Name____________________

Period______________

Writing an

Elizabethan

Research Paper

English I

Mrs. Frazier

1

How to Format the

Essay

Basic Formatting: *Use a standard font, like Times New Roman or Arial, and keep it at 12 points.

*Double space entire essay with no extra spaces between paragraphs.

*First page header should have your name, your teacher’s name, the class name, and the date.

This should be left-aligned at the beginning of your essay.

*All other pages (including the Works Cited page) should have your last name and the page

number in the top right corner of the header. This may be on the first page, as well, or can be

omitted on the first page.

*Title on the first page should be centered and creative, but do not add any other formatting (do

no bold, underline, italicize, increase font size, use quotation marks, etc.). Also, do not add any

spaces above or below the title.

Example of a first page:

2

How to Use Internal

Citations

Background:

Definition

Every time you use information from one of your sources (information you did not create), you

must mention which source that information comes from. Internal Citations are also called “in-

text citations” or “parenthetical citations” because they typically require parentheses and occur

in the text of your essay, not on the works cited page. They refer your reader to your works cited

page so that your reader can look up the source to get more information.

Rules

1. Every text listed on your works cited page should have an internal citation somewhere in your

essay. Hence, your “works cited” page is a list of all the “works” you have “cited” (or used) in

your essay.

2. If you use direct words from the source, you must include quotation marks around those words

you took directly. If you paraphrase or summarize, you do not need quotation marks. However,

regardless of using direct quotes, paraphrases, or summaries, ANY information borrowed from

your sources MUST have an internal citation so your reader knows which information is yours

and which is borrowed, and then of the borrowed information, your reader needs to know from

which source that information was borrowed.

3. Your paper still needs to be YOUR paper, so the majority of it needs to be your own ideas

(not just your own words paraphrasing someone else’s ideas). Analyze or evaluate the

information once you give it; discuss why it is important information or what it contributes to

whatever point you are trying to make. Other than your conclusion, you shouldn’t end a

paragraph with someone else’s ideas. Always end on your own terms.

3

Formatting:

The Standard Rule (what goes in parentheses)

Put whatever word comes first on the works cited entry, which is typically the author’s last

name, so that your reader can locate the source quickly and easily on your works cited page. The

hanging indent on that page allows for quick perusal of the list so that the first word of each

entry stands out. Also, include the page number for your information if it was from a printed

source with pages. Finally, put the punctuation for the sentence outside (after) the parentheses.

Do not put it at the end of your sentence and then also at the end of the parentheses; only put it at

the very end (pretend the parentheses are a part of the sentence).

Example of a standard internal citation for a book:

Exceptions

*If you are using a source with no page numbers (like a webpage), then leave that blank and only

put the author’s last name.

*If there is no author listed and the first word for the entry on the works cited page is the title,

then put that in parentheses in place of the author’s last name. Format the title just as you do on

the works cited page. If it is supposed to be italicized, do so, and likewise if it should be in

quotations, put it in quotations.

Example of a webpage (no page numbers) and with no author:

([Author’s Last Name] [Page

Number]).

(Golding 45).

(“The Ethics of Law”).

-OR-

(The Guidebook for Being a Good Friend).

4

*If you use the author’s last name in the sentence, you do not need it in parentheses at the end.

Just put the page number (if applicable) in parentheses. If there is no page number and you

mention the author’s name (or title if there is no author) in your sentence, then you don’t need

parentheses at all.

Example using the author’s name directly in sentence:

*INDIRECT QUOTES: If the quote you want to use from your source is actually a quote they

got from someone else, then you have to use a special format. Here’s why: Your citation will

refer me to your source (let’s say a book by John Smith). The quote’s author is actually Joe

Brown, but you found his words in John Smith’s book when John Smith quoted Joe Brown.

Both must be mentioned. I need to know who said the quote (Brown), but I also need to know

where you got it (Smith).

All of the other rules apply. If you use the last name of the author of the quote in your sentence,

then you don’t need it in parentheses. If there is no page number, leave that out. If the source

doesn’t have an author, use the title instead.

Example of an indirect quote:

As William Golding states, “The silence continued,

breathless and heavy and full of shame” (127).

According to Joe Brown, the man in the store was not nice

(qtd. in Smith 46).

