DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY PUDUCHERRY 605014

MICRO- ELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEM

TOPIC: NANO -SATELLITE

SUBMITTED BY : NAME: ANIL KUMAR YADAV

COURSE: M.TECH( ELECTRONICS)

REG. NO: 13304025

INTRODUCTION:

What is a satellite?

Satellite is a celestial body orbiting around larger body like planet or star. It can be artificial or natural.

A natural satellite, is a celestial body that orbits another body, e.g. a planet, which is called its primary. There are 164 known natural satellites orbiting planets in the Solar System, as well as at least eight orbiting IAU-listed dwarf planets. Earth has one large natural satellite, known as the Moon; and Mars has two tiny natural satellites, Phobos and Deimos. Mercury and Venus have no natural satellite. Saturn has an additional six mid-sized natural satellites massive enough to have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium, and Uranus has five.

Artificial satellite is a man-made device orbiting around the earth, moon, or another planet transmitting to earth scientific information or used for communication, navigation etc.

The first artificial satellite was Sputnik 1, launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, and initiating the Soviet Sputnik program, with Sergei Korolev as chief designer. Sputnik 1 helped to identify the density of high atmospheric layers through measurement of its orbital change and provided data on radio-signal distribution in the ionosphere.

Satellites can be classified by their functions. Satellites are launched into space to do a specific job. The type of satellite that is launched to monitor cloud patterns for a weather station will be different than a satellite launched to send television signals across Canada. The satellite must be designed specifically to fulfill its function. Below are the names of nine different types of satellites-

1. Astronomy satellites - Hubble Space Telescope2. Atmospheric Studies satellites - Polar 3. Communications satellites - Anik E4. Navigation satellites - Navstar5. Reconaissance satellites - Kennan, Big Bird, Lacrosse6. Remote Sensing satellites - Radarsat7. Search and Rescue satellites - Cospas-Sarsat8. Space Exploration satellites - Galileo9. Weather satellites - Meteosat

What is the reason for miniaturizing satellites?

One reason for miniaturizing satellites is to reduce the cost because heavier satellites require larger rockets with greater thrust which also has greater cost to finance.

In retrospect, smaller and lighter satellites require smaller and cheaper launch vehicles and can sometimes be launched in multiples. They can also be launched 'piggyback', using excess capacity on larger launch vehicles.

Miniaturized satellites allow for cheaper designs as well as ease of mass production, although few satellites of any size other than 'communications constellations' where dozens of satellites are used to cover the globe, have been mass-produced in practice.

Besides the cost issue, the main rationale for the use of miniaturized satellites is the opportunity to enable missions that a larger satellite could not accomplish, such as:

a) Constellations for low data rate communicationsb) Using formations to gather data from multiple pointsc) In-orbit inspection of larger satellites.d) University Related Research

Classification groups:

Minisatellite The term "minisatellite" usually refers to an artificial satellite with a "wet mass" (including fuel)

between 100 and 500 kg (220 and 1,100 lb),[1][2] though these are usually simply called "small satellites". Examples: Demeter, Essaim, Parasol, Picard, Microscope, Taranis, Elisa, Smese, SSOT, Smart-1, Spirale, Jason-1, Jason-2.

Microsatellite Microsatellite or "microsat" is usually applied to the name of an artificial satellite with a wet

mass between 10 and 100 kg (22 and 220 lb). Except the mass,the size of satellite is important too. Examples: Astrid-1 and Astrid-2,

Nanosatellite The term "nanosatellite" or "nanosat" is applied to an artificial satellite with a wet mass

between 1 and 10 kg (2.2 and 22 lb).

Picosatellite Picosatellite or "picosat" is usually applied as the name of an artificial satellite with a wet mass

between 0.1 and 1 kg (0.22 and 2.2 lb)

Femtosatellite Femtosatellite or "femtosat" is usually applied as the name of an artificial satellite with a wet

mass between 10 and 100 g (0.35 and 3.5 oz).Like picosatellites, some designs require a larger

"mother" satellite for communication with ground controllers. KickSat Sprites "chipsats" would be in this weight class.

What is Nanosatellite?Nano satellites are very small satellites,which weigh less than 10kg. The nanosatellite (called F-1) itself is an Earth observation satellite and qualification platform as we hope to demonstrate the use of many Commercial Off .The Shelf (COTS) components to reduce development schedule and cost. It carries 02 low-resolution cameras (0.3Mp), a high-resolution camera (1.0Mp) and various sensors including temperature, magnetic and current sensors to take photos of the Earth and study space environment. Toensure reliability, critical subsystems such as the power supply unit, onboard computer and communication are double or even triple-redundant.

Designs and proposed designs of these types may be launched individually, or they may have multiple nanosatellites working together or in formation, in which case, sometimes the term "satellite swarm" or "fractionated spacecraft" may be applied. Some designs require a larger "mother" satellite for communication with ground controllers or for launching and docking with nanosatellites.

With continued advances in the miniaturization and capability increase of electronic technology and the use of satellite constellations, nanosatellites are increasingly capable of performing commercial missions.

