name index - cambridge university...

name index

Aaronson, M., 84, 98, 429, 430, 447Abbott-Shim, M., 129, 154Abdal-Haqq, I., 252, 261Abidin. R., 102, 116Achenbach, T. M., 102, 112, 116Achilles, C., 18, 287, 293, 294t, 295, 296t, 297,

298, 299, 300, 304, 305, 306, 444, 446, 473Ackerman, D. J., 268, 273, 284, 335, 336, 339Adair, L., 3, 26Adams, G., 150Agostin, T. M., 267, 284Ahluwalia, I. B., 37, 46Ahnert, L., 243, 246, 263Aigner, D. J., 399, 411Aikens, N., 155Ainsworth, P., 444, 445Aiyagari, S. R., 381, 411Akabayashi, H., 398, 411Akey, T. M., 346, 347t, 365Akin, J. S., 38, 48Alexander, K. L., 267, 284Allegretto, S., 327, 340Alva, S., 127, 151Alvir, J. M., 40, 47Anastasopoulos, L., 210, 213Anderka, M., 35, 47Anders, P. L., 252, 264Anderson, D. A., 373n9, 379Anderson, K., xxiiiAnderson, M., 367, 379Anderson, R., 354, 362Angrist, J. D., 287, 305Anson, B., 71Anson, E., 64, 65, 65t, 66, 74Aos, S., 69, 70Applebaum, M. I., 1, 26Archibald, S., 252, 264Arias, E., 354, 362

Armstrong, M. L., 53, 72Arnett, J., 112, 117Arnett, R. H., 354, 362Arnold, D. H., 219, 232, 266, 284Assel, M. A., 254, 263Atwood, M. L., 266, 286Aust, A., 299, 305Austin, J., 34, 47Aytaclar, S., 55, 71

Baca, P., 71Bain, H. P., 290n8, 293, 302, 308Bain, S. K., 267, 284Bakan, D., 53, 71Baker, L. S., 267, 285, 288, 307Ballard, C., 71Bandura, A., 56, 71Bandy-Hadden, I. G., 268, 285Barbarin, O., 95, 96, 247, 254, 263Barfoot, B., 112, 118Barnard, K. E., 57, 71, 153Barnes, H. V., 10, 25, 243, 264, 315, 341, 415,

416, 420, 447Barnes, W., 155Barnett, S., 97, 346, 347t, 363Barnett, W., 1, 6, 7, 9, 17, 23, 25, 93, 94, 96,

97, 124, 125, 134, 137, 149, 151, 157, 163,165, 166, 188, 197, 207, 212, 213, 214, 215,219, 228, 229, 230, 232, 233, 234, 243, 245,257, 261, 268, 273, 284, 315, 329, 332, 335,336, 339, 340, 341, 366, 367n3, 369, 372,372n7, 373, 374, 379, 380, 385, 387, 411,414, 416, 418, 444, 445, 447, 463

Barney, H., 266, 278, 285, 473Barr, H. M., 52, 53, 55, 75Barrett, B., 196, 198Barrett, B. J., 124, 125, 133, 134, 151, 153, 155,

156

489

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490 Name Index

Barrie-Blockley, S., 80, 97Barthal, M., 53, 72Bartlett, S., 32, 46Bates, E., 102, 117Bates, J., 55, 72Baumrind, D., 53, 71Baydar, N., 246, 248, 261Bayley, N., 80, 96, 102, 117Beck, K. H., 54, 71Becker, G. S., 3, 10, 23, 381, 383n1, 391, 411Beckett,C., 385, 413Behrman, R. E., 69, 72Belfield, C., 1, 9, 20, 25, 157, 166, 234, 301,

302, 307, 315, 329, 341, 342, 346, 347t, 350,350n17, 357t, 363, 366, 367n3, 372, 372n7,373, 374, 379, 380, 387, 414, 418, 447

Bell, S., 150Belsky, J., 53, 71, 254, 264Belton, J., 71Ben-Avie, M., 444, 445Ben-Porath, Y., 387, 388, 411Benabou, R., 381, 411Benasich, A. A., 116, 117Bender, R. H., 127, 151Bereiter, C., 124, 151Berendes, H. W., 50, 75Bergholz, T. S. M., 53, 72Bergmann, B. R., 335, 339Berliner, D. C., 293, 305Berman, W., 4, 10, 26, 155Bernanke, B., 314Bernstein, H., 150Bernstein, J., 327, 340Bernstein, L., 113, 118, 163, 166Berreuta-Clement, J., 416, 445Bertalanffy, L. V., 77, 96Bezruczko, N., 416, 446Biddle, B. J., 293, 305Biederman, J., 52, 55, 73Bigelow, J. H., 330, 340Bilheimer, L., 34, 35, 37, 47Binkin, N. J., 39, 48Birch, S. H., 267, 285Birman, B., 252, 261, 262Bitler, M., 34, 35, 36, 46Black, A. R., 347t, 348, 365Black, K., 416, 447Black, M. M., 40, 46Blair, C., 421, 446Blank, L. A., 354, 362Blatchford, P., 297, 299, 305, 306Blau, D., 129, 151, 332, 339, 383, 390, 411Bloom, H. S., 347t, 348, 365Boardman, A. E., 349n14, 360, 364Boat, T., 3, 24

Bobronnikov, E., 32, 46Bogard, K., 2, 23, 211, 212, 252, 261, 283, 284Bohlin, G., 248, 262Bohrnstedt, G. W., 300, 305Boller, K., 102, 118Bonczar, T. P., 302n22, 305, 356n25, 363Bond, M., 254, 265Bonuck, K., 38, 47Bookstein, F. L., 52, 53, 55, 75Boozer, M., 288, 305Borghans, L., 382, 411Borko, H., 252, 264Borland, E., 39, 48Boruch, R. F., 290n8, 307Boscardin, W. J., 354, 365Bourdieu, P., 3, 23Bourke, S., 299, 305Bowlby, J., 56, 71Bowles, S., 382, 411Bowman, B., 9, 23Boyd, J. S., 218, 233Boyd, M. D., 39, 47Boyd-Zaharias, J., 290n8, 293, 293n13, 294t,

295, 296t, 297, 298, 302, 303, 305, 306, 308,346, 347t, 350, 363, 444, 446

Boyle, M. H., 55, 71Bracht, G. H., 385, 413Bradby, D., 302, 307Bradley, R. H., 102, 112, 117, 153, 425, 445Brady-Smith, C., 102, 112, 117Brafford, L. J., 54, 71Brandon, R., 258, 261Bredekamp, S., 153, 266, 285Bremner, J. D., 53, 71Brennan, P., 55, 71, 75Brennan, R., 50, 75Brewer, D., 289, 289n5, 300, 303, 305Brick, J. M., 153Briefel, R., 44, 46Bristow, B., 257, 264Broadhurst, D., 330, 341Broene, P., 150Bromberger, J. T., 55, 72Bronfenbrenner, U., 3, 4, 10, 22, 23, 56, 71, 77,

96, 244, 245, 246, 247, 250, 259, 261Brooks-Gunn, J., 50, 51, 54, 72, 99, 109, 112,

114, 115, 116, 117, 154, 236, 239, 246, 248,261, 267, 277, 284, 286, 386, 397, 412,456

Brown, A. P., 354, 362Brown, J., 150Brown, R., 266, 284Browning, K. G., 211, 212Bruininks, R., xviiBryan, R., 39, 47






Name Index 491

Bryant, D., 127, 132, 151, 193, 198, 245, 246,247, 248, 254, 261, 262, 263

Bryant, D. M., 84, 96, 211, 212Bryk, A. S., 153Bucholz, K. K., 55, 73Buchsbaum, H. K., 54, 72Buescher, P., 34, 40, 46, 47Buhs, E. S., 267, 285Buirns, M. S., 228, 234Buka, S. L., 93, 96Bukstein, O. G., 55, 72Burchinal, M., 10, 23, 82, 84, 87, 95, 96, 127,

132, 151, 193, 198, 211, 212, 243, 245, 246,248, 261, 264, 334, 340, 416, 421, 445, 446

Burkam, D. T., 268, 279, 285Burns, M. S., 9, 23, 123, 152Burr, J., 1, 23Burts, D. C., 153Bush, G. W., 236Bushbaum, H. K., 55, 72Butterfield, P. M., 57, 72

Cadigan, K., xxiiiCaldwell, B. M., 102, 112, 117, 153, 425, 445Cameron, J., 383, 388, 390, 411, 413Cameron, S. V., 352, 363, 386, 397, 411Camilli, G., 1, 23, 125, 151Campbell, D. T., 216, 232Campbell, F., 1, 9, 10, 13, 22, 23, 76, 82, 83,

84, 86, 87, 91, 93, 95, 96, 97, 114, 118, 162,163, 165, 193, 198, 229, 232, 415, 416, 421,445, 446, 453, 480

Cannon, J. S., 1, 3, 9, 24, 269, 283, 284, 415,444, 446

Carlson, M. J., 54, 73Carneiro, P., 289, 305, 383, 385, 386, 389n10,

397, 411, 412Caspi, A., 55, 73, 383n3, 412Cassidy, D. J., 154Cassidy, J., 57, 73, 266, 284Caucutt, E., 397n22, 412Caughy, M., 246, 248, 261Chamberlin, R., 59, 61, 74, 115, 118Chanana, N., 335, 341Chandler, J., 155Chandran, R. V., 45n1Chaplin, D. D., 129, 151Charlesworth, R., 153Chase-Lansdale, P. L., 267, 277, 284Chatterji, P., 38, 47Chazan-Cohen, R., 99, 456Cheah, B., 150Chen, H. T., 172, 184Chen, J., 353, 364Chen, L., 52, 55, 73

Chilson, L., 70Chin-Quee, D., 246, 261Cicchetti, D., 55, 72Cicirelli, V. G., 77, 96Claessens, A., 388, 398, 412Clark, A. S., 53, 72Clark, C., 126, 127, 133, 134, 150, 153, 156Clark, D. B., 55, 72Clark-Kauffman, E., 386, 397, 413Clark, W. W., 160, 166, 167, 425, 447Clarke, S. H., 163, 165Clifford, R., 112, 118, 151, 193, 198, 211, 212,

231, 233, 243, 246, 248, 257, 261, 264, 334,340

Clyman, R. B., 55, 72Cohen, J., 88, 90, 96Cohen, M. A., 357, 364, 373n9, 380Cole, R., 55, 60, 61, 62, 64, 64t, 65, 65t, 66, 72,

73, 74Coleman, J. S., 3, 24Coley, R. J., 277, 284Collier, A. M., 80, 97Colon, A., 217, 233Colville, W. R., 37, 46Comer, J.P., 444, 445Compton, W. M., 55, 75Condelli, L., 124, 125, 133, 134, 151, 153, 155,

156, 196, 198Conry, J., 76, 97Constantine, J., 102, 118Cook, R., 150Cook, T., 207, 212, 216, 228, 232, 234Cornelius, J. R., 55, 72Costiloe, P., 35, 47Cottler, L. B., 55, 75Cowan, C. A., 354, 362Cox, D., 292, 306Cox, M. J., 155, 267, 286Craig, I. W., 383n3, 412Crane, J., 154Crosby, W., 35, 47Cross, L., 80, 97Crouse, J., 267, 285Cruickshank, D. R., 292, 305Cryan, J. R., 268, 285Cryer, D., 112, 118, 231, 233Culkin, M., 151, 193, 198, 243, 246, 264, 334,

340Culross, P. L., 69, 72Cunha, F., 10, 21, 24, 381, 383, 383n4, 385,

386, 387n8, 389n9, 389n10, 390, 390n14,391n16, 398n23, 399, 399n24, 400, 400n27,401, 401n28, 401t, 402t, 403, 403n29, 403t,404, 404n35, 405, 405n37, 407, 407n38,407n40, 411, 412, 480






492 Name Index

Cunningham-Williams, R. M., 55, 75Currie, J., 3, 24, 34, 35, 36, 46, 125, 151, 154,

196, 197, 198, 331, 333n6, 335, 339, 383,385, 386n6, 390, 391, 411, 412, 415, 446

Curry, J. C., 266, 284Cutler, D., 354, 357, 363Cutts, D. B., 40, 46

Dahl, G. B., 386, 397, 412Dahl, R. E., 385, 412Dale, P., 102, 117Damasio, A. R., 398, 412Daniel-Echols, M., 16, 17, 199, 206, 209, 211,

212, 213, 463Daniels, D., 272, 286Darling-Hammond, L., 252, 254, 262, 299,

303, 305Darlington, R., 87, 97, 154, 243, 263Dauber, S. L., 267, 284Davidson, S., 217, 234Davis, T. H., 53, 72Davis, W., xxiiiDawson, B., 189, 191, 198, 231, 233, 331, 333,