([Last name of Author of quote] qtd. in [Last name of Source

author] [Page Number])

5

How to Correctly Use

Quotation Marks

Rules:

Standard Rule for Direct Quotes

*Anytime you give a direct quote that is four lines or less, you must put it in quotation marks,

and the ending punctuation goes after the citation at the end of the sentence.

Example:

Longer Direct Quotes

*For quotes longer than four lines, start it on a new line and indent each line of the quote one full

inch. Keep it all double-spaced. This is the only time using direct quotes when you will do the

following two things: (1) omit the quotation marks, and (2) put the punctuation mark BEFORE

the citation at the end.

Example:

“The silence continued, breathless and heavy and full of

shame” (Golding 127).

million after which he established the Carnegie Corporation to

promote the advancement . . . of knowledge among the people of

the United States by aiding technical schools, institutions of higher

learning, libraries, scientific research, hero funds, useful

publications, and by such other agencies and means as shall form

time to time be found appropriate therefore. (Kent 410)

All in all, Carnegie donated 90 percent of his money—$324,657,399 (411).

These gifts to society are at the heart of the hard-working middle-class.

6

Quote Within a Direct Quote

*Anytime a direct quote has something in quotation marks within it, you must put single quotes

around the part that is in quotation marks in the original source and double quotation marks (the

normal ones) around the whole section you are quoting.

Example:

Omitting Words in a Direct Quote

*Anytime you want to omit part of a direct quote, use ellipsis marks (…) with a space before and

after.

Example: (The original source says this: “After they had eaten, Ralph and the biguns set out

along the beach. They left Piggy propped up on the platform.”)

Adding or Changing Words in a Direct Quote

*Anytime you want to add or change a word in a direct quote, use brackets [ ] around the part

you are changing. You might do this in order to make something easier to understand. For

instance, in the example below, the reader might not know to whom “he” is referring. Also, you

may want to talk ABOUT someone (3rd person), but the original source uses the word “I” (1st

person). Then, you can change the pronouns (and also the verbs to make them agree with the

subject). If you are changing more than just a word or two, then it’s better to just not include

those at all within quotation marks and only quote directly in quotation marks the main phrases

that need to be quoted. Paraphrase the rest.

Example: (The original source says “He sighed” in reference to Simon.)

“‘You haven’t got the conch,’ he said. ‘Sit down’” (Golding

102).

“After they had eaten, … they left Piggy propped up on the

platform” (Golding 103).

“[Simon] sighed” (Golding 103).

7

Susie Student

Mrs. Frazier

English I, 5th hour

11 Jan. 2017

Rock Climbing in the Elizabethan Era

Thesis: Rock climbing interested many people in the Elizabethan era because Queen Elizabeth

participated in it, it affected the economy, and many people died while participating in it.

Sample Thesis

Statement

Times New Roman

12 pt. font

Double Spaced

Notice how the 3 items listed tell

what the 3 body paragraphs will be

about.

8

Susie Student

Mrs. Frazier

English I, 4th hour

12 May 2017

Elizabethan Rock Climbing

Thesis: Rock climbing interested many people in the Elizabethan era because Queen Elizabeth

loved it, it affected the country’s economy, and many people were killed doing it.

I. Because Queen Elizabeth held a great affinity for the sport of rock climbing, many

people followed her interest in the sport.

II. Rock climbing became so important in 16th century England because it affected the

country’s economy.

III. The deaths of many participants helped make the interest in rock climbing grow

during the Elizabethan era.

Sample Thesis

and Topic

Sentences

Times New Roman

12 pt. font

Double Spaced

9

Sample body paragraph for

Elizabethan Research Paper There is a definite format for the body paragraphs. They go like this:

1. Topic sentence

2. Lead in…Stuff from card (citation)

3. Sentence or two explaining card

4. Sentence transitioning into next card

5. Lead in…Stuff from card (citation)

6. Sentence or two explaining card

7. Sentence transitioning into next card

8. Lead in…Stuff from card (citation)

9. Sentence or two explaining card

10. Paragraph concluding sentence.

11. Transition sentence into next body paragraph

Because Queen Elizabeth held a great affinity for the sport of

rock climbing, many people followed her interest in the sport. According

to the book Elizabeth I and Tudor History Elizabeth began rock climbing

at a young age. Her interest grew through the years. She became quite

adept at the sport, even challenging men to try and beat her (Greenblatt

127-128). Elizabeth felt quite confident in her athletic abilities. She did

not realize the impact her interests would have on the country. The same

source states that “the nation followed Elizabeth’s every move. They

watched her for tips in fashion, music, theater and even sporting events.”

