1

Name: ____________________________________________ Bell: ________

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi_ntS3y7XSAhWBQCYKHQ5HCp8QjRwIBw&url=https://www.shutterstock.com/search/biology&bvm=bv.148441817,d.amc&psig=AFQjCNHTMx7z7-nhwBVugO953u3D5Q8Qtw&ust=1488467422765925https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiMy-fcy7XSAhUHNiYKHaVBANMQjRwIBw&url=https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-study-of-life-1/the-science-of-biology-48/introduction-to-the-study-of-biology-263-11396/&bvm=bv.148441817,d.amc&psig=AFQjCNFZEkehFZj4LqXiaz9-TP-7yIoMtQ&ust=1488467492747473

2

3

You have measured the rate at which a fish breathes at various temperatures by counting the rate at which its gills open. The data is below. Graph this data.

Breathing rate Temperature 19/min 5 deg C 25/min 10 deg C 30/min 20 deg C 34/min 30 deg C 37/min 35 deg C

What is the independent variable?

The dependent variable?

What is the best type of graph for this data? Why?

What happens to breathing rate with increase in Temp?

What would be a good control for this experiment?

How do you think the breathing rate was measured?

What do you think would happen if you raised the temperature even more?

Why would it be a bad idea to do this?

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ An experiment was done that measured the Effects of Nitrates on the Growth of Algae. Growth of algae was determined by how well the water transmitted light. The less the light transmission, the greater the algae growth blocking the transmission of light. Looking at the graph below, what conclusions can you draw about algae growth and nitrates in the water? What other data would you like to have? What would you predict would happen if this same data was gathered at the end of week 8? Why do you think that nitrates have this effect on algae growth?

Part of Experiment

Description / Definition

IV

DV

Constant

Control

Hypothesis

4

Polymer Monomer Functions/Key Characteristics Example Drawings

Carbohydrate

Protein

Nucleic Acid

Lipids

Draw and label the bonds, elements, charges, and polarity of two water molecules.

Enzyme Diagram

Denature:

Property Importance / Significance

Cohesion Adhesion High Surface Tension High Specific Heat Capillary Action Expands when Frozen Universal Solvent

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjg09mR07XSAhXCSSYKHVqmCbsQjRwIBw&url=http://menconsulting.com/essay/paper-201681056/&psig=AFQjCNF0Nd_vW5juPP7hJbPO7hxBiJjLPA&ust=1488469477174614

5

1. Proteins are formed from monomers (subunits)

called —

a. nucleic acids c. amino acids

b. nucleotides d. fatty acids

2. Enzymes only work with specific substrates

because each substrate —

a. actively interferes with other substrates around it

b. has a specific active site for enzyme attachment

c. can only use a specific ionic bond with the

enzyme

d. destroys its specific enzyme

3. A student wanted to determine if temperature

had an effect on plant growth. He planted the same

plants, in the same soil, for the same amount of

time. What is the IV of his experiment?

a. plant growth c. soil

b. temperature d. amount of time

4. What is the function of enzymes in biological systems?

a. Enzymes act as products to create new chemical

reactions.

b. Enzymes bond with substrates to create the new

reaction products.

c. Enzymes act as substrates when the necessary

proteins are unavailable.

d. Enzymes act as catalysts to drive chemical

reactions forward.

5. Both lipids and carbohydrates are important in

animal cells because both —

a. provide insulation c. contain nitrogen

b. store energy d. form cell walls

6. Some insects can stand on the surface of water

because water —

a. is cohesive and adhesive

b. is a good evaporative coolant

c. has a high specific heat

d. has a high boiling point

7. The concentration of glucose must be

maintained within a fairly narrow range in most

vertebrates. This statement is an example of —

a. excretion c. homeostasis

b. fermentation d. glycolysis

8. The unique properties of water enable life to

exist on Earth. Which of these is a property of pure

water?

a. Its solid form is more dense than its liquid.

b. It has a low heat absorption capacity.

c. It is slightly more acidic than air.

d. It dissolves many substances.

9. Which of the following correctly describes the

bond between one hydrogen and one oxygen in a

single water molecule?

a. polar covalent bond c. ionic bond

b. hydrogen bond d. peptide bond

10. Starch and glycogen are examples of:

a. polysaccharides c. phospholipids

b. polypeptides d. amino acids

11.Water molecules are polar, with the:

a. oxygen side being slightly positive and

hydrogen side being slightly negative

b. oxygen and hydrogen sides being slightly

positive

c. oxygen and hydrogen sides being slightly

negative

d. oxygen side being slightly negative and

hydrogen side being slightly positive

12. Which of the following is a correct statement?

a. independent variable is the one measured

b. dependent variable is the one changed

c. a control is something that stays the same

d. constants are things that stay the same

13. A dependent variable is best described as –

a. what is changed c. what is kept the same

b. what is measured d. the baseline

14. If you dilute an acid with pure water:

a. the pH will move close to 7, but not beyond 7

b. the acid will become a base

c. the pH will gradually increase to 14

d. the pH will gradually decrease to 1

15. According to the graph, addition of the enzyme

amylase causes the reaction to

a. slow down c. take in heat

b. speed up d. give off heat

16. The graph shows the results of using an

enzyme to break down a substance. What

temperature will activate this enzyme most

rapidly?

a. 20oC c. 40oC

b. 30oC d. 50oC

17. Polysaccharide is to monosaccharide as – a. amino acid is to protein

b. protein is to amino acid

c. nucleotide is to nucleic acid

d. DNA is to RNA

6

Label the cell membrane picture below: Prokaryote Eukaryote

A. larger G. Cell membrane B. More complex H. DNA at some pt C. Smaller I. Plants, Animals… D. Simple J. Bacteria E. No nucleus K. Ribosomes F. Nucleus L. Cytoplasm

Name of Organelle

Function of Organelle Type of cells that organelle is present (animal or plant)

Nucleus Cytoplasm Cell Membrane Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi body Ribosomes Lysosomes Centrioles Chloroplasts Mitochondria

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=YOV9CaYeDma0lM&tbnid=B2o-DE5wX5opjM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://cronodon.com/BioTech/Cell_structure.html&ei=oCnMUu3sIOrksASH-4HIDQ&bvm=bv.58187178,d.eW0&psig=AFQjCNHKKXAYDb-cMFe6DOZN2INQF4lxTg&ust=1389198077103843

7

Which cell is the plant cell (left or right)?