339Deater-Deckard, K., 246, 262Deb, N., 38, 47D’Elio, M. A., 150, 158, 166DeLong, J. B., 367n4, 380Denton, K., 257, 265, 268, 277, 286Derogatis, L. R., 87, 96Desimone, L., 252, 261, 262Devaney, B., 12, 29, 34, 35, 37, 40, 44, 46, 47,

453Dever, R., 76, 97Dhawan, S., 38, 47Diamond, A., 230, 233, 471Dickinson, D., 154, 210, 213Dillon, R. F., 52, 72DiPietro, J., 246, 248, 261DiScala, C., 53, 72Dobbs, J., 219, 232Doctoroff, G. L., 219, 232Dodge, K. A., 55, 72Dolezol, S., 57, 72Domingue, G., 112, 118Donovan, J. E., 55, 72Donovan, M. S., 9, 23Doolittle, F., 346n8Downer, J., 247, 254, 255, 256, 257, 262, 263,

264Dowsett, C. J., 388, 398, 412Duckworth, A. L., 382, 411Dulberg, C. S., 52, 72Duncan, G., 154, 193, 198, 238, 344, 364, 386,

388, 397, 398, 412, 413

Duncome, W., 344, 363Dunn, L., 83, 96, 102, 111, 117, 154, 207, 212,

222, 233, 245, 262Durbin, J., 399n25, 412Dutta, S., 35, 47Dynarski, M., 346n8

Early, D. M., 127, 151, 211, 212, 218, 233, 257,261

Eason, G., 299, 308Eaton, J. J., 268, 286Eckenrode, J., 55, 61, 71, 73, 74, 75Edgerton, M., 84, 98, 429, 430, 447Edozien, J., 39, 47Egeland, B., 53, 72Egelson, P., 295, 300, 305Ehrenberg, R. G., 289, 289n5, 303, 305Ehrle, K., 295, 307Elliot, K., 331, 341Elster, A. B., 50, 72Emde, R. N., 54, 55, 72Englund, M., 1, 22, 415, 480Entwisle, D. R., 267, 284Epstein, A., 207, 315, 341, 415, 416, 445Epstein, D. J., 1, 6, 7, 9, 23, 188, 197Erickson, M., xviiiErikson, E. H., 387, 412Esposito Lamy, C., 215, 232Ettner, S. L., 354, 365Everingham, S. S., 62, 72Evertson, C. M., 299, 305

Faddis, B., 125, 151Fall, C., 3, 26Faraone, S. V., 52, 55, 73Farr, D., 71Farrah, G., 292, 307Farris, E., 129, 152, 267, 285Fauth, R. C., 112, 117Feiler, R., 272, 286Feine, R., 246, 263Fenson, L., 102, 117Ferguson, R. F., 272, 285, 288, 306Fermanich, M., 252, 264Ferris, E, 335, 341Fiene, R., 154Figueras, A., 219, 233, 463Finison, K., 35, 47Finn, J. D., 18, 287, 290n8, 292, 293, 293n13,

294t, 295, 296t, 297, 298, 299, 303, 306,308, 346, 347t, 350, 363, 444, 446, 473

Fischel, J. E., 154Fischer, P. H., 219, 232Fish, R. M., 290n8, 293n13, 303, 306Fisher, P. H., 266, 284






Name Index 493

Fitzgerald, J., 299, 308Fitzmaurice, G. M., 93, 96Fleming, J. E., 55, 71Fleshood, L., 39, 48Florian, J. E., 207, 212Folger, J., 292, 299, 305, 306Fombonne, E., 55, 73Forden, M. A., 299, 306Foss, D. J., 3, 24Fox, J. D., 297, 306Fox, M., 38, 40, 47, 343, 344, 359, 363Frank, D. A., 40, 46Frede, E., 17, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219, 228,

231, 232, 233, 234, 463Fried, P. A., 52, 72Friedman, A. H., 1, 6, 7, 9, 23, 188, 197, 444,

445Friedman, J., 150Fuller, B., 138, 151, 195, 197, 198Fulton, D. B., 290n8, 293, 302, 308Furstenberg, F. F., 50, 51, 54, 72

Gable, S., 53, 75Gallagher, H. A., 252, 264Gamoran, A., 289, 289n5, 303, 305Ganson, H., 124, 125, 133, 134, 151, 153, 155,

156, 196, 198Garbarino, J., 53, 72Garber, H. L., 76, 96Garbowski, G. C., 40, 47Garces, E., 196, 198, 331, 331n5, 339, 415, 446Gardner, D., 193, 198, 421, 446Gardner, R. C., 280n12, 285Garet, M. S., 252, 261, 262Garner, P. W., 388, 398, 414Gayer, T., 189, 191, 198, 231, 233, 331, 333,

339Geppert, J., 40, 46Gerber, S. B., 290n8, 293, 293n13, 294t, 295,

296t, 297, 298, 303, 306, 346, 347t, 350,363, 444, 446

Germino-Hausken, E., 257, 265Gershoff, S., 34, 47Gershwin, D., 266, 278, 285, 473Ghelfi, L. M., 45n1, 47Gieseke, J., xxiiiGil, D., 53, 72Gilbertson, L., 343, 344, 359, 363Gill, B. P., 300, 305Gilliam, W. S., 1, 9, 10, 26, 163, 166, 335,

341Gilman, E., 4, 26Gilman, S. E., 93, 96Ginsburg, H. P., 219, 233Gintis, H., 382, 411

Gluckman, P. D., 383, 412Goelman, H., 246, 262Goldberger, A. S., 399n25, 413Goldenberg, R. L., 52, 73Goldin, C., 360, 362, 363Goldschmidt, P., 302, 306Goldstein, H., 297, 306Goldstein, N. E., 266, 284Gomby, D. S., 69, 72, 116, 117Goodman, L., 155Goodson, B., 113, 118, 154Goodson, B. D., 163, 166Gordon, A., 34, 35, 36, 47Gordon, C. S., 331, 334, 335, 340Gordon, R. A., 55, 75, 267, 277, 284Gormley, W., 1, 16, 24, 188, 189, 191, 197,

198, 231, 233, 238, 331, 333, 339, 462, 485Granholm, J., 212Grant, K. E., 53, 72Gray, C., 153Gray, S. W., 76, 97Graycar, A., 70, 72Green, S. M., 55, 75Greenberg, D. H., 349n14, 360, 364Greene, B., 335, 341Greenwald, R., 272, 285, 288, 306, 307Greenwood, J., 381, 411Greenwood, P. W., 62, 72Grekin, E. R., 55, 71Grey, S., 235Griffin, P., 123, 152, 228, 234Grossman, M., 3, 24Grummer-Strawn, L., 37, 46Grunewald, R., xxiii, 1, 23, 25, 313, 315, 341,

367n3, 380Guilkey, D. K., 38, 48Gunnewig, S. B., 254, 263

Hadden, D. S., 254, 262Hagekull, B., 246, 248, 262Hagemann, M., 416, 446Halback, A., 295, 307Hallal, P., 3, 26Hamagami, F., 257, 262Hamilton, W., 38, 40, 47Hammond, M. A., 153Hamre, B., 247, 254, 255, 256, 257, 260, 262,

263, 264Hanks, C., 62, 64, 65, 65t, 66, 72, 73, 74Hansen, J. A., 268, 286Hansen, K. T., 387, 413Hanson, M., 383, 412Hanushek, E., 289, 289n4, 303, 306, 349n15,

363, 367n1, 380Harman, P., 295, 300, 305






494 Name Index

Harmon, P., 300, 305Harms, T., 112, 118, 231, 233Harrison, P. M., 355, 363Hart, B., 53, 72, 154Hart, C. H., 153Hart, P., 257, 262Harter, S., 86, 97Harvey, A. C., 399n25, 412, 413Haskins, R., 84, 97, 133, 134, 151Hause, J. C., 372, 380Hawkinson, L., 228, 232Hayes, C., 154Haymore-Sandholtz, J., 252, 262Haynes, N. M., 444, 445Heath, A. C., 55, 73Heaviside, S., 267, 285Heber, R., 76, 97Hecht, J. B., 302, 308Heckman, J., 3, 10, 20, 21, 22, 24, 110, 118,

196, 198, 289, 305, 306, 352, 361, 362, 363,366, 367, 367n2, 368t, 369, 372, 372n5,372n7, 375, 375n12, 377t, 378n13, 379, 380,381, 382, 383, 383n4, 385, 386, 387, 387n8,389n9, 389n10, 390, 390n14, 391n16, 397,398n23, 399, 399n24, 400, 400n27, 401,401n28, 401t, 402t, 403, 403n29, 403t, 404,404n35, 405, 405n37, 407, 407n38, 407n40,411, 412, 413, 415, 446, 479, 480

Hedges, L., 272, 285, 288, 297, 306, 307,348n10, 364

Heid, C., 150Heinrich, L. B., 54, 72Helburn, S. W., 335, 339Hemphill, L., 155Henderson, C., 52, 55, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65,

66, 71, 72, 73, 74, 115, 118Henderson, L., 331, 334, 335, 340Henderson, V., 246, 264Henry, G. T., 247, 262, 331, 334, 335, 340Herrnstein, R. J, 367n1, 380, 382, 387, 413Hestenes, L., 154, 245, 262Hiatt, S., 71Hieronymus, A. N., 423, 425, 446Hill, P., 69, 74Hills, T., 257, 261Hindman, A., 254, 265Hirsch, E. D., 331, 340Hofferth, S. I., 129, 151Hogan, V. K., 37, 46Hohmann, C., 207, 213Hollingshead, A. B., 92Holloway, S. D., 138, 151Holmberg, J., 67, 71, 74, 115, 118Holmes, D. L., 266, 267, 285Holzer, H. J., 360, 363

Holzman, M., 343, 363Honigman, J., 268, 279, 285Hood, A., 300, 305Hoover, H. D., 423, 425, 446Hopkins, K. D., 385, 413Horn, W. F., 154Hornbeck, A., 217, 233Horton, S., 34, 40, 46, 47Hoube, J., 62, 72House, J. S., 353, 364Houts, R., 254, 264Howell, W. C., 303, 307Howes, C., 133, 151, 152, 154, 155, 193, 198,

243, 246, 257, 262, 263, 264, 334, 335, 340Hsiao, C., 399, 411Hubbell-McKey, R., 150, 156Hulsey, L., 155Hunker, P., 150Hunt, J., 76, 97Hustedt, J. T., 1, 6, 7, 9, 23, 188, 197, 228, 232,

245, 257, 261, 444, 445Huston, A. C., 388, 398, 412

Ingersoll, R. M., 254, 263Ingram, A., 9, 10, 24Inoue, N., 219, 233Isaacs, J., 69, 73, 360, 363Izzo, C., 71

Jaccard, J., 246, 248, 261Jacknowitz, A., 269, 283, 284Jacobs, E., 246, 264Jacobvitz, D., 53, 72Jaffee, S. R., 55, 73Jambunathan, S., 216, 228, 233James, J., 257, 262Jencks, C., 344, 363Johnson, D. L., 114, 115, 118Johnson, J., 300, 301n19, 307Johnson, L. B., 235Johnson, M. B., 83, 87, 98, 111, 118, 425,

447Johnston, J., 290n8, 293, 299, 302, 307, 308Jones, J., 52, 55, 73, 232Jones, S. S., 1, 9, 10, 26Joreskog, K., 176, 184, 399n25, 413, 431, 432,

433, 446Joyce, T., 35, 36, 37, 47Joyner, E. T., 444, 445Juncker, J., 216, 228, 233Jung, K., 163, 165, 207, 212, 213, 214, 219,

228, 232, 233, 234, 332, 339, 463Jurkiewicz, T. C., 206, 213Justice, L. J., 247, 263Justice, L. M., 255, 256, 263, 264






Name Index 495

Kagan, S., 151, 193, 198, 243, 246, 264, 266,285, 334, 340

Kainz, K., 95, 96Kalil, A., 386, 397, 412Kaplan, D., 268, 285Kaplan, N., 57, 73Kapteyn, A., 399, 411Karberg, J., 355, 363Karoly, L., 1, 3, 9, 24, 62, 72, 330, 340, 415,

444, 446Karwe, V., 44, 46Katz, L. F., 360, 362, 363Kauerz, K., 2, 26Kaufman, P., 302, 307Kawachi, I., 93, 96Keane, M. J., 158, 166Keaveney, L., 385, 413Kempe, C. H., 53, 73Kennedy, E., 34, 47KewalRamani, A., 343, 344, 359, 363Kilburn, M. R., 1, 3, 9, 24, 62, 72, 415, 444,

446Kim, K., 126, 127, 133, 134, 150, 153, 156Kirby, S. N., 18, 266, 278, 285, 473Kirisci, L., 55, 71, 72Kirk, L., 153Kiser-Kling, K., 299, 305, 307Kisker, E., 102, 118, 335, 340Kitzman, H., 1, 24, 50, 55, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65,

65t, 66, 67, 71, 72, 73, 74, 114, 118Klaus, R.A., 76, 97Klayman, D., 155Klebanov, P., 109, 114, 115, 116, 117, 154, 267,

