge to traditional textile coating Research in this area is still in embryo stage In

selfassembled

nanolayer (SAN) coating target chemical molecules form a layer of thickness less

than nanometer on the surface of textile materials Additional layers can be added on the top

of the existing ones creating a nanolayered structure Different SAN approaches are being

explored to confer special functions to textile materials

Features

bull Superior Refinement in a Blended Fabric

bull Durable Performance

bull Luxurious Cotton-Like Hand

bull Easy Care

bull Reduced Static Build-up

Future Prospect

The development of ultra fine fibers functional finishes and smart textiles based on

the nanotechnology has end less properties At present the application of nano technology in

textiles has merely reaches only the starting line The reason for less commercialization of

nano technology is due to their higher time consumption and cost factor involved The current

global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going

to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States

Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have

bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of

nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus

(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials

(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology

The new functions with textiles to be developed include

20

1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and

sophisticated protection and detection

1048729 health-care and wound healing functions

16Conclusion

We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and

lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the

next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the

textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability

and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable

trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its

collaboration with other disciplines

With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the

technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie

Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile

chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some

of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been

briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will

emerge to dominate the textile field in future

21

REFRENCES

1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-

finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012

2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue

Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012

3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC

press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC

4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp

5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm

6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm

7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm

The most important functions performed by the garment are to protect the wearer from the

weather However it is also to protect the wearer from harmful rays of the sun The rays in the

wavelength region of 150 to 400 nm are known as ultraviolet radiations The UV-blocking

property of a fabric is enhanced when a dye pigment de-lustrant or ultraviolet absorber finish is

present that absorbs ultraviolet radiation and blocks its transmission through a fabric to the skin

To impart UV protection several nano compounds or nano particles can be applied on textile

material

Inorganic UV blockers are more preferable to organic UV blockers as they are non-toxic and

chemically stable under exposure to high temperature and UV Inorganic UV blockers are

usually certain semiconductors oxides such as TiO2 ZnO SiO2 and Al2O3 The commonest

nano compounds used are titanium dioxide and zinc oxide of nano size They provide a

protective benefit by reflecting scattering or absorbing harmful UV It was determined that nano

sized Titanium dioxide(TiO2) and Zinc oxide(ZnO) were more efficient at absorbing and

scattering UV radiations than the conventional size and were thus better able to block UV This

is due to the fact that nano-particles have larger surface area per unit mass and volume than the

conventional methods leading to the increase of effectiveness of blocking UV radiation Zinc

oxide nanoparticles scores over Titanium dioxide nanoparticles and nano-silver in cost-

effectiveness and UV-blocking property

For small particles light scattering predominates at approximately one-tenth of the wavelength

of the scattered light Raleighrsquos scattering theory stated that the scattering was strongly

dependent upon the wave length where the scattering was inversely proportional to the

10

wavelength to the fourth power This theory predicts that in order to scatter UV radiations

between 200nm and 400nm the optimum particle size will be 20nm to 40nm

Various research works on the application of UV-blocking treatment to fabric using nano

technology were conducted UV-blocking treatment for cotton fabrics was developed using the

sol-gel method A thin layer of Titanium dioxide is formed on the surface of the yarn or directly

on the fabric which provides excellent UV-protection ZnO nanoparticles are applied on cotton

using pad-dry-cure method Zinc oxide nanoparticles are prepared by wet chemical method using

zinc nitrate and sodium hydroxide as precursors and soluble starch as stabilizing agent These

nano-particles which have an average size of 40 nm were coated on the bleached cotton fabrics

(plain weave 30 s count) using acrylic binder and functional properties of coated fabrics were

studied On an average of 75 UV blocking was recorded for the cotton fabrics treated with 2

ZnO nanoparticles And in addition nano-ZnO impregnated onto cotton textiles showed

excellent antibacterial activity against two representative bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and

Klebsiella pneumoniae In case of wearable cotton textiles use of 06 nano-ZnO for coating

can be sufficient to impart antimicrobial property But in case of medical textiles where a high

degree of antimicrobial activity is required use of 10 nano-ZnO can be recommended Air

permeability of the nano-ZnO coated fabrics was significantly higher hence the increased

breathability In case of nano-ZnO coated fabric due to its nano-size and uniform distribution

friction was significantly lower than the bulk-ZnO coated fabric

Fabric treated with UV absorbers ensures that the clothes deflect the harmful ultraviolet rays of

the sun reducing a personrsquos UVR exposure and protecting the skin from potential damage The

extent of skin protection required by different types of human skin depends on UV radiation

intensity amp distribution in reference to geographical location time of day and season This

protection is expressed as UPF (UV Protection Factor) higher the UPF value better is the

protection against UV radiation

11

UPF before and after nano-TiO2 Coating

CO ndash Cotton

PES ndash Polyester

PA ndash Polyamide (6 66)

7 Swimsuits with minimum flow resistance

Special types of swimsuits are being used now days by the athletes in the water games These

swim suits minimizes the flow resistance while swimming through the water The kind of

swimsuits with less flow resistance was developed entirely based on nature as role model

Different friction coefficients on the fabrics are obtained by creating micro vortices on the fabric

surface using micro and nano-particles This effect is similar to the sharkrsquos skin which exhibits a

very low flow resistance in water The below figure shows the micro vortices on the sharkrsquos skin

and similar effect created on the swimsuit

12

Micro vortices on Sharkrsquos skin similar effect on swimsuit

8 Anti static performance

Conventionally surfactants were used to spread the small amount of moisture on the surface of

fiber so as to pose the static charge to leak away Static usually builds up in synthetic fibers such

as in nylon and polyester because they absorb little water Cellulose fibers such as cotton have

higher moisture content to carry away static charges so that no static charge will accumulate As

synthetic fibers provide poor anti-static properties research work concerning the improvement of

anti-static properties of textiles by using nanotechnology were conducted

One of the best electrically conductive nano particles is silver Silver nano particle helps to

dissipate the static charge effectively It was determined that nano-sized Titanium dioxide Zinc

oxide whiskers nano antimony-doped Tin oxide (ATO) and silane nanosol could impart

antistatic properties to the synthetic fibers TiO2 ZnO ATO provide anti-static effects because

they are electrically conductive materials Such materials help effectively to dissipate the static

charge which is accumulated on the fabric On the other hand the Silane gel particles absorb

moisture in the air by amino and hydroxyl groups and bound water and thus improves anti-static

properties of the fabric or garment

13

9 Advantages of Nano-Antistatic finish

bull Provides permanent static protection

bull Repels lint dust dirt and pet hair

bull Enhances appearance and comfort

bull Retains fabrics natural softness

bull Allows fabric to breathe naturally

10 Wrinkle resistance

Wrinkling occurs when the fiber is severally creased When fiber or fabric is bent hydrogen

bonds between the molecular chains in the amorphous regions break and allow the chains to slip

past one another The bonds reform in new places and fiber or fabric is held in the creased

configurations

To impart wrinkle resistance to fabric resin is commonly used in conventional methods The

disadvantages of conventional resin applications include decrease in the strength of fiber and in

abrasion resistance water absorbency and dye ability as well as breathability To overcome the

limitations of using resin some researches employed nano-Titanium dioxide and nano Silica to

improve the wrinkle resistance of cotton and silk respectively

Nano-Titanium dioxide was employed with Carboxylic acid as a catalyst under UV irradiation to

catalyze the cross linking reaction between the cellulose molecule and the acid On other hand

nano-Silica was applied with Maleic anhydride as a catalyst the results showed that the

application of nano-Silica with Maleic anhydride could successfully improve the wrinkle

resistance of silk Odour fight finish

14

The active ingredient of odour fight finish fabric are nano-particles of bamboo charcoal made

from the Moso Bamboo the worlds most porous bamboo grown in the Jhushan ldquoBamboo

Mountainrdquo region of Taiwan The bamboo contains many pores in its structure making it

excellent for absorbing odour-causing chemicals controlling temperature and voiding moisture

The bamboo is also naturally biocidal and inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi

A Taiwanese nanotech firm Greensheild has created underwear that fights odour through

nanotechnology The underwear fibers release undetectable negative ions and infrared rays that

destroy odour-causing bacteria The negative ions create a magnetic field that inhibits the

reproduction of bacteria thus eliminating odour and lowering the risk of skin infection or

irritation

11 Anti-Pollen finish

Miyuki keori Co of Japan is marketing anti-pollen fabrics and garments It is claimed that

particles of 30nm sizes are attached to the surface of yarns The smoothness of the finish on the

surface and the anti-static effect does not let pollen or dust come close This is achieved by using

the polymer which has antistatic or electro conductive

Composition (Eg Fluor alkyl ndash methacrylate polymers)It is used in coats blouses hats gloves

arm covers bedding covers etc

12 Flame Retardant Finish

Nyacol nano technologies Inc has been the worldrsquos leading supplier of colloidal

Antimony pentoxide which is used for flame retardant finish in textile The company offers

colloidal antimony pentoxide as fine particle dispersion for use as a flame retardant synergist

with halogenated flame-retardants (The ratio of halogen to antimony is 51 to 21) Nano

antimony pentoxide is used with halogenated flame-retardants for a flame retardant finish to the

garments

15

13 Characteristics of nano finishing in garments

1 Their protective layer is difficult to detect with the naked eye

2 Saving time and laundering cost

3 When a substance is manipulated at sizes of approximately 100 nm the structure of the

processed clothing becomes more compressed This makes clothing stain- and dirt-resistant