Which 3 structures are found only in the plant cell? 1. 2. 3.

Put the following in order from smallest to largest: Organ systems Cells Organs Tissues Organism ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ __________ Below are a variety of cells from the human body. Label these cells (red blood cell, sperm cell, white blood cell, muscle cell, nerve cell) Which cell is adapted for movement? What structure makes this movement possible? What organelle is very plentiful in these cells in order to provide the energy for movement? Which cell has no nucleus? What is the function of this cell? Which cell is involved in the immune system? Which cell helps in movement of bones? Which cell is adapted for transmitting messages?

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=-Geupz6e23GyLM&tbnid=vEW7te7aBJ3stM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://pulpbits.com/category/genetics/page/3/&ei=hQ8RU-SoEaeE1AG_s4HoDA&bvm=bv.62286460,d.dmQ&psig=AFQjCNHB6roShLX7_QKcv236PP7ZTRi7vA&ust=1393713368483509

8

1. What repackages proteins into forms the cell can

use, expel, or keep stored?

a. Centrioles c. Mitochondria

b. Lysosomes d. Golgi bodies

2. Some unicellular organisms are motile (have the

ability to move) and some are nonmotile. Which

cellular structures are associated with movement?

a. Flagella c. Chloroplasts

b. Ribosomes d. Vacuoles

3. Which of the following organelles is present in

both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

a. Nucleus c. Endoplasmic reticulum

b. Ribosome d. Golgi body

4. Which pair of structures best shows that plant

cells have functions different from animal cells?

a. Nuclei and centrioles

b. Chloroplasts and cell walls

c. Cytoplasm and mitochondria

d. Ribosomes and cell membranes

5. How is the prokaryotic bacterium in the diagram

different from a eukaryotic cell?

a. It has no membrane-bound nucleus.

b. It has a cell membrane.

c. It has ribosomes to make proteins. d. It stores its genetic information in DNA.

6. Which characteristic of prokaryotic organisms

makes them different from eukaryotes?

a. Prokaryotes have DNA.

b. Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane-bound

organelles.

c. Prokaryotes are made of cells.

d. Prokaryotes do not have chromosomes.

7. A bacterium will construct different proteins to

metabolize the sugars lactose or glucose,

depending on which one it detects in the outside

environment. What part of the bacterium allows it

to recognize different substances in the outside

environment?

a. Nucleus c. Endoplasmic reticulum

b. Lysosomes d. Cell membrane

8. The main difference between prokaryotic and

eukaryotic cells is that —

a. prokaryotic cells are always much larger

b. prokaryotic cells do not have a plasma

membrane

c. eukaryotic cells have a more advanced cellular

organization

d. eukaryotic cells have a smaller cell nucleus

9. What characteristic do all living things share?

a. They contain DNA.

b. They need oxygen to survive.

c. They are made up of many parts.

d. They reproduce by mitosis.

10. In the cell membrane model shown above, the

molecules which move large molecules into and

out of the cell are known as —

a. cholesterol c. lipids

b. proteins d. carbohydrates

11. Which of the following is not true regarding a

virus?

a. contains DNA or RNA c. needs a host

b. has a protein coat d. is alive

12. If you dilute a base with pure water:

a. the pH will move close to 7, but not lower than

b. the base will become an acid

c. the pH will gradually increase to 14

d. the pH will gradually decrease to 1

13. A solution with a pH of 11 is how many more

times stronger of a base than a pH of 8?

a. 30 c. 100

b. 1000 d. 3

14. Molecules that help chemical reactions occur

at faster rates in organisms are known as:

a. biotic resources c. oxygen molecules

b. simple sugars d. organic catalysts

15. Amino acid is to protein as:

a. fat is to lipid. d. sugar is to fat.

b. DNA is to RNA.

c. monosaccharide is to polysaccharide.

16. For molecules to be considered organic, they

must contain what?

a. Hydrogen c. Carbon

b. Oxygen d. Nitrogen

17. Which of the following does not cause an

enzyme to denature and become destroyed?

a. high temperature c. acidic pH change

b. basic pH change d. cold temperature

18. The experiment of celery leaves changing color

in colored water shows –

a. surface tension of water

b. hydrogen bonds connect water molecules

c. capillary action of water

d. high heat of vaporization of water

9

Passive Transport Active Transport

Requires Energy?

Requires energy?

Direction of Movement?

Direction of Movement?

1. Diffusion

1. Endocytosis

2. Facilitated Diffusion

2. Exocytosis

3. Osmosis

Photosynthesis Equation

Cell Respiration Equation

_____________________________________________________________________________

Hypotonic

Hypertonic

Isotonic

Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration

Occurs in what organelle

Occurs in what organisms

Reactants

Products

Purpose of Process

10

-Explain what has happened in the diagram below.

-Why did the large dark molecules NOT move to the left? -How is the semipermeable membrane like a cell membrane? -If the dark molecule is starch, where is the starch concentration greatest (left or right)? -If the white molecule is water, where is the water concentration greatest at first? -In osmosis, water moves from an area of __________ to an area of _________ concentration. -If the dark molecules could move, in what direction would they move? Why?

