October — December 2002

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Vol. 35 • No. 4

NAVA Members Letters

Another Member Flag

US Navy “Boat” Flags

Cairo, Iowa Village Flag

Moss Family Flag Obituaries

Howard Cty. Hist. Soc. MD Flag

“Sub-Municipal” Flags of NYC

Flags of NYC More NSF

Mesoamerican Mayan Vexillology

Chumley Yorkshire

Treasurer’s Report Book Review

Flag Design Competition Hints

October—December 2002 Issue #176

NAVA 37MONTRÉAL, QUÉBEC

CANADA

OCTOBER 10-12, 2003

The Logo Flag of Montréal

Randy Smith of the AdvertisingFlag Company of Chicago (a NAVAMember since 1989) has sent in anillustration of the corporate flag forinclusion in the NAVA Member FlagRegistry.

The flag consists of a white star ona blue letter “A” with red bars form-ing a stylized “F” (the letters repre-senting “Advertising Flag”) displayedin the center of a white field evokingthe U.S. Flag.

ANOTHER MEMBER FLAG

Now that we have gottenour publications back onschedule,it is time to get ourdues calendar back on sched-ule too. A great deal of dis-cussion was held in Denverabout this situation and nowwe need your help. We havewelcomed over 50 new mem-bers this year. You can aidthe Membership Committeeby talking NAVA membershipup with those you know whomay have an interest in flags.If you have a flag business,why not ask for a supply ofmembership brochures todistribute to your customers?

The Executive Boardthanks you for your support;you can help avoid the costand bother of reminder no-tices. Please check your label,and send in your dues for theupcoming year as soon asyou can. Don’t miss the greatRaven coming up!

George AlatzasTaylor AlbrittonJustin BlackwellChristine Davis FlagsFrank ColeWilliam DiggsKathleen DreyfusAnthony Forte MDCédric de FougerolleJ. A. “Earl” FranzE. Glenn GilbertMichael HazenWilliam HillgaertnerDavid “Randy” Howe IIIMark JewellPeter Keim MDNyla KladderAndrew KlingRobert KnowlesKosco FlagsPeter KrembsJohn Lanterman USA, Ret.Nava Levine

Vincent MalangaLouis Maxime Meka MekaMorgan MilnerJohn MoodyDaniel MorrisMichael OreloveFrederick PaltridgeClay PattersonAndrew PeedMartin PhillipsSophie RaultKenneth RayGlenn RichterThomas RingDaniel SalasRaul SanchezJohn Schilke MDJohn SinerJoseph StaubTom StuartThe Betsy Ross HouseJohn UdicsAdrian WagnerDavid WagnerLinda WhiteCindy WilliamsJim WilliamsRafael Yates Sosa

NAVA MEMBERSHIPNew Members 2002You should also note that

dues for organizationalmembers have now risen asof 1 January 2003 from $45to $60 per year. The Execu-tive Board has established anumber of benefits for thisclass of membership and themembers voting in Denverfelt they were worth a slightincrease. Free listing on theNAVA Website, Free insertprivileges in NAVA NEWS,discounts on display ads,and exhibit tables are theprincipal benefits of thisclass of membership. Wewelcome any further sugges-tions.

Finally, please join with usin welcoming the new mem-bers for 2002, listed here.We appreciate your involve-ment.

NAVA News 35/4 - #176

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1854

1864

1870

1899

1914

US NAVY “BOAT” FLAGSby David Martucci

In 1916, the United States Navy discontinued a long-stand-ing custom of using a smaller number of stars on the flags ofboats (as opposed to ships). The specifications of U.S. Flagswere first standardized by Presidential Order in 1912 and thefollowing was a part of that standardization:

In order that the identity of the stars in flags when carriedby small boats belonging to the Government may be pre-served, the custom holding in the Navy for many years, ofthirteen (13) stars for boat flags, is hereby approved.

— President William Howard Taft,Executive Order No. 1637, October 12, 1912.

This language was omitted in the May 29, 1916 Presidentialspecifications and no subsequent U.S. Navy Regulation men-tions the “boat” flag catagory.

Vexillologists disagree as to when the custom actually began.For many years it was believed the Navy “always” had this cus-tom. However, Howard Madaus, a well recognized expert in thefield says:

The U.S. Navy distinctive “boat flags” wherein the numberof stars in the canton was reduced to make them more vis-ible (i.e. larger) seems to have been adopted in the middle ofthe 1850’s. (One of the “boat flag”“ size flags that Perry car-ried into Japan in 1853 bears the full complement of 31 stars,while the earliest boat flag I have seen from the Boston NavyYard—and so marked—is dated 1857.) From at least 1857through 1861, U.S. Navy “boat flags” bore 16 stars, set infour rows of 4 stars each. Although some have speculatedthat the number of stars was chosen to reflect the rebirth ofthe U.S. Navy in 1798 (when 16 states formed the Union), Isuspect that the reason for the 16 stars was merely a matterof practicality.

The thirteen-star U.S. Navy boat flag seems to have originatedin 1862 (based on the surviving boat flag of the U.S.S. Ironsides,which was launched that year and sunk in 1864).

Prior to the Presidential Orders beginning in 1912, specifica-tions for U.S. flags were issued by the U.S. Navy. The earliestwere apparently issued in 1818 although published Navysources don’t show any regulations relating to “boat” flags un-til 1854. In that year, five sizes were given this designation,with fly lengths of 6 to 10 feet and proportions between 1:1.85and 1:1.9. Apparently the even dimensions were more impor-tant than exact proportions. The 1854 regulations also did notassign ensign size numbers, a feature of all subsequent speci-fications.

The 1864 Navy Regulations list five sizes in the “boat flag”category, with fly dimensions of 5, 6, 7, 8, and 10 feet, andnumbered 14 through 10, respectively. (Proportions of 1:1.88to 1:2.) These exact sizes and numbers were repeated in the

Continued on page 4

October — December 2002

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U.S. Navy “Boat” Flagauthorized by 1912Presidential Order.

Use of U.S. Navy “Boat” Flag as an ensign worn by a barge (lower left) in the 1896-1908 period from the October 1917 NationalGeographic Magazine. Note the Presidential flag in the bow of the barge has had the stars added to the photo to simulate the later designadopted by President Wilson. The ship wears several 45 star US Flags and at the mainmast is another Presidential Flag with no stars.

