E66S

VOL. 19

TAMlLNADU ROAD SECTOR PROJECT - ADDmONAL FINANCE HIGHWAYS DEPAR'IMENT, GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADU

Consolidated EA Report

Volume I: Main Report

Disclosure of EA Report for Tamil Nadu Road Sector Project: March 2003

Re-Disclosure ofEA Report for Tamil Nadu Road Sector Project - Additional Finance: November 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER -1 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................11 11 PROjECTB.KKGROUND ... .... . \-\ 12 EXISTING CONDITION OF RO.illS . 12 12.1 IVorthem Comdor ............. ............ .. 12

1 22 El1Jtern Comdor...... ... ,.; 13 PROJECT OBjEC1WES 15 I .j. PROJECT BENEFITS \.'; 1.5 PROPOSED I~IPRO\'BlE;:-;TS l6 1 ;.1 UpJradatloll roaru ........ .. . ...... .... J6 1.5 2 Mall1t~natl" road.. ... ....... . . 18 16 E.N\1RON~IEr-..l.-\L.-\SSESS;\IE;:-;TS I~ THE PROJECT. [9 17 RESOURCE REQUIRE~lENTS IN THE PROJECT l14 l.i 1 iVaturai"IONmJ................... ... .. ............. ........ ..... . ............... 114

1] 2 Sllczai Envlrol'll1ltlli......... ........ ..... . ......................................................................................... '16 18 PRO]ECTCOSTS 117 19 STRUCTURE OF THE E.o\... .... .... . ... ....... . 1li

CHAPTER - 2 POLICY, LEGAL & ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ....... _.................................. 2-1

2.1 HIGHW.WS DEP.-\RTMENT (HD), GO\T OF T.-\..\llL N.illU .. ...... ...... .. ..... ..... 2-1 2.2 INSTITUTION.U. SErnNG - E~"\1RON~IEr.'\JT.-u. CONTEXT .................................................2-1

2.2.1 Mlnlltry o/'EmJirollment alld Fo"ftJ (lI-IoEF) ...... _...................................................................................... 21

22.2 lVioEF IUuolfai Offi.tl.............................. ................................................................................................ 22

2.2.3 Unlt'lll PollutIon Control Board (CPCB) .....................,................................................................................. 22

2.2.4 TamtlNatiJI Statt Polllltlon Control Boan:f (fNSPCB) ................................................................................. 22

2.2.5 D!!fX1t1ment ofEnvironmMt..........................................! ............................... .................................................2-3

2.2.6 Tamtl Nada Statt FO"if Dtpartmtnt ...........................~........:..,................................................................... 2)

2.2.i Gol IUqlli"""nts ........................................................................................................................................ 2)

22.8 World Bank &qum1!ltnfl ............ ............................................................................................................. 2423 TIffi LEG.-\L FR.-\~LEWORK ... ........ . .........................................................................................2-6

2.3 1 The Forul (ConllfTlatllln) Act, 1980..............................................................................................................27

2.3 2 Tht Enllfronmt"l (ProUd/lllt) A.t, 1986 and tht Envtronmmtal Impa..t A.Jmmtnt Notljicalu/II, 1994 ......2.7 2.3.) The Wildlifi (ProtKIIOII) At, 1972 ............................................................................... _ .............................2-7 2.3.4 The Water andhr (pn/Jtlltlon and Control of PoIlRttoll) A&l.;.....................................................................27

2.3.5 Tht i'vfiltor Vthlt:P:1 Act, 1988 ..................................................................................................................... 2-7

2.1.6 The Anaent MOIII/mtntJ and ArrhatologlcalSJfel alii &:malll.i A.t, 1958.................................................... 2-8

2.3.7 Stl1tl LilliLlfllatton and Olhtr A.fI......... ................................................................................................28

2.3.8 il;loRTH and IRC Jptafiralionl........... .................................................... ............. ............................ .....210

2.4 CLE.-\R.\NCE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PROJECT.. ......... . ...... 212

CHAPTER - 3 METHODOLOGY.......................................................................................................... 3-1

31 FE--\SIBILIlY ST.-\GE ...... . ... . .. . . . . .......3-\

3.1.1 Envtron",tntaland SOI:rai S,"tlllIIg.................. .......... ......... ..............-............................................ .J.1

J.1 2 Stt:foral Enlltrolfmtllfa/A..JrJJlfltnl. ... .................................................................................. .. J./

J.l.3 anatyJI.f 0/' aitenralJIII aligllmtnlJ / tomdon. ................ .............. . ................... . .......... .. ..... ..... .... J2

32 DESIGN ST.-\GE.. .... ........ . ..... .. .... . .... . .. ..... .32

3.2.1 E..VV1ROr';j\,lB.",jTAL IMPACf ASSESSMENT.. . .......................... .................... . . ....... ........ .. J-2

3.2.2 Ind~tltdtllt "vttl1l olEA/SA.... .. ............... ............ ......... .......... ................................... ........ J.J

J.2.J ConJolidatlon ofEA/RAP .......... ............. ......................................................................... J...j.33 E.;';S.\ OUTPUTS.... . . .... . . ...... .. . ... ... . ..... . .... . . . J.C)

CHAPTER - 4 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE................................................................ 4-1

41 PHYSIC-u. EN'1RON~1ENT .... ..... .. .... ........ ........ ....... ...1-.. 1

4. t.l lvltttorology........ .......... ........................... ........ .... ..... ...... ............... .... .................... ... ... ..... ...... 4.,

4.1.2 P'!Jno,grap'!J........................... ................................................................................................................ 43

4.1.1 Topography............................... ....... ................................................................................................ .... .+...j.

.j. 1 ~ Gt()lagy........................................... .. ....... ................. .......... ...... ............ .... ... ... ..... .. . . ... 4.j

4.1.5 l-fJdrogtolllg}'................ ...... .... ............ .... ......... . ... ...................................................... 4-6

4.1.6 Sods.......................................... ...... ...... .............. .... .... .................. ........................ ......J.g

4.1.7 lf7aur IUJolIl'ru................. ..... .. ............ ........1.15

February 2003 TamIl Nadu Road Sector Project Consolidated EA Report

"-.1 8 AmbWlt A,rQ"ollly .... " ..... . ...... . ..... ........... .. .. ....... ..... .... ............ . ......128

~ I 9 ........................................, i'iorJe [."11IE:r.'T .... .......... .......... ........ . .1

1.1.1 Impact 011 !~leltoroIQO................ ...... ................................................................. ........... . ............ ............ 1

7.1.2 rmpatr 011 Pl:!Jjlograpl:!J ....................................... ......... .... ............... ... ..................... .............. .... .... Z

7.13 1I11PtJt:lon Topogrop'?J..................... ........... ...... .... ...... ...... ...................:.................................... ....... 2

if.f. Impac' 011 GtO/II!J' ........................................................................................ '" . . .. . . . ...... .... .. 2

, i.1.5 Impar:t {)/I Soli............ ......................................................................................... :-................. 3

7.1.6 Impact ofBOI'I'f)IJI An:al oltaQII(J17)' SItU... .. ......... . ............. .... ...... ....... ...... ... .................... 5

February 2003Tamil Nadu Road Sector Project Consolidated EA Report

7.1.7 Impa,t on Water "&iIJIIIlU................................................................ ............................................................... 10

7.1.8 Impact on ArrQualr!J' ....................................................... ....................._............................._........................ 1+

7.1.9 Impatt 0" l'-lou, UIN!. ..................................................................................................................................... 17

I~[p.\CT ON ECOLOGIC-\L ENYIRON~IENT .................................................................................. 20

7.2.1 &JtrrJr F O"lt...................._..._.................._..............................................................._................................... 20

7.2.2 I~ild /iftSanetual)' / Bloiph,rt RtJlm ........................................ .................................................................. 23

7.2.J RoadJidt Tm!.................................................................................................................................................. 2+

. 72.+ SoaoIFortJtf),.............................................................................. .............................................................. 26

7.2.i Other S"'Jltlllt Arttu....................................................................................................................................... 26

726 ClJaJtal alld lilIan/I' lViOUll'ti........................................................................................................................ 26

nIP.\cT ON CULTUR..-\L EN'lRON~IENT . ...... .... ... ... . . ....... . .. . .28

7.3. f 1I1Ipa"r 011 &llgIOIIJ and HIJ/om' Silt> .................................................................................................... 28

