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NACIONALNE BIBLIOGRAFIJENA INTERNETU

Na 69-om kongresu IFLA-e, Bibliografska sekcija o elek-tronskim nacionalnim Bibliografijama je zasedala prvogdana. Predava~i su bili: Marcelle Beaudiquez iz FrancuskeNacionalne biblioteke, koji je govorio o va`nostinacionalne bibliografije u novom svetu virtuelnih infor-macija; Unni Knutsen iz Nacionalne biblioteke Norve{ke jegovorila o stawu elektronskih nacionalnih bibliografija;Maja @umer iz Slovenije, iz Nacionalne i Univerzitetskebiblioteke u Qubqani, je govorila o vodi~ima za elek-tronske bibliografije i Juha Hakala, iz Univerzitetske bib-lioteke u Helsinkiju je govorila o budu}nosti elektronskihnacionalnih bibliografija.

Elektronske nacionalne bibliografije su se pojavilekasnih 80-ih. Neophodan uslov za wihov nastanak je posto-jawe elektronskih bibliografskih zapisa. Projekat MARCje ozna~io po~etak ere elektronskih bibliografskihzapisa pre skoro 40 godina. Prvi elektronski zapisi su sekoristili za lak{u produkciju nacionalnih bibliografijau {tampanoj formi. Prvi zapisi su na magnetnim trakama,koje su biblioteke razmewivale me|usobno, zatim su sepojavile na CD-ROM-u a posle pojave svetske ra~unarskemre`e, prelaze u online pristup.

Korisnici nacionalnih bibliografija su:

- bibliotekari koji vr{e nabavku- katalogizatori- informatori- krajwi korisnici.

Svi ovi korisnici imaju razli~ite potrebe u odnosu nafunkciju, pristup i ispis. Potrebno je uraditi dobra uput-stva za kori{}ewe, jer su potrebe svih ovih korisnikanacionalnih bibli-ografija veoma razli~ite.

Postojawe razlikeizme|u nacionalne bibli-ografije i bibliote~kogkataloga je u tome {to jeosnovna funkcijanacionalne bibliografijeprikaz nacionalne izda-va~ke produkcije, a bib-liote~ki katalog treba dainformi{e korisnika ofondu neke biblioteke. Uelektronskoj eri ove raz-like se zanemaruju, jer jeracionalnije koristitizapise iz nacionalne bib-liografije za izradu bib-liote~kog kataloga, umestoda se rad duplira.

Nacionalne bibliografijedanas

Nacionalne bibli-

NATIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHIESON THE INTERNET

On the 69th IFLA Congress Section for Bibliography hada session on Electronic National Bibliographies on the f irstday. The speakers were: Marcelle Beaudiquez from theNational library of France, who spoke on continuous impor-tance of national bibliographies in the new vir tual format ofinformation, Unni Knutsen from the Norwegian NationalLibrary, who spoke about the state of art of the electronicnational bibliographies, Maja @umer from the National andUniversity Library in Ljubljana, who spoke about guidelines forelectronic bibliographies and Juha Hakala from HelsinkiUniversity Library who spoke about the future role of elec-tronic national bibliographies.

Electronic national bibliographies have been aroundsince late 80's. The necessary condition for their appear-ance is existence of electronic bibliographic records.Project MARC can be seen as the beginning of widespreaduse of bibliographic records almost 40 years ago. At f irstelectronic records were used to facilitate the production ofnational bibliographies in printed form. At f irst electronicrecords were on magnetic tapes, which were exchangedbetween libraries, then on CD-ROM and af ter the establish-ment of computer networks and World Wide Web they areonline.

Users of national bibliographies are:

- Acquisition librarians- Cataloguers- Reference librarians- End-user.

All those users have dif ferent needs regarding function,access, indexes and output. Because of that it is necessaryfor a national bibliography to fulf ill all those needs and tohave user-friendly inter faces and good guidelines for use.

There are dif ferencesbetween national bibliogra-phies and library catalogsbecause the main functionof a national bibliography isto register the national pro-duction and the main func-tion of a library catalog is toinform the user about thelibrary collection. In elec-tronic age those dif fer-ences are neglectedbecause it is more rationalto use records for thenational bibliography alsoin library catalogs, insteadof work duplication.