NAVA News 35/4 - #176

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1854 1864 1870 1882 1899 1914Hoist Fly No. Hoist Fly No. Hoist Fly No. Hoist Fly No. Hoist Fly No. Hoist Fly5.25 10.00 10 5.28 10.00 10 5.28 10.00 6 3.52 6.67 6 3.52 6.67 9 3.52 6.694.75 9.00 11 4.20 8.00 11 4.20 8.00 7 2.90 5.50 7 2.90 5.50 10 2.90 5.514.25 8.00 12 3.70 7.00 12 3.70 7.00 8 2.37 4.50 8 2.37 4.50 11 2.37 4.503.75 7.00 13 3.20 6.00 13 3.20 6.00 10 1.31 2.50 12 1.31 2.493.25 6.00 14 2.50 5.00 14 2.50 5.00

1870 Regulations. In 1882 the num-ber of “boat” designated flag dimen-sions was reduced to just threewhose fly dimensions were now nolonger in even feet, 6.67, 5.50, and4.50 feet, with the numeral desig-nations of 6, 7, and 8 respectivelyand proportions of 1:1.89 to 1:1.9.These sizes and numerals were con-tinued in the 1899 specificationswith the addition of size 10 (skippingsize 9) which had a fly dimension of2.5 feet and a proportion of 1:1.91.

Pursuant to the Presidential Orderof 1912, the Navy issued its finalspecifications on the “boat” flags in1914 and here, at last, every size hasthe proportions of 1:1.9, which con-tinues to this day. It was also theonly set of specs to include a draw-ing of the “boat” flag.

From the period of 1862 to about1870-1875, the boat flags bore thethirteen stars in three horizontalrows of 4-5-4. The date of transitionto the most common pattern is notyet known, but the launch of theU.S.S. Saginaw (whose ship wassunk in 1870) still used the 4-5-4pattern. However, Madaus also says:

I’m still exploring the borderlines between the 13 star boatflags with the 4-5-4 star patternand those with the more long last-ing 3-2-3-2-3 pattern. The changeseems to be about 1870, but Ikeep coming across so called“Civil War” boat flags of the lat-ter pattern that I can’t entirelyrule out and which can only bedated by thread analysis.There’s a major project here thatsomeone needs to tackle in thenear future.

So by the 1870s the Navy changedthe star pattern of the U.S. Navy“boat flags” to five horizontal rows

of 3-2-3-2-3. This star pattern con-tinued in this style until the “boatflag” was discontinued in 1916. How-ever, there are a number of changesthat were effected during the use ofthis pattern that distinguish flagswithin certain periods. These in-clude:

1870-1885 Stars in canton do not“point” in any consistentdirection.

1885-1890 Marking on headinglists the size of the flag,e.g. “U.S.E. No. 8”; brassgrommets (dated 1884)replace hand-whippedbutton holes or plaingrommets.

1890-1900 Stars are oriented incommon directions;rows of 3 “up”, rows of 2“down”; the heading isnow marked with size,location of navy yardwhere the flag was madeand the date (month/year) of production.

1900-1916 Stars all oriented “up”,dates no longer appearon brass grommets,stars applied to cantonwith machine, zig-zagstitch.

As far as markings go, Madausfound a large (87” hoist by 179” fly)33 star flag (6-7-7-7-6 pattern)whose heading is marked “16 FtAMERICAN ENSIGN” AND “NYC1860”. This is the earliest known“NYC” (Navy Yard Charlestown, i.e.Boston Harbor), marking and thefirst time seen on anything otherthan a 16 star “boat flag”. Madausalso mentioned in his Raven 5 ar-ticle that he had encountered an-other 16 star “boat flag” (in a Phila-delphia collection) with an 1857 date

and the abbreviation “NYB”. He says:

I am torn as to the identity ofthis mark—I lean more to it be-ing an earlier version of the “NYC”mark (both for Boston Harbor)rather than for the Brooklyn NavyYard. My “lean” is based on themarkings of the accoutermentsmade for the Navy by the navalyard in New York City, which arealways marked “NYNY” (for NavyYard New York). By the same to-ken, those accouterments madeat the Washington, D.C. navyyard are marked “NYW”. I’ll keepan open mind on this.

Navy flags seem to have been madeat a number of navy yards for theships serviced by those yards. The1857 marking is the earliest encoun-tered for Navy Yard Boston (orBrooklyn), followed by the 1860 and1861 flags with the “NYC” markingfor Naval Yard Charlestown. Fromthe bunting supplies on hand at vari-ous yards, it is evident that flagswere also being made during thesame time span at yards in Ports-mouth, Philadelphia, Norfolk (Gos-port—at least until captured by Vir-ginia forces in 1861) and probablyWarrington (Pensacola), but no othermarkings have been encountereduntil the 1880’s other than the “NYB”and “NYC”. Also, generally, Navyflags have reinforcement patches setinto each corner.

What confuses the issue of thesetrue U.S. Navy boat flags is the adop-tion of the same star pattern as “pa-triotic” expressions of the UnitedStates centennial and the continuedcommercial production of these flagsinto the current century for sale tothe general public. So far these havebeen found in a number of styles andsizes; is doubtful that we’ll ever havea “handle” on all the variations thatexist(ed).

Continued from page 2

Comparison chart of Naval Regulations regarding the “Boat” size U.S. Flags.

October — December 2002

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DEDICATION OF A NEW VILLAGE FLAG FOR CAIRO, IOWAFew small communities have taken

such pride in their heritage as hasCairo, Iowa. Along with many otherhistoric preservation efforts, thisyear they designed and dedicated aVillage Flag to show their pride andhonor in that rich heritage. This wasdone June 30th, 2002 at their 12thAnnual Potluck Reunion.

Before you think this was anotherhuge bureaucratic, governmentsponsored activity, let me assure youit wasn’t. It had heart and meaning!It was another of many efforts agroup of dedicated citizens havedone in coordination with their lo-cal Louisa County Historical Soci-ety. And with private funds.

Cairo, Iowa can trace its roots backto about 1835 when white settlersbegan safely moving west after thesigning of the Blackhawk War Treatyin 1832. Cairo was ideally locatedon the high bluffs along the IowaRiver west of its confluence with theMississippi. Settlers would arrive inBurlington, Iowa by boat and headwest overland through Cairo.

Cairo was thefirst stop whereweary travelerswould re-group ina forest called Vir-ginia Grove beforethe arduous west-ward trek. Cairowas establishedand first named“Hope Farm”clearly for provid-ing the material aswell as the physi-cal and spiritualaspects for theirtravel.

The Cairo VillageFlag depicts manyof the historicevents and build-ings that oncewere a part of acommunity thatwas never larger than twenty housesand 125 souls. The flag joins a sig-nificant and historic list that in-cludes the Town Song, the TownPoem and the ode to nearby LongCreek where it is rumored(?) that

Clark Gable learned to swim.We invite all to visit this “almost,

but not quite a ghost town” full ofmemories and historic significance.See our new flag wave proudly fromthe Village sign!

