Primate Society of Great BritainNo. 1112&72%(5�����

THE PRIMATE SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN Registered Charity No. 290185 Officers: President: Prof. Kim Bard (10) (Centre for the Study of Emotion, Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, King Henry Building, King Henry I Street, Portsmouth, Hampshire, PO1 2DY) Hon. Secretary: Dr Andrew Smith (13) (Department of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge, CB1 1PT) Hon. Treasurer Dr Clare Cunningham (12) (Department of Psychology, School of Social and Health Sciences, University of Abertay, Kydd Building (Level 5), Bell Street, Dundee, DD1 1HG) Council Members: Dr S. Cheyne (Oxford University) (11) Dr D. Custance (Goldsmiths) (11) Dr G. Donati (Oxford Brookes) – Convenor, Marketing Working Party (12) Dr G. Forrester (Westminster) (12) Dr B. Garrod (UCL, ZSL) (13) Dr T. Humle (Kent) (12) Dr B. Majolo (Lincoln) (11) Dr E. Nelson (Chester) (13) Dr S. O’Hara (Salford) - Research Working Party Convenor (12) I. Redmond OBE (GRASP) (13) J. Rode (Oxford Brookes) - Student Representative (13) Dr W. Sellers (Manchester) (13) Dr S. Shultz (Manchester) - Meetings Officer (11) Convenors of Working Parties: Dr C. Harcourt (National Centre for Zoonosis Research, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE) - Convenor, Conservation Working Party Dr P. Honess (Primate Behaviour and Welfare Consultant, Oxford) – Convenor, Captive Care Working Party Assistant Members of Council: Dr M. Blanchard (Liverpool) - official Society archivist Dr S. Evans (Du Mond Conservancy, c/o Monkey Jungle Inc., PO Box 246, Miami, Florida 33170, USA) - for US membership Dr T.C. Rae (Roehampton) - Editor, Primate Eye Mr C. Rosen MBE (IPPL) - Financial Advisor Honorary Members: Born Free Foundation Knowsley Safari Park Honorary Auditors: Messrs Morris & Co., Chester Subscription Rates: Annual subscription rates (send cheques and sterling drafts to the Treasurer): Full members and Associate members: Payment by Banker's Order £25.00 Payment by cheque, postal order, cash, credit card £27.50 Undergraduate and postgraduate student membership £15.00 (Membership of P.S.G.B. includes Primate Eye and supplements) Institutions wishing to receive Primate Eye and supplements only: Annual subscription £30.00 Overseas subscriptions may be paid at longer intervals by arrangement with the Treasurer

THE PRIMATE SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN founded on May 22 1967 by the Primate Group of the Zoological Society of London

Founding Council: J.R. NAPIER (President), R.P. MICHAEL (Hon.Sec.), R.J. ANDREW (Hon.Treasurer), E.H. ASHTON, L.D. BROOKES, C.R. COID, P. COTES, J.H. CROOK, J. DAVIES, R.N. T-W-FIENNES, R.A. HINDE, G.H. MANLEY, I. ROWLANDS, A.C. WARREN, L. WEISKRANTZ Past Presidents: 1967 - 1970 J.R. NAPIER 1986 - 1969 B. WOOD 1970 - 1973 R.P. MICHAEL 1989 - 1993 R.I.M. DUNBAR 1973 - 1976 R.N. T-W-FIENNES 1993 - 1998 H.O. BOX 1976 - 1979 M.H. DAY 1998 - 2001 P.C. LEE 1979 - 1982 R.D. MARTIN 2001 - 2005 R. BARTON 1982 - 1986 D.J. CHIVERS 2005 - 2010 A. MACLARNON Past Secretaries: 1967 - 1970 R.P. MICHAEL 1987 - 1990 R.C. HUBRECHT 1970 - 1974 K.R. HOBBS 1990 - 1993 P.C. LEE 1974 - 1975 V. REYNOLDS 1993 - 1996 C. ROSS 1975 - 1978 R.D. MARTIN 1996 - 1999 H. BUCHANAN-SMITH 1978 - 1981 A.F. DIXSON 1999 - 2005 J. LYCETT 1981 - 1985 S.K. BEARDER 2005 - 2010 C. SCHAFFNER 1985 - 1987 H.O. BOX 2010-2012 S. ELTON Past Treasurers: 1967 - 1970 R.J. ANDREW 1987 - 1990 S. KINGSLEY 1970 - 1974 A. JOLLY 1990 - 1994 R. CROMPTON 1974 - 1977 D.J. CHIVERS 1994 - 1998 G. R. HOSEY 1977 - 1980 E.B. KEVERNE 1998 - 2002 C. EVANS 1980 - 1984 L. AIELLO 2002 - 2009 R. HILL 1984 - 1987 A. MACLARNON 2009 - 2012 G. BROWN Past Editors: 1974 - 1977 N.R. CHALMERS 1993 - 1996 D. BRANDON-JONES 1977 - 1993 J.C. INGRAM 1996 - 2006 W. SELLERS Osman Hill Memorial Lecturers (established 1977): 1978 M.H. DAY 1996 T. ROWELL 1980 R.A. HINDE 1998 C.B. STRINGER 1982 F. BOURLIERE 2000 A.F. DIXSON 1984 P.M. BUTLER 2002 I. TATTERSALL 1986 J.P. HEARN 2004 C. VAN SCHAIK 1988 H. KUMMER 2006 A. JOLLY 1990 R.D. MARTIN 2008 W. MCGREW 1992 J.H. CROOK 2010 A. WHITEN 1994 R.I.M. DUNBAR 2012 S. BEARDER Napier Memorial Medal Winners (established 1991): 1991 CHRISTOPHER PRYCE 2003 SUSANNE SHULTZ 1993 MARTA LAHR 2005 CORRI WAITT 1995 CARLOS DREWS 2007 ANNIKA PAUKNER 1997 NICOLA KOYAMA 2009 ERIK WILLEMS 1999 MARK COLLARD 2011 LAUREN BRENT 2001 RUSSELL HILL Occasional Medal Winners (established 1996): 1997 JANE GOODALL CBE: Conservation 2007 CYRIL ROSEN MBE: Conservation 2008 STEPHEN NASH: Special Contributions to Primatology 2011 DAVID CHIVERS: Conservation 2011 DAVID WINDMILL: Special Contributions to Primatology Charles A. Lockwood Medal Winners (established 2009): 2009 CLAIRE SANTORELLI 2010 STEPHEN MONTGOMERY 2011 NIENKE ALBERTS 2012 NIENKE ALBERTS