National bibliographies todayNational bibliographies in

the context of universal bibli-ographic control in the 21st

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century should include not just physically existingentities (books, journals, sound or picture carriers)but also electronic information resources on theweb (websites, databases, electronic publications).For several years now the content of Internet sitesis considered an element belonging to nationalmemory which should be collected, identified, con-served and communicated, and that this taskbelongs to national libraries.

According to the data from a survey performedin 2001, 75% of national bibliographies exist both inprinted and in electronic form and the rest have

only CD-ROM or online. Most of the national bibliographic agen-cies plan to go online version before year 2006, because that isthe way the can be accessed through the world. The problemthat arose is that it would be highly recommended to split on thewebsites of national libraries links leading to national librariesand to catalogs of the national library. There is also unresolvedproblem of standardization and archiving of electronic nationalbibliographies.

Universal bibliographic control is based on the principle ofnational responsibility in the matter of collection and inventory.This principle is not possible to transpose in the virtual world likeInternet whose field of distribution has no borders and only in apart of cases it is possible to determine the country of originthrough country domains (.yu, .uk, .fr etc.). The universal biblio-graphic control is also largely founded on the principle ofexhaustiveness, but with the websites it is a race without end,since many of them are changing every day, sometimes morethen once. Standard bibliographic description can not be appliedto such dynamic entities. That is why the collection of Internetsites for national bibliography must be selective. It is also impor-tant to mention that national bibliography with websites withoutlinks is useless for the users, who can find those websites withthe help of search engines.

The current national bibliographies are established on thebasis of depot legal laws and the recommendation is to describein the bibliography all that has been deposited in the nationallibrary. For traditional documents universal standardizeddescription for a bibliographic unit serves as an identity card ofa document. With the websites the idea of "bibliographic unity"seems to be reserved for the whole site, and it is the site itself,not its parts, that can be identified as a closest equivalent to theidentification of the physical unity. The national library can keepa website in an electronic depot and describe it as it was in themoment of description and archiving, but could not describe itsdynamic nature. So the tasks tied to depot legal of websites canbe summarized on the following way:

- Collection of websites is a voluntary activity of the na-tional libraries

ografije, u kontekstuuniverzalne bibli-ografske kontrole iobaveznog primerka, u21. veku osim fizi~kipostoje}ih entiteta(kwige, ~asopisi,nosa~i zvuka i slike...)treba da obuhvate ielektronske izvoreinformacija na inter-netu (veb stranice,baze podataka, elek-tronske publikacije...).Zadwih godina seinternet stranica sma-tra delom nacionalneba{tine, koji treba dase prikupqa, identi-fikuje, ~uva i koristi,a taj zadatak pripadanacionalnim bib-liotekama.

Prema podacimaiz pregleda ura|enog 2001.godine, 75% nacionalnihbibliografija postoje i u{tampanom obliku a ostaleimaju samo CD-ROM ilionline verziju. Ve}inanacionalnih bibliograf-skih agencija planira da do2006. bude u online verziji,zato {to }e im ostvarewetog ciqa omogu}iti da budupristupa~ne u celom svetu.

Trebalo bi jasno razgrani~iti na veb stranicamanacionalnih biblioteka koji linkovi vode do baze podata-ka nacionalne bibliografije a koji vode samo do katalo-ga biblioteka. Treba re{iti problem standardizacije iarhivirawa elektronskih nacionalnih bibliografija.

Univerzalna bibliografska kontrola je zasnovana naprincipu nacionalne odgovor-nosti za nacionalnu pro-dukciju. Ovaj princip je neprenosiv u virtualni svet kao{to je Internet gde ne postoje granice i gde je samo u jed-nom delu slu~ajeva mogu}e odrediti zemqu porekla prekowenog nacionalnog domena (.fr, .uk, .fr etc.). Ustanovqeniprincip iscrpnosti univerzalne bibliografske kontrolemora biti sveden na "razumnu" meru budu}i da se vebstranice mewaju svakog dana, ponekad i vi{e puta.Standardni bibliografski opis je neprimenqiv za dina-mi~ke entitete kao {to su veb stranice. Zato su u oblastiinternet sajtova nacionalne bibliografije selektivne.Va`no je spomenuti da je nacionalna bibliografija vebstranica bez linkova beskorisna, jer korisnici mogu da ihprona|u uz pomo} ma{ina za pretra`ivawe.

