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Chapter 1Introduction to Earth Science

Chapter Overview:This chapter introduces students to the branches of Earth Science, scientific methods, and

method of measurements and analysis that they will use in their study of Earth Science. Thischapter also reminds students of the relationship between science and society.

What you'll learn:• What areas of study make up Earth Science• How Earth scientists study the planet• Why the work of Earth scientists is important to society

Why it's Relevant:An understanding of Earth Science is vital in determining how the environment affects

human society and how human society affects the air, water and rock/soil of the Earth.

Key Terms: write down the definition of each word in the space provided

Earth Science-

Geology-

Oceanography-

Meteorology-

Astronomy-

Observation-

Hypothesis-

Independent variable-

Dependent variable-

Peer review-

Theory-

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what shaped it.

8. For a long time, scientific discoveries were limited toa. observations of phenomena that could be made with the help of

scientific instruments.b. observations of phenomena that could not be seen, only Imagined.c. myths and legends surrounding phenomenad. observations of phenomena that could be seen with the unaided eye.

Section: What Is Earth Science?1. For thousands of years, people have looked at the world and wondered

9. What inventions in the 17th century made seeing previously hiddenworlds possible"a. the astrolabe and the compassb. the microscope and the telescopec. the microscope and the corrective lensd. binoculars and magnifiers

2. How did cultures throughout history attempt to explain events such as vol-cano eruptions, earthquakes, and eclipses'?

____ 10. Earth science is the scientific study ofa. astrology.b. supernaturai phenomenac. cosmetology.d. Earth and the universe around it.

1.How does modern science attempt to understand Earth and its changinglandscape?

4. Scientists in China began keeping records of earthquakes as early asa. 200 BeE.b. 480 BCE.

e. 780 BCE.

d. 17808eE.

____ 11. It. is assumed in Earth science that causes of natural events,or phenomena,a. can be understood through careful observation and experimentation.b. can be understood through methods other than careful observation

and expenmentation.c. wili not be understood until the next century.d. can never be fully understood.

THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF EARTH

BRANCHES OF EARTH SCIENCE5. What kind of catalog did the ancient Greeks compile'?

a. a catalog of rocks and mineralsb. a catalog of stars in the universee. a catalog of gods and goddessesd. a catalog of fashion

_____ 12. What improves when technology, such as new processes or equipment,is developed?a. the ability to change human natureb. the ability to make observationsc. the ability to prevent warsd. the ability to prevent natural disasters6. What did the Maya track in ancient times?

a. the tidesb. the movement of people and animalsc. changes in rocks and mineralsd. the movements of the sun, moon, and planets

7. Based on their observations, the Maya createda. jewelry.b. calendars.e. books.d. pyramids.

_____ 13. The four major areas of study in Earth science area. volcanology, astronomy, geology, and meteorology.b. the solid Earth, the oceans, the atmosphere, and the universe

beyond Earth.c. the Earth around us, the Earth we can see, the Earth we cannot see,

and the universe.d. geography, agriculture, astronomy, and astrology.

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__ 14. Geology is the scientific study ofa. rocks, maps, processes, and technology of Earth,b. legends, observations, technology, and structure of the solid Earth.c. the origin and history of Mayan culture.d. the origin, history, structure of Earth, and the processes that

shape Earth.

22. The scientific study of the universe, called , is one

of the oldest branches of Earth science.

23. How long ago were the ancient Babylonians charting positions of the planetsand stars?

__ 15. Areas of study for geologists might includea. the atmosphere, climate, and weather patterns.b. Earth's crust, forces within Earth, and fossils.c. chemistry, physics, and math.d. diet, nutrition, and exercise.

16. What is the scientific study of the oceans called?

24. Modem astronomers use Earth- and space-based to

study the sun, the moon, the planets, and the universe.

25. What two technologies have provided astronomers with new informationabout the universe?

17. Name four features of the ocean that oceanographers study,26. A new field of Earth science called studies the

ways in which humans interact with their environment.

27. Name four issues that environmental scientists study.

1B. A branch of science called is the scientific study of

Earth's atmosphere, especially in relation to weather and climate.