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EDITORIAL As the days get shorter and the nights get longer, we here at P.E. Towers are always reinvigorated by the arrival of new postgraduate students. As with many learned societies, students are our lifeblood. Given the nature of academia, there will always be more students of primatology than professional practitioners; thus, they represent a substantial proportion of the membership. Students also provide a healthy dose of youthful enthusiasm, which helps to keep us silverbacks (and heads!) energised and focussed. Inevitably, the first thing out of my mouth to them involves ‘PSGB’ and ‘membership’. For many of them, the present issue of Primate Eye will be their first tangible benefit of Society membership; as such, it would be churlish not to welcome them. So, welcome all new student members of the Society. As they read through the present issue, students will also learn of the second tangible benefit of Society membership: reduced entrance fees for PSGB meetings. The Winter meeting information is given below; students and professional primatologists alike will undoubtedly be impressed by the strong line-up of invited speakers. Please note the call for both podium presentations and posters; this applies to ALL members, including students. We will be meeting in a different place this year, the Linnean Society, which has a slightly smaller capacity than our normal venue: book early to avoid disappointment, as it will surely sell out. And the perks don’t stop there. You will also notice the book reviews. Many of these are provided by our student members. Writing a review is a good way to get your name in print (and, coincidentally, snag an important, and usually expensive, book for free!). Please contact the book review editor with suggestions for new titles to review and watch the mailing list for calls for reviewers. This issue contains advice, primarily for professional primatologists, on securing Research Council grant support. But financial support is also offered by the PSGB itself and, along with the sage advice for the pros, we announce here two initiatives (available to students, as well) in the Lockwood and Warren memorial grant schemes. These schemes, when paired with our usual round of Research, Captive Care and Conservation grants, provide budding primatologists of all ilks access to funds unavailable anywhere else. We are obviously biased, but it all sounds like membership is an amazing deal. We hope our new student members think so, too. Welcome to the club.

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The articles and abstracts included in Primate Eye are not for citation or quotation without permission of the authors. The deadline for the next issue of Primate Eye is 15th January 2014. Items (manuscript or electronic in any standard format) for future issues should be sent to: Todd C. Rae Editor, Primate Eye Centre for Research in Evolutionary & Environmental Anthropology Department of Life Sciences University of Roehampton Holybourne Avenue London SW15 4JD Email: <editor@psgb.org> Tel: Intl. +44 (0)20 8392 3726 Fax: Intl. +44 (0)20 8392 3610 PSGB correspondence unrelated to Primate Eye should be addressed to the Hon. Secretary. Notification of change of address should be sent to the Membership Secretary. The PSGB WebSite can be found at <www.psgb.org>.

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ANNOUNCEMENT: PSGB AGM The Annual General Meeting of the Primate Society of Great Britain will be held during the Winter Meeting at the Linnean Society on the 11th of December 2013. The sixteen members of the Council and their assistants are given on the inside cover of this issue of Primate Eye. Kim Bard is retiring as our President and Debbie Custance, Tatyana Humle, Susan Cheyne and Bino Majolo are retiring from their seats on the Council. The Council propose Simon Bearder as our next President and Bridget Waller, Jo Setchell, Caroline Bettridge and Nienke Alberts as members of the Council. Any member wishing to put forward the names of any other eligible members in place of those on the list prepared by the Council should do so in writing to the General Secretary by 4th December 2013. In each case, if no fresh nominations are received, the Council's nominees will thereby be deemed elected. Otherwise election shall be by ballot at the meeting. Members are invited to submit items for the agenda. Any items you wish to raise should be sent to the General Secretary by 4th December 2013. The address for nominations and agenda items is: Andrew Smith Dept. Life Sciences Anglia Ruskin University East Road Cambridge, CB1 1PT <Andrew.Smith@anglia.ac.uk>

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PSGB WINTER MEETING 2013

Modelling primate social organisation

Wed, 11 Dec 2013 - 10.00 am Meeting room of the Linnean Society

Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1J 0BF, UK

Organisers: Susanne Shultz (Manchester), Nienke Alberts (UCL), Kit Opie (UCL)

The theme of the 2013 Winter Meeting is "Modelling primate social organisation". We will be holding the meeting at the Linnean Society, the oldest active biological society. Phyllis Lee will deliver the Osman Hill Memorial Lecture. Registration is now open <www.psgb.org>. The meeting room has a limited capacity, so please book early as we expect the meeting to sell out. The Linnean Society offer a buffet lunch including sandwiches and fruit (please see booking options on the website). There are also numerous choices for sandwiches and pubs nearby the society buildings. Student, PSGB Member £30.00 Ordinary / Associate PSGB Member £50.00 Student, Non-Member £45.00 Other Non-Member £80.00 Schedule Doors open at 09.00 and the meeting starts at 09.50. The first talk is at 10.00. Lunch and the PSGB AGM are at 13.00. A more detailed schedule will be available soon. Accommodation London has a huge range of accommodation, to suit most budgets. Accommodation can be found via the Visit London website <www.visitlondon.com/accommodation/>. PSGB and the meeting organisers do not recommend any specific accommodation and cannot guarantee the quality of any accommodation booked by meeting participants.