-In diffusion, molecules move from an area of ________ to an area of ________ concentration. -Draw arrows to show which way water will move in each of the following situations:

a. Salt inside the cell = 65% and outside the cell 40%. b. Sugar inside the cell 27% and outside 80%.

-What is homeostasis? -How do cells maintain homeostasis: (Consider pH, temperature, blood glucose, water balance) Label the following molecules in these equations (water, glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ethyl alcohol) A)

B) C) -Which of the above reactions is photosynthesis? -Which of the above reactions is cellular respiration (aerobic)? -Which reaction(s) requires or stores energy? -Which reaction(s) release energy (ATP)?

11

1. The release of materials to the outside of the

cell is called —

a. endocytosis c. pinocytosis

b. exocytosis d. phagocytosis

2. Which of the following is true about diffusion?

a. movement of molecules from low

concentration to high concentration

b. movement of water from high concentration to

low concentration

c. movement of molecules from high

concentration to low concentration

d. movement of water from low concentration to

high concentration

3. In diffusion, when the concentration of

molecules on both sides of a membrane is the

same, the molecules will...

a. move across the membrane to the outside of the

cell.

b. stop moving across the membrane.

c. continue to move across the membrane in both

directions at the same rate.

d. move across the membrane to the inside of the

cell.

4. Which of the following is correct between

diffusion and facilitated diffusion?

a. facilitated diffusion uses a protein helper and

diffusion does not

b. diffusion moves materials from low to high

and facilitated diffusion moves high to low

c. facilitated diffusion requires energy and

diffusion does not

d. diffusion is the movement of molecules and

facilitated diffusion is the movement of water

5. Which of the following would be used in

facilitated diffusion?

a. energy c. cholesterol

b. protein helper d. carbohydrate

Use the info below to answer questions 6-7.

I. Active transport

II. Simple diffusion

III. Facilitated diffusion

IV. Osmosis

6. Which of the above types of transport moves

molecules against a concentration gradient (or up

the hill)?

a. I only b. II only

c. III only d. IV only

7. Which of the above types of transport are

considered to be passive?

a. I and IV b. II and III

c. II and IV d. II, III, and IV

8. Which of the following best describes what is

occurring in the picture below?

a. osmosis c. facilitated diffusion b. diffusion d. active diffusion

9. A cell is placed into a hypotonic solution. What

is going to happen to the cell?

a. water will leave the cell and the cell will shrink

b. water will enter the cell and the cell will swell

in size

c. salt will leave the cell and the cell will shrink

d. salt will enter the cell and the cell will swell in size

10. Aerobic respiration is different from anaerobic

respiration because aerobic respiration requires:

a. oxygen c. carbon dioxide

b. NADH d. sulfur compounds

11. Which of these would occur if a plant were

subjected to long periods of darkness?

a. A decline in oxygen output

b. An increase in sugar production

c. An increase in carbon dioxide absorption

d. A decline in nitrogen production

12. The diagram below shows the relationship

between photosynthesis and respiration.

According to the diagram, which of the following

is a product of photosynthesis and a reactant of

respiration?

a. Sugar b. Water c. Energy d. Carbon dioxide

13. How are the starting molecules of

photosynthesis, CO2 and H2O, related to

respiration?

a. They are the reactants of respiration.

b. They are the products of respiration.

c. They are the solvents for respiration.

d. They are the enzymes for respiration.

14. Which of these is a product of photosynthesis?

a. CO2 and H2O c. Sunlight and O2

b. O2 and H2O d. Glucose and O2

12

Define stem cells: Define differentiation:

Mitosis Meiosis

What kind of cells?

When does this occur?

# of Divisions

# of Daughter cells produced

# of Chromosomes in each daughter cell

Type of Reproduction

Genetic Composition of daughter cells

Pairing of Homologous Chromosomes

Function/Importance

Phase of Mitosis Description of Events

Interphase

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Cytokinesis

13

1. When during the cell cycle does DNA polymerase perform its main function? a. G1 phase c. G2 phase b. S phase d. M phase 2. Which statement is true regarding mitosis? a. 2 cells are made from one cell b. occurs only in sex cells c. daughter cells have 1/2 of the original DNA d. 4 cells are made from one cell. 3. During cell division, the plant cell structure that is analogous to an animal cell’s cleavage furrow is the a. chromosome c. nucleus b. cell plate d. spindle apparatus 4. Meiosis is the process by which gametes are produced. In which of the following human organs does meiosis occur? a. Testis c. Skin b. Liver d. Pancreas 5. Gametes must be haploid because-- a. Gametes are small and can hold only the haploid number of chromosomes b. The gametes’ chromosomes will be replicated prior to cell division c. Two gametes will unite during fertilization to create a diploid cell d. Fertilization results with a haploid zygote 6. The processes of meiosis and fertilization help ensure the survival of the species by providing each generation with the same number of – a. body cells c. offspring b. chromosomes d. gametes

7. What phase of mitosis is the following cell in?

a. Prophase b. Metaphase c. Anaphase d. Telophase

8. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes can exchange DNA in a process known as-- a. replication b. internal fertilization c. cytokinesis d. crossing over 9. If a normal body cell has 20 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will a new body cell have immediately following mitosis? a. 5 c. 15 b. 10 d. 20 10. Which of the following is TRUE regarding mitosis? a. 4 daughter cells are produced from one parent cell b. occurs in somatic (body) cells c. The daughter cells have 1/2 of the original DNA d. occurs only in sex cells (gametes)

11. Which statement is FALSE regarding Meiosis? a. 2 cells are made from one parent cell b. daughter cells have 1/2 of the original parent DNA c. occurs only in sex cells (gametes) d. 4 cells are made from one parent cell 13. Why are stem cells important? a. They have specialized DNA. b. They are incapable of becoming cancer cells. c. They have the potential to undergo cell division. d. They have the potential to develop into other cell types. 14. Cells taken from the liver, brain, muscle, and bone of the same animal will all — a. have identical membranes b. be identical in appearance c. contain identical genetic information d. contain identical proportions of proteins 15. Camel body cells have seventy chromosomes. What is the total number of chromosomes present in camel sex cells? a. 35 b. 70 c. 105 d. 140 16. Which of the statements below is best supported by this information? a. Skin and muscle cells contain different DNA sequences on similar chromosomes. b. The zygote becomes an embryo by the process of meiosis. c. Skin and nerve cells show different gene expressions from identical DNA. d. Nerve and muscle cells will produce the same enzymes.