Original drawing for Cairo, IA emblem.Placed in purple in the center of a white flaginside of two concentric circles and with thename of the flag “The Spirit of Cairo LivesOn — In Our Hearts” written in a straightline below the emblem and the designer’sname below that “—Ruth Joyce ShowalterMootz”.

Tom Woodruff4115 Rodeo Rd

Davenport, IA 52806E-mail: APWood70#@aol.com

ProclamationDedication of the Cairo, Iowa

FlagA Flag is symbolic of what a na-

tion, organization or group standsfor. During times of sorrow, enjoy-ment, accomplishments and chal-lenges, people use it as a rallyingsymbol to indicate unity of cause andspirit.

CAIRO, IOWAA community with a rich history

that can trace its roots back to theearly nineteenth century when itplayed such an important part in thedevelopment of our country — par-ticularly the westward movement.

A community that started as asettlement called Hope Farm alongan ancient Indian Trail. A commu-nity that truly offered “Hope” formany of our forefathers and follow-ing generations. We will be forever

thankful.With this mean-

ing in mind, wetogether dedicatethis flag — sym-bolic of the villageand peoples ofCairo, Iowa andentitled:“The Spirit ofCairo — Lives onin Our Hearts.”

This flag sym-bol was designedby past residentRuth JoyceShowalter Mootz.It depicts many ofthe events andbuildings thatshaped so manyof our lives —Education, Wor-ship, History,

Recreation.Doris Woodruff, President; Anna

Mae Chaplin, Vice President; MaryBeenblossom, Secretary.

Cairo, Iowa — Dedicated at theAnnual Cairo Village Reunion.

NAVA News 35/4 - #176

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The Moss Family FlagClay Moss

We’ve had more family flags thanAfghanistan has had national flags.Besides the main family flag de-scribed here, we have several func-tional ancillary family flags we usequite regularly. If you’reinterested in them,please let me know.

We are an evangelicalChristian family. Thecross stands for JesusChrist, the center of ourhousehold. The fourstars represent the fourmembers of our imme-diate family, Vicky mywife, Marianna and Mar-garet our daughters,and myself. The colors ofthe cross and stars is the color“moss”. The color moss is a roughmixture between Dartmouth greenand olive.

The overall height of the cross/starlogo is either 1/2 or 9/16 the widthof the flag and is centered in the 2 x1 hoist panel. Specifications for thecross and stars are precise and ex-act.

General proportions are 1 x 2. Theflag can be reduced in length to anyratio one wishes, down to 1 x 1. How-ever, the white vertical hoist panelwill always be proportioned 2 x 1.

The 13 stripes in the flag whetherOG red/white or OG blue/white rep-resent our American heritage. Theinspiration for the design of the flagsare the US Power Squadron ensignand the US Coast Guard and USCustoms ensigns.

The reason for two Moss familyflags is simple. When it came tochoosing red/white or blue/whitestripes, Vicky and I could not makeup our mind. We finally adopted bothflags based on the US Navy’s uni-form tradition.

In the fall and winter months, USNavy personnel wear blue uniforms.In the spring and summer, they wearwhite.

We chose to fly the red/whitestriped flag in the fall and winterbecause the red stripes would show

up better on gray blustery days.Likewise, the blue/white striped flagstands out better on bright sunnydays. Also, the blue stripes betterresist fading in the intense summer

sunlight in the southern US.The basic design for the Moss fam-

ily flag was agreed upon in March,1996. The original 2-star version washoisted for the first time on 1 De-cember, 1996. A third star wasadded to the flag on 8 February 1997when Marianna was born. The cur-rent design came into being on 8November 2001 when Margaret wasborn.

The Moss family flag is technicallyflown in the superior position onfamily property when two or moreflag poles are being utilized. By us-ing the word “technically” I empha-size the fact that the Moss family flagis given provisional preference.

Regardless of circumstance, theMoss family will always occupy the

southern most flag pole when mul-tiple poles are used on family prop-erty. This action symbolizes our USsouthern heritage. The one exceptionto this rule is if the multiple pole set

is lined up directly eastto west. Then the fam-ily flag occupies theeasterly most pole.

It so happens ourcurrent house facesalmost directly east.We have three poles inthe front yard. Thusour family flag cur-rently flies on the tra-ditional superior polefollowed by the US flagand which ever “prayer

flag” of the day we happen to be fly-ing. A prayer flag is simply the flagof a particular state or country weare praying for that day. Our lasthome faced south west, meaning thefamily flag occupied the inferior po-sition in the front yard.

If our family flag is flown with anyother flag/flags on a single pole, ourflag will always fly on the very bot-tom. This is symbolic of our defer-ence to all others.

To date, this particular family flagsince first being hoisted in its 2 starversion has flown in approximately35 countries.

NAVA member Clay J. Moss residesin Plain, Mississippi and has been amember since 1993. His email isclaymoss@aol.com.

October — December 2002

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At the request of the Howard CountyHistorical Society’s President, HankGriffith, 1st Vice-President Richard T.Clark recently designed a flag for theSociety. It was presented to the Boardat its July 9th meeting and approvedunanimously.

Several considerations were para-mount in the design process: 1. distinc-tive design; 2. simplicity; and 3. histori-cal connections.

The flag should be self-explanatory,so no lettering was used. Its distinctivedesign should make that unnecessary.In addition, lettering is hard to readfrom a distance and is in reverse on thereverse side of the flag. Instead, a simplefeature, in this case the steeple on theMuseum building, has become the cen-tral feature on a flag with Maryland andHoward County symbols.

The basis for the HCHS flag is theheadquarters banner of Gen. BradleyT. Johnson, C.S.A., a unique burgee(swallowtail flag), with a white field andred border. In the center is a large crossbottony in red, a symbol of Marylandfrom its beginning and found in thestate seal. The same symbol is also usedin the current Flag of Howard County.

Surrounding the cross is an ellipticalcircle of 12 stars with a 13th star in thecenter replicating the star-pattern of theThird Maryland Regiment’s colors. Oneof the Continental Army’s most reliableunits, the Third Maryland played a ma-jor role in the victory by American forcesat the Battle of Cowpens, S.C. in 1781.It was commanded by Colonel John Ea-ger Howard, after whom Howard Countywas named. It was a natural connec-tion to our local history. The white starson the regimental colors have beenchanged to gold with black fimbriation,thus presenting a flag in the 4 colors ofMaryland: white, red, black and gold.

The black outlining of the starts helpsthem stand out on a white field. Thestars are arranged so that a point onthe star reaches out in all directions asyou observe the circle, symbolizing thedesire of the Society to “reach out” tofuture generations.