She started a new fad when she began rock climbing (Greenblatt 130).

Elizabeth just participated in events she liked; she didn’t realize she would

be such a “trend-setter.” Elizabeth’s didn’t care what others thought of

her, even if she caused scandals. The website Tudor History states that

Elizabeth didn’t like trying to rock climb in her beautiful gowns. She

This is for a paragraph with 3

cards. You can use more.

This is the topic sentence

This is the stuff

from the first

note card

This is the first

explaining

sentence

This is the first

sentence

transitioning into

next card

This is the stuff

from the 2nd

note card This is the 2nd

explaining

sentence

This is the 2nd

sentence

transitioning into

next card

This is the stuff

from the 3rd note

card

10

began wearing men’s trousers, much to the disappointment of her “ladies-

in-waiting.” She started by borrowing a pair of breeches from one of the

young boys in her court, but eventually asked her tailor to make her a pair

of her own (Eakins). Elizabeth did not let things like clothing keep her

from doing the things she enjoyed. Queen Elizabeth’s love for the sport of

rock climbing made interest in the sport grow throughout the nation.

Because interest in rock climbing grew, people were able to make money

off this sport and that affected the country’s economy.

This is the stuff

from the 3rd note

card

This is the 3rd

explaining

sentence

This is the

paragraph

concluding

sentence

This is the

sentence that

transitions into

the next body

paragraph

11

Susie Student

Mrs. Frazier

English I, 0th hour

15 Feb. 2017

Rock Climbing in the Elizabethan Times

When people think of the beginning of times, people usually think of “caveman.” They

think of a guy living in a rock home. How did he get there? He climbed. Men have been

climbing rocks as long as man has been living. Rock climbing did not become an organized

sport until the 1500’s (Jones 147). People began using a repelling rope and raising and lowering

themselves down the sides of cliffs. The more tricky part, and the part that took more skill, was

the climb back up (The Elizabethan Age). Rock climbing interested many people in the

Elizabethan era because Queen Elizabeth loved it, it affected the country’s economy, and many

people were killed doing it.

Sample Introduction

Paragraph

Hook-attention getter

Background

information

Thesis

statement

12

Because Queen Elizabeth loved to climb, it increased money into the funds of the

government, and because of how many people died doing it, the sport of rock climbing interested

many people during the Elizabethan times. Queen Elizabeth bravely climbed mountains and

often even forced her servants to climb with her. The government began charging a fee to climb

the area’s biggest cliffs, and it made a lot of money from the sport. People were not very good at

rock climbing and the equipment was not very developed, so many people died. Men have been

climbing rocks since the beginning of time, but the rock climbing really began, as a sport, during

the 16th century.

Sample Conclusion

Paragraph

Summary

sentences

-1 from

each

body

paragraph

Restate

Thesis

Circle Back

Around

Sentence

13

Works Cited

Eakins, Lara E. “Elizabeth I. Tudor History. n.p., 16 Mar. 2009. Web. 5

Apr. 2010. <http://tudorhistory.org>.

Greenblatt, Miriam. Elizabeth I and Tudor England: rulers and Their Times. Tarrytown:

Marshall, 2002. Print.

Lace, William. World History Series – Elizabethan England. Sand Diego: Lucent Books, Inc.,

1995.

Secara, Maggie. “Religion.” Life in Elizabethan England. March 2000. Web. Feb. 2004.

<http://renaissance.dm.net/compedium/7.html>.

This is a list of ONLY the sources used in your

paper. If Mrs. Frazier were to look at all the

( ) citations in your paper, these would be the

sources that you used.

The Works Cited is listed in alphabetical

order.

Sample

Works Cited

Use EasyBib!!!! Don’t copy and

paste from the main page on

EasyBib. Click the download

button and send it to Microsoft

Word or a Google document!!