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=xfYuK2Eio2solM&tbnid=YNnHnVxnWsWg5M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/meiosis/anai.html&ei=UtNoU-j6KuTmsATanIKABw&bvm=bv.65788261,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNGI8q8c1ibfqyl0yT3uNZM68kv0CQ&ust=1399465146043645

14

Complete the chart with differences between DNA and RNA. Complete the table with the differences between transcription and translation.

Nucleic Acids

Label the DNA strand below with: A, T, C, G, sugar, & phosphate

Difference DNA RNA Sugar

# of strands

N bases

Differences Transcription Translation Starts with

Ends with

Location

Type of RNA Function

rRNA

tRNA

mRNA

NUCLEOTIDE Sugar: _______ Phosphate A=_____ G=_____

NUCLEOTIDE Sugar: _______ Phosphate A=_____ G=_____

15

Below is a strand of DNA. DNA in the cells exists as a double helix – what else needs to be added to this strand to make it a double helix? Give the nucleotide sequence. What are the black pentagons? What are the nitrogen bases?

If the strand of DNA above undergoes transcription, what will the sequence of the mRNA be? _____________________________________________________________________________________

After translation, what would the amino acid sequence be for this section of mRNA? (read from right to left) What is a codon? Compare RNA and DNA in the following table What kind of bonds hold the amino acids together in the protein that is formed? What are the three types of RNA and what are their functions? 1) 2) 3)

What kind of weak bonds hold the two strands of DNA together? Why is it important that these bonds be weak? What happens to DNA when a mutation occurs? How does this affect the mRNA? How can this affect translation? How does this affect the structure and shape of the resulting protein?

RNA DNA

Sugars

Bases

Strands

Where In Cell

Function

16

1. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifies

DNA into many different strands and uses what

process?

a. Transcription c. Translation

b. DNA Replication d. Hydrolysis

2. Which of the following is NOT a difference

between DNA and RNA?

a. RNA is single stranded, while DNA is double

stranded

b. RNA contains Thymine, while DNA contains

Uracil

c. RNA has the sugar ribose, while DNA has the

sugar deoxyribose

d. RNA contains Uracil, while DNA contains

Thymine

3. Translation is the process of converting ______

into ______.

a. DNA into RNA c. RNA into DNA

b. RNA into proteins d. proteins into DNA

4. Transcription is the process of converting

_______ into ________.

a. DNA into RNA c. DNA into DNA

b. RNA into proteins d. proteins into DNA

5. Three nitrogenous bases of mRNA make up a

group called a(n)

a. base pair c. anticodon

b. codon d. ribosome

6. Transcription is to the nucleus as translation is

the –

a. mitochondria c. ribosome

b. nucleus d. cytoplasm

7. Amino acids are joined together to form a

protein through what type of bond?

a. hydrogen bond c. polar covalent bond

b. peptide bond d. ionic bond

8. According to this table, a codon AGC is the

code for which amino acid?

a. Cysteine (Cys) c. Serine (Ser)

b. Leucine (Leu) d. Tyrosine (Tyr)

9. Which of the following codons does not code

for a stop codon?

a. UAU b. UAA c. UAG d. UGA

10.Methionine, or the start codon is coded by what

3 nucleotides together?

a. AUU b. AUC c. AUA d. AUG

11. The Human Genome Project was begun in

1988 by scientists from 13 nations as a worldwide

effort to understand the sequencing of all of the

DNA in the human body. What is one potential

scientific benefit of this research?

a. It will help to explain human cultural

differences.

b. It will help find the genes responsible for many

diseases

c. It will create communication between research

centers.

d. It helps to classify man most accurately in the

animal kingdom.

12. The tRNA molecule is responsible for carrying

what during translation?

a. amino acid c. mRNA

b. lipids d. nucleic acid

13. During protein synthesis, the molecule

responsible for transporting the genetic

information from the cell’s DNA to the ribosomes

is —

a. amino acid c. transfer RNA

b. messenger RNA d. ribosomal RNA

14. Gel electrophoresis –

a. removes enzymes from DNA

b. separates DNA based on size

c. starts the process of protein synthesis

d. starts the process of DNA replication

15. A mutation causes an individual's transfer

RNA (tRNA) to malfunction. Which of the

following cellular processes would be most

directly affected?

a. Translation c. DNA replication

b. Transcription d. ATP metabolism

16. Which of these operates as templates for

protein synthesis?

a. endoplasmic reticulum c. golgi apparatus

b. ribosomes d. lysosomes

17. What is the function of a stop codon in protein

synthesis?

a. It stops the process of transcription.

b. It signals the end of a replication fork.

c. It disables RNA polymerase. .

d. It signals the end of a polypeptide protein.

18. The process in which part of the DNA

nucleotide sequence is copied into a

complementary strand of RNA is

a. transcription. c. replication.

b. translation. d. reproduction.

17

Cross a man with type AB blood with a woman with

type B heterozygous blood.

What are the possible

outcomes of the

offspring?