THE IMPORTANCE OF EARTH SCIENCE19. Name two technologies that meteorologists use to study the atmospheric con-ditions that produce weather. __ 28. Natnral forces that shape Earth

a. have little or no effect on life on Earth.b. affect life on Earth,c. have not been studied.d. are hard to quantify so they cannot be measured.20. Name three weather factors that meteorologists measure.

__ 29. What natural event could bury a town under ash?a. lunar eclipseb. earthquakec. volcanod.flood

21. Define climate.__ 30. What natural event could produce waves that destroy shorelines?

a. earthquakeb. forest firec. volcanod. lunar eclipse

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_____ 31. By understanding how natural forces shape our environment, Earthscientists cana. design devices to prevent natural disasters.b. figure out how to increase workforce productivity.c. teach people how to lead healthier lives.d. predict potential disasters more accurately and help save lives

and property.

_____ 32. The work of Earth scientists can help us understand our place ina. the universe.b. the atmosphere.c. the food chain.d. our society.

_____ 33. Which category of Earth scientists has come up with new ideas aboutthe origins of our universe?a. meteorologistsb. cosmetologistsc. astronomersd. astrologists

_____ 34. The resources that make life as we know it possible come froma. Earth.b. other galaxies.c. hard work.d. the government,

_____ 35. Earth scientists strive to help people leam how toa. improve their diets.b. invest their money.c. read and write.d. use Earth's resources wisely.

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B. How do scientists increase their understanding of complex natural systems?

Section: Science as a Process1. How does science differ from other kinds of human endeavors such as rut,

architecture, and philosophy?SCIENnFIC METHODS

9. What are the organized and logical approaches to scientific researchcalled?a. scientific communityb. scientific developmentc. scientific understandingd. scientific methods

2. What is the goal of science?

4. Scientists begin with the assumption that naturea. is undeniable.b. is understandable.c. is nearly impossible to understandd. cannot be understood,

__ 10. Which of the following is true of scientific methods?a. They are guidelines to scientific problem solving.b. They are a set of sequential steps that must always be followed.c. They are not used for scientific problem solving.d. They are of little use to scientists.

__ 11. Scientific methods often begin witha. theories.b. conclusions.c. observations,d. experiments.

__ 12. In scientific methods, observation is the process of obtaininginfcrmation bya. using one's imagination.b. using the senses.c. watching television.d. using insight.

3. What do scientists do?

BEHAVIOR OF NATURAL SYSTEMS

5. What do scientists expect?a. Different forces in different situations will cause similar results.b. Different forces in similar situations will cause similar results.c. Similar forces in different situations will cause similar results.d. Siruilar forces in similar situations will cause similar results.

13. Observations can often lead toa. answers.b. misconceptions.c. problems.d. questions.

__ 14. What is a hypothesis?a. an idea or explanation that can never be provenb. an idea or explanation that cannot be testedc. an idea or explanation that is based on observations and can

be testedd. an idea or explanation that is always proven to be correct

6. Scientists also expect that nature isa. predictable.b. practical.c. impractical.d. unpredictable.

7. What does studying ice cores inAntarctica help scientists understand?

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15. How can hypotheses be developed, and on what are most hypotheses based? 26. What do expected and unexpected results lead to?

27. What else might the results of scientific inquiry lead to?

16. After a hypothesis is proposed, how is it tested?

SCIENTIFIC MEASUREMENTS AND ANALYSIS

_____ 28. An important method of gathering information isa. analysis.b. measurement.c. prediction.d. testing.

11. What is an experiment?

18. A factor in an experiment that can be changed is called _____ 29. Measurement is the comparison ofa. a standard unit with other standard units.b. independent variables with dependent variables.c. some aspect of an object or event with a standard unit,d. some aspect of an object or event with a another object of the

same type.

_____ 30. What do scientists around the world use to compare and analyze eachother's measurements?a. the Internetb. books and periodicalsc. the International System of Unitsd. the Standard Measurement System

a(n) _

19. The factor in an experiment that is deliberately manipulated is called

a(n) _

20. The factor in an experiment that changes as a result of manipulation of the

independent variable(s) is called am) _

21. What is the purpose of a control group?

31. The SI includes standard measurements fora. cups, pints, quarts, and gallons.b. length, mass, temperature, and volume.c. inches, pounds, degrees, and feet.d. circles, squares, rectangles, and triangles.