7.J.2 1I1Ipa,t on Sa.:rrd GroveJ ............................................... ~ .......................................................................... 28

1 3.J ~'iJllaI and AeJth,tli Impal1............................................................................................................................ 28

I~[p.\CT ON SOCIO ECONO~lIC ENnRON~lENT... .. ........... ..... ............ .. ............. 29

7.+.1 Injl1C( 0/ Conlt11ledon I~or.url......................................................................................................................... 30

7.+.2 EconomIC lmpoct!.............................................................................................................................................. J 1

7.+.J A"qlllJ'ltlon of Land and SI11lctllrtl................................................................................................................... J1

7.+.+ &lIltl4",,,,1 ofpeopl, /lIlthlll the COmdor-oflmpatl .......................................................................................... 32

7.+.5 Rt!fJcation ofCommlllll!J Sr"'clllrtl .................................................................................................................. 33

7S I~IP.\CT ON S.\FETY .-u'lD PUBUC HE.\LTH ........................................................................................... 34

7.5.1 Impaa 011 S aft!)............................._......................................................................_......................................... J4

7.5.2 Impaa QII Publit H,allh...................................................................:............ _.................................................. J 5

7.6 INDUCED DEVELOP~IENT .-\LONG E.-\sTERN CORRIDOR ................................................................36

7.6.1 TIH Ulll'....................._....................................................._........................__....._................................. _........ 36

7.6.2 Dllllhp""flt trtllds e,... potlfltialfor In.,d tUw!fJp""nt................................................................................... J 7

. 7.6.J 'flvmJllmtlltal mflItnliflts & potelllll1lsfor tUlIt/(Jp""III.. ~ ..._............._..........._...........................__................... 40

7.6.4 lfltrilln, JllltabiitJ for ipltijic /aJrd III" ._..................._ .1..........................................................................._ ...... 48

7.6.5 0IItrItg & mmp6nll Illitainlity .............._............................................................. _...................._........... _........ fO

I . \ ,CHAPTER 8 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MEASURES .................................................. 8-1

8.1 .\PPRO.-\CHTO ~rrnG.\nON l\JE..\SURES ............................................................................._....................8-1

8.2 .\VOID.-\NCE AND ~rrnG.\TION ~IE.-\SURES ............................................................................................82

!:~:;. ~;;~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::!~~ 8.2.J 5011......................._..................................................................................._......._..............................._........... 82 8.2.4 War"........................................................................................................._..................................................... 8-8.

8.2.5 AirQualitJ ........................................................................................................ - ......................................... 81 {

8.2.6 i'loise !.JvI1I................................................................................................................................................... 8-17

8.2.7 Emlogy....................................................................................................__................................................... 820

8.2.8 Soctal ElllIIron"""t........................................................................................................................................ 835

8.2.9 Soft!), Arptdt ..............................:.................................................... :............................................................. 835

8.2.10 Con.1f11rll4n Worker.r Camp.............................................................................._.......................................... 8J9

8.2.11 l.4fld lIS' iv1anflJ'",ent a!fJflg the EaJItr1r Comdor........... :............................................................................. 841

8.3 ENH.\NCE~tlENT ~IE.\sURES ....................................................................................................................... 8-44

8.J.1 5uifaa _terbodi,J' ........................................................................................................................................ 8-+5

8.J.2 ClJblJral pmp,rtltJ.......................................................................................................................................... 8-+6

8.J.3 Co",,,,IIIUt! spaa......................................................................................................................_.................... 8-+7

S.J.+ Ellhalla",,,,tJ COIIJ'ltUf'td IIndtr Th"RSP...................................................................................................... 8-+8

8.4 ~rONITORING ~IE.-\SURES ...................................................................................................................... 8-52

t!.+.1 PerjormQ"" IndkaJorl.................................................................................................................................... 852

B.+.2 i'vIollllonllt, PUlflS................................._.................................................................................__.................... 854

8.+.J Reportl"g SJit"" ...................................................................._............._....................................................... 858

8.5 Il\CPLE~IENT:~nON .-\RR..\NGEl\LEl'I'TS .............................. _.................................................................... 8-59

8.f.1 For Upgrada/loll COmdOf'f.................._............................................................................................_........... 859

8.5.2 For ",ain/#n,,,,, Comdof'f.............................................................................................................................. 8-61 .

B.5.3 Trailflllg of thl ~\1,,,,btrI ofth, E fllllffJllllftnlal Ctll........................................................................................ 8-61

8.5.4 AdiIJo1IQ1 Ttrnlllng program"" for kmdJlJ" ",alllll",,'III ................................................................................ 8-64

8.6 BUDGET FOR ENYIRON~!ENT.-\L ~L\N.-\GEME.I.'IT............................................................................. 864

1W8 February 2003 LIST OF TABLES

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Table t 1 Length of (he Prolect Roads under Upgradauon Component Table 1 2 Land reqUIred for the ProJecr Table 1.3 Estt.rnace for Engmeenng, R&R and EMP

CHAPTER 2 POLICY, LEGAL & ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

Table 2.1 World Bank Safeguard Poliaes Taggered Table 2.2 Statutes, Pollaes, Regulanons and Responsible Agenaes Table 2.3 Status of Statutory Clearances reqUlCed for TNRSP

CHAPTER 4 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE

Table 4.1 TamLl Nadu - Annual Average: Ratnfall, \ifemperarure & Relative HwrudltyTable 4.2 Rainfall along The Corodors, 1998 - 99 Table 4.3 Damage and Losses dunng 1996 CycloneTable 4.4 Damage and Losses dunng Floods (1993 & 1994)Table 4.5 Terrain along the Up~adanon CorodorsTable 4 6 Low Lymg Scretches along the Upgradanon CorridorsTable 4.7 Low Lymg Areas along Mruntenance CocadorsTable 4.8 AqUIfer ParametersTable 4.9 Sou Types along Upgradat10n CorndorTable 4.10 Sou Qualll:Y Morutoang StanonsTable 4.11 Soil Qual!tyTable 4.12 Wate.rcourses Traversed by the Co.rndorsTable +.13 G.roundwater Recharge and I.rnganon UseTable -U4 Caregoazatlon of Blocks With Reference to Ground \"\'acer PotentlalTable 4.15 Ground Water Blocks along Upgradanon CorndorsTable +.16 Irnganon by Different Sources wuhm Each DlsmctTable 417 \',7arer Qualny Morumnng StatlonsTable 4.18 Water Qual.!ty DataTable 4.19 Water Bodles along Mamtenance CorndorsTable 4.20 AmbIent.Au- QualIty Morutonng StanonsTable 4.21 Ambient Au Quallty along the Upgradaoon CorndorsTable 4.22 NOlse Morutoang Stat100STable ..1-.23 N01se Levels along the CorndorsTable 4.24 AVIfauna Obse!Ved 111 Udayam:uthaodapuram Bud SanctuaryTable 4.25 Number of Road Side Trees along Upgradat10n CorndorsTable 4.26 Tree Density along Mruntenance Co.rndors

hbrua,,' 2003 Tam" Nadu Road Sector Project Consohd,lIed EA Report

CHAPTER 6 COM~MUNITY CONSULTATIONS

Table 6.1 Issue and Responses In .Apex Level ConsultauonsTable 6.2 Issues and Response mPublic Heanng SessIOns Table 6.3 Issues Raised and Responses in Village Level Coosultaaoos Table 6.-1. Issues and Response ofT.1sk force 10 Consulraaons along Brpass TownsTable 6:> hSlles and Responses 10 EcologJ.cal Consult:ulonsTnble 6.6 Issues and Outcomes In Consultaaons dUring Independem Revle\v Ennronmenral IssuesTable 67 Issues and Ourcomes tn Consulrao.ons dUring Independent Re\"lew - SOCIal IssuesTable 6.8 I~sues and Responses In Stakeholders' Workshops