Show the cross of a color blindness (sex-linked)

between a normal-vision male and a colorblind

female.

What are the possible

outcomes of the

offspring?

1. _____ Gene combination of two different alleles (one dominant and one recessive).

2. _____ The physical features resulting from a genotype.

3. _____ One of the forms of a gene (either dominant or recessive).

4. _____ A characteristic passed from parent to offspring, and coded for with alleles.

5. _____ Weaker of the two alleles, usually is masked by another allele.

6. _____ Passing of traits from parent to offspring.

7. _____ Stronger of the two alleles and usually masks the other allele.

8. _____ Combination of alleles (either RR, Rr, rr).

9. _____ Sequence of DNA that occupies a specific location on a chromosome.

10. _____ Gene combination of two of the same alleles (both dominant or both recessive).

A. recessive C. dominant E. heterozygous G. homozygous I. trait

B. phenotype D. genotype F. heredity H. gene J. allele

Snapdragons are incompletely dominant for color;

they have phenotypes red (RR), pink (Rr), or white (rr).

Cross a pink flower with a white flower.

*Describe the importance of genetic variation or diversity.

Different

Inheritance

Pattern

Description Example(s)/Uses

Incomplete

Dominance

Codominance

Multiple

Alleles

Sex-Linked

18

Sex Chromosomes

What are the male sex chromosomes in humans?

What are the female sex chromosomes in humans?

Colorblindness and hemophilia are sex-linked traits. What chromosome are these genes found on?

Cross a female who is a carrier for hemophilia with a normal male.

What are the odds that they will have a child with hemophilia.

What are the odds that they will have a daughter with hemophilia?

What are the odds that they will have a daughter who is a carrier for hemophilia?

Why are males more likely to show a sex-linked disorder?

Blood type

If a woman with type A blood has a child with a man with type B blood and their first child has type O blood, give the genotypes of the woman and

the man and do the cross. (Alleles A, B, and O)

What are the odds that they will have a child with type O blood again?

What are the odds that they will have a child with homozygous type A blood?

What are the odds that they will have a child with type AB blood?

A blood test is done to see if one of three men is the father of a child. The child has type O blood, the mother has type A blood. Man #1 has type

AB blood, Man #2 has type A blood, Man #3 has type O blood. Are there any men that can be ruled out as the father. Explain.

19

1. In squash plants, yellow fruit (Y) is dominant to

white fruit (y). If two plants heterozygous for

yellow fruit are crossed, what are the possible

genotypes of the offspring?

a. YY, Yy, yy only c. YY, yy only

b. Yy only d. Yy, yy only

2. The processes of meiosis and fertilization help

ensure the survival of the species by providing

each generation with the same number of —

a. gametes c. body cells

b. offspring d. chromosomes

3. In cows, long hair is dominant to short hair. In a

cow that is heterozygous for long hair, what

percentage of the cells undergoing meiosis will

carry the dominant allele?

a. 25% b. 50% c. 75% d. 100%

4. A man who is heterozygous for blood type A

and a woman who is heterozygous for blood type

B are having a baby. Which best describes the

possible phenotypes for the baby?

a. AB, A, or B c. AB or O

b. O, A, or B d. A, B, O, or AB

5. External sources, such as radiation or chemicals,

can cause mutations in genes or entire

chromosomes. For a mutation to pass on to

offspring, it must occur in a —

a. brain cell c. bone cell

b. muscle cell d. sex cell

6. In pea plants, tall plants are dominant to short plants. If two heterozygous tall plants are crossed,

what percent of the offspring will probably be

short?

a. 75% b. 50% c. 25% d. 0%

7. What is one specific form of a gene called?

a. genotype c. phenotype

b. allele d. trait

8. Albino individuals lack all pigmentation so that

their hair and skin are white. This family tree

shows that albinism--

a. Is carried only by females in this family

b. Is a recessive genetic trait

c. Is a sex-linked trait

d. Requires both parents to be albinos

9. How many chromosomes are shown in a normal

human karyotype?

a. 2 c. 44

b. 23 d. 46

10. Mendel developed his basic principles of

heredity by:

a. Electron microscope studies of cell organelles

b. Compound microscope studies of chromosomes

and genes

c. Breeding experiments with fruit flies

d. Breeding experiments with pea plants

11. If long hair (L) is dominant to short hair (l),

animals LL and Ll have the same

a. parents c. phenotypes

b. genotypes d. alleles

12. In an X-linked disorder, if the father carries the affected X chromosome the gene will be

transmitted to —

a. half the sons c. half the daughters

b. all the sons d. all the daughters

13. From his experiments in crossing pea plants,

Gregor Mendel concluded that every trait is controlled by how many factors (alleles)?

a. One b. Three c. Two d. Four

14. Which of the following blood type genotypes

would result in the same phenotype?

a. AA and AB c. BB and AB

b. BB and BO d. BO and OO

15. This Punnett Square represents the probable

results of pairing two hybrid tall (Tt) corn plants.

What is the phenotypic ratio of the possible

offspring?

a. 1 : 1 b. 3 : 1 c. 2 : 1 d. 4 : 1

16. A chart of human chromosomes pairs is called

a karyotype. What information is revealed in the

karyotype above?

a. The sex

b. The age

c. Trisomy

d. Gene dominance

17. Which statement is most accurate about an

organism with the genotype PpQqrr?

a. The P allele is dominant to the Q and R allele.

b. The organism is homozygous recessive for the r

allele.

c. The genotype is heterozygous for the phenotype.

d. The organism is a haploid genotype.

20

1. What traits does a bird have?

2. What traits does an amphibian have?

3. What is the common ancestor of this

cladogram?

4. What traits do primates have that birds do

not have?

5. Primates are most closely related to what

group?