Teku}e nacionalne bibliografije su zasnovane naobaveznom primerku i preporuka je da nacionalne bibli-ografije sadr`e sve ono {to je sme{teno u nacionalnojbiblioteci. Za tradicionalna dokumenta univerzalnistandardni opis za svaku jedinicu predstavqa identi-fikacionu kartu dokumenta. U slu~aju veb stranice smatrase da je svaka veb stranica "bibliografska jedinica"celina za sebe, i kao takva samo kao celina, a ne podelovima sadr`aja koje obuvata, mo`e biti identifiko-vana sa fizi~kom jedinicom. Nacionalna bibliotekamo`e da smesti veb stranicu na server i da opi{e wensadr`aj u datom trenutku, ali ne mo`e da opi{e wenudinami~ku prirodu. Tako zadatak zakonskog prikupqawa iarhivirawa veb stranica mo`emo sumirati na slede}ina~in:

- prikupqawe veb stranica je dobrovoqna aktivnostnacionalnih biblioteka

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- problem arhivirawa i tehni~kih sredstava za to je nerazd-vojan od stvarawa elektronske zbirke biblioteke

- treba o~uvati i sve linkove na stvarno postoje}e izvoreinformacija.

Identifikacija veb stranica povla~i za sobom mnogapitawa, kao na primer, kako sakupqati one dokumente kojise pojavquju samo online, kako odrediti koji dokumenti sudeo nacionalne memorije, pravne i tehni~ke te{ko}estvarawa obaveznog depozita elektronskih publikacija iwegovog kori{}ewa.Re{ewa koja nacionalne bibliotekemogu primeniti su:

- ako je selekcija veb stranica definisana i nema ih mnogo,mogu biti obra|ene po pravilima ISBD

- ako se obra|uje mnogo stranica mo`e se koristiti bibli-ografski opis tj. metapodaci tipa Dublin Core ili DOI

- ako postane nemogu}e ru~no obraditi sve stranice kojetreba arhivirati, moraju se koristiti mogu}nosti kojepru`a internet i proces obrade potpuno automatizovati.

Glavni princip {to se ti~e opisa veb stranice zanacionalnu bibliografiju na internetu je da obuhvatanacionalni domen (kao na pr. yu, .fr.,uk), identifikujekreatora veb stranice, indeksira dokumente i povezuje ihsa nacionalnim bazama podataka autora i korporativnihautora uz permanentno a`urirawe podataka.

Zakqu~eno je da nacionalne bibliografije u elektron-skom obliku na internetu moraju da zadovoqavaju slede}e:

- da sadr`e bibliografski opis kao za tradicionalne doku-mente

- da sadr`e a`urne opise i linkove do obra|enih internetsadr`aja

- moraju biti online dostupne i prerasti u virtuelne retro-spektivne nacionalne bibliografije

- IFLA mora aktivno raditi na uspostavqawu sistema uni-verzalne bibliografske kontrole prilago|enog novomelektronskom dobu.

Vodi~ za izradu elektronskih nacionalnih bibli-ografija mora sadr`ati:

- Definiciju osnovnih funkcija (listawe, pretra`ivawepreuzimawe rezultata)

- Poqa za pretra`ivawe- Kontrolu autorstva- Jednostavan dizajn interfejsa i prikaza rezultata

- Problems concerning archiving and technical means for thatis inseparable from the collection building

- All links to really existing electronic information resourcesshould be preserved.

Websites identification poses a lot of questions, for examplehow to collect documents which exist only online, how to deter-mine which are par of the national memory and how to resolvelegal and technical difficulties of creation and use of depot legalof electronic resources. There are different solutions that nation-al libraries can use:

- If there is clearly defined selection of websites and not toomany of them, they can be recorded according to ISBDrules

- If there are many websites than bibliographic descriptionor metadata can be created according to Dublin Core orDOI

- If it is not possible to describe manually all pages that shouldbe archived, than Internet and automatic description shouldbe used.

Main principles concerning website description for nationalbibliographies on the internet should include national domain (forexample .yu, .fr., .uk), identify the creator of that website, indexdocuments and linking to national databases of authors and cor-porate authors and permanent bringing the data up-to-date.

It was concluded that national bibliographies on Internetshould:

- Have the bibliographical description of traditional docu-ments

- Up-to-date descriptions and links to described Internet con-tent

- Be accessible online and grow to become virtual retrospec-tive national bibliographies

- IFLA must actively participate in the establishment of thesystem of universal bibliographic control adapted to newelectronic age.