CHAPTER 7 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

Table 71 Agnculrural Land to be acqUlted for the ProjectTable 7.2 ErOSion Potenoal for Dlfferem SoIl TypesTable 7.3 ReqUltement of Sand and Quarry l\'fatenalTable 74 Haulage DIstance for Conso:ucoon MatenalTable 7.5 Earthwork & Borrow Matenal reqUltementsTable 7.6 Impacts on \Vater Resources due to COflso:ucoon ActlVloesTable 7.7 Water Resources Affected along TNRSP CorridorsTable 7.8 Bndges Proposed under Upgradaaon ComdorsTable 7.9 Increased Run-off along Upgradaoon CqmdorsTable 710 Water Demand for Conso:uctlon ActlVltiesTable 7.11 Predicted Concentratlon along Upgradatlon Ccmdors ().1g/m3) for 2017Table 7.12 Predicted NOlse Levels along Upgrndatlon Corndors for 2017Table 7.13 SenSltlVe Receptors WIth respect to NOIse PollutionTable 7.14 EstImate of RoadSide Tree LossTable 7.15 Escunate of Conso:uctlon WorkforceTable 7.16 Land to be acqrn.red for the ProjectTable 7.17 Number of ProJect Affected So:ucruresTable 718 Number of Project Affected House holds ImpactedTable 7.19 ProJect Affected Commurury AssetsTable 7.20 Locauons vulnerable to Induced Development along the Eastern CorndorTable 7.21 Cntena for Assessmg Incnnslc SU1tability ofVanous Landuses

CHAPTER 8 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENTMEASURES

Table 8.1 Summary of CulveresTable 82 i\Ia:runum Baner SlopesTable 83 ErOSlOn Comrol MeasuresTable 8,4 Number ofSllt fenCUlg proposed for Upgradaoon ComdorsTable 8.5 Number of Oil Interceptors Proposed for Upgradatlon CorndorsTable 8.6 PrO'.i'lSlOn for New Drams 10 TNRSPTable 8.7 Recharge Plts proposed along Upgradauon CoeodorsTable 8.8 .-\\"oldance / ~I.tuga.uon Measures for A1r Polluoon at Cnucal LocationsTable 8.9 Double GlaZIng ofSensltlve ReceptOrs

lara Fcbrual'\' 2003Tamil Nadu Road Sector Project ConsoluJaled EA Report

Table 8.10 Arumal CrossmgsTable 811 Replantation along the Project PackagesTable 8 12 SpeCles for the Front RowTable 813 Specles for the Inner Ro\vTable 8.H Sections for Tree PlantationTable 8.15 Buffer Plantatlon along Reser';e ForestsTable 8.16 Nursery PlanTable 8.17 Performance Indicators Proposed for TNRSPTable 818 Morutonng Plan (1!pgradao.on Comdors)Table 8.19 Moruroc111g Plan for Mamtenance CorndorsTable 820 Tralrung Program for TNRSPTable 821 Budgetary ProvISIons for Upgradatlon CorndorsTable 8 22 Budget ProVISIons for Mamtenance Corndors

February 2003 LIST OF FIGURES

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Figure 1 I l'pgradatJon and i\!:umenance Corndors In TNRSPFigure I .2 :2 Lane Sealed Shoulders (2LSS)Flgure 13 2 Lane Gr:n-el Shoulders (2LGS)Figure 14 :2 Lane I.\hnor Reahgnmenc (2Li\IR)FJ.gUre 1.5 :2 Lane Rural Reahgnmenr (2LRR)

CHAPTER 4 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE

F'lgure 4.1(A) GeolOgical Map -Northern CorndorFigure 4.1(B) Geologlcall\Iap -Eastern ComdorFigure 4.2(A) Sou Map -Northern CorndorFigure 4.2(B) Sou Map -Eastern ComdorFIgure 4.3 Locaaon of Water Sod and Monitoang StationsFtgure 4.4(A) Dramage Basin Map -Northern CoendoeFigure 4.4(B) De:unage Basin Map -Eastern Corodo!Figure 4.5(A) Ground Water UnhsatlOn -NoI'lf\ern CorridorFigure 4.5(B) Ground Water Unhsaoon -Eastern CorodorFigure 4.6(A) Concenuanon ofTDS -Eastern CorndorFtgUre 4.6(B) Salmtty along -Eastern CorodorFigure 47 Locaoon of AIr and NOIse Monitoang StaoonsFtgure 4 8{A) Reserve Forest -Northern CorndorFtgure 4.8(B) Reserve Forest and \'>;'ild ufe Sancruacy -Eastern CoendorFigure 4.9 Kelur Reserve ForestFigure 4.10 Parvathamalat Reserve ForestF'tgure 4 11 Mundanai Reserve ForestFigure 4.12 Attlpakkam Reserve ForestFigure 4.13 TIuppakkadu Reserve ForestFigure 4.14 Nartamur Reserve ForestFigure 4.15 Stluval.chen Reserve ForestFIgure -t 16 Penavalayam Reserve ForestFigure .. 17(A) Rehgtous Slles -Northern CorudorFigure .. 17(B) Rellgtous Sites -Eastern CortlclorFtgure 418(A) Hencage Sites -Northern CorndorFIgure 4 18(B) Henrage Sites -Eastern Corndor

CHAPTER 5 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

Ftgure 5 1 Corndors SubJect [0 ScreerungFtgure 5.2 Three Alrermltlye Corudoes for connecang Southern poraon ofTamtl NaduFigure 5.3 Alternatlves at VedaranruyamF'igure 5-t Alternaoves at AdtrnmpattInam and RaJamad:lm

FcbrU3n' 2003 TamIl Nadu Road Sector Project Consohd31ed EA Report

FIgure:; 5 Ahgnrnent Altecnatt"l."es at Tondt Flgure 5.6 .i.hgnment Alterna,aves at Devlpawnarn FIgure 5.7 Altematlve altgnments at Vembar & Sayalkuw FIgure S.8 Bypass Altecnam"e at .-\raru Figure 5.9 Bypass Alternatl\"e at Polur Figure 3.10 Bypass Alternam"e at TJru'"annamalru FIgure 5 II B~"pass Alrernauve a[ Tirukkonlur Figure 512 B\"pass Alternative at V ndhachallam FIgure:; 13 B\'pass .i.ltecnatl"C at ,-\n\'"alur Figure 5 1-+ B"pass .-\Iternacl\'e at Kurnbakonam Figure 515 Bypass .i.][ernam"e at Thtru"arur FIgure 516 Bypass A!termlll'-e at Cludambaram Figure 5.17 Bypass Alternative at Sukaz.lu Figure 5.18 B!"pass Alternative at Nagapatuoam FIgure:; 19 By-pass Alternatlve at TLromuralpundt Figure 5.20 Bypass Alternatl'l:es at Muthupet

CHAPTER 7 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

Figure 7.1(A) Quauy Map -Northern CoradorFlgure 7.1(B) Quarry Map -Eastern ComdorF1gure 72 Pmcnoal areas for Induced DevelopmentFigure 73 Water Potential of RIver BaslOSFigure 7.4 Block W1se Ground Water Potential \Figure 7 5 Forest .AreasFigure 7,6 Water Level ContoursFIgure 7.7 Depth of Water Table below Ground levelFigure 7.8 Total Dtssolved Sohd (mg/l) levelsFigure 7.9 Saliruty levels (ppt)Ftgure 7,10 Compome Overlay

CHAPTER 8 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENTMEASURES

F1gure 8.1 Sdt FencmgFigure 8.2 Otl and Grease ImerceptorFigure 8.3 Rechargmg Ptt for Urban DramsFigure SA (A) Typical De:ugns for The Eastern Comdor,Figure 8A(BI) Typ1cal Destgtls for The Eastern Comdor.Figure 8.4(811) Typ1cal DeSigns for The Eastern Cortldor.Ftgure 8.5 Landscapmg along Juncoonsfigure 8.6 C:ude CrossmgsFtgure 8.7 Typical Layout of Consrruct10n CampFigure 8.8 Orgaoogram

Fcbruan' 2003 A8REVIATIONS

::!LG::. 1/.;1"': G r.l\ cI )hou'u~rs N,\,\Q t\.1Utm'li \mbt\.'n{ ur QU:lb['\ ::ir,J.mJJ.ru~ 1r~\IR :! I...n.: Minot R..:.,hgnment ",II "'~!\Im~' ~~h"1\ 2LRR 2 I..n" Ru",1 R"":1hgnm.,,nr ",0.Ide of J\l'.lIJ the to:l4I 3nd there l1'C :ll.lcquare cnnttol, ht.'fI..... pbnang throughoUt the P!OJ'l :hmuo: pbnong throughout the Cotnhor Icnglh and where nu., Then: !1lIS been consult:ltllln ,nth 1701\."$1 Dt.~'fIt, and pbnrmg "1lI tncludc oi C'>UtIC and !l1dlgt.-nou.. pbnrs ~ brood t:II1gC0f.pcao.$

l."r lhe c...Jdah", to """'111..= >ulphur fud H&R\v'D to ;pnnlJc \\,rcr O\~"{ :.:= prone: ttl !U;:ttn c UU,! The EMP ('Itt",,,!.,, for 'pnnlJJn)l ".,to'!' """""".", "':l.< to control su"!"'ndcl.l p:u1XU1'''', m:u!cr k,el:< Con,tru1;OOn co'utXt ro incorporare :unb.;m on on \\lIdhic ",0 be mmor; Ih",e ",0 be stgnS \\ h.:n: \\1lUbr" cro>scs 101ld

p",!,= reh:!bwtloon progrunm: for ProJCCc.~frCcted H&R\\'D h,. prq"'It'u 3dr:ttt prugomm; PCI'SOfl'