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Any further questions? Please email <meetings@psgb.org> or the organisers: Susanne Shultz, susanne.shultz@manchester.ac.uk Nienke Alberts, nienke.alberts@ucl.ac.uk Kit Opie, kit.opie@ucl.ac.uk Invited speakers: Osman Hill Memorial Lecture Reproductive costs and social evolution in primates and other mammals P.C. Lee Behaviour and Evolution Research Group, University of Stirling; Scottish Primate Research Group; Amboseli Trust for Elephants, Kenya Many explorations of sociality focus on either within-sex competitive or between-sex mating/parenting relationships to extract first principles for social evolution, both of which have been extremely effective as heuristic devices for exploring causal associations. Starting in the mid 1960s, however, a number of models explicitly linked these elements together in a more holistic, yet descriptive approach. Still, few models have considered variance or dynamics of sociality over time, while it is only relatively recently that non-invasive techniques have enabled a greater understanding of the mechanisms – energetic, hormonal, neural – that operate to enable or constrain options for social states and shifts between social states. My talk aims to provide an historical context for modelling social evolution in primates and other taxa, and then to illustrate where a novel understanding of mechanisms, especially those associated with reproductive energetics, could provide fascinating directions for future studies of both primates and other mammals. The Self Organization of Primate Social Systems, models and empirical data &KDUORWWH���������+HPHOULMNCentre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, the Netherlands Individual-based models with a high potential for self-organisation have shown that cognitively simple rules in individuals may lead to complex collective patterns. I will illustrate this for the complex patterns of aggression and affiliation in two types of social organization of primates, the intolerant or despotic society and the tolerant or egalitarian society.

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University of Groningen,

A model (called DomWorld) and its extension (GroofiWorld) deliver patterns of aggression and affiliation (mainly by grooming) that resemble these societies in many aspects despite the low level of cognition in the model: In DomWorld, individuals merely group and compete and in GroofiWorld, they also groom others if they are anxious to lose a fight. DomWorld generates patterns of aggression, dominance and spatial structure like in macaques. GroofiWorld shows also affiliative patterns similar to those of primates. For instance, reciprocation of grooming and support in fights and their exchange and reconciliation after fights. Note that these emerge without record-keeping and in the absence of a motivation to reconcile and without any knowledge of social relationships. These models have been validated because their new predictions have been confirmed in empirical data. Their predictions concern, for instance, the causes of the variability in intersexual dominance relationships among groups and species and the ‘exchange’ of contra-support (opposition) for being groomed and vice versa in intolerant species. These kinds of models help us to develop new hypotheses about the integration of different traits and the mechanisms underlying social behavior. Spatial models and the landscape of fear Russell Hill Department of Anthropology, University of Durham The nonlethal effects of predation risk can have a substantial impact on almost every aspect of prey behaviour and ecology, with spatial variation in predation risk one of the key drivers of these nonlethal effects. Spatial variation in predation risk generates a “landscape of fear”, with prey animals modifying their distribution and behaviour in response to this variable predation risk. Whilst previous studies have highlighted that the landscape of fear is the most important landscape within an animal’s environment, is it also recognised as the most difficult to quantify. Here I review our observational and experimental work to examine the behavioural responses of vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops pygerythrus) and samango monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis erythrarchus) to their landscapes of fear within the Soutpansberg Mountains, South Africa, an environment where they are subject to predation by leopards, eagles, baboons and snakes. Our observational results suggest that predation risk is more important than other ecological factors such as food availability in determining the range use of these primates, although the significance of the predator-specific

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landscapes of fear differs between species. Spatial variation in vigilance is also significantly influenced by the landscape of fear. Experimental measures based on giving up densities also reveal antipredatory responses consistent with the observational data, although the precise relationships differ subtly between the observational and experimental methods. Nevertheless, through adopting an integrated spatial approach to predation risk we can start to determine the precise significance of predation in shaping primate behaviour. Chance and necessity shaping interactions in the socioecological landscape of individuals David Lusseau School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen We know that social interactions are ubiquitous in life domains from bacteria to protists, to plants and mammals. Importantly, individuals can gain fitness advantages from these interactions. In a wide range of species interaction rates are high, and those interactions percolate populations to form social networks. Observational studies show that social network structure and dynamics vary between species and are influenced by socioecological factors. Despite this understanding of sociality, we still lack a generalised understanding of the way in which this social landscape evolves. I propose here a generalistic framework in which to understand social landscape dynamics. I will first show that social structure is not a fixed feature within species, but can vary between populations as well as within population over time. I will show that this variability is best understood as emerging from individuals trying to maximise net benefits from interaction trade-offs in their socioecological landscape. I will also show that in species interacting in a variety of behavioural contexts, the same principle applies when we consider that their social networks are multiplex of interactions. I propose that social structure emerges from the chance and needs individuals encounter to exploit information in their socioecological landscape. In this paradigm, social structure emerges from individual-level selection pressures on interactions. These structures can feedback constraints or opportunities in interactions. Social complexity emerges from the ability, and the needs, of individuals to exploit their sensory modalities and cognitive abilities to develop new ways to extract information from conspecifics.