5 Nano-materials allow good ventilation and reduce moisture absorption resulting in enhanced

breathability while maintaining the good hand feel of ordinary material

6 The crease resistant feature keeps clothing neat

7 Nano-processed products are toxic free

8 Garments stay bright fresh looking and are more durable than ordinary materials

9 Manufacturing cost is low adding value to the products

14 Some commercially available nano-particles

SNo Nano-Particles Properties

1 Silver Nano-Particles Anti-bacterial finishing

2 Fe Nano-Particles Conductive magnetic properties remote heating

3 ZnO and TiO2 UV protection fiber protection oxidative catalysis

4 TiO2 and MgO Chemical and biological protective performance

provide self-sterilizing function

5 SiO2 or Al2O3 Nano-particles

with PP or PE coating Super water repellent finishing

6 Indium-tin oxide Nano- EM IR protective clothing

Particles

7 Ceramic Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion

8 Carbon black Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion chemical

resistance and impart electrical conductivity

colouration of some textiles

9 Clay Nano-particles High electrical heat and chemical resistance

15 Next Generation Finishing

A) Nano-Care

A technology that brings about an entirely carefree fabric with wrinkle resistant shrink

proof water and stain repellent properties intended for use in cellulosic fibers such as cotton

and linen It is a next-generation ease-of-care dimension-stabilizing finish one step ahead of

methods that simply give wrinkle resistance and shrink-proofing Nano-Care withstands more

than 50 home launderings It imparts water repellency and stain resistance superior to those

of conventional methods maintaining high water and oil repellency levels (80 and 4) even

after 20 home washes

17

Features

bull Superior Stain Water and Oil Repellency

bull Resists Wrinkles

bull Breathable Fabric

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Easy Care

B) Nano-Pel

This nanotech application of water-and-oil repellent finishing is effective for use in

natural fibers such as cotton linen wool and silk as well as synthetics such as polyester

nylon and acryl Unsurpassed performance in durability and water and oil repellency may be

expected particularly with natural fibers Nano-Pel cotton withstands 50 home launderings

with functionality levels well-maintained for water and oil repellency (80 and 4) even after 20

washes (Figure shows Before amp After)

Features

Superior Water and Oil Repellency

bull Minimize Stains

bull Breathable Fabric

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Easy Care

bull Durable Performance

18

C) Nano-Dry

It is a hydrophilic finishing technology that imparts outstanding endurance of more

than 50 home launderings and offers prospects of considerable contribution to the area of

polyester and nylon synthetic garments Nano-Dry exerts durability superior to that of the

hydrophilic finishing of polyester commonly carried out in Japan using polyethylene glycol

polymer molecules and allows no dye migration when deep-dyed It is expected to serve

particularly well for use in nylon as there exists no such durable hydrophilic finishing in the

field of sportswear and underwear that require perspiration absorbency Considerable growth

is expected within the forthcoming period of 3 to 6 months mainly in the field of sportswear

Features

bull Moisture Wicking

bull Retains Breathability of Fabric

bull Quick Drying

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Durable Performance

D) Nano-Touch

This ultimate finishing technology gives durable cellulose wrapping over synthetic

fiber Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure to bring overall

solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic electrostatic having artificial

19

hand and glaring luster It will broaden the existing use of synthetics being free of their

disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being hydrophobic electrostatic and having

unnatural hand The following are examples of new areas of use created through Nano-

Touch a new standard for fiber compounding Self-assembled nanolayer (SAN) coating is a

challenge to traditional textile coating Research in this area is still in embryo stage In

selfassembled

nanolayer (SAN) coating target chemical molecules form a layer of thickness less

than nanometer on the surface of textile materials Additional layers can be added on the top

of the existing ones creating a nanolayered structure Different SAN approaches are being

explored to confer special functions to textile materials

Features

bull Superior Refinement in a Blended Fabric

bull Durable Performance

bull Luxurious Cotton-Like Hand

bull Easy Care

bull Reduced Static Build-up

Future Prospect

The development of ultra fine fibers functional finishes and smart textiles based on

the nanotechnology has end less properties At present the application of nano technology in

textiles has merely reaches only the starting line The reason for less commercialization of

nano technology is due to their higher time consumption and cost factor involved The current

global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going

to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States

Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have

bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of

nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus

(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials

(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology

The new functions with textiles to be developed include

20

1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and

sophisticated protection and detection

1048729 health-care and wound healing functions

16Conclusion

We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and

lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the

next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the

textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability

and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable

trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its

collaboration with other disciplines

With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the

technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie

Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile

chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some

of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been

briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will

emerge to dominate the textile field in future

21

REFRENCES

1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-

finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012

2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue

Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012

3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC

press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC

4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp

5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm

6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm

7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm

zinc nitrate and sodium hydroxide as precursors and soluble starch as stabilizing agent These

nano-particles which have an average size of 40 nm were coated on the bleached cotton fabrics

(plain weave 30 s count) using acrylic binder and functional properties of coated fabrics were

studied On an average of 75 UV blocking was recorded for the cotton fabrics treated with 2

ZnO nanoparticles And in addition nano-ZnO impregnated onto cotton textiles showed

excellent antibacterial activity against two representative bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and

Klebsiella pneumoniae In case of wearable cotton textiles use of 06 nano-ZnO for coating

can be sufficient to impart antimicrobial property But in case of medical textiles where a high

degree of antimicrobial activity is required use of 10 nano-ZnO can be recommended Air

permeability of the nano-ZnO coated fabrics was significantly higher hence the increased

breathability In case of nano-ZnO coated fabric due to its nano-size and uniform distribution

friction was significantly lower than the bulk-ZnO coated fabric

Fabric treated with UV absorbers ensures that the clothes deflect the harmful ultraviolet rays of

the sun reducing a personrsquos UVR exposure and protecting the skin from potential damage The

extent of skin protection required by different types of human skin depends on UV radiation

intensity amp distribution in reference to geographical location time of day and season This

protection is expressed as UPF (UV Protection Factor) higher the UPF value better is the

protection against UV radiation

11

UPF before and after nano-TiO2 Coating

CO ndash Cotton

PES ndash Polyester

PA ndash Polyamide (6 66)

7 Swimsuits with minimum flow resistance

Special types of swimsuits are being used now days by the athletes in the water games These

swim suits minimizes the flow resistance while swimming through the water The kind of

swimsuits with less flow resistance was developed entirely based on nature as role model

Different friction coefficients on the fabrics are obtained by creating micro vortices on the fabric

surface using micro and nano-particles This effect is similar to the sharkrsquos skin which exhibits a

very low flow resistance in water The below figure shows the micro vortices on the sharkrsquos skin

and similar effect created on the swimsuit

12

Micro vortices on Sharkrsquos skin similar effect on swimsuit

8 Anti static performance

Conventionally surfactants were used to spread the small amount of moisture on the surface of

fiber so as to pose the static charge to leak away Static usually builds up in synthetic fibers such

as in nylon and polyester because they absorb little water Cellulose fibers such as cotton have

higher moisture content to carry away static charges so that no static charge will accumulate As

synthetic fibers provide poor anti-static properties research work concerning the improvement of

anti-static properties of textiles by using nanotechnology were conducted

One of the best electrically conductive nano particles is silver Silver nano particle helps to

dissipate the static charge effectively It was determined that nano-sized Titanium dioxide Zinc

oxide whiskers nano antimony-doped Tin oxide (ATO) and silane nanosol could impart

antistatic properties to the synthetic fibers TiO2 ZnO ATO provide anti-static effects because

they are electrically conductive materials Such materials help effectively to dissipate the static

charge which is accumulated on the fabric On the other hand the Silane gel particles absorb

moisture in the air by amino and hydroxyl groups and bound water and thus improves anti-static

properties of the fabric or garment

13

9 Advantages of Nano-Antistatic finish

bull Provides permanent static protection

bull Repels lint dust dirt and pet hair

bull Enhances appearance and comfort

bull Retains fabrics natural softness

bull Allows fabric to breathe naturally

10 Wrinkle resistance

Wrinkling occurs when the fiber is severally creased When fiber or fabric is bent hydrogen

bonds between the molecular chains in the amorphous regions break and allow the chains to slip

past one another The bonds reform in new places and fiber or fabric is held in the creased

configurations

To impart wrinkle resistance to fabric resin is commonly used in conventional methods The

disadvantages of conventional resin applications include decrease in the strength of fiber and in

abrasion resistance water absorbency and dye ability as well as breathability To overcome the

limitations of using resin some researches employed nano-Titanium dioxide and nano Silica to

improve the wrinkle resistance of cotton and silk respectively

Nano-Titanium dioxide was employed with Carboxylic acid as a catalyst under UV irradiation to

catalyze the cross linking reaction between the cellulose molecule and the acid On other hand

nano-Silica was applied with Maleic anhydride as a catalyst the results showed that the

application of nano-Silica with Maleic anhydride could successfully improve the wrinkle

resistance of silk Odour fight finish

14

The active ingredient of odour fight finish fabric are nano-particles of bamboo charcoal made

from the Moso Bamboo the worlds most porous bamboo grown in the Jhushan ldquoBamboo