6. What traits does a primate not have?

7. What traits do a bird and a rabbit share?

Compare Charles Darwin to Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.

Evidence Definition Example

DNA & Proteins (amino

acids)

Vestigial Structures

Embryological Evidence

Homologous Structures

Fossils

21

1. Which of the following scientists believed an

organism's physical structures that were acquired

after birth could be passed on to future

generations?

a. Aristotle b. Darwin c. Mendel d. Lamarck

2. Which of the following best defines the term

"evolution?"

a. Monkey to human

b. Slow, gradual change over time

c. Walking whale to swimming whale

d. Passing on traits to offspring

3. Which of the following statements regarding a vestigial structure and a homologous structure is

true?

a. homologous structures have little or no function.

b. vestigial structures have same bone structure.

c. vestigial structures have little or no function

d. a homologous structure would be a human appendix.

4. Which of the following was not an evidence of

evolution?

a. Embryology c. Acquired Traits

b. Fossil Record d. amino acid sequences

5. Which of the following statements describes the

process of natural selection?

a. Individuals survive that have inherited traits

adapted from their environment.

b. Farmers select animals with desirable variations

for breeding.

c. Populations sharing the same gene pool

interbreed and create new species.

d. New species are formed via genetic engineering.

6. Of the items below, which could cause a new

species to form?

a. New environmental conditions

b. Loss of resources

c. New predators

d. All of the above

7. Wild cats such as cheetahs, lions, and tigers

experience decreased genetic diversity as their

populations decline and become fragmented due to

habitat destruction. Decreased genetic diversity

leads to populations with —

a. increased birthrates

b. disproportionate gender ratios

c. increased immigration rates

d. decreased disease resistance

8. Over many generations, unrelated or distantly

related species may come to resemble each other

due to —

a. similar environmental factors

b. competition with each other

c. homologous structural adaptations

d. similar genetic mutations

9. The picture above shows part of the pectoral

girdle and limb of two flying vertebrates known as

the bat and the prehistoric pterosaur. Which bone

of the pterosaur corresponds to the humorous of

the bat?

a. A

b. B

c. C

d. D

10. Who is responsible for the theory of evolution

by natural selection?

a. Lamarck c. Franklin

b. Darwin d. Watson

11. Like the camel, many animals that live in soft

sandy areas have large wide feet compared to their

body size. The large feet are an advantage in these

environments because they —

a. are rapidly toughened by sharp sand grains

b. allow rapid digging in the sand

c. reduce the vibrations caused by walking

d. distribute body weight over a large area

12. Which of the following is

the best evidence that this bird

is nocturnal?

a. The shape of its beak

b. The size of its eyes

c. The length of its talons

d. The thickness of its feathers

13. Using the picture below, what mode of

selection is being

represented?

a. Directional

b. Disruptive

c. Stabilizing

d. Selecting

14. Natural Variation ____ 15. Evolution ____

16. Natural Selection ____ 17. Darwin ____

18. Lamarck _____ 19. Cladogram ___

A. Slow change over time

B. Shows relationships with common ancestry

C. Did the theory of evolution by natural selection

D. Said acquired traits can be inherited

E. Natural differences among individuals of a

species

F. Organisms better adapted to the environment

survive and reproduce

22

Classification Hierarchy D______________

K______________

P______________

C______________

O______________

F______________

G______________

S______________

Taxonomy

Dichotomous Key

Carl Linnaeus

Binomial

Nomenclature

Species

Type of Plant

Key Characteristics

Angiosperms

Gymnosperms

Non-Vascular Plants

Ferns

Type of Animal

Key Characteristics

Mammals

Amphibians

Annelid Worms

Arthropods

23

Fill in the following chart with the characteristics of the various kingdoms.

Label the following parts on the flower and give their functions: Stigma, style, ovary, petal, sepal, anther, filament

Bacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Eukaryotic or prokaryotic

Multicellular or single-celled

Sexual or asexual reproduction

Autotrophic or heterotrophic

Aerobic or anaerobic

Cell walls or no cell walls

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjLu5i0nLjSAhWKwiYKHX4ZC90QjRwIBw&url=https://www.tes.com/lessons/eycFkpnhZc9a8A/dichotomous-keys&psig=AFQjCNF1WAwdX21rBwWGVNZluBQyrYyl8g&ust=1488557873508407

24

1. Which is required by all living things? a. Energy c. Mobility b. Oxygen d. Carbon dioxide 2. Which is the proper order of classification? a. Family, Order, Species, Genus, Kingdom, Class, Phylum b. Order, Species, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Genus c. Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species d. Kingdom, Phylum, Order, Family, Class, Genus, Species 3. An important feature of modern classification systems is that they - a. apply to only organisms that are alive today b. can incorporate new scientific discoveries c. group organisms that live in the same habitat d. can predict the discovery of new species 4. Algae and multicellular plants are autotrophs because they – a. decompose dead organisms b. absorb nutrients from the soil c. break down starches into glucose d. capture sunlight and convert the energy into chemical energy (food – sugar) 5. What is binomial nomenclature? a. Classifying organisms into seven levels b. A naming system in which each organism is given a two-part name c. The naming system based on DNA d. Grouping animals based on how they move 6. Which of the following is the correct way to write the scientific name of humans? a. Homo Sapien c. HOMO SAPIEN b. Homo sapien d. homo sapien 7. Which is not true about how to write the genus? a. lowercase c. capitalized b. underlined d. italicized

8. Escherichia coli is the scientific name of a bacterium. What category of classification is Escherichia? a. order c. genus b. phylum d. species 9. A student collected pine needles from 4 different species of trees. She then made diagrams showing the number and actual length of needles in a bundle and the common and scientific name of each species. Use her diagram to answer this question. These 4 different pine needles are not classified in the same – a. phylum c. order

b. genus d. species 10. Of the characteristics listed below, which is not found among mammals? a. have fur or hair c. have gills for breathing b. give live birth d. mammary glands 11. Which of the following is a key characteristic belonging to arthropods? a. have fur or hair c. cold blooded b. jointed appendages d. radial symmetry