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Time management and social flexibility in great apes Julia Lehmann University of Roehampton, London Time can be viewed as a major ecological constraint in that all animals need to be able to satisfy their needs, such as feeding, resting and social needs, within a certain time frame. If this cannot be achieved, animals may not be able to survive. The time that is needed to fulfil those needs is driven by the ecological and social conditions, which will ultimately determine not only the biogeographical distribution of species but also the socio-ecological stress they are experiencing. To some extent time can be traded between activities, but this may came with a cost, as investments in other activities will be reduced. In social species, the time available for social bonding will affect social cohesion of the group. In situations of ecological stress (e.g., food shortage), social time can be traded for other activities, which may lead to changes in social structure, suggesting some degree of social flexibility. Here I will give an overview of how time budget models can be used to assess ecological stress and the potential for social flexibility in Great Apes. Although all three taxa are highly social they differ in their social systems and the degree of flexibility. Once social flexibility has reached its limits, a species might be less able to respond to changes in their environment, which will be of great concern for conservation efforts. Using time budget models, we found that while gorillas might still be able to respond to changes in their environment by social flexibility (i.e., forming smaller and more flexible groups), chimpanzees and orang-utans appear to have exhausted their potential to alter social parameters, which may put them at even greater risk to future anthropogenic disturbances. Social Evolution: Collective, Computational, and Driven by Uncertainty Reduction Jessica Flack Center for Complexity and Collective Computation, Wisconsin Institute for Discovery and Santa Fe Institute Social systems like other biological systems are hierarchically organized with multiple, functional time and space scales. A challenge is to explain how these scales and their associated macroscopic properties arise and change with time. In physical systems, the critical macroscopic properties – entropy, pressure, volume, energy, and temperature – were derived from first principles and subsequently validated through microscopic models. In biology, evolved constraints and components capable of inference make it unlikely that we will be able to a priori derive the important macroscopic properties and their relation to one another from first principles; rather we must start with intuition about which macroscopic properties are functionally relevant to system components and, with a firm footing in the

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statistical mechanics, build generative models parameterized by the microscopic data to study how structure arises. Additionally, the causal consequences of component interactions in biological systems can be nontrivial and counterintuitive as components have only partially correlated fates, use inference to minimize uncertainty, and differ in their resource holding potential and connectivity and so make variable causal contributions to the target macroscopic properties. I suggest there is insight to be gained from describing the microscopic behavior fully before constructing effective theories for social structure. I will discuss how probabilistic social circuits can be used to capture the mapping between microscopic behavior and macroscopic output. I will then touch on how we can use coarse-graining and compression and what we know about the computational capacities of components to move towards a cognitively principled effective theory for the social structure produced by the circuit. I will illustrate these points using data from a macaque society that I have been using as a model system for social evolution. Group coordination and collective decision-making by primates Andrew King University of Swansea Primate groups need to remain coordinated in their activities and collectively decide when and where to travel if they are to accrue the benefits and minimise the costs of sociality. The achievement of coordinated activity and group decision making therefore has important implications for individual survival and reproduction. In this talk I will describe research we have undertaken (mainly with chacma baboons) that shows how scale-free properties of affiliative networks result in an ‘embedded’ leader-follower dynamic that is achieved through simple movement rules. More broadly, I suggest these rules, and the decisions they give rise to, may allow individuals to utilise the knowledge of elder, dominant, or natal individuals whilst simultaneously maintaining social bonds with highly connected individuals which may bring fitness benefits itself. Call for talks/posters A limited number of spaces for oral presentations abstracts along the meeting theme are available. We also welcome and encourage abstracts for posters and these are not restricted to the meeting theme.

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FUTURE MEETINGS

PSGB Spring Meeting 2014 Oxford Brookes

Organiser:

Giuseppe Donati <gdonati@brookes.ac.uk>

PSGB Winter Meeting 2014 University of Birmingham

(January 2015, jointly with the Anatomical Society) Ecomorphology

Organiser: Susannah Thorpe, University of Birmingham

<s.k.thorpe@bham.ac.uk>

PSGB Spring Meeting 2015 University of Roehampton

Date TBA

Organiser: Todd C. Rae, University of Roehampton < t.rae@roehampton.ac.uk>

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PSGB membership meeting survey In January and February 2013, we asked for membership feedback about how we run the society meetings. We received sixty-five replies, from all career levels, representing approximately 15% of the active membership. There was a clear consensus for a number of aspects about meetings. Firstly, the membership is strongly in favour of two meetings per year, a full day meeting in December and a one and a half day meeting in the spring. Secondly, most members support a thematic winter meeting, but a non-thematic (or partially thematic) spring meeting. When the spring meeting is partially thematic, there should be clear open sessions not limited to the meeting theme. Thirdly, a clear priority for members is to have invited, internationally recognized, key-note speakers at the winter meeting. There was consistent agreement that we should encourage the inclusion of mid- and early- career speakers at the Easter meeting. Fourthly, members who have not recently given talks commented that this is because meeting themes have not been in their research area. This applies to both the winter and spring meetings, suggesting that both meetings often have a strong thematic feel, which can discourage participation. There was less agreement on several other questions. Reasons for non-attendance varied but focused on dates being inconvenient and thematic topics not being in the field of interest. We appreciate that dates are not necessarily convenient for all members but the general feeling is that an early December meeting and an Easter meeting are the most convenient times for the majority of the membership. The winter meeting is perceived as more easy to get to than the spring meetings. Given this feedback, we have the recommendations for future meetings: Firstly, ensure that spring meetings do not come across as overly thematic. Secondly, encourage the submission of some non-student talks on any research topic at the spring meeting. Thirdly, maintain a one and half day format for the spring meeting. A document with detailed responses to the questions is available on the PSGB website. Susanne Shultz Meetings officer