Ensure I'IllnImUm Interter.mce \\1m ,;et1SIO''e = Dm.'Ct rtnpacts ",0 be mu'Utn:lI CHAPTER-3 METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the E.-\/SA methodology In the pro/ecr The enqronmental and social Inputsobnuned durmg varlous proJect srages nnd [he process followed In integrating ennronmenr:tl and $ocutlcon$lder:ltlOns Into the project planmng nnd design are dlscllssed

3.1 FEASIBILITY STAGEThe feasibility study !n'1:ohred prl0rmzaClon of 3,328 km of SOS roads to Idenufy the candidate roads forImprovement m the proJect. The srudy was completed by the PCC m December 1997. The feaslblhrystudy mcluded an analysls of the englOeerlOg, economiC, environmental and social components for theproject roads. As part of the feaslbll.tty, an envlronmental and social screenmg was carned out.

3.1.1 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING

Envlronmental and socIal screening that was carned out for the road network. Idenafied In the SOS,Involved the followmg steps:

1. Deternuning evaluation criter1a for screerung u. Assigrung weightages to the evaluauon crIteria ill. EvolVIng evaluaaon matrix by scree~lOg corridors for the idenufied cnterla and IV. RankIng corridors in oeder of sensltlvuyCoendors lOrucaung best environmental performance were screened for further analYSIS. An Inventoryof environmental features along aU- the roads was developed to enable determtnaaon of evaluaaoncritena and thelr weightages. Pub!!c consultauon dunng the screemng also prOVided necessary IOput Indetermimng weightages to evaluatIon cntena. Road l..\Oks screened With the above methodology wereranked 10 order of senslOvlI:y, and senS1Qve road l..\Oks Identified.

3.1.2 SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

Sectoral E.\ (1999) for TNRSP was prepared after the investment deCISions were made In the feaSibilItystudy- The Sectoral EA co'-ered the set of roads establ.tshed as candidates for Impro'emenr b~ theFeaslb!llty study, to prxoIluse amongst the sub-prOjects 10 terms of envIronmental/social Impacts,benefits and EA/SA reqwrements. The Sectoral E.-\ approach was used to estabhsh mechamsms forassessment, analYSIS and Implemenrauon In the yanous project phases

Sequence of acuvmes followed tn the SEA preparation IS presented below:

Study of eXlsang msututlonal setup ConsulratIon ,....' lth roadSide COmmUOltleS and other stakeholders Collecnon of baseline tnformauon for the study area AnalYSIS of alternative altgnments Impact assessment of the selected ahgnment EnVironmental management plan for mmgaaon/management of negauve ImpaCt~ Resettlement acnon plan for compensanon/asslstance to affected people/ com~unlt1es

3-1 hbru:ln 1003 T:!md Nlldu Road Sector Project Con,oildllrcd E. \ Report

3.1.3 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE ALIGNMENTS / CORRIDORS

Allgnmenrs proposed for upgradatlon based on the outputs of feasibility study have been subjected to further analysIs on the enYlronmental and social Impacts. Certam locahzed envIronmental and sOCIal unpacts Identified dunng the stud~' \vere to be aVOided to mmimize the Impacts :\Iternatl\-e alIgnments at such locations were anal;'sed, FollOWing methodology IS adopted for analYSIS of the alternatn"es

IdentIhcauon of alternative alignments - both eXlsung and ne\,' ahgnments Esumauon of engmeenng and economIC parameters for companson of alternatn"es PreparatIon of Inventory of enYlronmental and SOCial features for likely alternaaves Consultaaon wtth che pubhc on the Idenafied aiternaaves Qualttaave and quanmaave anaI~'sls of the envlronmenral and SOCial inVentorr to arnve at the best altgnment

3.2 DESJGN STAGE

Final ahgnmems/corr1dors selected for upgradauon are subjected to detruled designs. Publtcconsultanon has played major role 10 various deSign deCISions. Cross-secnons for the corndors werefwaltzed with the mputs from public heanngs and lessons learnt from the fIrst phase of east coast road(ECR) DurlOg the design process, IDlnor modificauons are carried out in the width of Col to reduceunpacts. Design speeds are reduced in lOhabtted porn~ns of the corndor to reduce the geomecnccorrecnons and consequent land acqwsltion. Minunum pOSSible cross section was adopted through outthe alIgnment, wruch did not necesmate analysis for alternanve cross-secnons as It can be of higherwidth only and would obViously have higher Impacts compared to the adopted cross secnon.

About 2600km of roads are subsequently taken up under mamtenance component. As no widenmg andland take IS envisaged, these corrIdors are not subjected to &\/SA. However, to adequately address anyInconsequennal envIronmental/SOCial Impacts, an envIronmental and SOCIal management plan IS to beprepared as part of the consoLdanon exerC1se.

3.2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

The envJronmental Impact assessment procedure proceeded slmultaneously with detailed deSign ofroutes selected for improvement. The stepwise methodology adopted for the EL\ IS as follows:3.2.1.1 Ammbly and Ana(yw' of DataData on '-acIOUS LIkely ahernatI'I."es Idenufied through englOeermg and economIc parameters IS collectedPubl1c consuitanons na,"e also been carrIed out m the process.

3.2.1.2 Assessmenl of A/lernatwesThe alternauve altgnments are analysed based on the data collected to arnve at final alIgnment havmgleast em'lConmentallmpacts

3.2.1 3 Baseline Surveys altd DommeniattOnBaseline mformatlon on varIOUS envIronmental parameters was collected for the selected alIgnmentthrough pnmaly survers as ecological survey, air and nOise pollutlon monItormg These have been

3-2 h:bruary 2003 Con~ohdated E. \ Report

supplemented with the data anuable from engtneerlng surveys as hydrologIcal surveys, sou mvestigations etc. The data has been assembled and documented for further analysIs.

3.2.1.4 AJ'sesrment of Potenttallmp(ZLlS Based on the data collected, potenoal en\'lronmental ImpactS ha\"e been assessed .\ssessment was carned Out for \'anous stages of project preparation and Implementauon as pre-constructlon, constructlon and operaoon phases Impacts anticIpated are subjected to funher analYSIS through quantlficatlon to ascertam their magOltude to the extent po:mble.

3.2.1.5 lvItttgatzon and Enhancement meaSlITU :f;I,litlgation measures are deVIsed for the Impacts anticipated In addmon to enhancement of various elements as ponds, cultural properties and inCidental spaces Idenofied.

3.2.1.6 Commlllli~ Consultations Consultation with the roadSide communtoes and stakeholders has been an Integral part of the project at all stages of its preparaoon. Outputs of the consultaOons are suitably Incorporated In the designs. Documentaoon of commuruty consultaoons held at apex, distrICt and village level is carned out.

3.2.1.1 Implementatzon ArrangementI EXlsong setup for implementation of the suggested d~sign with the PlU 15 studied. Modifications required for existing implementation and Institutional setUp is suggested.

3.2.1.8 Environmental"Maltagement Plans EnVlIonmental mitigation and enhancement measures suggested are presented in the form of a plan for the implementing agency to follow. The plan being implemented is to be monitored hence both the momtoring and reporting mechamsms are incorporated along with budgetary prOVisions. 3.2.1.9 Resettlement Action Plan Resettlement impacts identified in the project on the road SIte communitIes and stakeholder is being nuogated through the provl~lOns made In the R&R policy of the project. All mecha01sms adopted for the Impact rrunimization, compensation and aSSIstance measures are presented along \'\I1th the implementation, morutonng and evaluation responslbilioes.