277, 284, 388, 398, 412Klein, L., 52, 73Kleiner, A., 129, 152, 335, 341Knudsen, E. I., 383, 390, 413Kochanek, K., 354, 362Konopka, G., xixKonstantopoulos, S., 297, 307Kontos, S., 154, 246, 262, 263Koopman, S. J., 399n25, 412Kotch, J. B., 40, 47Kotelchuck, M., 34, 47Kraft-Sayre, M., 255, 262Kralik, J., 254, 263Kramer, M. S., 52, 73Kreppner, J. M., 385, 413Krop, C., 300, 305Krueger, A. B., 3, 22, 24, 293, 297, 298, 300,

301, 301n19, 302, 307, 349, 363, 444, 446,474, 475

Kuehl, B., 295, 307Kung, H., 354, 362Kurland, B. F., 155

Kurland, M., 124, 151Kuziembo, I., 350n20, 364Kwon, Y. A., 267, 285

La Paro, K. M., 148, 151, 254, 264Lacker, J., 312Ladd, G. W., 267, 285Ladd, H. F., 288, 306LaFontaine, P., 362, 363Lahey, B. B., 55, 75Laine, R. D., 272, 285, 288, 307Lamb, M., 243, 246, 263Lambert, M. C., 154Lamy, C., 163, 165, 207, 212, 213, 215, 216,

218, 219, 228, 232, 233, 332, 339, 463Landry, S. H., 254, 263Lantz, P. M., 353, 364Larenas, M. I., 383, 413Larsen, J. M., 331, 340Larsen, L., 9, 10, 24Larson, K. A., 350, 365Lau, L., 132, 151, 245, 248, 261Lavy, V., 287, 305Layzer, J., 113, 118, 154, 163, 166Lazar, I., 87, 97, 154, 243, 263Lazariu-Bauer, V., 37, 47LeDoux, J. E., 398, 413Le, V.-N., 18, 266, 278, 285, 413Lee, M., 82, 96Lee, V., 196, 198, 268, 279, 285Leighton, J., 40, 47Lenihan, A. J., 40, 47Leonard, R., 30, 47Leontief, W., 396Lepkowski, J. M., 353, 364Lescohier, I., 53, 72Levenson, S., 40, 46Leventhal, B. L., 55, 75Levin, H., 20, 24, 301, 302, 307, 342, 348, 350,

350n17, 351n21, 363, 364, 475Levinson, R. A., 54, 73Levy, F., 382, 413Lewis, I., 79, 80, 98Lewit, E. M., 267, 285, 288, 307Li, G., 53, 72Liang, X., 138, 151Liaw, F., 109, 114, 115, 116, 117Lieb, R., 69, 70Lieberman, A., 254, 263Lim, W., 268, 286Lin, B., 38, 40, 47Lindquist, E. F., 423, 425, 446Lindseth, A. A., 367n1, 380Links, P. S., 55, 71Lintz, M. N., 290n8, 293, 302, 308






496 Name Index

Lipps, G., 331, 340Little C., 69, 74Lleras-Muney, A., 354, 357, 363Lochner, L., 355, 356, 357t, 361, 363, 364, 381,

383, 383n4, 385, 386, 387n8, 390, 390n14,391n16, 397, 397n22, 398n23, 412

Loeb, S., 196, 198, 346, 347t, 364Loeber, R., 55, 75Lonigan, C., 207, 213, 222, 233Lonigan, C. J., 155Lopez, M., 113, 118, 163, 166Love, J., 99, 102, 118, 125, 151, 456Lowenstein, A., 197, 198Lu, S., 55, 71Lucas, B., 312, 313Luckey, D., 55, 61, 65, 66, 67, 73, 74, 115,

118Ludwig, J., 196, 198, 357, 364Lugo, D. E., 111, 117, 154, 222, 233Lynch, R. G., 19, 315, 316, 317n1, 340Lynsky, M. T., 55, 73

Mackinnon, D. P., 430, 446MacLeod, J., 9, 24MacPhee, D., 77, 97Madden, K., 150Madden, P. A., 55, 73Magee, C., 158, 166Magin, K., 367n4, 380Magnuson, K., 193, 198, 231, 233, 332, 333n6,

335, 340, 344, 364, 388, 398, 412Main, M., 57, 73Malofeeva, E. V., 16, 199, 206, 209, 211, 213,

463Mann, E., 9, 25, 163, 166, 173, 176, 179, 180,

184, 185, 243, 264, 315, 316, 341, 346, 347t,365, 415, 418, 422, 447

Marcus, S., 415, 446Markwardt, F. C., 83, 96Martin, J., 55, 73, 383n3, 412Martinez-Beck, I., 252, 258, 261, 265Martorell, R., 3, 26Mashburn, A., 17, 243, 247, 248, 254, 255,

256, 257, 262, 263, 264, 331, 334, 335, 340,473

Masse, L., 93, 94, 96, 97, 163, 166, 243, 261,315, 340

Masterov, D. V., 110, 118, 381, 383, 383n4,385, 386, 387n8, 390, 390n14, 391n16,398n23, 412

Mather, N., 207, 213, 222, 234Mathieson, L. C., 9, 10, 25Mavrogenes, N. A., 416, 446Maxwell, K., 127, 151, 257, 261Mayes, L. C., 52, 73

Mayfield, J., 69Mayfield, W. A., 154McAnarney, E. R., 50, 72McCabe, M., 287, 307McCall, R. B., 9, 10, 24McCarthy, D., 80, 97McCartney, K., 129, 133, 152, 154McClay, J., 383n3, 412McClelland, M., 266, 267, 285, 297, 306McConkey, C., 124, 125, 133, 134, 151, 153,

155, 156, 196, 198McCoy, S. J., 155McEwan, P. J., 3, 24, 348, 364McGrady, G., 71McGrew, K. S., 207, 213, 222, 234McGinness, G. D., 80, 97McKey, R., 124, 125, 133, 134, 151, 153, 155,

156, 196, 198McLanahan, S., 54, 73, 277, 286McLaughlin, A. E., 93, 97, 415, 446McLaughlin, M. W., 252, 254, 262McMahon, W. W., 357, 364Meaney, M. J., 388, 398, 413Mednick, S. A., 55, 71, 75Meghir, C., 385, 413Meisels, S. J., 268, 279, 285Mekos, D., 129, 150, 154Melhuish, E., 148, 152, 331, 341Mero, R. P., 353, 364Merrill, M. A., 158, 159, 160, 166, 423, 447Merrill, N. Q., 80, 98Mersky, J. P., 1, 9, 25, 176, 183, 184, 232, 234,

415, 447Metcoff, J., 35, 47Meyers, M. K., 332, 333n6, 335, 340Mezzich, A. C., 55, 72Milberger, S., 52, 55, 73Milchus, N., 292, 307Miles, K. H., 288, 307Mill, J., 383n3, 412Millburn, S., 272, 286Miller, D., 196, 198Miller-Johnson, S., 1, 9, 10, 23, 86, 87, 91, 96,

162, 165, 229, 232, 415, 416, 445Miller, L. J., 112, 118Miller, M., 69, 70Miller, T. R., 357, 364Milne, D., 35, 47Mincer, J., 3, 24Mishel, L., 327, 340Mitchell, D. E., 302, 308Mitchell, T. K., 302, 308Mocan, H. N., 330, 340Moffitt, R. A., 374, 380Moffitt, T. E., 55, 73, 383n3, 412






Name Index 497

Molnar, A., 295, 299, 307Montie, J., 1, 9, 25, 157, 166, 181, 185, 229,

234, 315, 329, 341, 366, 372n7, 380, 387,414, 418, 447

Moon, S. H., 20, 366, 367, 367n2, 368t, 369,372, 372n5, 372n7, 375, 375n12, 377t,378n13, 379, 380, 405, 413, 479

Moore, E., 266, 285Moore, M. A., 349n14, 360, 364Moretti, E., 355, 356, 357t, 364Morgan, S. P., 50, 51, 54, 72Morganstein, D., 153Moritz, P., 69, 74Morris, P., 9, 23, 244, 247, 250, 259, 261, 386,

397, 413Morrison, F., 254, 264, 266, 267, 285Moss, M., 154Mosteller, F., 293, 307Moynihan, D. P., 410n41, 413Muennig, P., 301, 302, 307, 342, 350, 354, 355,

357, 364Mullen, K. J., 387, 413Munoz, A. F., 222, 234Munro, S., 230, 233Murnane, R. J., 382, 413Murphy, S., 354, 362Murray, C. A., 367n1, 380, 382, 387,

413Murray, H., 87, 97, 154, 243, 263Musick, J. S., 54, 73

Naisbitt, N., 171, 184Neal, D., 300, 301n19, 307, 343, 344,

364Nelson, E. C., 55, 73Nelson, G., 9, 24Nelson, L., 34, 35, 36, 47Newberger, C. M., 53, 73Newport, E. L., 385, 413Ng, R., 67, 74, 115, 118Nicholson, P. A., 155Niles, M. D., 1, 9, 25Nores, M., 1, 9, 25, 157, 166, 229, 234, 315,

329, 341, 346, 347t, 363, 366, 367n3, 372,372n7, 373, 374, 379, 380, 387, 414, 418,447

Nowak, J., 268, 286Nye, B., 295, 297, 305, 307, 348n10,

364

O’Brien, R., 69, 74, 150, 158, 166O’Connell, M. E., 3, 24O’Connor, T. G., 385, 413Odden, A., 252, 264Oden, S., 207, 213, 415, 446

O’Donnell, K., 126, 130, 132, 153Offner, P., 360, 363Offord, D. R., 55, 71O’Koon, J. H., 53, 72Olds, D. L., 1, 12, 25, 49, 50, 52, 55, 59, 60, 61,

62, 63, 64, 65, 65t, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73,74, 114, 115, 118, 453

Oliveira, V., 45n1, 47Olmsted, J., 45n1, 47Olson, H. C., 52, 53, 55, 75Ortiz, C., 266, 284Osborne, M., 382, 411Ou, S.-R., 1, 9, 10, 15, 22, 25, 168, 173, 176,

183, 184, 229, 232, 234, 415, 416, 446, 447,458, 480

Overpeck, M. D., 50, 75Owen, J., 299, 305Owen, M. T., 112, 118

Pacheco, N., 32, 46Packard, T., 154Padilla, E. R., 111, 117, 154, 222, 233Page, M. E., 346, 347t, 364Pai-Samant, S., 150, 156Painter, G., 269, 283, 284Palme, M., 385, 413Palmer, J., 154Pannozzo, G. M., 299, 306Parsad, B., 129, 152, 335, 341Parvana, I., 39, 48Pate-Bain, H., 295, 305Paterson, W., 232Pederson, D., 266, 286Peevely, G., 348n10, 364Peisner-Feinberg, E., 151, 193, 198, 243, 246,

248, 261, 264, 334, 340Pence, A., 246, 262Pennucci, A., 69, 70Peters, H. E., 257, 264Peterson, A., 37, 46Peterson, L., 53, 74Peterson, P., 303, 307Pethick, J., 102, 117Pettit, B., 356, 364Pettit, G. S., 55, 72Pettitt, L., 55, 61, 67, 74, 115, 118Phillips, D., 130, 133, 152, 154, 189, 191, 197,

198, 231, 233, 246, 262, 331, 333, 335, 339,340, 391n15, 414

Phillips, M., 154, 267, 285, 344, 363Piaget, J., 160Pianalto, S., 311Pianta, R., 17, 148, 151, 155, 211, 212, 243,

247, 254, 255, 256, 257, 260, 262, 263, 264,267, 268, 286, 473






498 Name Index

Pierre, R., 113, 118Pikulski, J. J., 155Pine, D. S., 53, 74Pinker, S., 385, 413Pinkerton, R., 246, 262Pinto, R., 20, 366, 367, 367n2, 368t, 369, 372,

372n5, 372n7, 375, 375n12, 377t, 378n13,379, 380, 479

Pizzo, P. D., 124, 152Plantz, M., 124, 125, 133, 134, 151, 153, 155,

156, 196, 198Plomin, R., 56, 75Plucker, J. A., 268, 286Poest, C. A., 266, 286Poindexter, L. M., 53, 72Pollock, N., 55, 72Ponder, B. D., 331, 334, 335, 340Popkin, B., 38, 48Porch, S., 268, 286Porter, A. C., 252, 261, 262Poulton, R., 55, 73Pouncy, H., 362, 364Powers, J., 55, 73Pritchett, L., 357, 364Provasnik, S., 343, 344, 359, 363Pruzek, R., 37, 47Puma, M., 150Pungello, E., 1, 9, 10, 23, 86, 87, 91, 93, 95, 96,

97, 162, 165, 229, 232, 415, 416, 445, 446Putnam, R. T., 252, 264

Quinn, L., 150Quint, J., 347t, 348, 359n28, 364, 365Quinton, D., 53, 75

Racine, D., 68, 69, 74Racine, Y., 35, 36, 45, 47, 55, 71Radloff, L. S., 102, 112, 118Raikes, H., 14, 99, 102, 118, 456Raine, A., 55, 75Ralph, J., 267, 285Ramey, C., 1, 9, 10, 13, 23, 76, 77, 78, 80, 82,