12. Bivalves, such as clams, are found in salt water. The clam captures food particles from water that flows over its gills. Which of these is the best classification of the clam? a. a decomposer c. a grazer b. a chunk feeder d. a filter feeder 13. Which of the following is not true regarding plants? a. multicellular c. eukaryotic b. cell wall d. heterotrophic 14. Which of the following is not an example of a vascular plant? a. ferns c. angiosperms b. moss d. gymnosperms 15. Which of the following is a true characteristic of angiosperms? a. non-vascular c. has flowers or fruits b. has cones d. no roots or stems 16. Which statement most accurately describes the plants Clarkia cylindrical, Clarkia deflexa, and Clarkia similis? a. All three belong to the same species b. All three belong to the same family c. Each belongs to a different group. d. Each belongs to a different family

17. Which of these is most closely related to the oak weevil? a. A b. B c. C d. D

25

Describe several abiotic factors:

What percent

of energy

moves from

one trophic

level to the

next? ______

Compare Primary and Secondary Succession: Draw a food web: locust and quail (both eat corn), wheat, grass,

corn, rattlesnakes and hawks (eat quail)

Define and provide an example of the following:

Parasitism:

Commensalism:

Mutualism:

Niche:

Carrying Capacity:

Species

Ex:

Population

Ex:

Community

Ex:

Ecosystem

Ex:

Biome

Ex:

Biosphere

Ex:

26

Food Webs

What are the producers in this food web? What are the primary consumers (herbivores) in this food web? What are the secondary consumers in this food web? What are the highest level consumers in this food web? Create an energy pyramid from the food chain: leavesinsectsbirdsredfoxbear

Where is the most energy in this pyramid? Where is the least energy? What happens to energy as it moves through the food chain/web? What happens to matter as it moves through the food chain/web? What is the ultimate source of energy for this food web?

Graph 1: Rabbits Over Time

What kind of growth curve is shown by the graph to the right? What is the carrying capacity for rabbits? During what month were rabbits in exponential growth?

Graph 2: US and Mexico

In Mexico, what % of population is between 0-4 years of age? Is the US? Which population is growing fastest?

27

1. The organisms in a typical backyard are likely to

include bacteria, grass, shrubs, trees, insects,

spiders, birds, and small mammals. Together, all

these organisms make up —

a. a kingdom

b. an experimental group

c. a community

d. a population

2. Based on the method by which they get food,

organisms are classified as autotrophs or

heterotrophs. Which organism listed below is

correctly paired with its metabolism?

a. Mushroom-autotroph

b. Fish-autotroph

c. Grass-heterotroph

d. Human-heterotroph

3. Which order of diagrams would show primary

succession in an area that had never before been

occupied by living organisms?

a. B, A, C, D c. A, C, B, D

b. D, B, C, A d. C, A, B, D

4. The organisms at the beginning of a food chain

are –

a. producers c. decomposers

b. consumers d. omnivores

5. Most populations introduced to a new ecosystem

grow until factors such as lack of food and

overcrowding limit their growth, as illustrated

below. What does the portion of the graph labeled

“B” represent?

a. exponential growth c. birthrate decreases

b. slowing growth rate d. death rate increases

6. According to the biological definition of a

species, which organisms listed below would

belong to the same species?

a. Plants that have flowers with the same structures

that attract the same pollinators

b. Protists that are the same shape and have the

same structures for movement

c. Animals that can breed and produce fertile

offspring

d. Mushrooms that are the same color and can

grow on trees.

7. Algae and multicellular plants are autotrophs

because they –

a. decompose dead organisms

b. absorb nutrients from the soil

c. break down starches to glucose

d. capture sunlight to produce sugars

8. Which of the following would be a pioneer

species?

a. hickory tree c. lichen

b. grass d. shrubs

9. This graph suggests that from 1840 to 1920, the

carrying capacity for sheep in Tasmania was

approximately –

a. 0.75 million c. 1.75 million

b. 1.00 million d. 2.25 million

10. The food chain can be found in the coastal

waters of Virginia. The population of which

organisms in the food chain would be the first to

decline if commercial fishing over-harvested

shrimp?

a. Algae c. Damselfish

b. Zooplankton d. Barracuda

11. Which of these is the greatest limiting factor

for small plants that grow on the floor of a rain

forest?

a. Water c. space

b. Sunlight d. herbivores

28

Scientific Method IV – variable that you change DV – variable you measure Constants – what stays the same Control – no treatment; used for a comparison Hypothesis – Educated guess; If IV then DV Title – The effect of IV on DV Macromolecules Protein amino acids (function: enzymes, fight disease, build muscles) Carbohydrate monosaccharide (function: short term energy; 1:2:1 ratio) Lipids fatty acid and glycerol (function: long term energy, insulation, waterproofing) Nucleic Acids nucleotide (function: store genetic info [ex – DNA and RNA]) Water Properties H2O Positive hydrogens, negative oxygen Polar molecule: two opposite charges on water molecule

Cohesion: water sticks to water Adhesion: water sticks to other substances Capillary Action: water climbs up a thin tube (ex – water

going up the roots of a plant) Surface Tension: water resists being broken (why a belly

flop hurts; bug walks on water) Ice Floats: solid form of water is more organized - it floats

(lakes won’t freeze all the way through) Universal Solvent: water dissolves many polar substances