Mountainrdquo region of Taiwan The bamboo contains many pores in its structure making it

excellent for absorbing odour-causing chemicals controlling temperature and voiding moisture

The bamboo is also naturally biocidal and inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi

A Taiwanese nanotech firm Greensheild has created underwear that fights odour through

nanotechnology The underwear fibers release undetectable negative ions and infrared rays that

destroy odour-causing bacteria The negative ions create a magnetic field that inhibits the

reproduction of bacteria thus eliminating odour and lowering the risk of skin infection or

irritation

11 Anti-Pollen finish

Miyuki keori Co of Japan is marketing anti-pollen fabrics and garments It is claimed that

particles of 30nm sizes are attached to the surface of yarns The smoothness of the finish on the

surface and the anti-static effect does not let pollen or dust come close This is achieved by using

the polymer which has antistatic or electro conductive

Composition (Eg Fluor alkyl ndash methacrylate polymers)It is used in coats blouses hats gloves

arm covers bedding covers etc

12 Flame Retardant Finish

Nyacol nano technologies Inc has been the worldrsquos leading supplier of colloidal

Antimony pentoxide which is used for flame retardant finish in textile The company offers

colloidal antimony pentoxide as fine particle dispersion for use as a flame retardant synergist

with halogenated flame-retardants (The ratio of halogen to antimony is 51 to 21) Nano

antimony pentoxide is used with halogenated flame-retardants for a flame retardant finish to the

garments

15

13 Characteristics of nano finishing in garments

1 Their protective layer is difficult to detect with the naked eye

2 Saving time and laundering cost

3 When a substance is manipulated at sizes of approximately 100 nm the structure of the

processed clothing becomes more compressed This makes clothing stain- and dirt-resistant

5 Nano-materials allow good ventilation and reduce moisture absorption resulting in enhanced

breathability while maintaining the good hand feel of ordinary material

6 The crease resistant feature keeps clothing neat

7 Nano-processed products are toxic free

8 Garments stay bright fresh looking and are more durable than ordinary materials

9 Manufacturing cost is low adding value to the products

14 Some commercially available nano-particles

SNo Nano-Particles Properties

1 Silver Nano-Particles Anti-bacterial finishing

2 Fe Nano-Particles Conductive magnetic properties remote heating

3 ZnO and TiO2 UV protection fiber protection oxidative catalysis

4 TiO2 and MgO Chemical and biological protective performance

provide self-sterilizing function

5 SiO2 or Al2O3 Nano-particles

with PP or PE coating Super water repellent finishing

6 Indium-tin oxide Nano- EM IR protective clothing

Particles

7 Ceramic Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion

8 Carbon black Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion chemical

resistance and impart electrical conductivity

colouration of some textiles

9 Clay Nano-particles High electrical heat and chemical resistance

15 Next Generation Finishing

A) Nano-Care

A technology that brings about an entirely carefree fabric with wrinkle resistant shrink

proof water and stain repellent properties intended for use in cellulosic fibers such as cotton

and linen It is a next-generation ease-of-care dimension-stabilizing finish one step ahead of

methods that simply give wrinkle resistance and shrink-proofing Nano-Care withstands more

than 50 home launderings It imparts water repellency and stain resistance superior to those

of conventional methods maintaining high water and oil repellency levels (80 and 4) even

after 20 home washes

17

Features

bull Superior Stain Water and Oil Repellency

bull Resists Wrinkles

bull Breathable Fabric

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Easy Care

B) Nano-Pel

This nanotech application of water-and-oil repellent finishing is effective for use in

natural fibers such as cotton linen wool and silk as well as synthetics such as polyester

nylon and acryl Unsurpassed performance in durability and water and oil repellency may be

expected particularly with natural fibers Nano-Pel cotton withstands 50 home launderings

with functionality levels well-maintained for water and oil repellency (80 and 4) even after 20

washes (Figure shows Before amp After)

Features

Superior Water and Oil Repellency

bull Minimize Stains

bull Breathable Fabric

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Easy Care

bull Durable Performance

18

C) Nano-Dry

It is a hydrophilic finishing technology that imparts outstanding endurance of more

than 50 home launderings and offers prospects of considerable contribution to the area of

polyester and nylon synthetic garments Nano-Dry exerts durability superior to that of the

hydrophilic finishing of polyester commonly carried out in Japan using polyethylene glycol

polymer molecules and allows no dye migration when deep-dyed It is expected to serve

particularly well for use in nylon as there exists no such durable hydrophilic finishing in the

field of sportswear and underwear that require perspiration absorbency Considerable growth

is expected within the forthcoming period of 3 to 6 months mainly in the field of sportswear

Features

bull Moisture Wicking

bull Retains Breathability of Fabric

bull Quick Drying

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Durable Performance

D) Nano-Touch

This ultimate finishing technology gives durable cellulose wrapping over synthetic

fiber Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure to bring overall

solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic electrostatic having artificial

19

hand and glaring luster It will broaden the existing use of synthetics being free of their

disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being hydrophobic electrostatic and having

unnatural hand The following are examples of new areas of use created through Nano-

Touch a new standard for fiber compounding Self-assembled nanolayer (SAN) coating is a

challenge to traditional textile coating Research in this area is still in embryo stage In

selfassembled

nanolayer (SAN) coating target chemical molecules form a layer of thickness less

than nanometer on the surface of textile materials Additional layers can be added on the top

of the existing ones creating a nanolayered structure Different SAN approaches are being

explored to confer special functions to textile materials

Features

bull Superior Refinement in a Blended Fabric

bull Durable Performance

bull Luxurious Cotton-Like Hand

bull Easy Care

bull Reduced Static Build-up

Future Prospect

The development of ultra fine fibers functional finishes and smart textiles based on

the nanotechnology has end less properties At present the application of nano technology in

textiles has merely reaches only the starting line The reason for less commercialization of

nano technology is due to their higher time consumption and cost factor involved The current

global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going

to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States

Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have

bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of

nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus

(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials

(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology

The new functions with textiles to be developed include

20

1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and

sophisticated protection and detection

1048729 health-care and wound healing functions

16Conclusion

We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and

lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the

next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the

textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability

and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable

trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its

collaboration with other disciplines

With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the

technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie

Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile

chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some

of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been

briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will

emerge to dominate the textile field in future

21

REFRENCES

1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-

finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012

2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue

Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012

3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC

press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC

4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp

5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm

6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm

7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm

CO ndash Cotton

PES ndash Polyester

PA ndash Polyamide (6 66)

7 Swimsuits with minimum flow resistance

Special types of swimsuits are being used now days by the athletes in the water games These

swim suits minimizes the flow resistance while swimming through the water The kind of

swimsuits with less flow resistance was developed entirely based on nature as role model

Different friction coefficients on the fabrics are obtained by creating micro vortices on the fabric

surface using micro and nano-particles This effect is similar to the sharkrsquos skin which exhibits a

very low flow resistance in water The below figure shows the micro vortices on the sharkrsquos skin

and similar effect created on the swimsuit

12

Micro vortices on Sharkrsquos skin similar effect on swimsuit

8 Anti static performance

Conventionally surfactants were used to spread the small amount of moisture on the surface of

fiber so as to pose the static charge to leak away Static usually builds up in synthetic fibers such

as in nylon and polyester because they absorb little water Cellulose fibers such as cotton have

higher moisture content to carry away static charges so that no static charge will accumulate As

synthetic fibers provide poor anti-static properties research work concerning the improvement of

anti-static properties of textiles by using nanotechnology were conducted

One of the best electrically conductive nano particles is silver Silver nano particle helps to

dissipate the static charge effectively It was determined that nano-sized Titanium dioxide Zinc

oxide whiskers nano antimony-doped Tin oxide (ATO) and silane nanosol could impart

antistatic properties to the synthetic fibers TiO2 ZnO ATO provide anti-static effects because

they are electrically conductive materials Such materials help effectively to dissipate the static

charge which is accumulated on the fabric On the other hand the Silane gel particles absorb

moisture in the air by amino and hydroxyl groups and bound water and thus improves anti-static

properties of the fabric or garment

13

9 Advantages of Nano-Antistatic finish

bull Provides permanent static protection

bull Repels lint dust dirt and pet hair

bull Enhances appearance and comfort

bull Retains fabrics natural softness

bull Allows fabric to breathe naturally

10 Wrinkle resistance

Wrinkling occurs when the fiber is severally creased When fiber or fabric is bent hydrogen

bonds between the molecular chains in the amorphous regions break and allow the chains to slip

past one another The bonds reform in new places and fiber or fabric is held in the creased

configurations

To impart wrinkle resistance to fabric resin is commonly used in conventional methods The

disadvantages of conventional resin applications include decrease in the strength of fiber and in

abrasion resistance water absorbency and dye ability as well as breathability To overcome the

limitations of using resin some researches employed nano-Titanium dioxide and nano Silica to

improve the wrinkle resistance of cotton and silk respectively

Nano-Titanium dioxide was employed with Carboxylic acid as a catalyst under UV irradiation to

catalyze the cross linking reaction between the cellulose molecule and the acid On other hand

nano-Silica was applied with Maleic anhydride as a catalyst the results showed that the

application of nano-Silica with Maleic anhydride could successfully improve the wrinkle

resistance of silk Odour fight finish

14

The active ingredient of odour fight finish fabric are nano-particles of bamboo charcoal made

from the Moso Bamboo the worlds most porous bamboo grown in the Jhushan ldquoBamboo