83, 86, 87, 91, 96, 97, 110, 114, 118, 153,162, 165, 193, 198, 229, 232, 257, 264, 298,307, 415, 416, 421, 445, 446, 453

Ramey, S., 110, 118, 193, 198, 246, 248, 257,261, 264, 298, 307

Ramsey, B. K., 76, 97Raphael, S., 345n7, 355, 356, 356n25, 365Rapp, K. E., 268, 286Rashotte, C., 207, 213, 222, 233, 234Rathbun, A., 268, 283, 286, 295, 308Raudenbush, S. W., 153, 383, 413Raver, C. C., 124, 152, 388, 398, 414Ready, D. D., 268, 279, 285

Reaney, L. M., 268, 277, 286Reed, R., 34, 47Rees, D. I., 330, 340Reichardt, R., 300, 305Reid, M., 246, 248, 261Reidy, K., 44, 46Reitz, W., 292, 307Rescorla, L. A., 102, 112, 116Resnick, G., 14, 15, 121, 126, 127, 130, 133,

134, 135, 136f, 147, 148, 152, 153, 155, 156Reynolds, A. J., 1, 2, 9, 10, 15, 22, 25, 26, 163,

166, 168, 169, 171, 172, 173, 176, 179, 180,182, 183, 184, 185, 229, 232, 234, 243, 264,315, 316, 340, 341, 346, 347t, 365, 415, 416,418, 422, 444, 446, 447, 458, 480

Reynolds, A. T., 155Reznick, J., 102, 117Richardson, E., 236Richardson, V., 252, 264Richmond, J. B., 23, 25Richter, L., 3, 26Rickman, D. K., 247, 262, 331, 334, 335,

340Ridenour, T. A., 55, 75Rimm-Kaufman, S. E., 267, 286Ripple, C., 335, 341Risley, T. R., 53, 72, 154Ritchie, S., 211, 212, 257, 262Ritter, G. W., 290n8, 307Rivlin, A. M., 124, 152Roache, N. A., 53, 72Roberts, J., 70Robertson, D., 1, 9, 25, 163, 166, 173, 176, 179,

180, 183, 184, 185, 232, 234, 243, 264, 315,316, 341, 346, 347t, 365, 415, 418, 422, 447

Robin, K., 228, 232, 234, 245, 257, 261, 268,273, 284, 335, 336, 339

Robins, L. N., 55, 75Robinson, C. C., 331, 340Robinson, J., 55, 61, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 74, 115,

118Rock, S. L., 153Rohacek, M., 150Roholt, S. J., 40, 47Roid, G. H., 112, 118Rolnick, A., 1, 2, 25, 313, 315, 341, 367n3, 380Rosen, S., 474Ross, C., 102, 118Rouse, C., 277, 286, 288, 301, 302, 305, 307,

342, 350, 351, 351n21, 365Royce, J., 87, 97, 154, 243, 263Ruhm, C., 193, 198, 231, 233, 332, 333n6,

335, 340Rumberger, R., 302, 307, 345n7, 350, 365Rush, D., 40, 47






Name Index 499

Russell, C., 39, 48Russell, J. L., 266, 286Rutter, M., 3, 4, 25, 53, 75, 383, 383n2, 383n3,

385, 413, 414Ryan, R. H., 267, 286Ryan, S., 1, 23Rydell, C. P., 62, 72Ryer, P., 151

Sadler, L., 1, 24, 114, 118Sakai, L. M., 155Sameroff, A. J., 53, 75Sammons, P., 151, 152, 331, 341Sampson, P. D., 52, 53, 55, 75Sandstead, H., 35, 47Sangeorge, A., 210, 213Sansanelli, R. A., 1, 6, 7, 9, 23, 188, 197Sarason, S. B., 299, 307Sarri, R. C., 429, 430, 447Savelyev, P., 366, 367, 367n2, 368t, 369, 372,

372n5, 372n7, 375, 375n12, 377t, 378n13,379, 380, 479

Saxon, D. W., 53, 75Scanlon, K., 39, 48Scarr, S., 129, 133, 152, 154, 246, 261, 262Scazafabo, L., 70Schaefer, E., 84, 98, 429, 430, 447Schaefer, L., 155Schafer, J. L., 274, 286Schafer, W. E., 429, 430, 447Schanzenbach, D. W., 196, 198, 301, 307Schecter, C., 329, 341Schennach, S. M., 400, 403, 404, 405, 405n37,

407, 407n38, 407n40, 412Schliecker, E., 246, 264Schore, J., 34, 35, 37, 47Schulman, K. L., 245, 257, 261Schultz, T. W., 3, 25Schwager, M. T., 302, 308Schwartz, J., 35, 38, 47, 48Schweinhart, L., 1, 9, 10, 15, 16, 22, 25, 157,

158, 164, 166, 181, 185, 199, 206, 207, 208,212, 213, 229, 231, 234, 243, 264, 315, 329,341, 346, 347t, 363, 366, 367n3, 372, 372n7,373, 374, 379, 380, 387, 414, 415, 416, 418,420, 445, 446, 447, 458, 463, 480

Sedlak, A., 330, 341Seefeldt, V., 266, 286Senechal, M., 350n16, 365Seo, K. H., 219, 233Seplocha, H., 216, 228, 233Seshadri, A., 381, 411Setodji, C. M., 266, 278, 285, 473Shannon, J., 70Shapiro, G., 150

Shapiro, M. F., 354, 365Shapson, S. M., 299, 308Shaver, P. R., 266, 284Sheehan, R., 268, 285Shepard, L. A., 302, 308Shephard, N., 399n25, 412Shonkoff, J. P., 383, 390, 391n15, 413, 414Shriver, S., 235Sidora-Arcoleo, K., 64, 65, 65t, 66, 74Sidora, K., 49, 63, 65, 66, 67, 71, 73, 74Siraj-Blatchford, I., 148, 152, 331, 341Skalicky, A., 40, 46Skeels, H. M., 76, 98Skinner, M., 93, 97, 193, 198, 415, 421, 446Sloan, N. K., 40, 47Slutske, W. S., 55, 73Smith, A., 3, 26Smith, B., 78, 97Smith, C., 207, 213Smith-Donald, R., 388, 398, 414Smith, E. W., 246, 263Smith, G., 71Smith, K. E., 254, 263Smith, L. P., xviiSmith, M. L., 302, 308Smith, M. W., 210, 213Smith, O., 295, 299, 307Smith, P., 266, 286Smith, S., 217, 234, 257, 262Smith, T., 129, 152, 335, 341Snipper, A., 87, 97, 154, 243, 263Snow, C., 123, 152, 155, 228, 234Solon, G., 162, 166Song, N., 68, 74Sorbom, D., 176, 184, 431, 432, 433, 446Sorongon, A., 126, 127, 133, 134, 150, 153Soto, S., 53, 72Sparling, J., 1, 9, 23, 77, 79, 80, 91, 96, 98, 132,

151, 162, 165, 229, 232, 245, 248, 261, 415,445

Spence, J. T., 3, 24Spiker, D., 109, 114, 115, 116, 117Spira, E. G., 154Spitznagel, E. L., 55, 75Springle, J. E., 155Sroufe, L. A., 53, 72St. Pierre, R. G., 163, 166Stecker, B. M., 300, 305Stephens, L., 347t, 348, 365Stern, G., 19, 311Stevenson-Boyd, J., 217, 233, 444, 445Stinebrickner, R., 386, 414Stinebrickner, T., 386, 414Stipek, D., 267, 272, 286Stixrud, J., 10, 24, 382, 387, 413






500 Name Index

Stolz, B. M., 154Storch, S. A., 154Storer, E., 207, 213Stowe, R. M., 266, 284Strasser, J., 216, 228, 233Stratton, H., 37, 47Streissguth, A. P., 52, 53, 55, 75Strobino, D., 246, 248, 261Stroot, S., 257, 262Stuhlman, M., 148, 151Styfco, S. J., 4, 22, 26, 156, 444, 447Suarez, T., 193, 198Sullivan, L. M., 171, 185Suomi, S. J., 388, 398, 414Suriani, A. E., 18, 287, 473Susser, M., 172, 185Swank, P. R., 254, 263Sweet, M. A., 1, 26Switzer, B., 39, 47Sylva, K., 331, 341Sylva, S., 148, 152Szatmari, P., 55, 71

Taber, C., 361, 363, 386, 397, 411Tabors, P. O., 154, 155Taggart, B., 148, 152, 331, 341Takanishi, R., 2, 23, 25, 211, 212, 252, 261,

283, 284Tarr, J., 215, 232Tarter, R. E., 55, 71, 72Tarullo, L., 155Tatelbaum, R., 52, 59, 61, 62, 64, 64t, 65, 70,

72, 73, 74, 115, 118Taussig, C., 416, 447Teicher, M. H., 55, 75Temple, J., 1, 2, 9, 10, 15, 25, 26, 163, 166, 168,

173, 176, 179, 180, 183, 184, 185, 232, 234,243, 264, 315, 316, 341, 346, 347t, 365, 415,418, 422, 444, 447, 458

ter Weel, B., 382, 411Terman, L. M., 80, 98, 158, 159, 160, 166, 423,

447Thall, D., 102, 117Thomas, D., 125, 151, 154, 196, 197, 198, 331,

331n5, 339, 385, 386n6, 391, 412, 415, 446Thomas, J., 230, 233Thornburg, K. R., 154Tiegs, E. W., 160, 166, 167, 425, 447Timpane, P. M., 124, 152Tobin, A. W., 155Todd, P. E., 3, 26Tomes, N., 381, 411Topitzes, J. D., 1, 9, 10, 25, 173, 415, 416, 446Topitzes, J. W., 9, 10, 25, 176, 183, 184, 232,

234, 415, 447

Torgeson, J., 207, 213, 222, 233, 234Toth, S. L., 55, 72Traylor, F., 211, 212Trifiletti, L. B., 50, 75Trochim, W. M. K., 228, 234Trowbridge, F. L., 39, 48Trumble, A. C., 50, 75Tsang, M. C., 380Tufankjian, E. E., 124, 152Tygart, C. E., 51, 55, 75

Updegraff, R., 76, 98Urzua, S., 10, 24, 382, 383, 387, 413

Vaden-Kiernan, M., 158, 166Valentine, J., 123, 124, 152Vandell, D., 102, 118, 246, 264VanFleet, W., 283, 286Vargas, S., 1, 23Vaughn, A., 112, 118Verdinelli, S., 299, 306Vermetten, E., 53, 71Victora, C., 3, 26Vining, A. R., 349n14, 360, 364Vinter, R. D., 429, 430, 447Voelkl, K. E., 293, 308Voran, M., 335, 340Vorwaller, D. J., 429, 430, 447Vytlacil, E. J., 385, 412

Wagner, R., 207, 213, 222, 233, 234Wakschlag, L. S., 55, 75Walberg, H. J., 1, 25, 168, 185, 415, 447Waldfogel, J., 193, 198, 231, 233, 332, 333n6,

335, 340Walker, T., 114, 115, 118Walston, J., 268, 286, 295, 308Wang, J., 302, 306Wang, M. C., 1, 25, 168, 185, 293, 308, 415,

447Wansbeek, T., 399, 411Ware, A. M., 112, 118Warner, K. E., 3, 24Wasik, B., 95, 96, 254, 265Watkins, C. L., 124, 152Watkinson, B., 52, 72Weber, M., 217, 233Wechsler, D., 80, 82, 87, 98, 423, 447Weikart, D., 10, 25, 157, 158, 164, 166, 243,

264, 315, 341, 415, 416, 420, 445, 446, 447Weimer, D. L., 349n14, 360, 364Weinberg, B. A., 398, 414Weinberg, R., xviii, xxiiiWeisbrod, B. A., 3, 26Weisenfeld, G., 217, 234






Name Index 501

Wellman, B. I., 76, 98Wells, D., xxiiiWest, J., 155, 257, 265, 268, 277, 283, 286, 295,

308West, M. R., 303, 307Western, B., 356, 364Westhaus, A., 9, 24White, D., 246, 264White, K. M., 53, 73White, K. R., 133, 152Whitebook, M., 128, 132, 133, 152, 154, 155,

246, 262, 335, 340Whitehurst, G. J., 155Whitmore, D. M., 297, 298, 307, 349, 363,

474, 475Whitmore, T. J., 40, 47Wierchel, J., 268, 285Wiersema, B., 357, 364Willett, J. B., 382, 413Williams, D. R., 353, 364Williams, H. M., 76, 98Williams, J. R., 266, 286Willms, J. D., 289, 289n5, 303, 305Wilson, K., 246, 264Wishard, A., 155Witt, D. D., 266, 286Woelfel, M. L., 37, 47Wolock, E., 216, 228, 233Wolpin, K. I., 3, 26Wong, M. D., 354, 365Wong, V., 207, 212, 228, 232, 234Woodcock, R. W, 83, 87, 98, 111, 118, 207,