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How to get Research Grants from UK Research Councils People gathering at the pub after PSGB meetings will often tell you that it is impossible to get funding for primatology. This is not actually true, and the purpose of this article is to show how you might be able to get money. However, this is not a general guide to funding. There are lots of sources of small grants and they each have their own criteria. This guide is for academics in permanent jobs looking to get substantial funding from the major UK research councils, and perhaps from some of the larger charities. There is no magic wand that guarantees success but there are a number of things that you need to do to improve the chances of getting your research funded. Firstly, you need to keep writing grants. The success rate for all the research councils is about 25% on average. That means that you need to fail to get about 10 grants in a row before you are statistically different from the mean. That is a lot of grants, and given that you are not encouraged to submit the same grant more than once, that is a lot of research ideas. Many people give up writing grants well before they have had 10 failures, and if we assume that primatology has a lower chance than 25%, you may need to write even more before you could reasonably decide that your research is unfundable. Of course, no one wants to review lots of substandard grants and the research councils are bringing in triage measures to ensure a minimum quality, but the bottom line is that if you want funding you need to be prepared to grow a thick skin and write a lot of grants. Secondly, you need to remember that the research councils primarily fund basic science. Practical science needs to look elsewhere. The exceptions to this tenet are the MRC if your research project has a strong medical or veterinary application and EPSRC if you have a big engineering component. NERC and BBSRC will also fund projects that involve technique development. However, it is probably the case that projects that are primarily conservation led are not fundable by research councils. As a reviewer, it is relatively easy to spot a project that does not have a strong scientific basis. These projects tend to lack a strong theoretical underpinning, and do not have clear, testable hypotheses. It is not that every project requires a hypothesis: if the element of discovery is important enough, or an area is sufficiently new, you can get away without it. However, a good hypothesis is the best starting point for any research project. If you do not have a hypothesis, then this needs to be an active decision and very well justified, and if you do have a hypothesis then the expected outcome must be based on a sound theoretical understanding and not just a gut feeling. Research outputs also need to be general. You need to explain why your research could act as a model system and how your outputs will be of interest to as wide a group of academics as possible. Of course that means that some areas of research are more easily funded than

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others simply because of popularity, but equally in these more popular areas (chimpanzees, for example), there is more competition. Thirdly, research councils are looking for novelty. You need to ask yourself what is new about what you are proposing to do. That means that yet more work on a well studied species, or the same basic research methodology performed on yet another species is difficult to justify. This can be very troublesome because you also need to show that a piece of research is likely to succeed, and the best way of doing that is by having a track record of previous research in the same area. There is a fine line between having an adventurous, novel project, and one that is considered too risky to succeed. Similarly, research that is based on significant previous work can be considered too incremental to be funded. In the end I would tend to err on the side of optimism. You always need to ask yourself whether you are demonstrating a really good, clever idea. Everyone likes a good idea! Collecting baseline data on an understudied species is a very hard sell to research councils. Fourthly, you need to think in terms of the Science or Nature paper that you will publish if the research goes well. That gives you a good benchmark of the standard expected. Obviously there is no guarantee that things will work that well, but if you honestly think the best that you can manage is a series of papers in the primatological literature then your project is probably not sexy enough to be funded. This links back to the basic science ideas earlier. You have to be addressing a big question in basic biology using primate species as a model system, or you have to be engaging with a big evolutionary question of general interest, or you have to be dealing with the big picture in terms of conservation, biodiversity or climate change. Remember you are asking for hundreds of thousands of pounds and that sort of money is only available for projects that are obviously important to a lot of your fellow scientists. There are a number of other aspects of the grant application process that may make a difference. One is clearly the amount of money you ask for. The standard grant (say between £250,000 and £500,000) pays for a 3-year postdoc to do whatever work you want them to do. If you ask for a lot less - perhaps to do a proof of concept study over 1 year - then the standard expected is a little lower. Certainly if a big grant is knocked back then scaling back might be the right approach. Of course someone has still got to do the work, but for small grants it is possible that this can be done by the PI which will save a lot of money. Conversely, it is important to budget correctly for research work. If the science is good enough then there is a lot of money available, so asking for a million pounds is perfectly feasible. Saying that, this had better be a really amazing grant and you might need a track record of successfully managing a big project before you will be trusted with that sort of cash.

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People often get quite hung up about the various impact statements that are now required. Generally, in deciding who gets funding, these are considered after the science case and a good impact statement will never compensate for inadequate basic science. Equally, if the basic science is good enough, the grant will not fail because the impact statement is poor. Impact statements serve two purposes. Firstly, they can get used to rank grants in the funding grey areas which can be important. Secondly, they can provide money for some of the things you actually want to do that do not fit into the science case such as producing educational materials for local human populations in range countries. Finally, it is important to separate the grant application from the actual research you ultimately do. The grant application is all about getting funding, but the funding bodies know that the actual research work that gets done may only match up approximately. There is always spare time to do other things, and the direction of the research may change as a consequence of results obtained early on. In particular, you may well be able to do some practical and useful things at the same time as pursuing the basic science. One other thing to remember is that the decision on funding relies primarily on peer review. Someone else's research projects are never as good as the one that you just failed to get funding for. However, it is very important to be supportive of good projects. Small research fields can easily implode if everyone starts being too negative about other people's research. We are rarely in direct competition with each other and fostering a generally positive attitude can really help everyone. Bill Sellers University of Manchester

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Announcement: Lockwood Initiative for Dissemination

The Society invites applications for the Lockwood Initiative for Dissemination. The £300 award, generously donated by the Lockwood family, is intended to support dissemination of primatological research. Dissemination could include, but is not limited to, attendance and presentation of research at a major conference, public education or other out-reach, or capacity building in primate host countries. This LID competition will run alongside the RWP (Research Working Party) research grant competition, i.e. LID applications should be submitted via the same portal on the website and by the same closing date (31st January 2014). Further details and requirements can be found on the website.

