nanofibers and nanocomposites for aerospace applications
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Nanofibers and Nanocomposites for aerospace applications
Prof. Yuntian Zhu
Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering
20µm
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NC STATE UNIVERSITYNC STATE UNIVERSITY
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www.ncsu.edu/nano Nano for Safety and Environment
NONWOVENS COOPERATIVERESEARCH CENTER
NCSU
IndustryState of NC
2 um
1 um
20 nm
• Nanofiber Filtration: Clean Water and Air – Nanofibers for air, water
filtration devices – Reduce energy consumption – “Smart Filters” – Integrated
sensor devices
• Protection – Fire, Chemicals – Particulates, Toxins
500nm
Behnam Pourdeyhimi Nonwovens Institute
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NC STATE UNIVERSITYNC STATE UNIVERSITY
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www.ncsu.edu/nano Current Nanofiber Fabrication Technology
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• Currently, the most commonly-used method for producing nanofibers is electrospinning (90% publications on nanofibers are based on electrospinning)
• However, the mass production of nanofibers by electrospinning is limited by its low production rate (<100 mg per hour), poor safety, and high cost
• More importantly, electrospun nanofibers are mechanically weak due to the lack of molecular orientation, and they are not suitable for composite applications
Electrospinning:
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NC STATE UNIVERSITYNC STATE UNIVERSITY
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www.ncsu.edu/nano
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Our Approach: Centrifugal Spinning
20µm
• Our preliminary results demonstrated that the production rate of the centrifugal spinning process is 600 times greater than that of typical single-syringe electrospinning
• More importantly, the stretching of jets during centrifugal spinning results in a high degree of molecular orientation, thereby leading to excellent mechanical properties that cannot be obtained by other methods
Polyacrylonitrile nanofibers by centrifugal spinning
• Our approach is to use the centrifugal spinning technique to produce ultra-strong nanofibers for composite applications at high speed, high safety, and low cost
Collector
Liquid jet
Spinning head
Polymer solution or melt
Spinning head
JetNanofiber sheet
Substrate
(A) (B)
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NC STATE UNIVERSITYNC STATE UNIVERSITY
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www.ncsu.edu/nano
Four key factors for the best properties in CNT composites
1. Straight, non-waviness: To make all CNTs carry the load simultaneously (unique for CNTs)
2. Good Alignment: For a CNT to carry load effectively, it has to be aligned in the loading direction
3. Long individual CNTs: Long nanotubes are more effective in carrying load
4. High nanotube volume fraction: The composite strength increases with increasing nanotube volume fraction
What are issues of the CNT composites?
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www.ncsu.edu/nano Our New Approach for Fabricating CNT Composites
• Long CNTs • High volume fraction • Good alignment • Good preliminary properties • Potentially produce the multifunctional CNT composite with
– Strength much higher than current carbon fiber composites – High electrical conductivity – High thermal conductivity
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www.ncsu.edu/nano Spray Winding CNT Composites
Conducive to low-cost, large scale production
Stretch-Spray-winding Automatic stretch-winding machine
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www.ncsu.edu/nano High strength, stiffness, electrical
conductivity, and thermal conductivity
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www.ncsu.edu/nano Unidirectional Carbon Nanotube - Carbon Composites:
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as Precursor
Polymer Infiltration and Pyrolysis: PAN
CNT/PAN composite precursor (dip winding)
Stabilization at 250 °C for 2hrs, 320°C for 25 min
(under tension)
Carbonization at 1300 °C (under compression )
Graphitization at 2150 °C
40-60 walls Diameter: 35-60 nm Length: 900 µm
Resultant CNT-carbon composites: § Relatively high carbon yield from PAN (50-55%) § Long, aligned CNT structure with weight fraction of 5~20% § Providing scaffold for PAN graphitization, enhance thermal stability of composites,
which in turn strengthen the CNTs
1, 2, 5% PAN in DMF were used Good infiltration obtained
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NC STATE UNIVERSITYNC STATE UNIVERSITY
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www.ncsu.edu/nano Mechanical and electrical properties
Precursor After Carbonization