213, 222, 234, 425, 447Woolf, S. H., 302, 307

Woolverton, M., 126, 127, 133, 134, 153Word, E., 290n8, 293, 302, 308Wright, E. N., 299, 308

Xiang, Z., 1, 9, 25, 157, 166, 206, 207, 208,209, 211, 212, 213, 229, 234, 315, 329, 341,366, 372n7, 380, 387, 414, 418, 447

Xie, Y., 415, 446

Yavitz, A., 366, 367, 367n2, 368t, 369, 372,372n5, 372n7, 375, 375n12, 377t, 378n13,379, 380, 479

Yeates, K. O., 77, 97Yellen, J., 312Yershova, K., 266, 284Yinger, J., 344, 363Yinger, R., 257, 262Yip, R., 39, 48Yipton-Avila, J., 331, 340Yoon, S., 252, 262Younoszai, T., 158, 166Yunzal-Butler, C., 35, 36, 37, 47

Zaharias, J. B., 295, 305Zahorik, J., 295, 299, 307Zaslow, M., 154, 252, 265Zeljo, A., 266, 284Zettervall, S., xxiiiZigler, E., 1, 4, 9, 10, 14, 22, 26, 123, 124, 152,

155, 156, 163, 166, 235, 335, 341, 416, 444,447, 470

Zill, N., 126, 127, 130, 133, 134, 135, 136f,147, 148, 152, 153, 155, 156, 267, 286

Ziv, Y., 126, 130, 132, 153






subject index

Abbott Preschool ProgramAbbott vs. Burke and, 17, 214African Americans and, 223, 228CPC and, 232ECERS and, 217ELIC report and, 215–216enrollment in, 214–215, 215fevaluation of, 224–230literacy and, 228, 229, 230, 471Longitudinal Effects Study, 17, 214,

224–230, 466, 471math skills and, 222, 226, 226fNIEER and, 221PCMI and, 217, 218per-pupil costs, 227, 228policy and, 231–232poverty and, 214, 230, 231PPP and, 232PPVT and, 224–226, 227, 229pre-CTOPP and, 207, 222, 223, 227, 227fprogram quality, 216–219RDD and, 216, 219–220, 221, 223, 224, 228,

466reading skills and, 227, 229research directions for, 228, 230–231SELA and, 218vocabulary and, 215, 226, 226f. See also

specific topicsAbecedarian Project (ABC), 5, 13, 21

African Americans and, 115, 422at-risk groups and, 417–445Brazil and, 481CARE and, 84causal analysis and, 483characteristics of, 421tcognitive advantage hypothesis and, 416,

432, 433, 439, 442common findings and, 417–445, 484

complementarity and, 389cost-benefit analysis, 93–94, 237CPC and, 183, 346, 417–445, 481, 485, 487crime rates and, 92, 482curriculum, 79–82description of, 77–81developmental mechanisms, 486–487dosage and, 454Early Head Start and, 114–116ecological theories and, 77educational attainment and, 64, 65, 89, 91,

162, 415–452, 435f, 440f, 485effectiveness of, 238, 417–445employment and, 91enrollment in, 418families and, 79, 79f, 95, 389n12five-hypothesis model, 416–418, 443funding for, 77Graham Center and, 421–422HST services and, 81IQ and, 87–89, 398n23, 454learning efficiency and, 390long-term effects, 84–89, 442, 443longitudinal studies, 417maternal education and, 95math skills and, 89–91, 90fmental health and, 93–94, 485NFP and, 115period of, 483poverty and, 78PPP and, 92, 163, 183, 389n12, 417–445,

482reading skills and, 82, 83t, 85, 89–91, 90f,

418, 424, 425, 430, 444–445, 450tresearch and, 95short-term effects, 82–84systems theory and, 77teacher ratings in, 442

502






Subject Index 503

Tulsa pre-K program and, 193welfare system and, 79, 93, 94young adults and, 86–87, 90. See also

specific topicsACF. See Administration for Children and

FamiliesACYF. See Advisory Committee on Services to

Families with Infants and ToddlersAdministration for Children and Families

(ACF), 100center-based programs and, 113, 116dosage and, 114Head Start and, 109–114, 138home-based services and, 113MPR study, 101RCT studies and, 138

Advancement Via Individual Determination(AVID), 350

Advisory Committee on Services to Familieswith Infants and Toddlers (ACYF), 99,101, 110

AFDC. See Aid to Familes with DependentChildren

African AmericansAbbott program and, 227–228ABC program and, 79, 115, 422. See

Abecedarian Projectachievement gap and, 149, 150, 283, 342,

344, 349, 484class size and, 346CLS and, 171CPC and, 346, 348n12, 483, 485, 487. See

also Child-Parent Centersdropout rates, 352drugs and, 344n6educational investments in, 342–365, 483educational status, 343–345family and, 344–345GED exam and, 352graduation rates, 20, 157, 343–356, 351t,

357t, 359t, 360, 362Head Start and, 8, 101, 110, 115, 116, 124,

125, 458. See also Head StartHispanics and, 115, 134labor market and, 351t, 353tmaternal education and, 158NFP and, 115. See also Nurse-Family

PartnershipNIEER and, 221NLSY and, 20, 125poverty and, 79, 157PPP and, 15, 20, 157–171, 221, 348n12,

369. See also Perry Preschool Programpre-K and, 192, 195, 197public health costs, 353–355, 353t

RDD and, 221, 223readiness and, 267, 270, 277reading achievement and, 276SAT scores, 343Spanish-speaking children and, 134special education and, 343tax revenues, 350, 353, 353tteenage mothers and, 79TPS pre-K and, 197welfare system and, 343, 344, 375white students and, 20, 115, 267, 269, 282,

297, 342–345, 354, 355t, 474. See alsorace/ethnicity; specific programs, topics

aggressive behavior, 55, 63, 84, 102, 108, 112,144t

Aid to Families with Dependent Children(AFDC), 66, 161, 175

alcohol abuse, 51, 53, 58, 87, 92, 344n6anemia, 32, 33, 34f, 39antisocial behavior, 51–55, 299, 415. See

specific typesAPPLES. See Abbott Preschool Program,

Longitudinal Effects StudyArnett Caregiver Interaction Scale (CIS), 112,

131, 132, 136Asian students, 276, 277, 282attachment theory, 56, 57attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, 52,

53AVID. See Advancement Via Individual

Determination

Bank of Minneapolis conference (2007), xxiii,2

Basic Skills First (BSF), 292, 293t, 296tBayley Scales of Infant Development, 80, 102,

103t, 104t, 106tbehavioral problems, 50, 51, 66, 267, 390,

401t. See specific typesBell Curve, The (Herrnstein/Murray), 382bioecological model, 17, 56, 77, 243, 247–250,

259–260birth outcomes, 34–37, 51, 52, 59, 62Blacks. See African AmericansBrazilian model, 481breastfeeding, 29, 33, 37–38, 43, 62Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), 87, 93Bronfenbrenner model. See bioecological

modelBrooks-Gunn study, 109, 114, 236, 267,

397BSF. See Basic Skills FirstBush administration, 236, 287

California Achievement Test, 424t, 425






504 Subject Index

CARE. See Carolina Approach to ResponseEducation

caregivingArnett Scale, 112, 131–132, 137CARE and, 94–95NFP and, 56–60quality of, 249–250

Carolina Abecedarian Project (ABC). SeeAbecedarian Project

Carolina Approach to Response Education(CARE), 94–95

causal mechanisms, 168, 176, 410, 484class size and, 291coherence and, 172CPE and, 172five-hypothesis model, 416–417, 462policy analysis and, 487STAR and, 293uncertainty in, 21, 172, 211, 415, 444–445

CCDP. See Comprehensive ChildDevelopment Program

CDI. See Communicative DevelopmentInventories

CEED. See Center for Early Education andDevelopment

Center for Early Education and Development(CEED), xix

Center for Early Education Research, 215, 216Center for Epidemiological Studies, 102, 112Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,

34Chicago Longitudinal Study (CLS), 163, 171,

423, 436fchild abuse, 55, 60, 63–64, 66, 70Child and Family Resource Program, 123child-initiated learning, 420Child-Parent Centers (CPC), 4, 19, 21, 163,

181–184, 232, 316, 390n13, 458, 461Abecedarian program and, 183, 346,

417–445, 481, 485, 487activities in, 169adult well-being, 173–174, 174fAfrican-Americans and, 346, 348n12, 483,

485, 487at-risk groups, 417–445Brazil and, 481CLS and, 168, 171cognitive advantage and, 438, 439common findings, 484cost-benefit analysis, 180–181, 237, 460,

461, 483crime and, 175, 176–179developmental mechanisms, 486–487Duncan on, 238early curriculum and, 169

educational attainment and, 64t, 415–452,439, 440f

effectiveness of, 181–184efficiency in learning, 390evaluation of, 176–179family support and, 425females and, 487five-hypothesis model and, 416, 443funding for, 168–169graduation and, 162Head Start and, 171health and, 176impacts of, 168–169longitudinal studies and, 173–176, 417mental health and, 176mobility and, 479motivation and, 420No Child Left Behind and, 168nutrition and, 420parent involvement and, 420, 422, 424, 425,

458, 459, 461paths of influence, 433period of, 483PPP and, 417–445pre-K and, 458program components, 169–170, 170frandomized trial and, 486–487reading skills and, 169, 177t, 179, 346, 418,

424, 430, 444–445, 450tsensitivity analysis for, 336social policy and, 181–184teachers in, 444welfare system and, 175, 176, 180,

181twell-being and, 174, 174f, 175t

Child Protective Service, 66child:staff ratio. See pupil:teacher ratioChildren of the National Longitudinal Survey

of Youth (CNLSY) data, 400Children, Youth, and Families Initiative, xviiiChildren’s Sentinel Nutrition Assessment

Project, 40CHLM model. See Cuhna-Heckman-

Lochner-Masterov modelcigarettes, 58, 59, 60, 62, 344n6CIS. See Arnett Caregiver Interaction ScaleCLASS. See Classroom Assessment Scoring

Systemclass size, 287–308, 474, 479

African-American children and, 346cohort effects and, 298cost-benefit analysis and, 289, 300–301,

349CSR programs, 196, 287, 346–349defined, 288






Subject Index 505

duration analysis and, 296, 296teducation and, 18effect sizes, 294t, 295, 296tpreschool programs and, 474, 475PTRs and, 288STAR (Student Teacher Achievement

Ratio) and. See Tennessee Project STARteaching and, 298, 302welfare and, 300, 301

Classroom Assessment Scoring System(CLASS), 147, 148, 197, 254, 471

Classroom Behavior Inventory, 84CLS. See Chicago Longitudinal StudyCNLSY. See Children of the National

Longitudinal Survey of Youthcognitive development, 13, 21, 398

age and, 468cognitive advantage hypothesis, 10, 415,

416Early Head Start and, 116growth curves, 88finvestments and, 406, 406fnoncognitive skills and, 406, 406f, 407, 408fpoverty and, 76preschool treatment and, 88, 88ftest scores and, 13, 89tuniversal pre-K and, 16, 188–198See also

specific skills, topicscohort effects, 298Communicative Development Inventories

(CDI), 102Community Reinvestment Act of 1977, 312comparison-group design, 211complementarity, 3, 21, 394fComprehensive Child Development Program

(CCDP), 113Comprehensive Tests of Basic Skills (CTBS),

292Confirmatory Program Evaluation (CPE),

171–173Consortium on Early Childhood

Development, xxiiiConsortium for Longitudinal Studies, 162Consortium for Political and Social Research

(University of Michigan), 127continuity, principle of, 3, 4, 22, 486cost-benefit analysis, xviii, 62, 358

ABC and, 93–94, 237class size and, 289, 300–301, 349CPC and, 180–181, 237, 460, 461, 483CSR programs and, 300–301dropout rates and, 475early childhood programs and, 19ECD and, 5error terms in, 480

fiscal returns and, 342–365human capital and, 5investment and, 62, 315IRRs and, 368t, 375, 379Leontief models and, 396life cycle profile and, 392–397longitudinal study, 163policy and, 396PPP and, 21, 163, 237, 315, 366–380, 484pre-K and, 315rate of return analysis, 358–361, 375STAR and, 300–301. See also specific

programs, modelsCPE. See Confirmatory Program Evaluationcrime, 15, 92, 378t

Abecedarian and, 482cost analysis and, 355–356, 370t, 376–377,

376t, 378tCPC and, 175, 176, 178fdatabases for, 373developmental theory and, 401economic burden of, 356education and, 357t, 408finvestments and, 181, 182f, 407, 409fLISREL model for, 177, 177fpoverty and, 162, 164, 330PPP and, 162, 372–373, 378, 481, 482pre-K and, 317Uniform Crime Report, 373victimization-to-arrest ratio, 373welfare system and, 357

CTBS. See Comprehensive Tests of Basic SkillsCuhna-Heckman-Lochner-Masterov

(CHLM) model, 366–368, 375, 381–386,390n14

Dependent Care Credit, 6n1depression, 13

Abecedarian and, 93–94, 485CPC and, 176Head Start and, 103t, 142MDD and, 55poverty and, 93substance abuse and, 55symptoms, 13, 93tests for, 102

developmental theory, 49age and, 468capability formation, 410causal inference and, 416, 484. See causal

mechanismscognitive. See cognitive developmentcomplementarity and, 388, 389, 403continuity and, 4, 486crime and, 401






506 Subject Index

developmental theory (cont.)definition for, 486disadvantaged backgrounds, 388diversity and, 382, 382–387, 395, 690ECD, definition of, 2economic models of, 381etiology for, 76intentional learning, 160models for, 398multidisciplinarity and, 2multiplier effects in, 388noncognitive skills and, 401one-period model of, 392Piagetian theory, 160preference formation, 398retardation and, 76, 79self-productivity and, 388, 390, 401, 403sensory deprivation and, 79skills and. See skill formation; specific

programs, topicsstages of, 387timing and, 467

Dietary Guidelines for Americans (WIC),42

diversity, xx, 123, 124, 212, 392dosage rates, 12, 114, 172, 230, 279, 454, 469.