Mountainrdquo region of Taiwan The bamboo contains many pores in its structure making it

excellent for absorbing odour-causing chemicals controlling temperature and voiding moisture

The bamboo is also naturally biocidal and inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi

A Taiwanese nanotech firm Greensheild has created underwear that fights odour through

nanotechnology The underwear fibers release undetectable negative ions and infrared rays that

destroy odour-causing bacteria The negative ions create a magnetic field that inhibits the

reproduction of bacteria thus eliminating odour and lowering the risk of skin infection or

irritation

11 Anti-Pollen finish

Miyuki keori Co of Japan is marketing anti-pollen fabrics and garments It is claimed that

particles of 30nm sizes are attached to the surface of yarns The smoothness of the finish on the

surface and the anti-static effect does not let pollen or dust come close This is achieved by using

the polymer which has antistatic or electro conductive

Composition (Eg Fluor alkyl ndash methacrylate polymers)It is used in coats blouses hats gloves

arm covers bedding covers etc

12 Flame Retardant Finish

Nyacol nano technologies Inc has been the worldrsquos leading supplier of colloidal

Antimony pentoxide which is used for flame retardant finish in textile The company offers

colloidal antimony pentoxide as fine particle dispersion for use as a flame retardant synergist

with halogenated flame-retardants (The ratio of halogen to antimony is 51 to 21) Nano

antimony pentoxide is used with halogenated flame-retardants for a flame retardant finish to the

garments

15

13 Characteristics of nano finishing in garments

1 Their protective layer is difficult to detect with the naked eye

2 Saving time and laundering cost

3 When a substance is manipulated at sizes of approximately 100 nm the structure of the

processed clothing becomes more compressed This makes clothing stain- and dirt-resistant

5 Nano-materials allow good ventilation and reduce moisture absorption resulting in enhanced

breathability while maintaining the good hand feel of ordinary material

6 The crease resistant feature keeps clothing neat

7 Nano-processed products are toxic free

8 Garments stay bright fresh looking and are more durable than ordinary materials

9 Manufacturing cost is low adding value to the products

14 Some commercially available nano-particles

SNo Nano-Particles Properties

1 Silver Nano-Particles Anti-bacterial finishing

2 Fe Nano-Particles Conductive magnetic properties remote heating

3 ZnO and TiO2 UV protection fiber protection oxidative catalysis

4 TiO2 and MgO Chemical and biological protective performance

provide self-sterilizing function

5 SiO2 or Al2O3 Nano-particles

with PP or PE coating Super water repellent finishing

6 Indium-tin oxide Nano- EM IR protective clothing

Particles

7 Ceramic Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion

8 Carbon black Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion chemical

resistance and impart electrical conductivity

colouration of some textiles

9 Clay Nano-particles High electrical heat and chemical resistance

15 Next Generation Finishing

A) Nano-Care

A technology that brings about an entirely carefree fabric with wrinkle resistant shrink

proof water and stain repellent properties intended for use in cellulosic fibers such as cotton

and linen It is a next-generation ease-of-care dimension-stabilizing finish one step ahead of

methods that simply give wrinkle resistance and shrink-proofing Nano-Care withstands more

than 50 home launderings It imparts water repellency and stain resistance superior to those

of conventional methods maintaining high water and oil repellency levels (80 and 4) even

after 20 home washes

17

Features

bull Superior Stain Water and Oil Repellency

bull Resists Wrinkles

bull Breathable Fabric

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Easy Care

B) Nano-Pel

This nanotech application of water-and-oil repellent finishing is effective for use in

natural fibers such as cotton linen wool and silk as well as synthetics such as polyester

nylon and acryl Unsurpassed performance in durability and water and oil repellency may be

expected particularly with natural fibers Nano-Pel cotton withstands 50 home launderings

with functionality levels well-maintained for water and oil repellency (80 and 4) even after 20

washes (Figure shows Before amp After)

Features

Superior Water and Oil Repellency

bull Minimize Stains

bull Breathable Fabric

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Easy Care

bull Durable Performance

18

C) Nano-Dry

It is a hydrophilic finishing technology that imparts outstanding endurance of more

than 50 home launderings and offers prospects of considerable contribution to the area of

polyester and nylon synthetic garments Nano-Dry exerts durability superior to that of the

hydrophilic finishing of polyester commonly carried out in Japan using polyethylene glycol

polymer molecules and allows no dye migration when deep-dyed It is expected to serve

particularly well for use in nylon as there exists no such durable hydrophilic finishing in the

field of sportswear and underwear that require perspiration absorbency Considerable growth

is expected within the forthcoming period of 3 to 6 months mainly in the field of sportswear

Features

bull Moisture Wicking

bull Retains Breathability of Fabric

bull Quick Drying

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Durable Performance

D) Nano-Touch

This ultimate finishing technology gives durable cellulose wrapping over synthetic

fiber Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure to bring overall

solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic electrostatic having artificial

19

hand and glaring luster It will broaden the existing use of synthetics being free of their

disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being hydrophobic electrostatic and having

unnatural hand The following are examples of new areas of use created through Nano-

Touch a new standard for fiber compounding Self-assembled nanolayer (SAN) coating is a

challenge to traditional textile coating Research in this area is still in embryo stage In

selfassembled

nanolayer (SAN) coating target chemical molecules form a layer of thickness less

than nanometer on the surface of textile materials Additional layers can be added on the top

of the existing ones creating a nanolayered structure Different SAN approaches are being

explored to confer special functions to textile materials

Features

bull Superior Refinement in a Blended Fabric

bull Durable Performance

bull Luxurious Cotton-Like Hand

bull Easy Care

bull Reduced Static Build-up

Future Prospect

The development of ultra fine fibers functional finishes and smart textiles based on

the nanotechnology has end less properties At present the application of nano technology in

textiles has merely reaches only the starting line The reason for less commercialization of

nano technology is due to their higher time consumption and cost factor involved The current

global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going

to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States

Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have

bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of

nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus

(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials

(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology

The new functions with textiles to be developed include

20

1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and

sophisticated protection and detection

1048729 health-care and wound healing functions

16Conclusion

We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and

lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the

next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the

textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability

and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable

trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its

collaboration with other disciplines

With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the

technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie

Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile

chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some

of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been

briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will

emerge to dominate the textile field in future

21

REFRENCES

1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-

finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012

2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue

Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012

3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC

press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC

4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp

5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm

6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm

7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm

Micro vortices on Sharkrsquos skin similar effect on swimsuit

8 Anti static performance

Conventionally surfactants were used to spread the small amount of moisture on the surface of

fiber so as to pose the static charge to leak away Static usually builds up in synthetic fibers such

as in nylon and polyester because they absorb little water Cellulose fibers such as cotton have

higher moisture content to carry away static charges so that no static charge will accumulate As

synthetic fibers provide poor anti-static properties research work concerning the improvement of

anti-static properties of textiles by using nanotechnology were conducted

One of the best electrically conductive nano particles is silver Silver nano particle helps to

dissipate the static charge effectively It was determined that nano-sized Titanium dioxide Zinc

oxide whiskers nano antimony-doped Tin oxide (ATO) and silane nanosol could impart

antistatic properties to the synthetic fibers TiO2 ZnO ATO provide anti-static effects because

they are electrically conductive materials Such materials help effectively to dissipate the static

charge which is accumulated on the fabric On the other hand the Silane gel particles absorb

moisture in the air by amino and hydroxyl groups and bound water and thus improves anti-static

properties of the fabric or garment

13

9 Advantages of Nano-Antistatic finish

bull Provides permanent static protection

bull Repels lint dust dirt and pet hair

bull Enhances appearance and comfort

bull Retains fabrics natural softness

bull Allows fabric to breathe naturally

10 Wrinkle resistance

Wrinkling occurs when the fiber is severally creased When fiber or fabric is bent hydrogen

bonds between the molecular chains in the amorphous regions break and allow the chains to slip

past one another The bonds reform in new places and fiber or fabric is held in the creased

configurations

To impart wrinkle resistance to fabric resin is commonly used in conventional methods The

disadvantages of conventional resin applications include decrease in the strength of fiber and in

abrasion resistance water absorbency and dye ability as well as breathability To overcome the

limitations of using resin some researches employed nano-Titanium dioxide and nano Silica to

improve the wrinkle resistance of cotton and silk respectively

Nano-Titanium dioxide was employed with Carboxylic acid as a catalyst under UV irradiation to

catalyze the cross linking reaction between the cellulose molecule and the acid On other hand

nano-Silica was applied with Maleic anhydride as a catalyst the results showed that the

application of nano-Silica with Maleic anhydride could successfully improve the wrinkle

resistance of silk Odour fight finish

14

The active ingredient of odour fight finish fabric are nano-particles of bamboo charcoal made

from the Moso Bamboo the worlds most porous bamboo grown in the Jhushan ldquoBamboo

Mountainrdquo region of Taiwan The bamboo contains many pores in its structure making it

excellent for absorbing odour-causing chemicals controlling temperature and voiding moisture

The bamboo is also naturally biocidal and inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi

A Taiwanese nanotech firm Greensheild has created underwear that fights odour through

nanotechnology The underwear fibers release undetectable negative ions and infrared rays that

destroy odour-causing bacteria The negative ions create a magnetic field that inhibits the

reproduction of bacteria thus eliminating odour and lowering the risk of skin infection or

irritation

11 Anti-Pollen finish

Miyuki keori Co of Japan is marketing anti-pollen fabrics and garments It is claimed that

particles of 30nm sizes are attached to the surface of yarns The smoothness of the finish on the

surface and the anti-static effect does not let pollen or dust come close This is achieved by using

the polymer which has antistatic or electro conductive

Composition (Eg Fluor alkyl ndash methacrylate polymers)It is used in coats blouses hats gloves

arm covers bedding covers etc

12 Flame Retardant Finish

Nyacol nano technologies Inc has been the worldrsquos leading supplier of colloidal

Antimony pentoxide which is used for flame retardant finish in textile The company offers

colloidal antimony pentoxide as fine particle dispersion for use as a flame retardant synergist

with halogenated flame-retardants (The ratio of halogen to antimony is 51 to 21) Nano

antimony pentoxide is used with halogenated flame-retardants for a flame retardant finish to the

garments

15

13 Characteristics of nano finishing in garments

1 Their protective layer is difficult to detect with the naked eye

2 Saving time and laundering cost

3 When a substance is manipulated at sizes of approximately 100 nm the structure of the

processed clothing becomes more compressed This makes clothing stain- and dirt-resistant

5 Nano-materials allow good ventilation and reduce moisture absorption resulting in enhanced

breathability while maintaining the good hand feel of ordinary material

6 The crease resistant feature keeps clothing neat

7 Nano-processed products are toxic free

8 Garments stay bright fresh looking and are more durable than ordinary materials

9 Manufacturing cost is low adding value to the products

14 Some commercially available nano-particles

SNo Nano-Particles Properties

1 Silver Nano-Particles Anti-bacterial finishing

2 Fe Nano-Particles Conductive magnetic properties remote heating

3 ZnO and TiO2 UV protection fiber protection oxidative catalysis

4 TiO2 and MgO Chemical and biological protective performance

provide self-sterilizing function

5 SiO2 or Al2O3 Nano-particles

with PP or PE coating Super water repellent finishing

6 Indium-tin oxide Nano- EM IR protective clothing

Particles

7 Ceramic Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion

8 Carbon black Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion chemical

resistance and impart electrical conductivity

colouration of some textiles

9 Clay Nano-particles High electrical heat and chemical resistance

15 Next Generation Finishing

A) Nano-Care

A technology that brings about an entirely carefree fabric with wrinkle resistant shrink

proof water and stain repellent properties intended for use in cellulosic fibers such as cotton

and linen It is a next-generation ease-of-care dimension-stabilizing finish one step ahead of

methods that simply give wrinkle resistance and shrink-proofing Nano-Care withstands more

than 50 home launderings It imparts water repellency and stain resistance superior to those

of conventional methods maintaining high water and oil repellency levels (80 and 4) even

after 20 home washes

17

Features

bull Superior Stain Water and Oil Repellency

bull Resists Wrinkles

bull Breathable Fabric

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Easy Care

B) Nano-Pel

This nanotech application of water-and-oil repellent finishing is effective for use in

natural fibers such as cotton linen wool and silk as well as synthetics such as polyester

nylon and acryl Unsurpassed performance in durability and water and oil repellency may be

expected particularly with natural fibers Nano-Pel cotton withstands 50 home launderings

with functionality levels well-maintained for water and oil repellency (80 and 4) even after 20

washes (Figure shows Before amp After)

Features

Superior Water and Oil Repellency

bull Minimize Stains

bull Breathable Fabric

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Easy Care

bull Durable Performance

18

C) Nano-Dry

It is a hydrophilic finishing technology that imparts outstanding endurance of more

than 50 home launderings and offers prospects of considerable contribution to the area of

polyester and nylon synthetic garments Nano-Dry exerts durability superior to that of the

hydrophilic finishing of polyester commonly carried out in Japan using polyethylene glycol

polymer molecules and allows no dye migration when deep-dyed It is expected to serve

particularly well for use in nylon as there exists no such durable hydrophilic finishing in the

field of sportswear and underwear that require perspiration absorbency Considerable growth

is expected within the forthcoming period of 3 to 6 months mainly in the field of sportswear

Features

bull Moisture Wicking

bull Retains Breathability of Fabric

bull Quick Drying

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Durable Performance

D) Nano-Touch

This ultimate finishing technology gives durable cellulose wrapping over synthetic

fiber Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure to bring overall

solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic electrostatic having artificial

19

hand and glaring luster It will broaden the existing use of synthetics being free of their

disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being hydrophobic electrostatic and having

unnatural hand The following are examples of new areas of use created through Nano-

Touch a new standard for fiber compounding Self-assembled nanolayer (SAN) coating is a

challenge to traditional textile coating Research in this area is still in embryo stage In

selfassembled

nanolayer (SAN) coating target chemical molecules form a layer of thickness less

than nanometer on the surface of textile materials Additional layers can be added on the top

of the existing ones creating a nanolayered structure Different SAN approaches are being

explored to confer special functions to textile materials

Features

bull Superior Refinement in a Blended Fabric

bull Durable Performance

bull Luxurious Cotton-Like Hand

bull Easy Care

bull Reduced Static Build-up

Future Prospect

The development of ultra fine fibers functional finishes and smart textiles based on

the nanotechnology has end less properties At present the application of nano technology in

textiles has merely reaches only the starting line The reason for less commercialization of

nano technology is due to their higher time consumption and cost factor involved The current

global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going

to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States

Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have

bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of

nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus

(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials

(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology

The new functions with textiles to be developed include

20

1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and

sophisticated protection and detection

1048729 health-care and wound healing functions

16Conclusion

We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and

lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the

next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the

textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability

and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable

trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its

collaboration with other disciplines

With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the

technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie

Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile

chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some

of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been

briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will

emerge to dominate the textile field in future

21

REFRENCES

1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-

finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012

2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue

Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012

3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC

press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC

4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp

5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm

6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm

7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm

9 Advantages of Nano-Antistatic finish

bull Provides permanent static protection

bull Repels lint dust dirt and pet hair

bull Enhances appearance and comfort

bull Retains fabrics natural softness

bull Allows fabric to breathe naturally

10 Wrinkle resistance

Wrinkling occurs when the fiber is severally creased When fiber or fabric is bent hydrogen

bonds between the molecular chains in the amorphous regions break and allow the chains to slip

past one another The bonds reform in new places and fiber or fabric is held in the creased

configurations

To impart wrinkle resistance to fabric resin is commonly used in conventional methods The

disadvantages of conventional resin applications include decrease in the strength of fiber and in

abrasion resistance water absorbency and dye ability as well as breathability To overcome the

limitations of using resin some researches employed nano-Titanium dioxide and nano Silica to

improve the wrinkle resistance of cotton and silk respectively

Nano-Titanium dioxide was employed with Carboxylic acid as a catalyst under UV irradiation to

catalyze the cross linking reaction between the cellulose molecule and the acid On other hand

nano-Silica was applied with Maleic anhydride as a catalyst the results showed that the

application of nano-Silica with Maleic anhydride could successfully improve the wrinkle

resistance of silk Odour fight finish

14

The active ingredient of odour fight finish fabric are nano-particles of bamboo charcoal made

from the Moso Bamboo the worlds most porous bamboo grown in the Jhushan ldquoBamboo

Mountainrdquo region of Taiwan The bamboo contains many pores in its structure making it

excellent for absorbing odour-causing chemicals controlling temperature and voiding moisture

The bamboo is also naturally biocidal and inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi

A Taiwanese nanotech firm Greensheild has created underwear that fights odour through

nanotechnology The underwear fibers release undetectable negative ions and infrared rays that

destroy odour-causing bacteria The negative ions create a magnetic field that inhibits the

reproduction of bacteria thus eliminating odour and lowering the risk of skin infection or

irritation

11 Anti-Pollen finish

Miyuki keori Co of Japan is marketing anti-pollen fabrics and garments It is claimed that

particles of 30nm sizes are attached to the surface of yarns The smoothness of the finish on the

surface and the anti-static effect does not let pollen or dust come close This is achieved by using

the polymer which has antistatic or electro conductive

Composition (Eg Fluor alkyl ndash methacrylate polymers)It is used in coats blouses hats gloves

arm covers bedding covers etc

12 Flame Retardant Finish

Nyacol nano technologies Inc has been the worldrsquos leading supplier of colloidal

Antimony pentoxide which is used for flame retardant finish in textile The company offers

colloidal antimony pentoxide as fine particle dispersion for use as a flame retardant synergist

with halogenated flame-retardants (The ratio of halogen to antimony is 51 to 21) Nano

antimony pentoxide is used with halogenated flame-retardants for a flame retardant finish to the

garments

15

13 Characteristics of nano finishing in garments

1 Their protective layer is difficult to detect with the naked eye

2 Saving time and laundering cost

3 When a substance is manipulated at sizes of approximately 100 nm the structure of the

processed clothing becomes more compressed This makes clothing stain- and dirt-resistant