Over the cross bottony is a stylizedversion of the HCHS’s museum steeplein black with white highlighting. Themuseum, formerly a Presbyterianchurch, possesses a unique steeple,which, along with the rest of the build-ing is currently used on our letterheadand as a logo on our newsletter andother publications. Thus, the steeplebecame the perfect symbol to tie to-gether the state and county featureswith the most prominent symbol of thesociety. The 13th star is laid on top ofthe steeple.

The flag will be flown outside the mu-seum where its connection to the siteshould be readily apparent. It will alsobecome the basis for a new letterheadand logo on our publications. The ban-ner is 3’x5’ in size. The red border is 1”wide. The cross bottony is 26”long and5 ” wide across the shaft and 13” widefrom cross tip to cross tip. The starsare 3 ” across with a ” spacing be-tween the border and star tip and ”from the star tip to the cross. Thesteeple is 14” long, centered on the ver-tical shaft of the cross. Karen Griffithhas graciously agreed to make the flagfor the society.

Howard County Historical Society, Maryland

HCHS BOARD APPROVES FLAGby Richard T. Clark

“SUB-MUNICIPAL” FLAGS IN NEW YORK CITYThe last NAVA NEWS contained in-

formation about the flag of the Sheriff’sDepartment and Fire Department of LosAngeles, California. We have had a fewinquiries about the existence of other“sub-municipal” flags in the USA. If youknow of others in this category, pleasesend your information to the editor.

Of interest and little known are the

flags of the New York City service de-partments. Although it is not knownif this is a definitive list, four depart-mental flags are presented here.

During the year 1919, the police flagwas adopted. The canton and stripesare evocative of the American tradition.The five alternate bars of white andbrilliant green symbolize the five bor-

oughs of Greater New York.The original group of villages, towns

and cities which later formed theGreater City of New York are repre-sented by a circular constellation ofwhite stars in the canton. The citiesform the center of this constellation,the towns surround the cities, and vil-lages lie in an outer circle about thetowns. The canton of deep blue repre-sents the color of the police uniform.The brilliant green is the traditionaland sentimental Police color.

The fire department flag is similarto the NYPD Flag, with the 5 stripes inred and white and a red canton bear-ing the NYFD emblem, a “Maltese”Cross in white with red and white edg-ing. The seal of the city appears in bluein the center circle of the cross withother devices in gold on the arms- "FD"on top, "NY" on the bottom, a fire pumpon the right and a hook and ladder onthe left. A special “pall” version for useon coffins is sometimes seen, whichmoves the canton to the center of theflag and rotates it 90 degrees.

During 1998, in observance of thecentennial of New York City's emer-gence as a municipality of five bor-oughs, the Department of Correctionsformally adopted an official flag. Thecolors are those found in the depart-ment shoulder patch: orange, blue,white and gold. The first three are thecity colors. The 5 stars surroundingthe city seal on the orange field repre-sent the 5 boroughs in which the De-partment operates its facilities. Thenumerals to the left and right of thestars-surrounded seal spell out theyear that the department was createdas a separate agency. The sixteen blueand white stripes represent the num-ber of major facilities operated by thedepartment at the time of the designadoption.

The NYC Parks Department displaysa white flag bearing a green Maple Leafin the center surrounded by a greenring. Details of its adoption and sym-bolism are being sought.

Details about the city and boroughflags will be published in the forthcom-ing Raven 9-10, American Civic Flags:Part I, US Cities, expected to be pub-lished in the summer of 2003.

NYC Police Department

NYC Department of Corrections

City Council Members Flag

Mayor’s Flag

City Flag since 1977 (variant)

City Flag 1915-1977

Borough of Manhatten “Ceremonial” Flag

Borough of Queens

Former Borough of Richmond

FLAGS of NEW YORK CITYFLAGS of NEW YORK CITYFLAGS of NEW YORK CITYFLAGS of NEW YORK CITYFLAGS of NEW YORK CITY

City Seal adopted 1977 NYC Parks Department

Borough of Brooklyn

NYC Fire Department NYC Fire Department Pall Flag

Borough of Staten Island

City Flag prior to 1915 (unofficial)Borough of the Bronx

NAVA News 35/4 - #176

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Additional National Service Flag Information

Two photos of the MassachusettsService Flag in use have been sent inby Steve Hill of Fischers, IN. Mr. Hillformerly was in charge of the FlagProject at the Massachusetts StateHouse.

The photos show two interesting fea-tures overlooked in our article in NAVANEWS #172 (October-December 2001).First, the Massachusetts adoption ofthe Service Flag specifies only a whitefield and no red border. These photos

clearly show this.Second, these photos show an early

use of numerals below the symbols toindicate the number of men in eachcategory. It was thought previouslythat this was a feature developed dur-ing or after World War II.

The photo shows the flag with sixsymbols and corresponding numeralson it. From upper left and going clock-wise: Captured (0), Died in Service (5),Missing (0), Wounded (2), Decorated

for Distinguished Service (1) and in thecenter, Men in Service (354). One as-sumes these numbers refer to Stateemployees.

The other interesting item sent in isa World War I post card of the conven-tional Service Flag bearing a singleblue star on white inscribed with theword “you” and the legend “Good luckto you, my boy ‘over there’ the Lord bewith you everywhere.” below on the redborder.

The Colonials strike again!Before York-

shire Countyin Englandknew what hitit, LitchfieldCounty, NewE n g l a n d ,hosted York-shire-flag de-signer MichaelFaul hoistinghis beautifulflag in New

Milford, CT on the Town Hall flag pole!The flag was manufactured by Na-tional Flags in Johannesburg, SouthAfrica.

Got that? British subject hoistsYorkshire County flag manufacturedin South Africa in New Milford, CT.Would Her Majesty be amused?

Michael, who is a NAVA member,and his wife Ethel arrived on 12/10when another NAVA member, Gus

Tracchia, took him from Newark toPeter Orenski’s, yet another NAVAmember, home in New Milford. Peterwrites, “After some good old British ale,they dropped off their feet. We saw arehearsal of the Nutcracker byTschaikovski in Simsbury, CT andthen went gambling at the MoheganSun Casino in Uncasville. Theycrashed on Wed 12/11 but we didmanage the latest 007 movie, thenthey left for PR where he and Ethel willstay with their daughter Michelle, re-gional manager for Associated Press.”

Michael Faul is the Editor ofFlagMaster, the journal of the FlagInstitute in Great Britain and has de-signed the proposed Yorkshire Flag. Hehas kindly furnished us with the sym-bolism.