22. Most scientific experiments are experiments.

23. At what point are scientists able to reach conclusions about a hypothesis?

32. What are all SI units based on?a. intervals of 15b. intervals of 100c. intervals of 10d. intervals of two

24. Under what condition might a hypothesis be accepted as true?

25. Under what condition might a hypothesis be changed or discarded? _____ 33. To what does the word "accuracy" refer'!a. how close a measurement is to the true value of the thing

being measuredb. how close a measurement is to an accepted standardc. how close a measurement is after making necessary adjustmentsd. the time of day a measurement is taken

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__ 34. What is precision?a. how long it takes to record a measurementb. how close a measurement is to the true value of the thing

being measuredc. the exactness of a measurementd. the margin of error found in a measurement

43. What is a physical model?

44. What are two examples of graphical models?

__ 35. Which of the following measurements is more precise?a. distance in centimeters rather than millimetersb. distance in millimeters rather than centimetersc. weight. in kilograms rather than gramsd. weight in grams rather than milligrams

45. What is a conceptual model"

__ 36. An error is an expression of the amount ofa. precision or variation in a set of measurements.b. accuracy or variation in a set of measurements.c. accuracy or variety in a set of measurements.d. imprecision or variation in a set of measurements.

46. What is a mathematical model?

__ 37. Error is commonly expressed asa. percentage error or a conlidence interval.b. correct or incorrect.c. margin of precision.d. margin of accuracy.

38. What is percentage error?

47. What type of model have scientists developed recently to represent simpleprocesses or complex systems?

48. What are scientists able to do with a good computer model?

39. What does a confidence interval describe?

40. What do Earth scientists do when it is impossible to set up a controlledexperiment to test a hypothesis? ACCEPTANCE OF SCIENTIFIC IDEAS

__ 49. Once scientists reach a conclusion,a. they keep their findings secret.b. they sell their findings to the highest bidder.c. they introduce their findings to the scientific community.d. they discard their findings and start over.

41. What do Earth scientist use models for?

__ 50. Before new ideas are accepted by the scientific community, the ideasa. must undergo review and testing by other scientists.b. are published in a scientific journal.c. do not have to undergo any further testing or review.d. must be proven to be true by at least 90%of all scientists in

the world.

42. What is a model?

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_____ 51. Which of the following is NOT a way that scientists present theirresults to the scientific community?a. at professional meetingsb. in television infomercialsc. in printed scientific journalsd. in online scientific journals

58. What is a scientific law?

59. What does the free exchange of ideas between scientific fields allow?

_____ 52. Before new ideas are released to a wider audience, scientists submittheir ideas toa. the National Science Foundation.b. the public for peer review.c, other scientists for peer review.d. newspaper reporters.

60. What sometimes results when new connections are found between more thanone branch of science?

_____ 53. What is peer review?a. when experts on a given topic review another expert's work before

publicationb. when experts introduce fiaws into another expert's work before

publicationc. when experts reject another expert's work before publicationd. when experts compliment another expert's work before publication

_____ 54. What do the experts determine in a peer review?a. if the journal that publishes the results has a wide enough audienceb. if the results and conclusions merit publicationc. if enough reviewers have read the workd. if the scientist who presented the work should be promoted

_____ 55. Scientists follow an ethical code that saysa. all experimental results should receive equal consideration.b. unless experimental results are peer reviewed, they cannot be true

and valid.c. any experimental results deserve to be published.d. only valid experimental results should be published.

56. What happens after results are published?

SCIENCE AND SOCIETY

____ 61. The theories of plate tectonics, quantum mechanics, and evolution areexamples of what?a. theories that have since been disprovedb. theories that are too complicated to explainc. advances in science that have long-lasting and far-reaching

effects on science and societyd. advances in science that have had no real impact on

science or society

62. For what has technology that was designed for space exploration been used?

63. What obligation do scientists have when developing new technology?

64. What factors should be considered before decisions about technologyare made?

57. Define theory.

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