3.2.2 INDEPENDENT REVIEW OF EA/SA

In line with the reqwrements for Category.-\I proJects, an lOdependent review has been earned out. Theapproach adopted for the Independent ReVIew exerose is presented in the follOWIng secOons.3.2.2.1 Preliminary DZICIlSSzons wzth the C/1611t / World BaltkThe preltnunary diSCUSSIon wtth the client and the \"V'B gave an inSight IntO the project progress andshortcom1Ogs 10 the project irutiation stage.

I TNRSP h~s been classIfied 3$l:I CJtegor:' ".\" project uue 10 Its cumul:lme m~gtlltuuc of Cn\"fOnmcntlll ~nu ~ocI21Imp~cts

February 2003 T~mll Nadu Road Secror ProJect Con,ohdatcd E:\ Report

3.2.2.2 RCUUlvof the Pro;cd Doalments A desk review of the E1VSll. outputs was earned oue eo assess the comphance with the \\'13 pollCles

Some of the Issues identified during the desk revle,v demanded sire nrificacion whereas some needed consultatlons \\ilth stakeholders, authorltles and NGOs and these ha\'e been subsequently carned out. Outputs of E.-\lS.\ have been "enfied with the deSign :lnd lmplementanon plans for de[ermtnlOg the extent of mamstreammg of ennronmentallssues.

3.2.2.3 Site IIwtJ and COI1JII!tallOI1JFoUo\vmg the prehmmary reVIew of documents, site VISitS to prOject roads were undertaken by thereVle\V team to (1) verIfy on site whether the EA/SA has 1Ocorporared the ennronmental and SOCIlllconcerns and (11) assess whether adequate measures are suggested 10 rhe project to address those.Baselme Informauon presented In the EA and lOformation on P.",-Ps of resldenual, commercial as well ascommumty properties were venfied on site. Consultations WIth vanous officials were also earned outdunng the ViSit.

3.2.2.4

Identification of gaps and deficiencies' Gaps and deficIencies are identified in the baselIne data,assessment of unpacts as well as the envuonmental management plans. The Identified gaps arepresented in Independent ReView Report. Location spedfic changes requued 10 the design as per theobservations on deSign and the eXlStlng field condmons are also Identified.

Cntical issues to be addressed: Some of the crltlcal issues chat were raIsed by VarIOUS stakeholders wereto be fully addressed 10 the proJect. SpeCIfic methodology for address10g each of the Issues 1S workedout.

3.2.3 CONSOLIDATION OF EA/RAP

Reports of PCC prepared as standalone documents for Phase I and Phase IA of TNRSP IS consolIdatedfor all the Packages TNRSPOl, 02, 03 and 04 into a single report. Gaps and deficiencles Identified in theindependent reView are subsequently [tIled up in the consoltdatlon exerCIse of E.1. and RAP. Some ofthe ctmcal Issues as land use & sahmty le\'e!s, ground \vater uulizauon and avallabIhcy of water forconstruction, especlal1~' along eastern corndor are addressed. Impacts Identified on air, nOlse, ecologyand cultural properues are adequately addressed in the package wise envlronmenral management plansWIth addmonal budgetary provls10ns.

3.2.3.1 Pnmory Slirueys ond CompletlM of Bose/lI1t!Gaps are Identified to the baselme 1Oformatlon regardtng :ur, nOIse, sod, water - both surface and groundwater. Det:llied pnmary surveys are conducted for collection of baselme information on thesecomponents along all the corridors. Information on locations swtable for enhancements as culturalproperties, Incidental spaces and places of local s1gmficance was collected through detalled field ViSitS.Addittonal basellne mformatlon for addreSSIng some of the crmcal issues Identified 10 the reVIew wasalso collected.

3.2.3.2 Additlona! Jllldy for Cntu'a! ImleJ

Land use

3," Fcbru.lr\ 2003 Tamil Nadu Road Sector Project Con~ohdatcd E;\ Report

An effort has been made to provide a citrectlon for land use planmng along the eastern corndor by mtegraung de,,-e!opment with resource avallablhty, factormg In environmental concerns and thresholds along the eastern coast. This shall be aimed at (i) dlrecung and ranonahzIng development along crlucal areas and (11) Streamhmng de\-e/opment along non-cntlcal areas. The approach adopted lO'\"oh-ed the followmg steps

I Enluauon of the eXistIng lnrid use plannlOg approach

EXlsung agenCies InYoh-ed In the landuse control and their regulatlons are studied..-\part from these agencies, regulations of other agencies hke, Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board, Fishenes Department lOdtrecdy controllmg development of lOdustrles, fishenes, water extraction, and tmposmg restrictions as CRZ are stucited.

II: Analyze the eXlstmg land use characteristlcs along [he corndor

The land uses along the project road for a citstance of 100 meters on either side were Inventoriedthrough a reconnalssance survey wherein the adjOining land uses along the corridor were recorded. Therecorded data IS analysed to prOVide section Wlse landuse character along the corridor.III: Identify development trends and locatlons vulner~ble to induced development

To understand tbe development trends of mdividual setdements and to assess thetr potential for \induced development, extensive consultatlons were held With the community and the variousstakeholders along the corndor. These citscussions together with a basic analysis of the census andsocio-economic data of the project dlstncts provided the basis for identifytng areas susceptlble toinduced development impacts.IV: Assess the environmental constramts and potentials for development

To assess the water situation along (he coast and to understand the implicatlons of the developmentsthat can be induced due to the proJect on the eXlStlng water situation, extensive data collection on theground water resources. (of about 200 wells wlthm 30km from the coast) was carried out. Theenvironmental components analyzed meluded: c Geomorphologtcal characteristics. o SOll types and characterlsucs

c Water resources lOclucitng,

o \"Vater potential of Clver basms

c Categonzatlon of blocks based on ground water potennal and degree of exploitation

o Ground water table o Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and SahDlty levels of the wells withm 30km from the coast

and,

o Forests and other protected areasThematlc maps are prepared for these components. The thematic map preparation also im-olvedplottlng of the IDS and salmll:Y contours wHhm a band of 30km from the coast usmg SURFER 32.

V: Assess mtnnslc suItability for speCIfic land uses

I~ 3-5 Fl.bru:IfY ZOO:'; Con,oll3 Tamil N:ldu RO:ld Sector Project Consohdau:d E.\ RepoC[

V' AsCertalOmg water avaIlablhty as per the construction demand Based on the avallabll1~- of water along the corndors and water demand at constructlon sLtes, locatlons of \vater avallablllty and \vater scarce stretches are Identified

VI' Identification of aiternatl":e sources of water In \vater scarce stretches

.-\lternam-e sources of water h:we been Idennfied through elaborate dIscussions With tbe PIU. water resources speciailsts and other go,-emmenc agencIes

o Ecology and Natural HabItat Plan The areas of ecological signIficance such as Reserve Forest, Biosphere Resen-e, Wild ilfe Sanctuary, SOCial Forestry along or In close prOXimIty to the coendots have been studIed \vlth respect to the unpact of the road upgrade on the eXisting flora and fauna. The Northern Comdot passes close to 6 Reserve fotests cues the SIdes of tWO reserve forests. The Eastern corridor does not pass through any Reserve Forests an~ the nearest Reserved Forest IS at a dIstance of 3 Km. However, ecology of the area IS studied and natural habitat plan IS prepared. The methodology mvolved follOWIng steps: I: InventonsatIon of the ecological areas withm 25 km radius of the project corridors , ThIs IS done through secondary informatIon coUected from the State Forest department.II: Detaued field viSits

Detailed field visits are carried out along all the coendors with special emphasis on idenufied ecologicalareas. ThIS IS done through local ecolOgists havmg thorough knowledge of the flora and fauna found U1the regton. Quadrant surveys are carried out to assess the speCIes diverslCY along the corridors.

III: AnalySlS of the Species inventory

The speCIes idenufied are checked WIth the IUCN red list and Schedule of species as per the Wild lifeProtection Act (1972).

IV: Locauon of threats

Locauons of probable unpacts based on the above analysIs and behavioral pattern of the faunal speCIesare IdentIfied.