For example, a 6U CubeSat standard has been proposed to enable a constellation of 35 8 kg (18 lb) Earth-imaging satellites to replace a constellation of five 156 kg (340 lb) RapidEye Earth-imaging satellites, at the same mission cost, with significantly increased

revisit time: every area of the globe can be imaged every 3.5 hours rather than the once per 24 hours with RapidEye constellation. More rapid revisit time is a significant improvement for nations doing disaster response, which was the purpose of the RapidEye constellation. Additionally, the nanosat option would allow more nations to own their own satellite for off-peak (non-disaster) imaging data collection.

Advantages1. Existing standard(s) such as CubeSats2. Lower cost of manufacture3. Easiness of mass production4. Lower overall cost of launch5. Ability to be launched in groups or "piggyback"6. Ideal test bed for new technologies7. Minimal financial loss in case of failure8. Faster building times9. Faster Innovation

Some example : GeneSat-1 ,PharmaSat-1 , Boeing CSTB1 , Nanosail-D2 etc.

Nanosatellite launch vehicle:

With the emergence of the technological advances of miniaturization and increased capital to support private spaceflight initiatives in the 2010s, several startups have been formed to pursue opportunities with developing a variety of small-payload Nanosatellite Launch Vehicle or NLV technologies.

NLVs proposed or under development include:

Virgin Galactic LauncherOne upper stage, intended to be air-launched from WhiteKnightTwo similar to how the SpaceShipTwo spaceplane is launched.

Ventions Nanosat upper stage.[11]

Nammo/Andøya North Star (polar orbit-capable launcher for a 10 kg (22 lb) payload). The United States Army is developing the SWORDS launcher, aimed to deploy nanosatellites

into "precise orbits from almost any location at an ultra-low cost."[SWORDS is an acronym for Soldier-Warfighter Operationally Responsive Deployer for Space. Design payloads could be as large as 25 kg (55 lb). The Army expects to make the initial orbital test flight during the summer of 2013.

As of April 2013, Garvey Spacecraft is evolving their Prospector 18 suborbital launch vehicle technology into an orbital nanosat launch vehicle capable of delivering a 10 kilograms (22 lb) payload into a 250 kilometres (160 mi) orbit.

NASA launched three satellites on April 21, 2013 based on smart phones. Two phones use the PhoneSat 1.0 specification and third used a beta version of PhoneSat 2.0.

Nano-Satellite Launch Demand Projection: Methodology:

Two datasets were used to develop two different future projections of nano/micro satellite launch demand (each is global in nature)

1. –Dataset A contains all currently known past and future nano/microsatellite launches from the SpaceWorks OSD .

2. –Dataset B contains Dataset A with an inflating factor to account for the “known unknown” satellites

Inflating factor is a percentage of known future launches in that year that are assumed missing (“known unknowns”)

Dataset B differs from Dataset A by adding a percent increase to the total number of satellites in a given year, with 2% in 2012, 10% in 2013, and 15% in 2014. It increases due to increased likelihood of not knowing satellites that are further in the future, with such a small percentage in 2012 because most satellites that are launching within a year seem to be known.

Nanosatellite Applications:

Applications demonstrated to date:1. Training and know how building.

2. Technology Demonstration.

3. Earth Science.

4. Space Science.

5. Biology Experiments.

Expected commercial operational applications:1. Rapid Response systems.

2. Useful Remote Sensing.

3. Augmenting nodes to larger missions

Enabling Applications: RF (traditional market)

1. Expected growth in existing market.

2. Low data rate communication constellations.

3. High data rate repeater nodes.

4. EO-Useful EO as new market

5. Rapid Response systems

6. General-More operational payload can be suported, making the missions more cost effective

Global Market of Nanosatellite:

Nano/microsatellite launch demand was projected through 2020 using the combination of historical launches and known future launches from the SpaceWorks Commercial Orbital Satellite Database (OSD) :

Market projection given there that is demand based

Projection based on the publicly announced plans of small satellite operators, launch vehicle providers, government agencies, etc.

Potentially several of these needing dedicated launch options

Potentially missing several commercial nano/microsatellite projects (harder to obtain data)

Price elasticity of demand not included here

The number of launches per year was fit to a Gompertz logistic regression : The Gompertz logistic regression provides an accurate market growth prediction for many

industries, particularly high tech

Regression curve based upon best fit to data while still accounting for a market saturation point

Market saturation point (launch demand asymptote in 2030) set at 150 nano/micro satellites in a year, limited by:

–Realistic number of manufacturers

–Limits imposed by requiring a shared launch with a larger satellite

–Note: others within CubeSat industry have proposed that total market just for CubeSats is over 600 CubeSats per year that will need launches

Methodology risks : –Assumes launches will occur as planned –Launches are often delayed

–Projects may not launch due to lack of funding –Dependent on market saturation assumption

–Datasets contains an inflating factor based on unknown satellites that could potentially not exist

NASA Case Studies:

References:

1. http://nasasearch.nasa.gov/search?utf8=%E2%9C

%93&affiliate=nasa&query=nanosatellite

2. http://spectrum.ieee.org/

3. http://www.spacecraftaustralia.com/

4. http://www.nanosat.jp/

5. http://www.sstl.co.uk/Missions/STRaND-1--Launched-

2013

6. http://tyvak.com/

7. http://www.leodium.ulg.ac.be/cmsms/

8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniaturized_satellite