Guidelines for producing electronic national bibliographiesmust include:

- Definitions of main functions (browsing, searching, and tak-ing over the results)

- Search fields- Authority control- Simple design of interfaces and results display- Standards

-Multilingual support -Protocols for data exchange (Z39.50, ZING)-Direct access to digital objects.

There are some problems concerningthe exchange of electronic bibliographicrecords. That is the result of using dif fer-ent MARC standards by dif ferent nationalbibliographies, so conversion tables arenecessary. MARC formats of ten use dif-ferent set of characters, so it is necessaryto provide that all library programs sup-por t UNICODE. Since Library of Congressis using MARC21 (MARC for the 21st cen-tury) it can be expected that it will bespreading fur ther. Dif ferent protocols fordata exchange suppor t dif ferent terms forsearching and standard sets, and thatshould be unif ied. Library of Congressdeveloped protocol ZING, meaning Z39.50International next generation. ZING willtake Z39.50 to the Web. If national bibliog-raphy databases were available via ZINGit would be easier for publishers and otherorganizations like archives and museumsto connect their systems into the nationalbibliography. The records from nationalbibliographies should be available in XML

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syntax via ZING and possibly via the Open ArchivesInitiative harvesting protocol.

National bibliographies are built using an integratedlibrary system and from technical point of view they areindeed just databases. Links to Web resources are usuallyincluded in tag 856 of MARC record. To avoid manual chang-ing of records every time URL changes, it is necessary toimplement OpenURL. Link and license information should bestored in OpenURL resolver database, not in national bibliog-raphy. Future national bibliographies will include both tradi-tional library electronic catalogs and system for determina-tion and resolving of URL addresses and from the userspoint of view these two applications enable a single service,providing dynamic links to electronic content.

Future of electronic national bibliographies was also dis-cussed, and it is obvious that the international cooperationon building electronic union catalogs is going to be widelyspreading as it is now the case of Scandinavia and someother parts of the world.

- Standarde- Podr{ku za vi{e jezika - Protokol za razmenu podataka (Z39.50, ZING)- Direktan pristup digitalnim objektima.

Postoje i neki problemi pri razmeni elek-tronskih bibliografskih zapisa.To je rezultatrazli~itog kori{}ewa MARC standarda zanacionalne bibliografije, te su stoga tablice zakonverziju neophodne. MARC formati koristerazli~ite setove slova, te je potrebno da svibibliote~ki sistemi podr`avaju UNICODE.Budu}i da Kongresna biblioteka koristi MARC 21(MARC za 21. vek) mo`emo o~ekivati da }e se tajstandard daqe {iriti. Razli~iti protokolipodr`avaju razli~ite termine za pretra`ivawei setove standarda, {to treba ujedna~iti.Kongresna biblioteka je razvila protokol ZING,nastao kao Z39.50 za budu}e generacije. ZING }ezameniti Z39.50 na vebu. Ukoliko baze nacional-nih bibliografija budu pretra`ive preko ZING-a, wihovo objavqivawe }e biti lako organizo-vati preko linka arhiva i muzeja prikqu~enih nasistem u okviru nacionalne bibliografije. Zapisu nacionalnoj bibliografiji bi bio pretra`iv uXML-u preko ZING-a kao i preko protokola za prikupqawemetapodataka iz Pokreta za Otvorene Arhive.

Nacionalne bibliografije su izgra|ene uz kori{}eweintegralnog bibliote~kog sistema i sa tehni~ke ta~kegledi{ta one su isto tako baze podataka. Linkovi naizvore na svetskoj mre`i se obi~no unose u poqe 856 uMARC zapisu. Da bi se izbeglo ru~no uno{ewe promena uzapisu svaki put kod promena URL-a, treba obaveznoimplementirati OpenURL. Linkovi i informacije olicencama za pristup treba da se ~uvaju u bazi podatakaza razre{avawe Open URL adresa, a ne u nacionalnoj bib-liografiji. Budu}e nacionalne bibliografije biukqu~ivale i tradicionalni bibliote~ki elektronskikatalog i sistem za razre{avawe URL adresa, a sastanovi{ta korisnika ove dve aplikacije omogu}avajujedinstven servis, obezbe|uju}i dinami~ke linkove doelektronskih sadr`aja.

Budu}nost elektronskih nacionalnih bibliografija jetako|e razmatrana i jasno je da }e me|unarodna saradwa uizradi elektronskih centralnih kataloga biti sve {irerasprostrawena, kao {to je to sada u slu~aju Skandinavijei nekih drugih delova sveta.