See also specific programsdropout rates, 301–302, 475. See also

graduation; specific programs, groupsdrugs, 52, 58

Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale(ECERS), 112

CLASS and, 148FACES and, 127Head Start and, 127, 131, 137, 141, 142,

150, 338, 459prediction and, 131subscales of, 217

Early Childhood Investment Corporation(ECIC), 212

Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS),18, 111, 134, 269–274

Early Childhood Research Collaborative(U. Minn.), 311

Early Head Start, 4, 13, 99–116, 238Abecedarian program and, 114–116ACYF report and, 110–112African Americans and, 110, 115Amendments of 1998 and, 99budget for, 99causal relationships and, 485CCDP and, 113center-based model, 100, 116

cognitive development and, 116. See alsocognitive development

data collection for, 112demonstration programs, 114ECERS scores and, 149–150effectiveness of, 99–108evaluations of, 149, 150family services, 109follow-up studies for, 99–112Head Start and, 99, 116, 121. See also Head

Starthigh-risk groups, 457, 476Hispanics and, 110home visiting models and, 457Infant Health and Development Program

and, 116low-income families, 110mixed-approach programs, 109, 113MPR report, 101neurological effects, 236Nurse-Family Partnership and, 114outreach of, 100overall impacts, 103tparenting and, 108–109PIR data, 121, 122poverty and, 110, 457program features, 99, 113–114program models, 99, 100race/ethnicity and, 101, 110RCT and, 116Shalala committee, 99subgroup analyses, 485welfare system and, 457

Early Language and Literacy ClassroomObservation (ELLCO), 210

Early Learning Improvement Consortium(ELIC), 215

Earned Income Tax Credit, 6n1ECERS. See Early Childhood Environment

Rating ScaleECIC. See Early Childhood Investment

CorporationECLS. See Early Childhood Longitudinal

Studyecological theory, 3, 77

child development and, 244–252, 245f,248f

physical resources and, 248school readiness and, 250–252social resources and, 248f

Educational Testing Services (ETS), 125effectiveness, principle of, 181–184Elementary and Secondary Education Act

(ESEA), 6, 168, 169, 422






Subject Index 507

ELIC. See Early Learning ImprovementConsortium

ELLCO. See Early Language and LiteracyClassroom Observation

employment, 15, 174f, 175f, 186tAfrican Americans and, 91, 351, 360educational investment and, 342, 415job training programs and, 196lifetime earnings, 370–372parental occupations, 53–54Perry Project and, 369, 373, 387, 482pre-K and, 317, 330

English as a Second Language (ESL), 123environmental factors, 13, 22, 49, 76–77, 173,

383. See also families; specific topicsESEA. See Elementary and Secondary

Education ActESL. See English as a Second Languageethnicity. See race/ethnicityETS. See Educational Testing Services

FACES. See Family and Child ExperiencesSurvey

fade-out effect, 83, 125, 196, 197, 303, 398failure, risk factors, 199–200families, 12, 157

ABC and, 78–79, 79t. See also AbecedarianProject

aggression and, 102, 112altruism and, 389, 393birth outcomes, 34–37, 59, 62breastfeeding and, 29, 33, 37–38, 43, 62caregiving and, 52, 53, 56CPC. See Child-Parent Centerscredit constraints, 386, 397demographics for, 79tdomestic violence and, 54, 55educational level in, 8, 190, 431, 431t,

432, 432tethnic composition and, 136FACES. See Family and Child Experiences

Surveyfathers and, 52, 54–56, 65, 158–159, 237,

344, 359, 423, 427t, 431t, 432tgenetics and, 52, 53, 381Head Start and, 108–109, 112, 391, 461,

462. See also Head Starthome background and, 278tincome of, 54, 278, 329, 330–334, 386, 388t,

395investment strategy and, 389, 393, 398life course and, 51, 54–55longitudinal study and, 271low-income, 12, 29, 50, 68, 79. See also

poverty

maternal health, 63f, 67maternal IQ, 76middle class, 466NPP. See Nurse-Family Partnershipparaprofessionals and, 67, 68, 453Parent-Child Centers, 114, 123parent-child interactions, 11f, 12, 58, 102,

105t, 107t, 111, 112, 123, 174parental employment, 158parental involvement, 271, 420, 425,

458–462, 459parental life course, 61–66parental occupation, 54–55parental skills, 51, 392pre-K and, 312–314, 329preference formation, 398pregnancies and, 54–55principal-agent models and, 398program impacts, 104t, 106trace/ethnicity. See race/ethnicity; specific

programs, groupsreadiness and, 278trisk and, 68serotonin levels, 53skill formation and, 381, 395socio-demographic factors and, 78, 136. see

specific topicsstress and, 53, 102structure of, 136support from, 10, 416, 425teachers and, 129twelfare and. See welfare systemwork and, 53–54

Family and Child Experiences Survey(FACES), 14, 111–112, 122

child-adult ratios, 131–132classroom quality and, 126, 147cohorts of, 127counterfactuals and, 126curriculum and, 147ECERS scores and, 127, 131Head Start policy and, 147–150Hispanic children and, 134literacy and, 133–134math and, 133multilevel models, 135reports on, 126–127social competence rating scales, 133teacher qualifications, 129t, 132, 146

Family and Medical Leave Act, 236FDA. See Food and Drug Administrationfederal funding, 5–8, 9, 12, 19, 32, 101, 169,

202–203, 232, 344, 422, 460Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, xviii,

xxiii, 2, 311–312, 314






508 Subject Index

Federal Reserve Banks, xvi, 311–314first grade

Abbott program and, 229center-based programs and, 204t, 205tclass size and, 249, 292CPC and, 430FACES and, 126full-day programs and, 268, 269, 282GSRP and, 205, 206half-day programs and, 269Head Start and, 15, 126, 140, 141, 144, 145,

460HighScope study, 211literacy and, 470poverty and, 295risk factors and, 268routing tests, 270n3skill levels and, 268STAR experiment and, 291

First Steps programs, 469First Things First (FTF), 20, 346, 347tfive-hypothesis model

causal analysis and, 416–420, 462crime rates and, 176, 177fHead Start and, 22, 443longitudinal studies and, 418, 442–445program evaluations and, 442, 443, 444,

462FNS. See Food and Nutrition ServicesFood and Drug Administration (FDA),

455Food and Nutrition Services (FNS), 32food vouchers, 30–31FTF. See First Things First

GAO. See General Accounting OfficeGED certificate, 123, 163, 352General Accounting Office (GAO), 35general systems theory, 77genetic factors

Bell Curve and, 382caregiving and, 53developmental theory and, 486family and, 381nature/nurture and, 382–383, 383n1

Government Performance and Results Act(GPRA), 125

graduation, 20, 345t, 347tABC and, 415–452, 485African Americans and, 345–350, 350–356,

351t, 357t, 359t, 362child-parent centers and, 415–452cognitive advantage, 439cost of raising, 349dropout rates and, 475

health and, 354PPP and, 415–452preschool and, 415–452social gains from, 356–358tax revenues and, 350, 475total benefits of, 362wages and, 360white students and, 349, 355t, 484

Great Start Readiness Program (GSRP), 16,199–213

center-based programs and, 203effectiveness of, 206funding for, 202–203grade retention and, 207, 207f, 208, 209fHead Start and, 202HighScope and, 211Implementation Manual, 205kindergarten and, 207longitudinal studies, 206math and science scores, 209MEAP and, 16, 200–204, 209fMichigan program, 16, 200–204middle school and, 208, 211minimum requirements and, 204tpolicy and, 211–212PQA and, 205PreSchool Variation Study, 210quasi-experimental designs and, 211race/ethnicity and, 209reading skills and, 209, 210requirements for, 203risk factors and, 201tsecond grade and, 208special education services, 209spending per child, 203frstate funding of, 199. See also specific topics

growth, physical, 34, 39–40, 52, 80GSRP. See Great Start Readiness Program

Harter scales, 86Hausman test, 38Head Start, 4, 77, 121–150

achievement gap and, 149, 150adult literacy, 137assessments, variance in, 136, 136fblended-funding and, 202brain development, 236caregiver interaction, 136causal relationships and, 485CCDP and, 113center-based programs, 139, 140, 141classroom quality, 127, 137, 147cognitive development, 146, 236, 398complementarity and, 22continuity and, 22






Subject Index 509

CPC and, 171crossovers and, 141, 146data collection, 140DHHS and, 138, 148discovery-learning approach, 123Early Head Start. See Early Head StartECERS and, 127, 131, 137, 142, 150, 338,

459effectiveness studies, 123–126, 163enrollment in, 138ETS study, 125evaluations of, 147–150FACES and, 125. See also Family and Child

Experiences Surveyfade-out and, 83, 125, 303, 398first grade and, 15, 126, 142, 145, 460five-hypothesis model and, 22, 442–444follow-up studies, 386–387funding, 6, 202–203, 231gains in IQ, 134GSRP and, 202high-risk children, 331Hispanic children and, 134HSIS study, 14, 122, 138–147hyperactivity and, 145impact of, 14, 103t, 122, 138–147, 143t,

144t, 164, 238Information Report (2004), 110–112IQ scores and, 134, 235ITT estimates, 141kindergarten and, 134, 135, 142, 144, 145letter-word identification, 133–136, 143t,

145, 148literacy skills, 123–126, 133, 141–143, 143t,

144t, 145, 163math skills, 133–135, 143t, 144t, 145, 148National Impact Study, 164, 238NLSY and, 125no-shows and, 141numeracy skills and, 133parents and, 147–149, 391, 461–462Performance Standards for, 100, 101,

109philosophy of, 122, 123policy and, 147–150poverty and, 121, 142, 235, 236, 464pre-K programs and, 196, 330PreSchool Variation Study, 210psychomotor skills, 145randomized design and, 138readiness and, 132, 137, 148–150reading skills and, 123, 133, 134, 136, 137,

146–149reauthorization of, 125, 128recruitment and, 138

research and, 147–150return on investment, 237RCT studies and, 138Shriver and, 235socio-emotional impacts, 142–147socialization and, 123socioeconomic factors in, 135state-funded programs and, 465subgroup analyses, 485teachers and, 128–132, 135, 141, 142variations in, 459vocabulary and, 125, 133–137, 142–146,

148, 456War on Poverty and, 121welfare system and, 235, 457white students and, 101, 106t, 110, 125

health care, 29CPC and, 176economic value of, 357emergency room use, 453graduation and, 354hospitalization and, 63f, 64tinfants and, xviii, xix, 115–116lunch subsidy, 473maternal, 51f, 70. See also pregnancymental health, 93, 176. See also specific

disordersmortality rates and, 65tnutrition and, 420. See also nutritionphysical growth, 34, 39–40, 52, 80pregnancy and, 33. See also pregnancypublic clinics, 30public health costs, 353–355, 355tQALYs and, 355, 357readiness and, 18WIC and, 29–48, 454. See also specific

programs, topicshierarchical linear modeling (HLM), 87,

274–276HighScope Educational Research Foundation,

164, 199, 206, 237–238HighScope Perry Preschool Program. See

Perry Preschool ProgramHispanics, 110, 267

African Americans and, 115, 134FACES and, 134Head Start and, 110, 134. See also Head

StartInfant Health and Program and, 115Nurse-Family Partnership and, 115Parent-Child Centers and, 115pre-K programs and, 192, 195, 197reading achievement and, 276subgroup findings for, 458