V. i\I.mgatIon/ management measures

PrecautIonary measures are deVIsed at locatIons of threat and necessary budgetary prOYISlonS are madein the Er..IP. The documentation of thIS process IS presented In the Appendix: 8.2 - Natural habltatplan.

o Tree Plantanon StrategyWide01ng along the corndors will invol,lte removal of eXIstIng roadSIde trees withIn a distance of 1mfrom the edge of the shoulder. Compensatory plantanon IS enVIsaged to offset the loss. A detaIled studyon the Impacts on roadSIde plancuuon 15 taken up as part of the proJect preparauon. Methodologyinvolved the foUow1ng steps:

I: Inventotlsatlon of roadside plantatIon, species W1St: and girth wise

II: Assessment of the number of trees to be removed due to \vldenmg Tamil Nadu Road Sector ProJect Consolluateu E.\ Report

III: IdentIficatIon of locations for compensatory planratlon

IV- SeleCtIon or speCIes for road Side plantations

\T Preparation of landscape details along different cross sectlons

\'r InstitutIonal strengthenmg of the pru for Implementatlon of the proposed landscape deSign VII Prepar:ltlon of Implemenrallon schedule for the plantation

VIII. i\.Io01tOnng of the surnnl of saphngs

Necessary budgetary prOVISions are made 10 the EMF for Implementation of the roadside plantatlon Formats for reportIng the survival of saphngs IS prepared to aid In regular monltorlng The detalls of tree plantatIon strategy are presented In Appendix: 8.3 - Tree PlantatIon strategy.

3.2.3.3 Impact Assessment

Based on rhe PCC reports and addtttonal mformation coUecred as part or the consolidatIon exerase,

assessment of Impacts for parameters IdentIfied to be defiCient 1D analyses IS carrIed out. The analYSIS IS

modified to be more quantItative.

3.2.3.4 Mltzgatlon and Enhancement l'rleaSllre.r

Mittgatton measures are devised for the Impacts tn consuUctton and operatIon stages Identified. Prioncy

is gIven to prOVIsion of aVOidance and precautionary measures. SpeCIfic deSIgns for locattons swtable for

enhancement are prepared In addition to generic enhancement measures as enhancement of'shrines,

temple complex, pond and temple, sacred groves.

3.2.3.5 EmllronmmlallHanagement Plans

EnVironmental management plans are deVIsed for each contract package The plan presents mltlgatIon

measures deVised in the prolect 10 format SUItable for reference dunng Lmplementauon. Necessary

draWIngs for miugatton/enhancement measures along With BoQ and speCIficatIons are presented.

Necessary budgetary proviSions are made to ensure suffiCIent funds are avaIlable for their

Implementaoon

3.2.3.6 EnVIronmental and Socral l ltlanagement Plan

To offset IOconsequenoal environmental and SOCial Impacts along malOtenance corrIdors an

envIronmental and soc1al management plan IS prepared. The plan tndudes excluslOn crIteria for

selec[)on of cOIndors for malOtenance Corndors selected after screentng usmg the exclUSion craerla

shall be subjected to the condmons of the ESl\IP ThIS document 15 prepared based on sample ';lSltS to

selected maIntenance corridors and basellOe IOformauon prOVided by the PH!

3.2.3.7 "lvlain.rtreammg the Emllronmental CompMent"Necessary budgetaty prOVISIons and Implementatton aspects are worked out 10 detau for 1ncluSIon In themalO contract to ensure malOstreammg of the environmental management provlSl0ns 10 the proJect.

3.2.3.8 Slakeholders COllsultalton\'Ylth the finalIzed deSigns, mputs from the stakeholders are sought for lOcorporaaon of any grievancesdue to the proJect. Stakeholder's consultanons are belOg utIlIzed as a platform to diSCUSS all projectrelated Issues and arrl\'e at muruallr acceptable des.lgns

38 I cbru:lr~ 2003Tamtl Nadu Road Seceoe ProJect Consoltejated 1::.\ Report

3.2.3.9 FmaliJalton of AI RAP ()utputs\'"irh tbe compleuon of draft reports, anllable for reVIew of rhe bank and stakeholders, E.~/R..\Poutputs are bemg finahzed \vtth theIr mputs

3.3 EA/SA OUTPUTS

Following documems are generated as outputs of the EA/S.~ consoltdaw..,.l exercIse. D Consolidated EnVIronmental .\ssessment D Natural Habuat Plan

" Cultural Properues Plan

" Tree Plantation Strategy D Study on Induced development

D Resettlement Action Plan

o Package Wise Environmental Management Plan

D EnVIronmental and Social Management Plan

D Environmental Assessment Summary

h:bru:lq 2003 CHAPTER - 4 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE

Thls chapter assesses the nature, type and dimenSIOns of the stud\' area and descnbes the physical, blologtcal, cultural and SOClOeconorruc components along the prOject roads. The data on [he \'anous enn!'onmental components rele1:am to deCISions about project [ocanon, deSign and operation ha\'e been assembled from the E.1./SA reports b\' the PCC To address the gaps and defiCIenCies Idenut"1ed dunng the Independent revIew various secondary sources \vcre consulted and primary suryeys conducted b~' the renew consultan'ts

4.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

4.1.1 METEOROLOGY4 1.1.1 ChmateThe cl1mate IS tropical, With dtsunct wet and dry seasons. Accordtng to the agro ecologtcal classlficaaonthe State IS Situated 10 Zone VIllI.e. hot and serru and cllmate. The cllmate may be broadly claSSified10[0 four se~sons: WInter Ganuary-February), summer (March-May), southwest monsoons GuneSeptember) and northeast monsoons (October-December).The meteorologtcal data of stations near/along the TNRSP Corndors 1S presented 10 Table 4.1. The Idetatled meteorolOgIcal data for the staUons located at Chennal, Tnchy and Madurai IS presented inAppendix 4.1 to 4.3. Table 4.1: Tamil Nadu - AnnuaJ Average: Rainfall, Temperarure & Relative Humidity

Elevation RelatIve Locanoo of Recordmg Rainfall Temperature Dllmct Package (m) Humidity Stanoo penod (mm) 'OC) above MSL (0/.)

Cuddalorc' Cuddalore TNRSP 01 (E) &: (5) 5 197891 1.266 283 144Kee!n~lch'pam TIlU\'annama!31 TNRSP 01 (N) 110 197891 900 296 728Lekkur" Vlllupurnm TNRSP 01 (N) 90 197391 971 29 62

~ "dlore TNRSP 01 (N) 213 197891 1.057 277 64 I Thanla''Ut TNRSP02 62 1977.91 1.052 289 784 TNRSP 01 (5) &: Th~nlan.r 62 1974-91 924 291 759

n TNRSP02 !

ThanI3"ur Thanl',,'Ur TNRSP02 68 197791 757.\Jltamapatnnam fhanla''Ut l'NRSP 02 4 19 285 753Nag:Jppamnam N~gappornn:lm nvR::>p 02 2 1978')1 i28ToO/.lI Rama03chapurnm 'fNRSP 03 ~ 5 1959-80 /10P.mbon' Romanathaputam TNRSP 03 1 1~7f1 h:>.l"s, Cb, s .nd TNRSP 02 IO-~ If's/m of J257m \'gtll.ceous dlStncr. ,nd \\ csr oi d., Ips dd Th:>.n,,,ur d"mer ::""'Ult.hrunc 57 co

2 9 " 10' I to Gnnd":ln. TNRSl' 01 I 17 ro :mj! 32.2 022 U) Chcng.lp.nu. .Imalur ami4 ro 45 l2711 ~halc. CI:" "rc (Upp~r) (S) m! / d~1 10" " Ip./m ot 0.10.1 67m Ips $1\ agangll JI~trl(:t$

I.,.Source St'IC "tlme\! urk \"'ar~r R~mut~c:s PIJn "i t .lm,1 Nodu. !n,mule for Watl' Re,uurcc'. 1999

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IZCIIEllO: n ~=d!...._ ... '"

..1 pROJECt CORRIDOR c:::=:::J CHAAHOCIUIE

COASlI.JI c:::=:J PItiOTE-1IOII8U:HD GllEIS$ DISTRICI' IlOUNOAFtt ~ FISSU HORNIIl.EI40-1lICrnIE IilHEIS$ F1QURE 4.1 (A) 6-----:.------, HOIIM/lIDIDE:-81O'lm: GNEIS$ NATIONAL H!GtM'AY

GEOLOGICAL IlIlAP: NORTHERN CORRIDOR ~ f\JMAI. c::::.::::::::: SllHCsTCM; wmt CIJ'T c:::::=::J AlACI I'OIIWch Brown Loam 150 18 32 - 200 !B1ack Cotton Sad 93 99 68 118 378 ;ReCent Sandy Soli 151 . - - 151 rm=ruteSo.1 4 . - . 4 rom! 398 117 tOO 118 733 Soutce: EIS for Nonhcm Cotndor. IIlacch 1999 & ElS for Comdor I.June 1999. Prep:ued by PCC