5 Nano-materials allow good ventilation and reduce moisture absorption resulting in enhanced

breathability while maintaining the good hand feel of ordinary material

6 The crease resistant feature keeps clothing neat

7 Nano-processed products are toxic free

8 Garments stay bright fresh looking and are more durable than ordinary materials

9 Manufacturing cost is low adding value to the products

14 Some commercially available nano-particles

SNo Nano-Particles Properties

1 Silver Nano-Particles Anti-bacterial finishing

2 Fe Nano-Particles Conductive magnetic properties remote heating

3 ZnO and TiO2 UV protection fiber protection oxidative catalysis

4 TiO2 and MgO Chemical and biological protective performance

provide self-sterilizing function

5 SiO2 or Al2O3 Nano-particles

with PP or PE coating Super water repellent finishing

6 Indium-tin oxide Nano- EM IR protective clothing

Particles

7 Ceramic Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion

8 Carbon black Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion chemical

resistance and impart electrical conductivity

colouration of some textiles

9 Clay Nano-particles High electrical heat and chemical resistance

15 Next Generation Finishing

A) Nano-Care

A technology that brings about an entirely carefree fabric with wrinkle resistant shrink

proof water and stain repellent properties intended for use in cellulosic fibers such as cotton

and linen It is a next-generation ease-of-care dimension-stabilizing finish one step ahead of

methods that simply give wrinkle resistance and shrink-proofing Nano-Care withstands more

than 50 home launderings It imparts water repellency and stain resistance superior to those

of conventional methods maintaining high water and oil repellency levels (80 and 4) even

after 20 home washes

17

Features

bull Superior Stain Water and Oil Repellency

bull Resists Wrinkles

bull Breathable Fabric

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Easy Care

B) Nano-Pel

This nanotech application of water-and-oil repellent finishing is effective for use in

natural fibers such as cotton linen wool and silk as well as synthetics such as polyester

nylon and acryl Unsurpassed performance in durability and water and oil repellency may be

expected particularly with natural fibers Nano-Pel cotton withstands 50 home launderings

with functionality levels well-maintained for water and oil repellency (80 and 4) even after 20

washes (Figure shows Before amp After)

Features

Superior Water and Oil Repellency

bull Minimize Stains

bull Breathable Fabric

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Easy Care

bull Durable Performance

18

C) Nano-Dry

It is a hydrophilic finishing technology that imparts outstanding endurance of more

than 50 home launderings and offers prospects of considerable contribution to the area of

polyester and nylon synthetic garments Nano-Dry exerts durability superior to that of the

hydrophilic finishing of polyester commonly carried out in Japan using polyethylene glycol

polymer molecules and allows no dye migration when deep-dyed It is expected to serve

particularly well for use in nylon as there exists no such durable hydrophilic finishing in the

field of sportswear and underwear that require perspiration absorbency Considerable growth

is expected within the forthcoming period of 3 to 6 months mainly in the field of sportswear

Features

bull Moisture Wicking

bull Retains Breathability of Fabric

bull Quick Drying

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Durable Performance

D) Nano-Touch

This ultimate finishing technology gives durable cellulose wrapping over synthetic

fiber Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure to bring overall

solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic electrostatic having artificial

19

hand and glaring luster It will broaden the existing use of synthetics being free of their

disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being hydrophobic electrostatic and having

unnatural hand The following are examples of new areas of use created through Nano-

Touch a new standard for fiber compounding Self-assembled nanolayer (SAN) coating is a

challenge to traditional textile coating Research in this area is still in embryo stage In

selfassembled

nanolayer (SAN) coating target chemical molecules form a layer of thickness less

than nanometer on the surface of textile materials Additional layers can be added on the top

of the existing ones creating a nanolayered structure Different SAN approaches are being

explored to confer special functions to textile materials

Features

bull Superior Refinement in a Blended Fabric

bull Durable Performance

bull Luxurious Cotton-Like Hand

bull Easy Care

bull Reduced Static Build-up

Future Prospect

The development of ultra fine fibers functional finishes and smart textiles based on

the nanotechnology has end less properties At present the application of nano technology in

textiles has merely reaches only the starting line The reason for less commercialization of

nano technology is due to their higher time consumption and cost factor involved The current

global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going

to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States

Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have

bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of

nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus

(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials

(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology

The new functions with textiles to be developed include

20

1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and

sophisticated protection and detection

1048729 health-care and wound healing functions

16Conclusion

We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and

lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the

next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the

textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability

and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable

trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its

collaboration with other disciplines

With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the

technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie

Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile

chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some

of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been

briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will

emerge to dominate the textile field in future

21

REFRENCES

1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-

finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012

2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue

Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012

3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC

press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC

4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp

5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm

6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm

7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm

The active ingredient of odour fight finish fabric are nano-particles of bamboo charcoal made

from the Moso Bamboo the worlds most porous bamboo grown in the Jhushan ldquoBamboo

Mountainrdquo region of Taiwan The bamboo contains many pores in its structure making it

excellent for absorbing odour-causing chemicals controlling temperature and voiding moisture

The bamboo is also naturally biocidal and inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi

A Taiwanese nanotech firm Greensheild has created underwear that fights odour through

nanotechnology The underwear fibers release undetectable negative ions and infrared rays that

destroy odour-causing bacteria The negative ions create a magnetic field that inhibits the

reproduction of bacteria thus eliminating odour and lowering the risk of skin infection or

irritation

11 Anti-Pollen finish

Miyuki keori Co of Japan is marketing anti-pollen fabrics and garments It is claimed that

particles of 30nm sizes are attached to the surface of yarns The smoothness of the finish on the

surface and the anti-static effect does not let pollen or dust come close This is achieved by using

the polymer which has antistatic or electro conductive

Composition (Eg Fluor alkyl ndash methacrylate polymers)It is used in coats blouses hats gloves

arm covers bedding covers etc

12 Flame Retardant Finish

Nyacol nano technologies Inc has been the worldrsquos leading supplier of colloidal

Antimony pentoxide which is used for flame retardant finish in textile The company offers

colloidal antimony pentoxide as fine particle dispersion for use as a flame retardant synergist

with halogenated flame-retardants (The ratio of halogen to antimony is 51 to 21) Nano

antimony pentoxide is used with halogenated flame-retardants for a flame retardant finish to the

garments

15

13 Characteristics of nano finishing in garments

1 Their protective layer is difficult to detect with the naked eye

2 Saving time and laundering cost

3 When a substance is manipulated at sizes of approximately 100 nm the structure of the

processed clothing becomes more compressed This makes clothing stain- and dirt-resistant

5 Nano-materials allow good ventilation and reduce moisture absorption resulting in enhanced

breathability while maintaining the good hand feel of ordinary material

6 The crease resistant feature keeps clothing neat

7 Nano-processed products are toxic free

8 Garments stay bright fresh looking and are more durable than ordinary materials

9 Manufacturing cost is low adding value to the products

14 Some commercially available nano-particles

SNo Nano-Particles Properties

1 Silver Nano-Particles Anti-bacterial finishing

2 Fe Nano-Particles Conductive magnetic properties remote heating

3 ZnO and TiO2 UV protection fiber protection oxidative catalysis

4 TiO2 and MgO Chemical and biological protective performance

provide self-sterilizing function

5 SiO2 or Al2O3 Nano-particles

with PP or PE coating Super water repellent finishing

6 Indium-tin oxide Nano- EM IR protective clothing

Particles

7 Ceramic Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion

8 Carbon black Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion chemical

resistance and impart electrical conductivity

colouration of some textiles

9 Clay Nano-particles High electrical heat and chemical resistance

15 Next Generation Finishing

A) Nano-Care

A technology that brings about an entirely carefree fabric with wrinkle resistant shrink

proof water and stain repellent properties intended for use in cellulosic fibers such as cotton

and linen It is a next-generation ease-of-care dimension-stabilizing finish one step ahead of

methods that simply give wrinkle resistance and shrink-proofing Nano-Care withstands more

than 50 home launderings It imparts water repellency and stain resistance superior to those

of conventional methods maintaining high water and oil repellency levels (80 and 4) even

after 20 home washes

17

Features

bull Superior Stain Water and Oil Repellency

bull Resists Wrinkles

bull Breathable Fabric

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Easy Care

B) Nano-Pel

This nanotech application of water-and-oil repellent finishing is effective for use in

natural fibers such as cotton linen wool and silk as well as synthetics such as polyester

nylon and acryl Unsurpassed performance in durability and water and oil repellency may be

expected particularly with natural fibers Nano-Pel cotton withstands 50 home launderings

with functionality levels well-maintained for water and oil repellency (80 and 4) even after 20

washes (Figure shows Before amp After)

Features

Superior Water and Oil Repellency

bull Minimize Stains

bull Breathable Fabric

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Easy Care

bull Durable Performance

18

C) Nano-Dry

It is a hydrophilic finishing technology that imparts outstanding endurance of more

than 50 home launderings and offers prospects of considerable contribution to the area of

polyester and nylon synthetic garments Nano-Dry exerts durability superior to that of the

hydrophilic finishing of polyester commonly carried out in Japan using polyethylene glycol

polymer molecules and allows no dye migration when deep-dyed It is expected to serve

particularly well for use in nylon as there exists no such durable hydrophilic finishing in the

field of sportswear and underwear that require perspiration absorbency Considerable growth

is expected within the forthcoming period of 3 to 6 months mainly in the field of sportswear