The red cross on white is derivedfrom the cross of St. George of En-gland. The cross is in Scandinavianform to honor the Vikings who left

such a mark on Yorkshire. A red Scan-dinavian cross on white reverses theDanish white cross on red, as mostVikings who came to Yorkshire wereDanish. In the center is the white roseof York in a radiant sun known as theRose en Soleil, a principal badge ofKing Edward IV of England, first kingof the Yorkist dynasty. In modernterms, the flag shows Yorkshire at theheart of England, radiating prosperityand warmth of welcome.

This beautiful flag is available fromthe TME Co., Inc., Attn. Peter, 101 BelAir Drive, New Milford CT 06776 USA.

October — December 2002

—11—

Bonner, Robert E. Colors & Blood:Flag Passions of the Confederate South(Princeton UP, 2002) hardback, 223pp. Index. Illustrated. ISBN 0-691-09158-7.

According to The New York Times,in the Republican electoral victories ofNovember 2002, the biggest surprisein Georgia was the defeat of the incum-bent governor Roy Barnes, who hadbeen previously considered “one of thebrightest lights in the DemocraticParty, a gifted speaker, moderate,strong on education and a possiblecontender for vice president or evenpresident.”1

What did Barnes in? While ruralwhite Georgian voters supported otherDemocrats, they punished him forchanging the Georgia state flag in2001. This was not an aesthetic reac-tion based on their reading of GoodFlag, Bad Flag, but rather outrage athis disavowal and disrespect for theirbeloved Confederate battle cross.

All the political scientists that un-derestimated this response need toread a truly fine new book by RobertE. Bonner: Colors & Blood: Flag Pas-sions of the Confederate South. Pro-fessor Bonner, a member of the His-tory Department at Michigan StateUniversity, has given us a cultural his-tory of Confederate flag perceptions,rituals, and practices that helps movevexillology forward as a topic area forinterdisciplinary analysis while offer-ing a template for subsequent flag cul-ture studies. His research is thorough;his groundings in both nineteenth cen-tury culture and contemporary socialscientific theory are praiseworthy; hislanguage is clear, his many illustra-tive examples vivid and usually com-pelling. If you are a fan of the flag booksof Devereaux D. Cannon Jr., this willgive you historical and cultural con-texts to better appreciate those flags.Whether you are a stalwart memberof the Confederate States VexillologicalAssociation who reveres the StainlessBanner, a person of color who findsthe Southern cross vile, offensive, andpernicious, or even someone hereto-fore unfamiliar with current debateson the meaning and usage of Confed-erate flag symbols in contemporary so-

ciety, this book gives you the back-ground information to understandhow and why different elements of oursociety approach those symbols in dif-ferent ways.

Did you know that the last bookJefferson Davis borrowed from the Li-brary of Congress prior to secessionwas Schuyler Hamilton’s History of theNational Flag? Have you ever read theanti-Union poem by Francis ScottKey’s daughter, censored and bannedin her native Maryland, extolling theglory of “The Southern Cross”? Notonly does Bonner include grippingpersonal accounts and flag-relatedactivities but he masterfully providesa larger model for assessing the wax-ing, waning, and permutations ofSouthern flag culture. Among themany things he should be commendedfor, he carefully analyzes differing gen-der roles in flag usage and represen-tation, and how those roles changeover time as the Confederacy rises thenfalls. He also traces the same shiftsfor race, specifically for African Ameri-cans both in and out of the Union mili-tary. The particular power and influ-ence of newspapers in the Confederacyin promoting and disseminating thisflag culture is also addressed.

Bonner’s position is informed by hiscareful reading of Marvin and Ingle’sseminal work Blood Sacrifice and theNation (Cambridge UP, 1999). Hebrings a cultivated understanding ofthe power of melodrama in nineteenthcentury America to his discussion oftheir flag ceremonies and battlefielddescriptions and he examines how thegrowing significance of the Stars andStripes in Northern culture reverber-ated in the Confederacy and affectedtheir nascent civil religion. The behav-ior of both Yankees and Rebs with re-gard to flags in martial conflicts is ex-plored in the context of their sharedmilitary culture.

The text itself is divided into sevenchapters. A larger chronological frame-work allows for thoughtful consider-ation of different elements of South-ern flag culture in turn. Thus, thepower and significance of distinct stateflags early in the rebellion gives way

to a review of the process that led tothe selection of the Stars and Bars. Astudy of actual use of flags in battle isfollowed by an evaluation of the South-ern Cross’s rise to a position of pre-eminence in the society, with its adop-tion on the Stainless Banner. HowConfederate flags were treated as trea-sonous by the powerfully emergent flagculture of the North is then taken up,and the book concludes with a chap-ter on how conquered banners werefurled and subsequently regarded,leading to some cogent closing com-mentary on current arguments overthese symbols that continue to pro-voke (and inspire) many in our soci-ety. There are abundant footnotes thatwill lead stimulated students back toa wide range of primary and second-ary sources and 34 black and whiteillustrations.

For years this reviewer has been call-ing for vexillologists to incorporatemore questions about race, class, gen-der, and ethnicity in our analyses offlag rituals, ceremonies, and events.Peter Orenski, in Quo Vadimus, hasasked where and how can vexillologymeaningfully expand as a social sci-ence in the 21st century.2 ProfessorBroner is a historian, but his focus ismost clearly on flags as cultural arti-facts during times of great social stressand profound cultural change. He pro-vides here a wonderful model forvexillologists to study and emulate.Read this book, not only for the won-derful knowledge and insights into thehistory of flag culture of the AmericanSouth, but also for the methodology,academic standards, and possibilitiesit suggests for subsequent flag stud-ies.

IMPORTANT NEW STUDY OF CONFEDERATE FLAGSBook review by Dr. Scot Guenter

Notes:1. Jeffrey Gettleman, “An Old Battle Flag

Helps Bring Down a Governor,” NewYork Times 7 November 2002.

2. Peter J. Orenski, “Quo Vadimus? AnEssay on the State and Future ofVexillology,” Flag Bulletin 40.4 (July-August 2001): 121-184.

Scot Guenter, PhD is a former NAVA Presidentand teaches at San Jose State University. He hasbeen a NAVA member since 1985 and hascontributed numerous times to NAVA NEWS andRAVEN, which was started on his initiative. Heis also an author of several vexillological books.

NAVA News 35/4 - #176

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MESOAMERICAN MAYAN VEXILLOLOGYby Dr. Rafael Yates Sosa

The Mesoamerican flag is rectangu-lar and green. A sun in the middle hasfour uneven stripes. The top and bot-tom ones smaller. They represent thecross of the four cardinal directions,north, south, east and west.

The Mesoamerican people had col-ors for each cardinal point; theMayans used white for north, yellowfor south, red for east, black for westand green for the center. For theMesoamerican people the center wasthe fifth direction and green was givento a cosmic tree which was mankind’sorigin, the green Ceiba or Yaxche. Thecircle as it is known has 360 degreesor 360 days in a calendar or Tun cycle.