Alfisols (Red Sandy and Reddish Brown Loams)

These sous have a large clay accumulation and are prone to gully erOSIon if the velocuy of surface runoff1S lugh. As a consequence of the rugh clay accumulation (and therefore small partlde SIZe), these soilsresule In rurbld runoff that generally remalnS suspended in water. T~ese solls occur along the NorthernCorridor over parts of the route between Arcot and Aram, Polur and Tirukkovilur, Jayamkondam andAnyalur and Kumbakonam and Thuuvarur. In the Eastern Coendor they are found in severallocatlonson the Cauvery delta, areas around Manora and Kattumavadl, and along the coast south ofDevlpattinam [0 Tutlconn

Vertisols (Black Cotton Soil)

These s011s are character1sed as betng crada.ng day sods that shrInk and swell over the seasons and thathave WIde deep cracks durmg penods of m01Sture defic1ency These sods are generally formed overgentle slopes and their erosion potenUalls only moderate These solls are found over parts 0 f the routebetween Jayamkondam and Truruvarur along the Northern Corndor. 10 the lower reaches of theCauvery delta 10 extensn-e !Uland areas, and south of Mlffilsal nght upto Tutlconn along the EasternCorndor

Entisols (Recent Sandy Soil)

These SOlIs are common to the flood plaIns and are charactensed by rece1\-ing new depOSits of allUViumat frequent mtervals. These SOlIs ha,"e the potenual for rugh erOSlOl1 but crus seldom occurs due to thelow-lYing flat terram and related low flow veloclues. These are only found between Arcot and PolurVndhachallam and Jayamkondam and on the northern SIde of the Kolhdam River. T,lmd Nadu Road Secror ProJccr Con$ohdarcd E \ Reporr

Inceptisols (immatJlre Soil)

These sOils are Iffiperfecrlr or very poorly developed SOlIs wah mdlstlnct sod protiles These sods ha\'e a hIgh porentJal for erostOn These solis onl)" occur along TI!U\'annamal:u co Tirukkovilur along rhe Northern COrridor and near Muthupet and generallr to the east of the Eastern Corndor ,/,167 Sat! QuaM)

To study the SOlI characrenstlcs along the corndors se\'en 10catlOns \,,-ere selected for collection and analYSIS of sot! samples~ (Refer Figure 4.3 and Table 4.10). Locatlons \vere selected In such a \...-a\' that representauve of samples different types 0 f sot!s were obtaIned,

Table 4.10: Soil Quality Monitoring Stations

Code Packat!:e Section Locauon Chalnage, Km Sl TNRSP .\rcor Elavanasur Juncoon of .\rcor .\um & .\raru Km 24.4 on 01(N) CheYlar Road .\rcor .\raru Road S2 TNRSP Potur Chengam Juncoon of .\ram Polur & Polur Km 2 4 on Polur OleN) Chengam Road Chengam Road, , 'i'asur S3 TNRSP Jayamkondam Juncoon of Jayamkondam KmOon Ol(S) .\rlyalur .\nyalur & ] aJlamkondam TClchy Jayamkondam Road ' ' .\nyalur Road, l\IelkudJYlcuppu S4 TNRSP 'i'rldhachallam Juncoon of Jayamkondam Km 123 6 on 01(S) Tturuvaruc Kumbakonam, Kumbakonam Jayamkondam Grand .\naJcuc & Kumbakonam Kumbakonam Kocur Road Road S5 TNRSP 02 Nagappamnam Near Papagani RIver Km 24,1 Kartumavadi (.\rea With Mangrove Vegetation) 56 TNRSP 03 Karrumavadl TondlJuncoon Km 108.6 Ramanarhapuram S7 WRSP 04 Ramanathapuram Surangudl 5 Road Junction KmB 6 Tuocorm Source' Pnmar\" Sun'e,'. L\S.\. "fa. 20112

: SOil .ample. ar 3 deprhs ,'IZ 0.30 em, 3060 em .nd 60-100 em \\ ere eollecred usmg >amphng .u~c". 'pades and field capac'l\ appararusFllr ~nah rn \v7 24 I leng.uon & Pca"n TNRSP02 N.g.pp.mn.m K3Ilum.ndl Pap.gam RJI'cr Surfacc \Valcr Culturc Dugwcl!. \V8 TNRSP 03 Kaltum.ndl R.m.n3lh'puC3m 51 -I Ground \V.ICr Dnnklng 111 Pa!langadu W9 TNRSP03 K.ltuffi3\.l.h R.m3nathapul3m Dug wcll, Tondl 1086 Ground \Varcr Washmg & Bathmg \VIO TNRSP O~ R.manalhapuC3m Tunconn Pond. Enad. -12 Surface \'Varcr \VashJng & Bathmg \VII TNRSP 0-1 Ramanarhapucam Tuncorln DU~\'cll, S.\'3lkudJ 220 Ground \V.rcr Washmg & Barhmg \v12 ThRSP 0-1 Raman3thapur3m Tunconn Bore wcll. \':upar - ., ~- Ground \Varcr DnnkmgSourcc Pnman Sun'C\, L.\S.\, M,,' 2002,

(B) RESULTS _\ND INFERENCE

The results of analyses of water samples are presented Ul Table 4.18,Ground Water Quality: pH of the ground waters was found to be 10 the range 7.04-7,87 along the

Corndors, TDS content was ranglOg from 460 mg/1 (fondl) to 4600 mg/1 (Sayalgudl). Chlonde values

were analysed In the range 75 (Tondl) -1750 mg/l (Sayalkudl) and Sulphate values were found to be 10

the range 28 mg/l eM. Pattangadu near Manamelkudl) - 260 mg/1 (RaJamadam) Low BOD 2-2 mg/l)

values reveal the fact that the groundwater sources IS free from any 10dustrlal polluaon. Lead contents

were found to be below the detecuon ltrrut. In general the follOWing Inferences can be made'

In the Northern COrridor (TNRSP 01), the ground water can be used for dnnklOg after suitable

treatment and dlslOfecaon.

In TNRSP 02 (Nagappumnam - Katrumavadl), the ground water IS unfit for dnnklOg as TDS content IS

high At Sangandi and RUJ3madam high Percent Sodium values were mOO1[Ored.

['.C3mercrs hkc pH. conducll\.II, rempcrnlure. DO. erc. were measured '" rhL tidd 'I'clf \\ hlle colltCnng rhe s~mpl.:< uSlRg amicroprocessor ba>cd porable \\'aler \nnh ,,, Klr (Eheo i\loLlci l'l: 13(,) S.mples for Ch.ffilCll anah \\ere collecled a5 per proccLiure>nUliln.:u In IS 2-18K Srcrth>ed borrles \\cre u_ed tnr collecnon of lIaler H Inat. 12 2:!U i~ Il. '",Ul(,iu')t 1*\ nud M.ylllll r 1,lIc,null U1.n........ M.,:ml'lb:&J1t f.:IlUat.un Ufll1.w\-U nUh"'M.lI P..p~fU UU~,,"U l}ur.. ".tl l"unol IhlJ.;\uU I'llh "dl h.uUlU,i.tlh I !in" I' fl,luIL.... ~t l,.lk Un'" !)IluJltlu"h K..,.m,""I.un tVH 1\I1.... II.. III,~:HIII '''lilt. l n. .. 11 '-tr1u..1tth \.lttloU

d 1>11 75K 7 (,(, HIli 7M 712 1414 71111 742 711-1 1117 7Sl 727 (,51\ 5 12 CunJuCll\'lIY Ilmh,,,/cllI nil ,nll ~I\II II(~I 15H11 32011 :?701M, 15211 7411 ')~tl 7051' SWill '\ '1'lIrlllJIIY NTll 114 211 , 141111 J22 (12 12 11110 011 ur, I:!') 0 II 04 5/111 ~

S T. U'll Su'pcn,..h.J ','HMI ~I ~hJ ..

nl~,ul,"t..J ~H"lh. '1'11\/1 1111\/1 (0

5411 'Ii 7711 I \HI (,(~I 52 5711 (.