Announcement: Annual Ymke Warren Memorial grant

The Conservation Working Party will award an annual grant of £750 in memory of Ymke Warren <www.4apes.com/ymke/> who was murdered while working in Cameroon on the conservation of the critically endangered Cross River gorilla. The award is intended for early career gorilla researchers and conservationists from gorilla range state countries. Anyone fitting these criteria who is interested in this grant can contact Caroline Harcourt, the CWP Convenor <cwp@psgb.org>, at any time for more details.

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Announcement: Zoo Research Handbook

Many of you who have undertaken primate research in zoos, or have supervised students doing zoo-based projects, will be aware of the Research Guidelines published by BIAZA (the British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums). These have now been extensively revised, up-dated and collated into a single Handbook of Zoo Research, a fantastic resource which is freely available through the BIAZA website: <www.biaza.org.uk/uploads/Committees/RC/Research Guidelines/BIAZA Handbook of Zoo Research 2013.pdf> Or by going to the BIAZA main page and following the links through ‘Research’. This contains guidance on project planning, design and statistical analysis appropriate for all zoo-based projects, including behavioural and physiological ones. It also contains more specific guidance about topics like questionnaire-based studies, use of zoo records, measuring adrenal response, and nutritional research, as well as giving information about legal and ethical issues. The previous guidelines series was very well used, and we hope that the new Handbook will be even more successful in supporting and promoting good quality zoo research, so please use them, and direct your students towards them. Geoff Hosey BIAZA Research Committee <gh2@bolton.ac.uk>

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With examples from all primate habitats of the world

Primate-Predator Interactions Editors Dawn BurnhamSusan M. Cheyne

Based on a Primate Society of Great Britain (PSGB) and Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU) special meeting on primates and felids, this Folia Primatologica special issue provides a rich selection of current primate and predator research across all primate habitats and regions of the world. It covers topics as diverse as global similarities and differences in primate and felid distributions and conservation measures, human conflict with primates and felids, the evolutionary history and palaeo-ecology of predation on primates, predation by felids on nocturnal primates, primate antipredator behaviour, spatial interactions between patas monkeys and predators, ape predation in Africa and predation effects on group living in baboons.

Special Offer As a member of the Primate Society of Great Britain, you are entitled to a reduced-rate subscription to Folia Primatologica:

• Print Subscription GBP 62.00• Online Subscription GBP 25.00• Online Subscription Student Member GBP 15.00

www.karger.com/form/psgb

C O N T E N T SPreface: Burnham, D.; Cheyne, S.M.

Life and Dinner under the Shared Umbrella: Patterns in Felid and Primate Communities: Burnham, D.; Hinks, A.E.; Macdonald, D.W.

A Problem Shared Is a Problem Reduced: Seeking Efficiency in the Conservation of Felids and Primates: Macdonald, D.W.; Burnham, D.; Hinks, A.E.; Wrangham, R.

The Evolutionary History and Palaeo-Ecology of Primate Predation: Macaca sylvanus from Plio-Pleistocene Europe as a Case Study: Meloro, C.; Elton, S.

Predation by Mammalian Carnivores on Nocturnal Primates: Is the Lack of Evidence Support for the Effectiveness of Nocturnality as an Antipredator Strategy?: Burnham, D.; Bearder, S.K.; Cheyne, S.M.; Dunbar, R.I.M.; Macdonald, D.W.

Why Mob? Reassessing the Costs and Benefits of Primate Predator Harassment: Crofoot, M.C.

Loud Calls, Startle Behaviour, Social Organisation and Predator Avoidance in Arboreal Langurs (Cercopithecidae: Presbytis): Nijman, V.; Nekaris, K.A.I.

Avoidance of Mammalian Predators by Patas Monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) in a Risk Landscape: Burnham, D.; Riordan, P.

Sleeping Site Selection by Agile Gibbons: The Influence of Tree Stability, Fruit Availability and Predation Risk: Cheyne, S.M.; Höing, A.; Rinear, J.; Sheeran, L.K.

Non-Human Predator Interactions with Wild Great Apes in Africa and the Use of Camera Traps to Study Their Dynamics: Klailova, M.; Casanova, C.; Henschel, P.; Lee, P.; Rovero, F.; Todd, A.

Attempted Predation by Nigeria-Cameroon Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes ellioti) on Preuss’s Red Colobus (Procolobus preussi) in the Ebo Forest, Cameroon: Morgan, B.J.; Suh, J.N.; Abwe, E.E.

Predation as a Determinant of Minimum Group Size in Baboons: Bettridge, C.M.; Dunbar, R.I.M.

Unusually High Predation on Chacma Baboons (Papio ursinus) by Female Leopards (Panthera pardus) in the Waterberg Mountains, South Africa: Jooste, E.; Pitman, R.T.; van Hoven, W.; Swanepoel, L.H.

Mangrove and Peat Swamp Forests: Refuge Habitats for Primates and Felids: Nowak, K.

From Cheetahs to Chimpanzees: A Comparative Review of the Drivers of Human-Carnivore Conflict and Human-Primate Conflict: Dickman, A.J.