For the Mayans, the stripe had a nu-merical value of five, so 4 x 5 = 20which are the number of days of theTun month. The 360 divided by 20gives the 18 months of the Tun cycle.Lastly, the blue background is for thewaters that surround the land.

CHICHEN ITZA’SEMBLEMATIC SYMBOL

The word Chichen Itza is formed byfour sounds chi (mouth), chen (well),itz (witch) and a (which is a contrac-

tion of ha, meaning water), so themeaning is: In the mouth of the well ofthe water witches.

Their symbol was taken from onethat is sculpted in stone in a substruc-ture of the Castillo or Kukulkan’s pyra-mid, so named because Kukulkan’simage is engraved. The symbol is pos-sibly Kukulkan’s.

It is circular and black with sevengolden rattles; the number seven is of-ten used in reference to Kukulkan’s/Quetzalcoatl’s year of birth.

The crest with golden discs symbol-ize the snake’s body. The base of thesymbol is a feathered hat with quetzalfeathers that has golden letters en-graved with Chi-Chen-Itza.

In the year 1531 the Spaniards withMontejo in command, establishedthemselves in the city of Chichen Itza,which they named the Royal city, butthe abuse by the foreigners, to thepoint of killing the Mayan leaderNacom Cupul, enraged the Mayanarmy, which expelled the Spaniards.While Montejo fled he lost the ring inDzidzantun. The ring was found 60years ago and had 13 stars, symbol ofthe Salazar family.

THE RED JAGUAROne of the inhabitants of Kukulkan’s

pyramid is the incredible piecesculpted in one stone, bright red, thathas 72 jade stones fixed on the jaguarrepresenting the spots and two halfcircles representing the eyes. It is 1.80meters long and .60 centimeters high.Manuel Cirerol, its discoverer and

former chief of restoration of ChichenItza in the year 1935, disagrees withthe INAH (National Institute of Anthro-pology) in leaving the south and westsides of the pyramid unrestored sopeople could see how it was found. Bythe way, the different tourism headshave raised financial help and high en-trance fees but haven’t spent enoughto keep the site well maintained, letalone to promote the site.

The jaguar is currently in the Na-tional Museum of Anthropology alongwith Chac Mool found in the pyramid.

On the jaguar’s back there are smallturquoise jewels that have a cross onwhich are four snakes, symbolizingfertility. The cross also symbolises thenorth, south, east and west. The cen-ter represents earth. The cross isamong some clouds and between thearms of the cross the rain symbol ofthe god Chac or rain god.Dr. Rafael Yates Sosa is a NAVA mem-ber who lives in Mexico and is currentlythe only member from that country. Hecan be contacted by email atryates@avantel.net; web site http://www.heraldicamesoamericana.com/

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October — December 2002

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FLAGS AT THECOMMONWEALTH GAMESThere has been a lot of coming and

going about the flag at the Common-wealth Games in Manchester, Englandso I thought I would clear up the mys-tery. The flag raised at the opening cer-emony was indeed the wrong design,showing the complete seal of the Com-monwealth Games Federation (CGF)on the flag. I suspect this error cameabout because the complete seal iswhat is used everywhere else in dress-ing the games. It appears on almostevery item or building. This was a newflag introduced at these games, so no-one had any experience of what isSHOULD look like to spot the mistake.

After the ceremony the flag wasmoved to the flagpole that had flownthe Royal Standard. This was the sameflag as used in the ceremony. The per-ception that it was changed the nextmorning may have been caused by thefact that there are TWO CGF flags fly-ing in the stadium. Apart from the cer-emonial flag (which is 6 ft x 12 ft) thereis a “look” flag. “Look” flags are theflags that dress the stadium and othervenues and show only those nationsthat are competing at that venue (apartfrom the stadium that showseveryone’s). In addition to the nationalflags there is a “protocol set” that pre-cedes them: the CGF flag, the Englishflag and the flags of the various sport-ing federations. In the case of the sta-dium the CGF flag in the protocol setwas the correct emblem-only design.

For the closing ceremony a new CGFflag was made that was the correctemblem-only design. This is what waslowered and handed to the Melbournerepresentative.

I still believe that this flag is weakand needs some redesign to make itwork. When hanging (as it tends to doin a closed-off stadium) it just lookslike a piece of white cloth.Falkland Islands and Cayman Islands

On the Commonwealth Games na-tional flags, this was the first time thatthe “large badge - no disc” version ofthe Falklands and Cayman Islandsflags were used and I think they lookedgreat (even if I do say so myself). Thiswas not a mistake - it was agreed withthe two countries, and if you lookedat the swimming caps of the competi-

To the EditorI was just curious to know if this

flag that I have had for a while isworth any thing. It was given to meby a Russian hockey coach when myson was playing hockey in Bostonin the early 1990’s. I don’t knowwhat the inscriptions mean exceptthat the small inscription at the topon the front is the same as the oneat the bottom of the seal on the back.I think it’s the Soviet motto, “Work-ers of the World Unite!”. Let me knowwhat you think.

Thanks,Gary

colonely@aol.com

tors you would have seen the samestyle flag on the side.Vertical Flags

For those interested in vertical flags,the following Commonwealth coun-tries have special vertical flags, or varyfrom the usual rotate and flip: BritishVirgin Islands (arms rotate),Montserrat (arms rotate), Dominica(parrot rotates), Swaziland (spearspoint upwards), Pakistan (crescentand star rotates), Namibia (sun goesin the top-right corner, so just rotates),Cyprus (map reads correctly, so justrotates).

It was a very interesting experiencebeing the “flag person” for such a hugeevent. I’ve learnt lots of lessons, suchas how to make those indoor trapezi-ums work in a simple and elegant fash-ion, the sheer complexity of organiz-ing the right flags for several hundredvictory ceremonies, and not to use 6 ftx 12 ft flags for victory ceremonies inthe main stadium even if the broad-casters do say they look better - theyare just too big for the flag raisers tocope with elegantly.