Features

bull Moisture Wicking

bull Retains Breathability of Fabric

bull Quick Drying

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Durable Performance

D) Nano-Touch

This ultimate finishing technology gives durable cellulose wrapping over synthetic

fiber Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure to bring overall

solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic electrostatic having artificial

19

hand and glaring luster It will broaden the existing use of synthetics being free of their

disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being hydrophobic electrostatic and having

unnatural hand The following are examples of new areas of use created through Nano-

Touch a new standard for fiber compounding Self-assembled nanolayer (SAN) coating is a

challenge to traditional textile coating Research in this area is still in embryo stage In

selfassembled

nanolayer (SAN) coating target chemical molecules form a layer of thickness less

than nanometer on the surface of textile materials Additional layers can be added on the top

of the existing ones creating a nanolayered structure Different SAN approaches are being

explored to confer special functions to textile materials

Features

bull Superior Refinement in a Blended Fabric

bull Durable Performance

bull Luxurious Cotton-Like Hand

bull Easy Care

bull Reduced Static Build-up

Future Prospect

The development of ultra fine fibers functional finishes and smart textiles based on

the nanotechnology has end less properties At present the application of nano technology in

textiles has merely reaches only the starting line The reason for less commercialization of

nano technology is due to their higher time consumption and cost factor involved The current

global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going

to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States

Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have

bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of

nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus

(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials

(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology

The new functions with textiles to be developed include

20

1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and

sophisticated protection and detection

1048729 health-care and wound healing functions

16Conclusion

We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and

lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the

next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the

textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability

and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable

trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its

collaboration with other disciplines

With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the

technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie

Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile

chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some

of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been

briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will

emerge to dominate the textile field in future

21

REFRENCES

1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-

finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012

2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue

Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012

3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC

press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC

4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp

5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm

6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm

7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm

13 Characteristics of nano finishing in garments

1 Their protective layer is difficult to detect with the naked eye

2 Saving time and laundering cost

3 When a substance is manipulated at sizes of approximately 100 nm the structure of the

processed clothing becomes more compressed This makes clothing stain- and dirt-resistant

5 Nano-materials allow good ventilation and reduce moisture absorption resulting in enhanced

breathability while maintaining the good hand feel of ordinary material

6 The crease resistant feature keeps clothing neat

7 Nano-processed products are toxic free

8 Garments stay bright fresh looking and are more durable than ordinary materials

9 Manufacturing cost is low adding value to the products

14 Some commercially available nano-particles

SNo Nano-Particles Properties

1 Silver Nano-Particles Anti-bacterial finishing

2 Fe Nano-Particles Conductive magnetic properties remote heating

3 ZnO and TiO2 UV protection fiber protection oxidative catalysis

4 TiO2 and MgO Chemical and biological protective performance

provide self-sterilizing function

5 SiO2 or Al2O3 Nano-particles

with PP or PE coating Super water repellent finishing

6 Indium-tin oxide Nano- EM IR protective clothing

Particles

7 Ceramic Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion

8 Carbon black Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion chemical

resistance and impart electrical conductivity

colouration of some textiles

9 Clay Nano-particles High electrical heat and chemical resistance

15 Next Generation Finishing

A) Nano-Care

A technology that brings about an entirely carefree fabric with wrinkle resistant shrink

proof water and stain repellent properties intended for use in cellulosic fibers such as cotton

and linen It is a next-generation ease-of-care dimension-stabilizing finish one step ahead of

methods that simply give wrinkle resistance and shrink-proofing Nano-Care withstands more

than 50 home launderings It imparts water repellency and stain resistance superior to those

of conventional methods maintaining high water and oil repellency levels (80 and 4) even

after 20 home washes

17

Features

bull Superior Stain Water and Oil Repellency

bull Resists Wrinkles

bull Breathable Fabric

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Easy Care

B) Nano-Pel

This nanotech application of water-and-oil repellent finishing is effective for use in

natural fibers such as cotton linen wool and silk as well as synthetics such as polyester

nylon and acryl Unsurpassed performance in durability and water and oil repellency may be

expected particularly with natural fibers Nano-Pel cotton withstands 50 home launderings

with functionality levels well-maintained for water and oil repellency (80 and 4) even after 20

washes (Figure shows Before amp After)

Features

Superior Water and Oil Repellency

bull Minimize Stains

bull Breathable Fabric

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Easy Care

bull Durable Performance

18

C) Nano-Dry

It is a hydrophilic finishing technology that imparts outstanding endurance of more

than 50 home launderings and offers prospects of considerable contribution to the area of

polyester and nylon synthetic garments Nano-Dry exerts durability superior to that of the

hydrophilic finishing of polyester commonly carried out in Japan using polyethylene glycol

polymer molecules and allows no dye migration when deep-dyed It is expected to serve

particularly well for use in nylon as there exists no such durable hydrophilic finishing in the

field of sportswear and underwear that require perspiration absorbency Considerable growth

is expected within the forthcoming period of 3 to 6 months mainly in the field of sportswear

Features

bull Moisture Wicking

bull Retains Breathability of Fabric

bull Quick Drying

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Durable Performance

D) Nano-Touch

This ultimate finishing technology gives durable cellulose wrapping over synthetic

fiber Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure to bring overall

solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic electrostatic having artificial

19

hand and glaring luster It will broaden the existing use of synthetics being free of their

disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being hydrophobic electrostatic and having

unnatural hand The following are examples of new areas of use created through Nano-

Touch a new standard for fiber compounding Self-assembled nanolayer (SAN) coating is a

challenge to traditional textile coating Research in this area is still in embryo stage In

selfassembled

nanolayer (SAN) coating target chemical molecules form a layer of thickness less

than nanometer on the surface of textile materials Additional layers can be added on the top

of the existing ones creating a nanolayered structure Different SAN approaches are being

explored to confer special functions to textile materials

Features

bull Superior Refinement in a Blended Fabric

bull Durable Performance

bull Luxurious Cotton-Like Hand

bull Easy Care

bull Reduced Static Build-up

Future Prospect

The development of ultra fine fibers functional finishes and smart textiles based on

the nanotechnology has end less properties At present the application of nano technology in

textiles has merely reaches only the starting line The reason for less commercialization of

nano technology is due to their higher time consumption and cost factor involved The current

global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going

to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States

Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have

bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of

nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus

(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials

(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology

The new functions with textiles to be developed include

20

1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and

sophisticated protection and detection

1048729 health-care and wound healing functions

16Conclusion

We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and

lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the

next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the

textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability

and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable

trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its

collaboration with other disciplines

With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the

technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie

Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile

chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some

of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been

briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will

emerge to dominate the textile field in future

21

REFRENCES

1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-

finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012

2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue

Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012

3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC

press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC

4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp

5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm

6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm

7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm

Particles

7 Ceramic Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion

8 Carbon black Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion chemical

resistance and impart electrical conductivity

colouration of some textiles

9 Clay Nano-particles High electrical heat and chemical resistance

15 Next Generation Finishing

A) Nano-Care

A technology that brings about an entirely carefree fabric with wrinkle resistant shrink

proof water and stain repellent properties intended for use in cellulosic fibers such as cotton

and linen It is a next-generation ease-of-care dimension-stabilizing finish one step ahead of

methods that simply give wrinkle resistance and shrink-proofing Nano-Care withstands more

than 50 home launderings It imparts water repellency and stain resistance superior to those

of conventional methods maintaining high water and oil repellency levels (80 and 4) even

after 20 home washes

17

Features

bull Superior Stain Water and Oil Repellency

bull Resists Wrinkles

bull Breathable Fabric

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Easy Care

B) Nano-Pel

This nanotech application of water-and-oil repellent finishing is effective for use in

natural fibers such as cotton linen wool and silk as well as synthetics such as polyester

nylon and acryl Unsurpassed performance in durability and water and oil repellency may be

expected particularly with natural fibers Nano-Pel cotton withstands 50 home launderings

with functionality levels well-maintained for water and oil repellency (80 and 4) even after 20

washes (Figure shows Before amp After)

Features

Superior Water and Oil Repellency

bull Minimize Stains

bull Breathable Fabric

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Easy Care

bull Durable Performance

18

C) Nano-Dry

It is a hydrophilic finishing technology that imparts outstanding endurance of more

than 50 home launderings and offers prospects of considerable contribution to the area of

polyester and nylon synthetic garments Nano-Dry exerts durability superior to that of the

hydrophilic finishing of polyester commonly carried out in Japan using polyethylene glycol

polymer molecules and allows no dye migration when deep-dyed It is expected to serve

particularly well for use in nylon as there exists no such durable hydrophilic finishing in the

field of sportswear and underwear that require perspiration absorbency Considerable growth

is expected within the forthcoming period of 3 to 6 months mainly in the field of sportswear

Features

bull Moisture Wicking

bull Retains Breathability of Fabric

bull Quick Drying

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Durable Performance

D) Nano-Touch

This ultimate finishing technology gives durable cellulose wrapping over synthetic

fiber Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure to bring overall

solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic electrostatic having artificial

19

hand and glaring luster It will broaden the existing use of synthetics being free of their

disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being hydrophobic electrostatic and having

unnatural hand The following are examples of new areas of use created through Nano-