Cell Organelles

Nucleus: brain/control center; stores DNA Ribosomes: build proteins Mitochondria: powerhouse; makes ATP energy during cell

respiration Chloroplasts: process of photosynthesis to make glucose

Endoplasmic Reticulum: transports material throughout cell

Golgi Body: sorts, modifies, packages proteins Cell Membrane: regulates what enters and exits the cell Cytoplasm: jell-like substance that holds organelles in place Vacuole: stores food, water, or waste Lysosomes: contains digestive enzymes for breakdown Cell Wall: surrounds cells, provides protection (found in

plants, bacteria, and fungi) Passive Transport moves High to Low; no energy required

Osmosis: movement of water Diffusion: movement of particles or molecules Facilitated Diffusion: needs a protein helper

Active Transport moves Low to High; needs ENERGY

Exocytosis: moves large materials out of the cell Endocytosis: moves large molecules inside of the cell

Prokaryotes Both Eukaryotes -Bacteria -DNA -Plants and Animals -No nucleus -Ribosomes -Has Nucleus -No organelles -Cytoplasm -Organelles -Small cells -Cell membrane -Large cells -Single celled -Multi celled -Simple -Complex Cell Theory 1. Cell is the basic unit of life. 2. All cells come from pre-existing cells. 3. All living things are made of cells. Photosynthesis: occurs in plants, algae, and some bacteria CO2 + H2O + sunlight C6H12O6 + O2 Cell Respiration: occurs in plants, animals, fungi and some bacteria C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + 36 ATP

29

Mitosis Meiosis -Body cells (somatic) -Sex cells (gametes – sperm and egg) -1 Division -2 divisions -2 daughter cells -4 daughter cells -46 chromosomes -23 chromosomes -Diploid Diploid -Diploid Haploid -Identical cells -Different cells -Asexual reproduction -Sexual reproduction -Replace dead or old cells -Increase genetic variation or

diversity (crossing over) Cell Cycle

Interphase: longest phase; G1 (growth), S (DNA replication), and G2 (growth)

Prophase: nucleus breaks down; chromosomes condense and are visible

Metaphase: chromosomes line up in the middle Anaphase: sister chromatids pulled apart Telophase: nucleus reforms; cells break apart Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm

o Cell Plate – Plant cells o Cleavage Furrow – Animal cells

DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid -deoxyribose sugar -ribose sugar -2 strands – double helix -1 strand – single helix - A-T and C-G - A-U and C-G Humans have 46 total chromosomes or 23 pairs mRNA: messenger RNA; carries message out of nucleus tRNA: transfer RNA; carries amino acids to make proteins rRNA: ribosomal RNA; helps build ribosomes Transcription – DNA to mRNA; occurs in nucleus Translation – mRNA to Proteins; occurs in ribosome -codon: triplet (3) of mRNA bases -tRNA: transfers in amino acid (also has anticodon)

Genetics -Homozygous: same alleles (RR, rr) -Heterozygous: different alleles (Rr) -Phenotype: physical traits you see -Genotype: genetic makeup, consists of alleles -Dominant: stronger of the alleles (R) -Recessive: weaker of the alleles (r) -Allele: one form of a gene (R or r) -Gene: sequence of DNA on a chromosome -Trait: something inherited from parents -Incomplete Dominance: blending of the two phenotypes (red + white = pink) -Codominance: both phenotypes show up together (white + black = white and black spots) -Multiple Alleles: more than 2 allele options (A, B, and O blood types) -Sex-Linked Traits: traits found on the X chromosome (colorblindness and hemophilia) Xb Xb

Cross Colorblind Female XB with a Normal Male Y -100% of females are normal

(carriers) -100% males are colorblind 5 Evidences of Evolution

1. Fossils – evidence of ancient life forms; compare physical structures

2. Embryology – compares early stages of development 3. Vestigial Structures – little or no function (ex. Appendix or

whale pelvis) 4. Homologous Structures – same structure, different function

(bat wing, human arm, cat paw) 5. Amino Acid Sequences – more amino acids in common

more related

XBXb XBXb

XbY XbY

30

Classification Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species -scientific name: Genus species -binomial nomenclature – 2-word naming system (Genus species) Plant Classification -Angiosperms: have flowers or fruits; vascular tissue; seeds or pollen -Gymnosperms: have cones (contain the sperm or egg); vascular tissue -Fern: have spores; vascular tissue; need a moist environment for reproduction -Non-Vascular Plants (Moss): no vascular tissue; have spores; need a watery environment Animal Classification -Mammals: warm blooded; live birth; have hair or fur; mammary glands (feed young milk) -Amphibians: moist/slimy skin; “Dual Life” – live on water and land; lay eggs in water -Annelid Worms: moist/slimy skin; hermaphroditic (both male and female) -Arthropods: exoskeleton; segmented body; jointed appendages

Ecology -Mutualism: both benefit (clownfish and sea anemone) -Parasitism: one benefits, one harmed (mosquito and human) -Commensalism: one benefits, one is neutral (whale and barnacle)

10% energy passed from one level to the next Sun is the ultimate source of energy for food chains/webs Always start with Producer/Autotroph in food chains/webs

-Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer … Species: group of organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring Biotic Factors: living factors in an environment; predator-prey relationships, plants and animals found in environment Abiotic Factors: nonliving factors in an environment; rainfall, temperature, climate, soil… Scientists

Robert Hooke – looked at cork; coined the term “cells” Van Leeuwenhoek – created first light microscope Watson & Crick – created model of DNA double helix Rosalind Franklin – X-ray picture of DNA (showed DNA had

2 strands) Chargaff: base pairing of DNA (A-T, C-G) Gregor Mendel – Father of Genetics; studied pea plants Charles Darwin – Father of Evolution; Theory of Evolution

by Natural Selection Lamarck – acquired traits Carl Linnaeus – Father of Taxonomy; created binomial

nomenclature