Thanks,Graham Bartram

Games Vexillologist,XVII Commonwealth Games,

Manchester 2002

To the Editor,Enclosed you will find our drawing

of a rattlesnake emblem whose ori-gin I would like to know more about.The emblem, a likeness of a rattle-snake coiled about a sword, appearson a silver cup that was manufac-tured in the early 1800s by Phila-delphia-based silversmiths Fletcherand Gardiner. On the cup, and be-neath the rattlesnake emblem, ap-pear three engraved initials; I regretthat because of wear, we are unable

to be certain what those initials are.Our research leads us to believe thatFletcher and Gardiner enjoyed aunion as silversmiths in the years1809-1810 and then again from1815-1825.I offer our sincere appreciation for

your help.Very truly yours,Deborah Haynes

Hall, Conerly, Mudd & Bolvig, PCBirmingham AL 35203

(205) 251-8143(205) 326-3202 FAX

NAVA News 35/4 - #176

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NORTH AMERICAN VEXILLOLOGICAL ASSOCIATIONTreasurer's Report

10/1/00-12/31/01 2002 2003

BUDGET ACTUAL BUDGET BUDGETINCOME

Dues 13,000 13,872 13,000 13,000 Driver Award 250 250 250 250 Misc Sales 500 1,422 500 500 Ads - 500 - - Contributions--Gen'l - 605 - 200 Cont.--Conservation - 275 - - Interest 500 1,405 500 - NAVA Mtg. 6,000 7,490 6,000 6,000

TOTAL INCOME 20,250 25,818 20,250 19,950

EXPENSES

PublicationsNAVA News Layout 2,200 2,200 2,200 1,000 Printing 2,800 3,676 2,800 2,800 Mailing 1,200 2,669 1,200 1,500 Total 6,200 8,545 6,200 5,300

RAVEN Layout 2,500 2,000 2,500 1,500 Printing 2,500 2,685 2,500 2,500 Mailing 1,000 326 1,000 500 Total 6,000 5,011 6,000 4,500

WEBSITE Fees 2,000 2,809 2,000 500

DIRECTORY Printing & Mailing 750 200 750 250

Meetings -- NAVA Mtg. 6,000 7,178 6,000 6,000

Administration P.O. Box 450 280 450 450 Mailings 700 1,219 700 700 Accounting 500 650 500 - Supplies 400 606 400 400 Bank Fees 250 213 250 100 Insurance - - - 250 Telephone 400 708 400 300 Officer Post/Misc - 517 - 100 Driver 250 500 250 250 Conservation Fund - 275 - - Contingency 500

2,950 4,968 2,950 3,050

TOTAL EXPENSES 23,900 28,711 23,900 19,600

Change in Fund Balance (3,650) (2,894) (3,650) 350

Treasurer’s ReportTed Kaye

[summary of presentation and outcome at NAVA 35, August 31, 2002]

Thanks for 5 Year’s ServicePeter Orenski served ably as

NAVA’s treasurer from 1996-2001.During that 5-year period he laid thegroundwork for NAVA’s current re-covery from deficit budgets, and I amgrateful for his sound record-keep-ing and constant concern for NAVA’sbottom line.Changing the Fiscal Year-End toDecember

At the 2001 annual meeting inNorfolk, NAVA members acceptedmy recommendation, endorsed byprevious treasurers, that theorganization’s fiscal year-end changefrom September 30 to December 31.This shift moves the year-end awayfrom landing nearly atop the annualmeeting (with its associated ex-penses and workload), and bringsthe fiscal year in line with the mem-bership-dues year, our donors’ in-come-tax year, and the calendaryear. The by-laws amendment con-firming this change passed at the2002 annual meeting in Denver.Therefore, for all reporting the 2000-01 fiscal year has been extended toencompass the 15 months ending12/31/01, and subsequent fiscalyears match the calendar year.Financial Challenges

Since 1995, NAVA has seen a shiftin resources, where the availabilityof volunteer services for some majorpublications-related professionaltasks has decreased. Specifically, thefunctions of webmaster, layout forNAVA News, and layout for Raven,once all provided by members at nocharge, have now increased in theirscope such that NAVA has neededto contract to pay for them. Fortu-nately, after three years of extraor-dinarily high costs for layout andother tasks, NAVA members (nota-bly Dave Martucci and Dick Gideon)stepped in to provide services toNAVA at rates significantly reducedbelow market. We’re grateful for theirgenerosity. The NAVA Board ap-proved all such transactions, andsince the 2001 annual meeting inNorfolk must solicit bids on all jobs

exceeding $500.Membership Dues Timing

While the by-laws call for member-ship dues to be paid up by January1 of each year, in the past few yearssuch funds have been receivedthroughout the year. For example,55% of all NAVA members had paidtheir 2002 dues by August, 2002.This may be partially attributable todelays in the publications (Ravenand NAVA News ). However, theBoard and Membership Committeehave committed to plans to reversethis trend by eliminating those de-lays and accelerating renewal no-tices.2003: A Budgeted Surplus

The blockbuster Raven 3-4, ‘Flagsof the Native Peoples of the UnitedStates’, provided NAVA with a sub-stantial surplus. It has used thatsurplus to subsidize later issues ofRaven, running deficits through2002. However, it is time that NAVAagain live within its means. At the2001 annual meeting in Norfolk,members supported a plan to ac-complish our publications goalswithin the resources available.The 2003 budget, adopted at the2002 annual meeting in Denver,calls for income and expenses re-sulting in a small surplus. TheBoard’s goal is to continue toseek partial volunteer servicesfor the key compensated tasks(webmaster services have al-ready been volunteered by JonRadel), as well as reduce ex-penses in other key areas (uti-lize non-profit mailing rates tocut postage costs in half, forgothe audit—which was only nec-essary after ICV 18 increaseNAVA’s revenues, and seek con-tributions to defray specific ex-penses).Discussion of Budgets & Ac-tual Results

The chart shows the budgetedand actual results for the last fis-cal period (the 15 months from10/1/00 to 12/31/01). WhileNAVA dipped into its reserves in

2000-01 (by $2,894), it did so lessthan it had budgeted ($3,650),thanks to stronger income than an-ticipated. NAVA’s reserves (Unre-stricted Fund Balance) stood at$21,941 at 12/31/01. For the cur-rent fiscal year (2002), NAVA hasagain budgeted for a loss (of$3,650)—it adopted the same bud-get two years running. However, withmost of 2002’s expenditures due tooccur in the last 5 months of theyear, year-to-date actual results arenot yet relevant. The budget adoptedfor next fiscal year (2003) shows thegoal of a small surplus ($350) as wellas planning for a contingency ($500).Future Reporting

Due to the change in fiscal year-end, future annual reporting ofNAVA’s financial results should ap-pear in the first NAVA News of thecalendar year.

Please contact me (kandsons@aol.com) or any board member withany questions or concerns.

October — December 2002

—15—

Chumley the Vexi-Gorilla™... Is the creation of Michael Faul, Editor of

Flagmaster, the distinguished journal of The FlagInstitute in the United Kingdom. To a field not

often blessed by humor’s grace, Mr Faul brings adelightfully light touch, deep vexillological roots,and sparkling whimsy.