l/lu.un fpc! Murugur Thlna. Md.roor Tnchcndur Sh.neouah 1'1 hur,,,'ur Pcrambulur Thlru\',mh'puam \rn, Chucor Th,rurh,n. I'\rcot T,m!"'an,,m It\lU'1fl P,ul" ,I,m Pct~mb:"ur ;'I,n.m,dur:" i1',1.01 DharmJPuram(E) 1\ t!"r,n .nd, Kumb.!"t>nam Dtnulgul Karur I~ruml Tburall ur ,\rwr Mariam Jlonu\ Road KJnn,mang,lam , \rnt II'~ru,a!..ud, \',brh,kulom \'1'1l3 ,Id kl.athc\ .n Th.nl~\'Ur 16 TNR~I' 03 Scnthal,,,", .1 Th.nla\'Ur Ii T;-JltSI' n" Uppur Thltu\'.rur IX 'INR~I'IU Ilanl..1Ju rI",U\ 1rur I') rl'.lt~l' 1)3 Dur I.JJu Tutlcnrln 2U TNItSP tJ~ \'cmbar runconn 21 TNIt::.1' O~ pJ([ln:un:uuur 1 unconn 22 "[",itSI' O~ Than kulam Tuncortn Sourcc DlCcctoC3tc of h,h~C1es, GoTN

42,6.2 l'vlanne Algae

Manne algae are prurutIve plants lackmg roots, stems and leaves. They grow m the Intertidal andsubtidal areas of the sea, Luxunant growth of several speCles of manne algae occurs along the coast ofTanul Nadu from Sethubachatram (ThanJavur distrtct) to Kanyakuman (KalimJlthJl and KalalapeT'JIma/,1996), Manne algae are the only source for production of phytochemicals such as agar, carrageenan andalgtn which are w1dely used as gelllOg, sterilizing and thtckening agents, Commerc1al harvesting off thecoast of Tanul Nadu has taken place SlOce 1966, People ~so collect seaweed and sea grasses for localuse as manure for coconut trees. Expenments have shown'that coaunerClaL scale cultivation of mannealgae m Tamil Nadu 1S possible (Kolimllthll and KoliapeT'1lmal, .1996), .\ , I4.2,6,3 Aqlla(flllJlre

Aquaculture ponds are observed along the Eastern Corridor along Package TNRSP 02 and TNRSP 03,Brackish waters shnmp farming is carned out, mostly of the black tiger shrimp (PenaellJ monodon), to alesser extent the white shnmp (P zndifllJ) and gtant Malaysian prawn (lVia'TobrachlJlm roitnbergti) (ReferTable 4.29), Table 4.29: Aquaculture along Upgradation Corridors S,No Package Lank Cha,oage S.de I TNRSP 02 NOgp.mnam T.cuppun..!. 4,000-5,000 Both 2 TNRSP 02 N;gap~rnnam T.ruppund. 9000-10000 Ragin 3 TNRSP 02 /Iluthupet K:ltrum.\'od. 23 000-2~ 000 R.ght ~ TNRSP 02 Muthupct Karrum.\,.d. 28000-29000 8mh 5 TNRSP 02 i\Iuthupd KltfUm'\'.l.h 29 000-30 000 lefe 6 TNRSP 02 ~Iuthupcr K.ttum.\'ll.h 338 R.ght 7 TNRSP 02 i\luthupct Kottum.,'..!. 38 000-39 000 Both 8 TNRSP 03 KJttumaYld. SI' P.mn.m 70 000,71 000 Left ') TNRSi> 03 K.ltfum.,'.d. Si> P.tt1n.m 77 000- 78 000 L~it 10 TNRSP 03 Tond. De'tpJttlnam 12 000- \3 001) RIght 11 l'NRSP 03 Tondl Denpamn.m t 7 UOO- t 8 000 Left Source Prim." Sun'." b\ LIS.I

4.2,6.-1- Saltpans

As early as the eleventh century, there was a senes of salt manufactunng centres along the COast ofCuddalore and NagappattInam d1strlcts (CbampakalaleJhmt, 1996). Tarrul Nadu IS the second largest saltproduclng State after GUJarat, Large areas of former coastal wetlands are now saltpans, and the lfidustry1S still expandlfig. Although saltpans prov1de temporary feewng habitat for wader b1rd speCIes, they aregenerally low 1fi dIversity Salt pans along the upgradatIon corndors are presented In Table 4.30.

IIJU -I-57 Fcbru:trr :!003 ' T:Lm,l Nadu Road Sector ProJect Consolidated E.\ Report

Table 4.30: Salt Pans along Upgradation Corridors 51. No. Package Road Chainage 1 TNRSP 03 Katrumavadl SP P:ltnnam 580-590& 7J 0-75 0 2 TNRSP 03 Tondl Devlpamnam 25.026.0 3 TNRSP 04 Raman!ltnapuram Kdakaral 11 0-120 + TNRSP 04 Kulanur TU(lcono 70-200 ;\ourcc Fldd !>utH' bl J. \$ \

4.1.6 j MangrolltJ Tamil Nadu has about 10,000 ha of mangroves;, about 3 per cent of Indla's total Oagrap et ai, 1993). There are slgruficant areas of mangroves withIn 10 !un of Project roads near Chldambaram (plchchavatarn, 110 km:!), Muttupet (68 km1), along the Palk Bay coast and In the majorIty of the [Wenty-one Gulf of Manna! lslands Table 4.31 presents the areas wlth prorrunem mangrove vegetauon along the corndors.

Table 4. 31: Mangrove Vegetation along the Upgradation Corridors SI. No. Distance Aerial Extent I Package Distnct Location (itm)'" Significance 1 TNRSP 01{E) Cuddalore Plcnchavanm 6.0 .\rea of 1 007 Ha 2 TNRSP02 ThUUVlltur Muthupet 2.S .\rea of 6803 Ha. 3 TNRSP02 ThItUVllfUC Tutalkkadu 05 .-\te:l of 2636 Ha. + TNRSP02 Than,avur Vadllkkadu j 15 .\te:l 0072 Ha. S TNRSP02 ThaoJavur Maravakkadu 12 Area of1490 Ha. 6 TNRSP02 Than,avur .\nramapa ttlrnln:t 10 Area of 306 Ha. 7 TNRSP02 Nagnpamnam Papa-gam Rt1ltf 0_1 Sparse Growth 8 TNRSP02 Pudukkott:1l Ka.ttumavndl 10 .\relI 0(10Q7 Ha. 9 TNRSP03 Pudukkottlll Yaddl1kku 2.0 .\rea of 8 Ha. Ammanpamnam 1Q TNRSP03 Ramanarhapumm Gulf of Manoar Islands 7.0 Biosphere Reserve 11 TNRSP03 Ramanarhapuram Tuuppahukudl Uppar to Area of 48 Ha. 12 TNRSP03 Ramanathapunm Kortakkaraa RIver 03 Spatse Growth 13 TNRSP04 Tunconn M:illacar RIver 0.5 Spat1lt Growth Noce Ol5tance form of 61$1Ullfl road I proposed b) rau Source: Ecolglc:1l Reports b,' PCC for Northern CorMoc. October 1998 &: for Cornelo. I, Augusc 1998, and Field SItr\'er b. LAS..\ .

4.3 CULTURAL RESOURCES

4.3.1 REIJGIOUS CENTRES

4.3.1.1 Upg,.adaliol1 "orridorr

For cenrunes, palgnms have traveled the roads of Tanul Nadu to VlSlt famous shrInes of saints. Thtsuadiuon applies to all the rehgtons In the state - SaivlSm, VlUsnavlsm, Ch.risuaruty, Islam, and Jatrusm.The towns along che project roads mclude manr of the popular shnnes. Figure 4.17 (A) &; (B) andTable 4.32 shows the major .rehgtous sItes 10 the VlClruty of the Upgradallon Corndors.

, MlIngrO''e5 :Ire the predom!l\Qnt component of salr tolerant forest co:osystems found 10 ,,,hi area. The 10'" ode exposes ,he roots 0 ftn:Ingro'-cs and cht: h.gh tide submerges rh.m Mangrm'90). In lIreas ofdcgrndcd '"t:ge.anon cO\'cr, m:lngrm1:s bec:ome almoS! ,,"clu$l\~ly AIT.,~"UI ulbQ and .-104'"/)lII,II.:/"ltIlJ

"58 February 2003 Tamil Nadu Road Sector ProJect Con;sohd3tcd E,\ Reporr

Table 4.32: Religious Centers along Upgradation Corridors SI Package N"me orlhe ReligIous Cenler Nearest Ne;tresl DISfflct No Chama