S. KargerMedical and Scienti! c PublishersBasel . Freiburg . Paris . London . New York . New Delhi . Bangkok . Beijing . Tokyo . Kuala Lumpur . Singapore . Sydney

Primate-Predator Interactions Guest Editors Dawn Burnham, OxfordSusan M. Cheyne, Oxford

printISSN 0015–5713

Folia Primatol83(3–6) 141–390 (2012) 83 | 3–6 | 12 online

ISSN 1421–9980www.karger.com/fpr

ISBN 978–3–318–02279–7

250 p., 49 fig., 23 tab., 2013CHF 56.– / EUR 47.– / USD 66.00 (soft cover)Prices subject to changeEUR price for Germany, USD price for USA onlyISBN 978–3–318–02279–7 (soft cover)

www.karger.com/fpr

Now an official journal of the PSGB

KI13

662

BOOK REVIEWS

HOW WE DO IT - THE EVOLUTION AND FUTURE OF HUMAN REPRODUCTION Robert Martin (2013) Basic Books ISBN: 0465030157 (Paperback) £17.99 The science of human reproduction is an emotive and controversial topic, with advances in this area never failing to grab headlines. Arguments are common, from the best ways to bring up children and how a woman’s behaviour and choices during pregnancy affect her unborn child to contraception and assisted fertilisation, and they have deep cultural and religious, as well as scientific facets. While people are often convinced that ‘natural is better’ in many aspects of reproduction, the challenge is determining what is really natural. In-depth research into how humans evolved to reproduce and raise children, however, has been lacking. Robert Martin’s book enters this field with a detailed examination of the evolution of reproduction. He goes on to suggest how people can apply this knowledge, when making decisions about how best to approach the reproductive challenges that face them. His book provides an excellent and engaging summary of the current scientific knowledge of human reproductive behaviour, physiology and anatomy, from the evolution of sex cells to the costs and benefits of different child care practices. This book also includes a great deal of detail from Martin’s own research, including new ideas that challenge several commonly held assumptions concerning the timing of conception and gestation length, as well as posing new questions and suggesting directions for future research. The book is divided into eight chapters. The first examines the fundamental differences between the sexes, and explores the roles of sperm and egg in human reproduction and the history of our current understanding of this topic. The second chapter discusses seasonality and cycles in reproduction, contrasting the menstrual cycle of humans and great apes with the reproductive cycles of other mammals and discusses how seasons affect human reproductive function and the impact that modern electric lighting may be having on these natural patterns. The third chapter examines human social systems, and looks at determining the natural human mating system through comparison with the mating systems and reproductive physiology of other primates, whilst the fourth examines pregnancy and the birth process, with particular emphasis on the apparent variability of human gestation length and the uniquely challenging nature of human birth. In the firth chapter infant growth and development is examined, focussing on the secondarily altricial nature of human infants and the fundamental links

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between large brain size and many human reproductive adaptations, from gestation length to child care. Chapter six is devoted to the topic of breast feeding, from the evolution of lactation in mammals to the benefits to human infants of breast-feeding over bottle-feeding. In the penultimate chapter, the discussion of child care is broadened, including discussions of infant carriage, potty-training and mother-infant bonding. Martin concludes the book with a final chapter discussing how scientific understanding can be applied to regulating our reproductive processes both in terms of suppression, via contraception, and promotion, via assisted fertilisation. Throughout the book Martin demonstrates how effective the comparative approach to understanding human reproduction can be by comparing human reproductive processes with those of our close and more distant relatives. In the chapter devoted to breast feeding, suckling styles are compared between species such as rabbits and tree shrews, which keep their young in a nest or burrow, visiting them just once every one or two days to feed them very high quality milk (high in protein and fat), and most primates, which carry their infants around with them allowing the infant to suckle whenever they choose on relatively low quality milk. Since human milk has a low fat and protein content even for a primate, Martin suggests that this knowledge makes the idea of suckling human infants on a rigid schedule, popular in the first half of the 20th century, ‘simply shocking’. Another notable feature of this book is Martin’s focus on the history of reproductive science. The first chapter opens with the question “Where do babies come from?” and provides an account of how our knowledge of reproductive processes has grown. This follows the development of ideas from that of spontaneous generation and the idea that pregnancy resulted from mixing semen with menstrual blood through to Leeuwenhoek’s discovery of sperm cells in 1667 and Spallanzani’s experiments with frogs in taffeta trousers in the 1760s, which showed that, without contact from sperm, eggs would not develop into tadpoles, at once providing the first clear evidence against spontaneous generation and the first demonstration of the barrier method of contraception. In this book complex scientific detail is combined with historical examples and interesting anecdotes from Martin’s own carrier, making this book a very enjoyable read that will engage both those experienced in this field and those with little previous knowledge of human reproduction. Emily Lodge University of Roehampton

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HANDBOOK OF THE MAMMALS OF THE WORLD, VOL. 3. PRIMATES Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands and Don E. Wilson (Eds) Lynx Edicions in association with Conservation International and IUCN, 2013 ISBN-13: 978-84-96553-89-7 £137.52 The diversity of primates continues to astound. From the diminutive Madame Berthe’s mouse lemur (weighing just 31 grams) to the Grauer’s gorilla (males of which exceed 200kg), they have evolved an astonishing variety of size and form in almost every habitat on earth. And as the order of mammals in which taxonomists place humans, one might expect primates to be the best known. And yet even a simple question such as, ‘How many species of primate are there?’ is difficult to answer. Of course, producing a definitive work is always a challenge. Scientific opinions differ, new discoveries come along, and publishing books is a slow process, but this mighty tome is arguably the most comprehensive yet on non-human primates. Volume three of the inappropriately named Handbook (it weighs nearly 5 kilos/10lbs!) of Mammals has it all and deserves a place in every academic library (perhaps with some shelf reinforcement) as well as enthusiasts among the general public. It contains lavishly illustrated chapters by dozens of specialists covering each of the 16 Families, plus systematic descriptions, with distribution maps and beautiful artwork by Stephen Nash, of every species and sub-species known at the time of going to press (curiously, Homo sapiens is the only species not given such a description). For those who like numbers, this includes 77 genera, 479 species and 681 taxa including sub-species. But there have been at least four new species described since the text was sent to the printers, and taxonomic revisions will undoubtedly continue as research reveals new details of their genetic history and systematic relationships. What makes this book stand out though is the sense it gives of primates in their own habitat – almost all of the photographs are in the wild (or in some cases in naturalistic sanctuaries). Some of them are stunning and of seldom seen, let alone photographed, events – a tiger eating a Bengal sacred langur in Ranthambore, baboons mobbing a leopard in the Masai Mara, a Panamanian white-faced capuchin eating a lizard, a black-capped squirrel monkey apparently using a leaf as a drinking vessel in Manu National Park, Peru – it is not just the great apes that have tool-using abilities. The important role that primates play in the ecology of their various habitats is stressed, as is their conservation status. In fact, necessarily, conservation is a running theme throughout the book. With 54 per cent of primate taxa listed as threatened and endangered by IUCN (co-publishers of the series)