Touch a new standard for fiber compounding Self-assembled nanolayer (SAN) coating is a

challenge to traditional textile coating Research in this area is still in embryo stage In

selfassembled

nanolayer (SAN) coating target chemical molecules form a layer of thickness less

than nanometer on the surface of textile materials Additional layers can be added on the top

of the existing ones creating a nanolayered structure Different SAN approaches are being

explored to confer special functions to textile materials

Features

bull Superior Refinement in a Blended Fabric

bull Durable Performance

bull Luxurious Cotton-Like Hand

bull Easy Care

bull Reduced Static Build-up

Future Prospect

The development of ultra fine fibers functional finishes and smart textiles based on

the nanotechnology has end less properties At present the application of nano technology in

textiles has merely reaches only the starting line The reason for less commercialization of

nano technology is due to their higher time consumption and cost factor involved The current

global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going

to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States

Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have

bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of

nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus

(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials

(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology

The new functions with textiles to be developed include

20

1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and

sophisticated protection and detection

1048729 health-care and wound healing functions

16Conclusion

We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and

lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the

next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the

textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability

and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable

trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its

collaboration with other disciplines

With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the

technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie

Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile

chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some

of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been

briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will

emerge to dominate the textile field in future

21

REFRENCES

1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-

finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012

2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue

Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012

3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC

press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC

4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp

5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm

6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm

7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm

17

Features

bull Superior Stain Water and Oil Repellency

bull Resists Wrinkles

bull Breathable Fabric

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Easy Care

B) Nano-Pel

This nanotech application of water-and-oil repellent finishing is effective for use in

natural fibers such as cotton linen wool and silk as well as synthetics such as polyester

nylon and acryl Unsurpassed performance in durability and water and oil repellency may be

expected particularly with natural fibers Nano-Pel cotton withstands 50 home launderings

with functionality levels well-maintained for water and oil repellency (80 and 4) even after 20

washes (Figure shows Before amp After)

Features

Superior Water and Oil Repellency

bull Minimize Stains

bull Breathable Fabric

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Easy Care

bull Durable Performance

18

C) Nano-Dry

It is a hydrophilic finishing technology that imparts outstanding endurance of more

than 50 home launderings and offers prospects of considerable contribution to the area of

polyester and nylon synthetic garments Nano-Dry exerts durability superior to that of the

hydrophilic finishing of polyester commonly carried out in Japan using polyethylene glycol

polymer molecules and allows no dye migration when deep-dyed It is expected to serve

particularly well for use in nylon as there exists no such durable hydrophilic finishing in the

field of sportswear and underwear that require perspiration absorbency Considerable growth

is expected within the forthcoming period of 3 to 6 months mainly in the field of sportswear

Features

bull Moisture Wicking

bull Retains Breathability of Fabric

bull Quick Drying

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Durable Performance

D) Nano-Touch

This ultimate finishing technology gives durable cellulose wrapping over synthetic

fiber Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure to bring overall

solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic electrostatic having artificial

19

hand and glaring luster It will broaden the existing use of synthetics being free of their

disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being hydrophobic electrostatic and having

unnatural hand The following are examples of new areas of use created through Nano-

Touch a new standard for fiber compounding Self-assembled nanolayer (SAN) coating is a

challenge to traditional textile coating Research in this area is still in embryo stage In

selfassembled

nanolayer (SAN) coating target chemical molecules form a layer of thickness less

than nanometer on the surface of textile materials Additional layers can be added on the top

of the existing ones creating a nanolayered structure Different SAN approaches are being

explored to confer special functions to textile materials

Features

bull Superior Refinement in a Blended Fabric

bull Durable Performance

bull Luxurious Cotton-Like Hand

bull Easy Care

bull Reduced Static Build-up

Future Prospect

The development of ultra fine fibers functional finishes and smart textiles based on

the nanotechnology has end less properties At present the application of nano technology in

textiles has merely reaches only the starting line The reason for less commercialization of

nano technology is due to their higher time consumption and cost factor involved The current

global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going

to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States

Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have

bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of

nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus

(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials

(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology

The new functions with textiles to be developed include

20

1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and

sophisticated protection and detection

1048729 health-care and wound healing functions

16Conclusion

We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and

lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the

next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the

textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability

and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable

trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its

collaboration with other disciplines

With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the

technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie

Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile

chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some

of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been

briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will

emerge to dominate the textile field in future

21

REFRENCES

1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-

finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012

2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue

Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012

3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC

press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC

4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp

5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm

6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm

7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm

Features

Superior Water and Oil Repellency

bull Minimize Stains

bull Breathable Fabric

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Easy Care

bull Durable Performance

18

C) Nano-Dry

It is a hydrophilic finishing technology that imparts outstanding endurance of more

than 50 home launderings and offers prospects of considerable contribution to the area of

polyester and nylon synthetic garments Nano-Dry exerts durability superior to that of the

hydrophilic finishing of polyester commonly carried out in Japan using polyethylene glycol

polymer molecules and allows no dye migration when deep-dyed It is expected to serve

particularly well for use in nylon as there exists no such durable hydrophilic finishing in the

field of sportswear and underwear that require perspiration absorbency Considerable growth

is expected within the forthcoming period of 3 to 6 months mainly in the field of sportswear

Features

bull Moisture Wicking

bull Retains Breathability of Fabric

bull Quick Drying

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Durable Performance

D) Nano-Touch

This ultimate finishing technology gives durable cellulose wrapping over synthetic

fiber Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure to bring overall

solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic electrostatic having artificial

19

hand and glaring luster It will broaden the existing use of synthetics being free of their

disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being hydrophobic electrostatic and having

unnatural hand The following are examples of new areas of use created through Nano-

Touch a new standard for fiber compounding Self-assembled nanolayer (SAN) coating is a

challenge to traditional textile coating Research in this area is still in embryo stage In

selfassembled

nanolayer (SAN) coating target chemical molecules form a layer of thickness less

than nanometer on the surface of textile materials Additional layers can be added on the top

of the existing ones creating a nanolayered structure Different SAN approaches are being

explored to confer special functions to textile materials

Features

bull Superior Refinement in a Blended Fabric

bull Durable Performance

bull Luxurious Cotton-Like Hand

bull Easy Care

bull Reduced Static Build-up

Future Prospect

The development of ultra fine fibers functional finishes and smart textiles based on

the nanotechnology has end less properties At present the application of nano technology in

textiles has merely reaches only the starting line The reason for less commercialization of

nano technology is due to their higher time consumption and cost factor involved The current

global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going

to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States

Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have

bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of

nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus

(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials

(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology

The new functions with textiles to be developed include

20

1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and

sophisticated protection and detection

1048729 health-care and wound healing functions

16Conclusion

We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and

lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the

next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the

textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability

and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable

trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its

collaboration with other disciplines

With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the

technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie

Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile

chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some

of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been

briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will

emerge to dominate the textile field in future

21

REFRENCES

1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-

finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012

2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue

Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012

3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC

press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC

4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp

5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm

6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm

7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm

bull Retains Breathability of Fabric

bull Quick Drying

bull Preserves Original Hand

bull Durable Performance

D) Nano-Touch

This ultimate finishing technology gives durable cellulose wrapping over synthetic

fiber Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure to bring overall

solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic electrostatic having artificial

19

hand and glaring luster It will broaden the existing use of synthetics being free of their

disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being hydrophobic electrostatic and having

unnatural hand The following are examples of new areas of use created through Nano-

Touch a new standard for fiber compounding Self-assembled nanolayer (SAN) coating is a

challenge to traditional textile coating Research in this area is still in embryo stage In

selfassembled

nanolayer (SAN) coating target chemical molecules form a layer of thickness less

than nanometer on the surface of textile materials Additional layers can be added on the top

of the existing ones creating a nanolayered structure Different SAN approaches are being

explored to confer special functions to textile materials

Features

bull Superior Refinement in a Blended Fabric

bull Durable Performance

bull Luxurious Cotton-Like Hand

bull Easy Care

bull Reduced Static Build-up

Future Prospect

The development of ultra fine fibers functional finishes and smart textiles based on

the nanotechnology has end less properties At present the application of nano technology in

textiles has merely reaches only the starting line The reason for less commercialization of

nano technology is due to their higher time consumption and cost factor involved The current

global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going

to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States

Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have

bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of

nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus

(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials

(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology

The new functions with textiles to be developed include

20

1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and

sophisticated protection and detection

1048729 health-care and wound healing functions

16Conclusion

We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and

lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the

next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the

textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability

and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable

trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its

collaboration with other disciplines

With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the

technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie

Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile

chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some

of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been

briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will

emerge to dominate the textile field in future

21

REFRENCES

1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-

finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012

2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue

Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012

3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC

press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC

4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp

5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm

6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm

7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm

global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going

to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States

Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have

bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of

nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus

(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials

(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology

The new functions with textiles to be developed include

20

1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and

sophisticated protection and detection

1048729 health-care and wound healing functions

16Conclusion

We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and

lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the

next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the

textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability

and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable

trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its

collaboration with other disciplines

With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the

technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie

Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile

chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some

of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been

briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will

emerge to dominate the textile field in future

21

REFRENCES

1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-

finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012

2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue

Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012

3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC

press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC

4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp

5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm

6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm

7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm

21

REFRENCES

1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-

finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012

2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue

Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012

3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC

press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC

4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp

5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm

6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm

7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm

22