HLM. See hierarchical linear modeling






510 Subject Index

Home Observation for Measurement of theEnvironment (HOME), 59, 60, 62, 102,112, 425

home school resource teachers (HST), 81homeless children, 477, 478HSTs. See home school resource teachersHuman Capital Research Collaborative, xviii,

xxiiihuman capital theory, 2–4, 289

cost/benefits and. See cost/benefit analysisdevelopmental stages and, 4ECD and, 2, 4, 19–22investment and, 2, 8f, 19–22, 196, 237life course and, 21scale, levels of, 5skills and, 3, 21well-being and, 4, 22. See also specific

programs, topicshuman ecology, 56. See also bioecological

modelHumphrey Institute (UMinn), 311hyperactivity, 145

IDEA. See Individuals with DisabilitiesEducation Act

IEPs. See individualized education programsIndian Tribal Organizations, 32individualized education programs (IEPs),

457Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

(IDEA), 6Infant and Early Childhood Mental Health

Certificate, xviiiInfant Health and Development Program,

115, 116intentional learning, 160Iowa Test of Basic Skills, 423, 424t, 425IQ scores, 77, 78, 83, 235iron-deficiency anemia. See anemiaIRT. See Item Response TheoryIsaacs study, 69Item Response Theory (IRT), 270

job training programs, 196Johnson administration, 121, 235

K-FAST test, 137kindergarten, 4, 17–19, 77, 81

Abbott program and, 216–232ABC and, 77, 81, 95, 389n12. See

Abecedarian projectclass sizes, 5, 18, 279, 282, 288, 291–304,

346classroom learning and, 273CLS and, 171, 423

CPC and, 169, 170f, 177f, 422, 423, 430ECD and, 6–8ECLS and, 18, 134ELIC and, 215, 216FACES and, 126, 133, 142fifth grade and, 273–274, 276f, 283fourth grade and, 208full-day programs, 17, 18, 171, 181,

266–286, 298, 422, 423, 470, 476, 477GSRP and, 206–208Head Start and, 14, 111, 122, 126, 134,

142–147HighScope study and, 208home environment and, 277, 278t, 279HSIS and, 15learning disabilities and, 279literacy and, 225, 470. See also literacylongitudinal studies, 171, 225, 225f, 226f,

274–276, 283–284lunch subsidies, 278part-day programs, 18, 279, 280tparticipation rates, 8policy and, 284pre-CTOPP and, 222–223pre-K and, 315–341. See specific programs,

topicsrace/ethnicity and, 276–277, 277t, 281–283RDD and, 216, 220–225, 227–229, 468readiness and, 16–18, 178f, 179, 182, 201,

216, 225f, 226, 226f, 228, 267–270,277–279

reading skills and, 267, 268, 269, 273, 281,281t, 283, 303, 332, 476–477

second grade and, 208services and practices, 17–19STAR and, 291–304, 346third grade and, 475TPS pre-K program and. See Tulsa pre-K

program and specific programs, topics

Learningames program, 80Leiter International Performance Scale, 112Leontief models, 396LISREL models, 176, 177, 177f, 433, 442literacy

Abbott program and, 229, 471bioecological model and, 248CPC and, 168–170ECERS and, 218FACES and, 125, 136, 149family and, 350, 350n16GED and, 385GSRP and, 17, 207, 210Head Start and, 123–125, 132, 133, 142,

143t, 144t, 145, 163






Subject Index 511

HighScope study and, 210HSIS and, 148–149K-FAST and, 137MTP and, 254–255, 256, 257NCRECE study and, 258PPP and, 160, 161tpre-CTOPP and, 223, 224RDD studies and, 228–229, 470readiness and, 266, 271, 277, 444school readiness and, 271–273SELA and, 218–219teacher surveys and, 271–273

longitudinal studiesAbbott Program and, 17, 214, 224–230,

466, 471Abecedarian Project and, 85, 417CLS and, 162, 415CPC and, 15, 163, 168–184, 417, 422–423,

436f, 451t, 483ECLS and, 18, 111, 134, 269–274fade-out and, 229five-hypothesis model and, 418–445GRSP and, 199–211Harter scales and, 86Head Start and. See Head StartHLM and, 87IRT and, 270language skills and, 90f, 225f, 228math and, 90f, 226fMinneapolis study and, 483national children’s study, 486NELS and, 350NLSY and, 20, 125, 400postsecondary study, 348n13PPP and, 158, 159, 417RDD approach and, 227, 466. See

regression-discontinuity designreadiness and, 271–272, 275underestimation and, 229WIC and, 40

matched comparison designs, 211math skills, 91, 135

Abbott program and, 223, 224, 228, 229Abecedarian program and, 89–90, 90f, 91African Americans and, 343, 350class size and, 190–191, 195, 294t, 296t, 297CPC and, 346FACES and, 141–142grade school scores, 83, 84fGSRP and, 17, 207, 208, 209Head Start and, 133, 134, 142, 143t, 144t,

145, 148home school and, 81income and, 384f, 401t

IRT and, 270kindergarten and, 16longitudinal scores for, 89, 90f, 226, 226f,

227MPR report, 101NFP program and, 65NLSY and, 384fnutrition and, 473PCMI and, 217–219pre-K programs and, 231–232standards for, 217–218STAR and, 304TPS pre-K and, 190–192, 195, 196Wechsler Scale and, 82–83, 87, 89Woodcock-Johnson and, 83, 84f, 87, 133,

222. See also specific programs, testsMathematica Policy Research (MPR), 101McCarthy Scales, 80MEAP. See Michigan Educational Asessment

ProgramMedicaid, 35, 37, 70, 354Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS),

354mental health, 93, 176. See specific disordersmental retardation, 235Mental Retardation and Developmental

Disabilities Branch (NIH), 77MEPS. See Medical Expenditure Panel SurveyMichigan Educational Assessment Program

(MEAP), 208, 209fMichigan School Readiness Program (MSRP),

469, 472Milwaukee Project, 76MIMIC model, 399mixed-services system, 464, 465MPR. See Mathematica Policy ResearchMSRP. See Michigan School Readiness

ProgramMTP. See MyTeachingPartnermultistage sampling, 139multilevel models, 256–257multiple imputation models, 475MyTeachingPartner (MTP), 17, 254–256

NAEP. See National Assessment ofEducational Progress

NAEYC. See National Association for theEducation of Young Children

National Assessment of Educational Progress(NAEP), 343

National Association for the Education ofYoung Children (NAEYC), 244

National Center for Education Statistics(NCES), 269–274

National Center for Health Statistics, 45






512 Subject Index

National Center for Research in EarlyChildhood Education (NCRECE), 258

National Crime Victimization Survey(NCVR), 373

National Education Goals Panel, 6, 266National Education Longitudinal Study of

1988 (NELS 88), 350National Health and Nutrition Survey

(NHANES), 45–46National Household Education Surveys, 8National Institute for Early Education

Research (NIEER), 206, 207, 216–217,238, 244

National Institute of Child Health andHuman Development (NICHD), 77, 102

National Institutes of Health (NIH), 77National Longitudinal Survey of Youth

(NLSY), 20, 125, 369, 384fNational Maternal and Infant Health Survey,

35Native American children, 192, 195, 197nature/nurture debate, 382, 383NCES. See National Center for Education

StatisticsNCRECE. See National Center for Research in

Early Childhood EducationNCVS. See National Crime Victimization

SurveyNELS 88. See National Education

Longitudinal Study of 1988neurodevelopmental impairment, 60, 64–65,

67–68NFP program. See Nurse-Family PartnershipNHANES. See National Health and Nutrition

SurveyNICHD. See National Institute of Child

Health and Human DevelopmentNIEER. See National Institute for Early

Education ResearchNIH. See National Institutes of HealthNLSY. See National Longitudinal Survey of

YouthNo Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act, 208

CPC and, 168professional development and, 252public schools and, 188Title II funds, 287

noncognitive skills, 21, 398, 401nonlinear models, 400, 403, 467, 468, 480Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP), 4, 12,

49–70, 69, 454births and, 66breastfeeding and, 62child abuse and and, 63–64Early Head Start and, 114

Hispanics and, 115home visits and, 57–58, 62investment in, 69maternal life-course and, 68mother infant dyads and, 67neurodevelopmental impairment and,

64–65, 67–68population groups, 115pregnancy and, 59program requirements, 70RAND study and, 62, 69research-based model and, 62theory-driven model and, 56–57tobacco use and, 67welfare system and, 50–51, 54–55, 66,

68–69white parents and, 115WSIPP analysis, 68–69

nutrition, 80breastfeeding and, 29, 33, 37, 43, 62CPC and, 420health and, 420lunch subsidies and, 463, 473pregnancy and, 33, 58SNAP and, 30supplemental foods, 29, 30WIC and, 29, 30, 31. See Special

Supplemental Nutrition Program forWomen, Infants, and Children

Office of Management and Budget (OMB), 29Oklahoma pre-K program, 16, 188–198, 463,

465OMB. See Office of Management and Budgetout-of-school programming, xviii, xix

Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), 372paraprofessionals, 66–67, 68–69, 453Parent-Child Centers, 114, 122Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction Scale,

102Parenting Stress Index, 102PCMI. See Preschool Classroom Mathematics

InventoryPeabody Individual Achievement Tests, 83Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT),

102, 111, 133, 145, 207, 222, 224pediatric care, 80perfect credit market model, 395Perry Preschool Program (PPP), 4, 5, 20, 21,

433Abecedarian program and, 92, 163, 183,

389n12, 417–445active learning and, 366activities in, 160






Subject Index 513

African Americans and, 346, 369at-risk groups, 417–445Brazil and, 481characteristics of, 421tcognitive advantage and, 432–433, 439, 442common findings and, 484cost-benefit analysis, 21, 163, 237, 315,

366–380, 484cost of, 461CPC and, 417–445crime rate and, 162, 372, 379, 481, 482developmental mechanisms, 486–487earnings and, 369educational attainment, 415–452, 419f,

434feffectiveness of, 237, 238efficiency in learning, 390employment and, 369, 482enrollment in, 418fertility effects, 484five-hypothesis model, 443–444HighScope and, 15HighScope model and, 15, 159, 237home visits, 159impact study, 421IQ and, 366, 387kernel matching method for, 372long-term effects, 163, 442–443longitudinal studies and, 417motivation and, 420NIEER and, 207period of, 483PreSchool Variation Study, 210program costs, 369Pupil Behavior Inventory, 429random assignment and, 163randomized trial and, 486–487rate of return analysis, 15, 20, 21, 315,

366–380, 484reading skills and, 423, 425, 426t, 427t,

428t, 429t, 430, 444–445, 450tsocio-emotional adjustment, 429study results, 160taxation and, 374, 375teachers in, 444Tulsa program and, 193welfare and, 159, 161, 366, 374

PQA. See Preschool Program QualityAssessment

physical growth, 18, 34, 39–40, 52, 80Piagetian theory, 160PIR. See Program Information RecordPNSS. See Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance

Systempolynomial regression models, 87

poverty, 12, 13, 15, 17Abecedarian program and, 78achievement gap, 148–149African Americans and, 79, 157cognitive development and, 76Coleman report, 464context of, 161–162crime and, 162, 164, 330cycle of, 162depressive symptoms and, 93developmental effects, 237Head Start and, 141–142, 235, 236, 457,

464high-risk groups, 457IQ scores and, 235Johnson administration and, 235low-income and, 29, 50, 68, 79middle class and, 466North Carolina and, 78–81Perry Preschool Study and, 157pre-K and, 330treatment impact and, 338tWar on Poverty and, 235welfare and. See welfare system

PPP. See Perry Preschool ProgramPPVT. See Peabody Picture Vocabulary TestPRAMS. See Pregnancy Risk Assessment

Monitoring SystemPre-CTOPPP. See Preschool Comprehensive

Test of Phonological and PrintProcessing

pre-K. See prekindergarten programspregnancy, 12, 33, 37, 51–52

birth outcomes and, 52, 59, 62infections and, 58life-course and, 54–55, 65–66low income and, 50–51nurse visits and, 59, 62nutrition and, 33, 59PNSS and, 37PRAMS and, 35STDs and, 58stress and, 53, 58teenage, 79

Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance System(PNSS), 37

Pregnancy Risk Assessment MonitoringSystem (PRAMS), 35

prekindergarten (pre-K) programsAbbott program. See Abbott Preschool

ProgramABC. See Abecedarian ProjectAfrican American students and, 192, 195,

197child background and, 330–334






514 Subject Index

prekindergarten (pre-K) programs (cont.)cognitive development and, 111–112,

188–198cost effectiveness of, 181–184, 315–341CPC and, 458. See Child-Parent Centerscrime rates and, 317critical thinking skills, 197effect sizes and, 471ELIC and, 215–216fade-out and, 196families and, 312–314, 329follow-up interviews, 112full-day programs, 181, 469. See specific

programsgender differences, 331Head Start and, 11, 196, 330. See Early

Head Starthigh-risk kids and, 330Hispanics and, 192, 197income and, 312–314, 332, 466. See also

povertyinvestment and, 315large-scale, 16literacy and, 471long-term effectiveness, 196lunch subsidies, 463, 473math skills, 190Native Americans and, 192, 197Oklahoma program, 188–197part-day programs, 8, 469, 470policy and, 338poverty and, 330. See povertypublic schools and, 188reading skills, 190school readiness and, 190, 197. See school

readinesssensitivity analysis, 336socioeconomic factors, 192, 197, 278,

329–334, 337, 386, 388tstate funding for, 17, 22, 324t, 470targeted programs, 315, 317–329, 336taxes and, 196, 353, 353t, 374TPS program, 188–197universal. See universal pre-K programswriting skills, 190. See also specific programs,

topicsprenatal programs, 12–14, 52Preschool Classroom Mathematics Inventory

(PCMI), 217–219Preschool Comprehensive Test of

Phonological and Print Processing(Pre-CTOPPP), 207, 222–223

Preschool Program Quality Assessment(PQA), 205

Pritzker Consortium, 479

Program Assessment Rating Tool (OMB), 29Program Information Record (PIR) data, 122propensity score analysis, 211PSID. See Panel Study of Income DynamicsPTR. See pupil:teacher ratioPupil: teacher ratio, 183, 189, 288–290,

295n17, 421, 421t, 422

Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs), 355quasi-experimental designs, 206, 211

race/ethnicity, 14, 20Abbott program and, 220–221, 223attainment levels and, 345, 421tclass size and, 291, 295costs/benefits and, 320ffamilies and, 106tHead Start and, 14, 109–110, 115impacts and, 106t, 107tparticipation and, 8pre-K programs and, 190, 192, 192f, 463program impacts on, 106tpublic insurance and, 354RDD and. See regression-discontinuity

designreading achievement and, 276–283, 276fschool readiness and, 277, 277tteachers and, 129t. See also specific groups

Ramey model, 466RAND Corporation, 62, 69randomized designs, 140–141, 158, 211

Early Head Start and, 116ethical issues and, 137–138Head Start and, 138–139multistage sampling process and, 139RDD and, 211. See regression-discontinuity

designRCT studies, 116, 137–138small samples and, 482

Rawlsian theory, 463RDD. See regression-discontinuity designreadiness. See school readinessreading skills, 123

Abbott program and, 229ABC and, 82, 83t, 85, 89–91, 90f, 418, 420,

424, 425, 430, 444–445, 450tachievement gap, 266–286African American students and, 276Asian students and, 276class size and, 282, 296, 296tCPC and, 169, 177t, 179, 346, 418, 424, 425,

430, 444–445, 450tFACES and, 133, 134, 135, 148–149grade school scores, 82, 83fGSRP and, 209, 210






Subject Index 515

Head Start and, 123–124, 133, 134–135,136, 137, 138, 145–146, 148–149

Hispanic students and, 276home background and, 137–138, 148–149,

278fIRT scores and, 281kindergarten and, 267, 268, 269, 273, 281,

281t, 283, 303–304, 332, 476–477longitudinal scores for, 89, 90fNAS report, 123–124NELS and, 350parental reading and, 137–138, 148–149PPP and, 426t, 427t, 428t, 430, 444–445,

450tpre-K programs and, 333program factors and, 280tracial/ethnic differences and, 266–283,

276f, 418RDD studies, 228–229school readiness and, 18, 22, 92, 266–283,

418standardized testing, 82. See also specific

instrumentsTPS and, 196, 197. See also specific programs

regression-discontinuity design (RDD),219–223

Abbott program and, 223–224, 229–230age equivalence and, 464complementary testing and, 469contextual variables, 211cutoff in, 168, 190GSRP and, 206, 211longitudinal design and, 466, 468measurement similarity and, 470nonlinearity and, 469overstatements and, 467reality check for, 469selection bias, 216–217sharp models, 223short-term effects and, 468

retention, 22, 332, 425ABC and, 85–86, 94, 162, 444–445class size and, 301, 302cognitive advantage and, 419f, 435fcognitive advantage hypothesis, 178–179CPC and, 162–163, 333–334, 348n11,

444–445full-day programs and, 268–269GSRP and, 16–17, 206, 207f, 208–209income and, 338LISREL model and, 177fMEAP and, 208–209Oklahoma program and, 188–189,

196–197, 333, 465PPP and, 348, 348n11, 438, 439, 444–445

race/ethnicity and, 267STAR and, 295

risk, analysis ofABC and, 77, 78age of child and, 13antisocial behavior and, 55causality and, 172, 485child abuse and, 55, 60, 63–64, 70CPC program and, 171, 172f, 183, 330, 332,

334, 479CPE criteria and, 172crime and. See crimefactors in, 50–51, 119–200, 478. See specific

topicsfamilies and, 171, 246, 313, 456genetic factors in, 302–383GSRP and, 199–200, 201t, 202, 210Head Start and, 142, 145, 331–332, 457,

476. See also Head Starthealth and. See health carelevels of, 331–332, 333, 334MDD and, 55mortality rates and, 354–355, 355tMTP and, 256NFP program and, 57–58nutrition and. See Special Supplemental

Nutrition Program for Women, Infants,and Children

poverty and. See povertyPPP and, 157, 459. See also Perry Preschool

Programrisk and protection model, 3, 4, 456risk aversion, 387, 398, 399, 400n26school failure and, 199–200socio-environmental, 11f, 248, 261, 268three-C model for, xvii–xviiiuniversal pre-K and, 336, 339WIC and, 14Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 87

RCT. See randomized controlled trial

SAGE project, 295SCAMIN instrument, 292school administrator survey, 273school readiness, 15, 266–286

achievement gaps, 115, 267, 276, 283, 295,342–345, 349

behavioral problems and, 267definition of, 266n1ecological theory and, 250–252kindergarten and. See kindergarten,

readiness andliteracy and, 266, 271–273. See literacymeasures of, 271–273MSRP and, 469, 472






516 Subject Index

school readiness (cont.)nonacademic skills and, 283physical health and, 18socio-emotional and, 18vocabulary and, 279–283. See also

vocabulary. See also specific groups,programs, skills

SELA. See Supports for Early LiteracyAssessment

selection bias, 38, 216self-efficacy theory, 56self-productivity, 21sensory deprivation, 79serotonin levels, 52–53Skeels study, 76–77skill formation, 398

cognitive skills, 398–404dynamic complementarity and, 388economic model of, 381life cycle of, 386model of, 21, 387–392multiple stages and, 381noncognitive skills, 398–404readiness and. See school readinesstechnology of, 388, 391, 398–404. See also

developmental theory; specific programs,skills

SNAP. See Supplemental Nutrition AssistancePrograms

social deprivation, 76socio-emotional development, 10, 14, 429

age and, 143t, 468disorders and. See mental health; specific

disordersreadiness and, 18social policy planning, 404–407. See also

developmental theory; specific programs,topics

Social Security Disability Income (SSDI), 354South Carolina model, 469special education, 20, 209, 343Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for

Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), 4,12, 17

administration, 30–33age bias and, 36–37anemia and, 39birth outcomes, 34–37breastfeeding and, 31, 37–38, 43cash vouchers and, 43characteristics of participants, 41complementary foods and, 44conceptual framework for, 34fdiet and, 40, 42effectiveness of, 30–41, 34f

eligibility, 30–33, 32evaluation studies, 29, 33FNS and, 42food supply and, 31, 41–43, 86funding for, 32growth and, 39–40growth of, 30health care and, 40, 41, 454history of, 29–48main benefits, 29, 30Medicaid and, 32, 37milk and, 44–46nutrition and, 30, 31PART and, 29participation in, 31fpilot program, 29selection bias, 36SNAP and, 32TANF and, 32vegetables and, 43whole grains and, 44–46

SPQ. See Student Participation QuestionnaireSSDI. See Social Security Disability IncomeStanford-Binet Intelligence Test, 80, 81, 87,

158, 423, 424tSTAR (Student Teacher Achievement Ratio).

See Tennessee Project STAR“Starting Strong” summit, xviiistate-funded programs, 5, 6, 16, 207, 237,

320–321, 321t, 323t, 326t. See also specificprograms

stress (SEARCH), 52, 53Student Participation Questionnaire (SPQ),

292Student Teacher Achievement Ratio (STAR).

See Tennessee Project STARStudy of Early Child Care (NICHD), 250substance use disorders (SUDs), 13, 55–56,

92, 344n6SUDs. See substance use disordersSupplemental Nutrition Assistance Programs

(SNAP), 31Supports for Early Literacy Assessment

(SELA), 217

TANF. See Temporary Assistance for NeedyFamilies

tax revenues, 20, 353, 353t, 374–375, 475teachers

assignment of, 474certification and, 465, 472characteristics of, 249CLASS and, 255dimensions of, 255education programs, 257–259






Subject Index 517

Head Start and, 141–142incentives to, 303literacy and, 271–273monitors and, 472MTP and, 18, 254NCRECE study, 258private programs, 472professional development programs,

251–257public/private school, 465public schools, 472qualifications, 211reading and, 210requirements for, 243salary increase study, 346salary systems, 474self-reports, 472small classes and, 302teacher-child interactions, 18, 141–142,

145–146, 210, 243–265teacher education programs, 251–255

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families(TANF), 31, 70, 108, 161

Tennessee Project STAR, (Student TeacherAchievement Ratio), 287, 474

academic achievement and, 293–297,301–302

class size and, 18cohort effects, 298cost-benefit analysis and, 293–297, 300–

301CSR and, 301–302dropping out and, 301–302experimental design, 291–293frame conditions, 298grade retention and, 301–302graduation/dropout rates, 297history of, 290–291long-term effects, 296–297rating systems, 472short-term effects, 293–295, 297strengths of, 293User’s Guide for, 303

tobacco, 52, 53, 58, 60–61, 67transportation, of children, 80Tulsa pre-K program, 188–197

Abecedarian Project and, 193free lunch programs and, 193foverall effects, 190–191, 191f, 194Perry Preschool and, 193race/ethnicity and, 192, 192ftest score gains, 195f. See also specific topics

Uniform Crime Report (UCR), 373universal pre-K programs

African American children and, 195benefits from, 463benefits of, 196cognitive development and, 16, 188–198cost effectiveness of, 322–329costs and benefits, 327–329economic background and, 331Hispanic children and, 195key features of, 189lunch subsidy, 195Native American children and, 195Oklahoma program, 16, 188–198policy and, 238sensitivity analysis, 336state programs, 333–334targeted programs, 315voluntary, 315

University of Minnesota, xviii, xix, xx, xxiii, 2,311

U.S. Department of Education, 7f, 77

violence, 92vocabulary skills

Abbott program and, 224, 225fAfrican Americans and, 134ECERS-R and, 137Head Start and, 124–125, 133–135, 136f,

141–145, 143t, 148–149, 456intentional learning and, 160NFP and, 64–65PPVT and, 102, 104t, 105t, 133, 145, 207,

222, 224pre-K and, 332RDD studies and, 228readiness and, 142SELA and, 218Spanish-speaking children and, 134, 145,

222

W. T. Grant Foundation, 303War on Poverty, 121, 235Washington State Institute for Public Policy

(WSIPP), 69Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 87Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children,

82–83, 88, 423, 424tWechsler Preschool Scale, 80, 423welfare system, 52, 78, 314

ABC and, 79, 93, 94African Americans and, 343, 344, 375CHLM model and, 366, 367, 368t, 375class size and, 300, 301CPC and, 175, 176, 180t, 181crime and, 357Head Start and, 235, 457






518 Subject Index

welfare system (cont.)NFP and, 51–52, 54–55, 66, 68poverty and, 161, 411. See also povertyPPP and, 159, 161, 366, 374pre-K and, 316, 317TANF and, 108, 115taxes and, 21, 374, 375

Westinghouse study, 124white children

ABC and, 115African Americans and, 20, 115, 267, 269,

282, 297, 342–345, 354, 355t, 474Asian students and, 282crime rates, 356graduation rates, 349, 355t, 484GSRP and, 209, 211Head Start and, 101, 106t, 110, 125health costs, 353life expectancy, 354NLSY and, 125, 400participation rates, 8, 17readiness and, 267, 277, 277t, 280reading and, 277, 282skills gaps and, 115, 249, 267, 269, 276, 283,

295, 297, 342–345, 349small classes and, 18, 295, 474TPS program and, 189, 192, 196, 197

White House Conference on Food, Nutrition,and Health, 30

WIC. See Special Supplemental NutritionProgram for Women, Infants, andChildren

Woodcock-Johnson tests, 468, 469Achievement Scales, 83, 135, 190, 207, 424t,

425applied problems and, 464full-day programs and, 469letter-word identification and, 111,

145–147, 464math skills and, 87, 89, 133–134, 222,

226fpre-academic skills and, 142, 144pre-K and, 190, 468Psycho-educational Battery, 83RDD design and, 470reading and, 87, 89, 134–135regression analysis and, 464reliability of, 222, 469Spanish version, 222spelling and, 142, 145

WSIPP. See Washington State Institute forPublic Policy

Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 87






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