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the photographs and text captivate the reader with the detail of the complex lives of tarsiers, lemurs, lorises, monkeys and apes, and remind us of what we stand to lose if we continue on our current path of destroying their homes. Primates are the gardeners of the forest – they variously pollinate, prune, control pests, create light-gaps and – most importantly – disperse seeds throughout tropical and sub-tropical forests, woodlands and savannahs. Now that we recognise that these habitats are crucial to the stability of our climate and weather patterns, is this the book to convince governments and corporations that their future is our future, and make funding decisions accordingly? Ian Redmond Ape Alliance THE AKO SERIES: MADAGASCAR LEMUR ADVENTURES Dr Alison Jolly and Hantanirina Rasamimanana Illustrated by Deborah Ross and Designed by Melanie McElduff Lemur Conservation Foundation ISBN 978-0-9766009-6-1 $30.00 (series) $5.00 (individually) This series, with six short adventure stories about different lemurs found throughout Madagascar, is a fantastic collection of children stories. Each story is jam packed with natural history facts so that children (and adults!) learn without realizing it as the stories and images are so captivating. The beautiful artwork captures the smallest details of the Malagasy forest in a way which is very accurate yet fosters creativity and encourages ones imagination to take it to the next stage. Each storybook ends on an information page with facts about Madagascar and the species highlighted in the story. The books can be purchased in English but they are also published with English and Malagasy text for use in conservation education projects within Madagascar. Any child would enjoy these storybooks but this series is so much more than simply a collection of children’s stories about lemurs. I once had the pleasure of hearing Dr Alison Jolly speak at a conference. Her message stressed the need for educators and conservationists to be sure their educational materials were culturally relevant and relatable to their audience to maximize the success of the transmission of their message. She presented an example of a book about lemurs written for a western audience in which a group of children were seeing lemurs for the first time. But when shown to Malagasy children, they fixated on the images of children with colorful backpacks and fancy shoes, missing the vital messages. Thus the Ako series was born from the need for relatable educational material about lemurs in Madagascar. This series shows that she practises what she

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preaches as the authors have managed to make these stories relatable to both children in the western world and the lemur habitat country, Madagascar. These storybooks have been used to raise awareness about Madagascar in the USA, the UK and in China as well as in education projects throughout Madagascar. The books range from some more suitable for younger children to those slightly more suitable for older children. The series is also translatable across the many different cultures within Madagascar. I have used these books in education projects in Northwestern and Southeastern Madagascar, both with much success. The authors believe in the power of these books and want to take the time to be sure educators know how to get the maximum benefit from them. There are teachers’ guides available both in English and Malagasy. Dr Rasamimanana, who has held teacher workshops in Madagascar to help develop these guides, taught me how to use the series in her own home in Madagascar before I set out into the field with them in hand. In remote schools in Madagascar, resources are often incredibly difficult to come by. The authors stress the importance of each school having multiple sets of the whole series, allowing the children to touch and read them rather than teachers merely reading from the front of the class. The series can be used not only for teaching Science and Conservation but also for Geography, History, Language, English Lessons and Art. The focus of this review has been heavy on the in-situ usage of this series but it really is an excellent set for any teacher, parent, educator or lemur enthusiast to add to their library. The books are so thoughtfully written and illustrated; they are a pleasure to read. Each story has a rich life lesson built in between natural history facts and the plot. My personal favourite is the heartwarming story of a young Madame Berthe’s mouse lemur who feels insecure about how small she is compared to the other lemurs but through an heroic deed comes to feel “like the biggest lemur in Madagascar”. The series inspired me to learn more about some of the species and regions of Madagascar which I am not familiar with myself! Megan K. Shrum Azafady and Lambas for Lemurs

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The content of Primate Eye is printed on recycled paper by Top Copy, Bristol BS16 6JE

Primate Society of Great Britain

PRIMATE EYE No 111 OCTOBER 2013

• CONTENTS • Page

Editorial … … … … … … … 1 Announcement: PSGB AGM … … … … 3 PSGB Winter Meeting 2013: Modelling primate social organisation 4 Invited Speaker Abstracts … … … … 5 Call for Talk/Poster Abstracts… … … … 9 Future Meetings: … … … … … … 10 Spring 2014 Winter 2014 Spring 2015 PSGB membership meeting survey … … … 11 How to get Research Grants from UK Research Councils … 12 Announcement: Lockwood Initiative for Dissemination… … 15 Announcement: Annual Ymke Warren Memorial grant… … 15 Announcement: Zoo Research Handbook … … … 16 Book Reviews: How We Do It – The Evolution and Future of Human Reproduction … … … … … 18 Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Vol. 3: Primates 20 The Ako Series: Madagascar Lemur Adventures … 21 ISSN 0305-8417