CLASSIFIEDSNAVA Membership entitles you toone free classified ad per year. Addi-tional ads are US$2.00 plus 10¢ perword above 21 words. Address,email, etc. doesn’t count. Send adinformation to NAVA NEWS ADS,240 Calderwood Rd, Washington ME04574-3440 or email them to<navanews@nava.org>. Checks/money orders should be made pay-able to NAVA. Sorry, no cash, please.

NAVA NewsPublished quarterly by the North

American Vexillological Association(NAVA), PMB 225, 1977 N Olden Ave Ext,Trenton NJ 08618-2193 USA. ISSN1053-3338. Material appearing in NAVANews does not necessarily reflect thepolicy or opinion of NAVA, the executiveboard, or the editor.

Please send articles, letters to the edi-tor and inquiries concerning advertisingrates and permission to reprint articlesto:

David Martucci, Editor240 Calderwood Rd

Washington ME 04574-3440 USA(207) 845-2857

navanews@nava.orgArticles may be submitted in hard copy

or in any Macintosh or PC format (ex-cepting Lotus Word Pro) on 3.5” diskettesor Zip disks. A hard copy showing allformatting preferences should accom-pany the disk. Articles and/or disks ac-companied by a SASE will be returned.

NAVA is soliciting annual bids for for-matting, layout, and printing of its pub-lications. Please write to the addressbelow for more information.

Please send copies or originals of anyflag-related newspaper and magazineclippings and all non-NAVA News relatedcorrespondence, including change ofaddress or changes in email status tothe Association’s permanent address:

NAVAPMB 225

1977 N Olden Ave ExtTrenton NJ 08618-2193 USA

treas@nava.org

Visit NAVA on the web athttp://www.nava.org/

©2002 NAVA - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

To the Editor,I loved your web feature on bad

state flags (Good Flag/Bad Flag). Ilive in Pennsylvania, which has oneof those lame seal-on-a-blue-table-cloth flags. Here’s my idea for a bet-ter one. It’s like Canada’s flag withchanged colors and logo.

Mark MichalovicPhiladelphia

<markm@chemheritage.org>

B B/Au B

Dear Association,This is to inform you that

David E. Coughtry ofAltamont, NY, passed on ayear ago August. He certainlywould have renewed his mem-bership.

Sincerely,Mrs. David Coughtry

PO Box 469Altamont NY 12009-0469

Used and rare flag books for saleor trade. Telephone or email me fora list of books and charts available.Nick Artimovich, (410) 381-7684,nicholas.artimovich@att.net.

“Uncle Sam” Glenn Compton1925-2002

Glenn Edward Compton of Kettering, Ohio passedaway on November 28, 2002. He was born in Spring-field, Ohio on August 17, 1925 to Frank and Sarah (Lav-ender) Compton. Glenn had been a mamber of NAVAsince 1989 and attended a number of NAVA Conven-tions, often portraying Uncle Sam. In 1992 he wasawarded the Medal of Honor by the Daughters of theAmerican Revolution for his patriotic activities. BesidesNAVA, he was also a member of the National Flag Foun-dation, Dayton Executive Club, Dayton and Troy NewYork stamp clubs, Kettering Moraine Historical Soci-ety, and the Kentucky Colonels. A longtime vexillologist,Glenn contributed an article on the City Flag ofKettering, Ohio to The Flag Bulletin, Volume XV, No. 1,January-February 1976.

Glenn was much appreciated by NAVA Members whoattended the Conventions with him and will be missed.He is survived by his loving wife Lou Ellen and otherfamily members. Our sincere condolences go out tothem.

NAVA News 35/4 - #176

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http://www.fiav2003.com/

Make your plans now!

Visit NAVA’s Award-winning Web Sitehttp://www.nava.org

MONTRÉAL SYMBOLSReaders are reminded the Flag Design Contest for NAVA 37 will close

MARCH 1, 2003. Rules for entry were published in the last issue of NAVANEWS and are available online at http://www.nava.org.

As an aid to designing a flag of NAVA 37, which will take place 10-12October 2003 in Montréal, Québec, Canada, here are some idea sugges-tions from a NAVA member who is native of Montréal (Luc Baronian).Adopted emblems• City tree: crabapple tree• City bird: American GoldfinchNatural features that could be depicted or evoked• Mount Royal (from which Montréal gets its name)• The fact that Montréal is an island• The Saint-Lawrence and Rivière-des-Prairies rivers encircling the island• The Lachine rapids/canalArchitecture that could be depicted or evoked• Olympic Stadium• Jacques-Cartier Bridge

• Champlain Bridge• The Old Port Clock Tower

Graphic symbols• The old flower logo stopped being used with the 2002 mergers. A new

logo is expected in the Spring.• The old flag and arms are still used.• You can find these in English at:

http://www2.ville.Montreal.qc.ca/symboles/engl/symboa0.htmHistorical facts that may be alluded to• Montréal’s foundational name: Ville-Marie.• The founder of Montréal, Maisonneuve, and his coat of arms (gold with

three red flame torches lit up).• The arms of the first European to reach Montréal, Jacques Cartier in

1535 (azure with three golden pine cones).• The flags that flew over Montréal: Royal French, British, USA Continen-

tal Colors, Québec, Canada.• The original Native settlement’s name, Hochelaga, which refers to the

great Lachine rapids or the large beaver dams on them. Hochelaga isalso the name of the archipelago of which Montréal is the main island.

• The importance of fur trade in the original economic developpment ofthe city (the Olympic symbol of the city was a beaver and the beaver isthe city’s coat-of-arms’ crest).

• Montréal’s importance as a port.• Montréal as an Olympic city, 1976• Montréal as the hockey capital of

the world

• Founding year: 1642• Incorporation year: 1832• Unification of island as one city:

2002

NAVA CONTRIBUTORSHONOR ROLL

NAVA gratefully acknowledges the generous con-tributions of its members and friends. Their directfinancial support makes NAVA programs and pub-lications possible.Contributors to the NAVA Annual FundJanuary 2001 through November 2002

Phil AllenPeter AnsoffCarlos AriasHarold G. Arnwine IIJoan BeardWalter C. BraunschweigFrederick ChernikoffSecundino FernandezNathan JosephJohn KacharianTed KayeRichard S. KelchnerRev. Richardson A. LibbyDavid MaggiRobert ManningHarry ManoggJohn McGlynnDavid MeadTruman PopeJon RadelWoodrow W. RidgwayLoyal RohrbaughLarry SmithTME CompanyGilbert VegasEdward WestGordon White

Underwriters of the Driver AwardNational Flag FoundationTME Company

Contributors to the Flag Conservation FundJanuary 2001 through November 2002

Dr. Andrew R. Biles, Jr.Richard T. ClarkCarita CulmerJohn KingDavid B. MartucciKevin MurrayPeter OrenskiTruman PopeLoyal Rohrbaugh