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Editorial Open Access Chen et al., J Nanomed Nanotechol 2012, 3:8 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7439.1000e122 Volume 3 • Issue 8 • 1000e122 J Nanomed Nanotechol ISSN:2157-7439 JNMNT an open access journal Optical imaging approaches offer the potential for non-invasive diagnosis and real-time, high-resolution, in vivo disease monitoring. Usually using UV to near-infrared (NIR) light, optical imaging uses wavelength-dependent interactions (scattering, absorption and fluorescence) in tissues to yield unique contrasts. 650-900 nm wavelength NIR optical fluorescence imaging has become a particularly attractive technology for disease diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and drug screening due to its low absorption, and significant autofluorescence imaging depth in vivo [1-3]. However, the lack of significant endogenous fluorescence contrast limits the diagnosis ability of this technology. erefore to increase the signal-to-noise ratio and improve imaging resolution, the development of exogenous NIR optical contrast agents is a necessity [4-6]. Currently the only NIR fluorescent contrast agent approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for direct administration in medical diagnostics is Indocyanine Green (ICG) [7,8]. ICG is a water-soluble, amphiphilic tricarbocyanine dye with the adsorption and emission maxima around 780 and 810 nm, respectively [9]. Due to its low toxicity (LD 50 of 50-80 mg/kg for animal subjects) [10] and capacity to absorb and emit in the NIR spectral range, ICG is used clinically as a contrast agent for visualizing blood and clearance, studying liver function, and guiding biopsies [11-13]. Despite its many advantages, ICG is still limited by several drawbacks: i) it aggregates easily into amphiphilic molecules in aqueous solutions to induce self quenching and low quantum yields [14]; ii) when administered in molecular form, ICG is rapidly cleared from the body with a short half-life about 2-4 min [15-17]; iii) it oſten binds to proteins leading to rapid agglomeration [11]; iv) it undergoes oxidation and dimerization, resulting in decreased absorption/emission and variability in the maximum absorption wavelength [18,19]; v) it is instable in aqueous solutions and prone to photobleaching under light exposure [16,20]; vi) ICG lacks target moieties for molecular imaging. To address these intrinsic drawbacks of ICG for in vivo imaging, a potential approach is to encapsulate ICG into nanocarriers that provide increased stability, protection from nonspecific plasma protein binding, prolonged circulation times and potential targeting. is editorial will focus on some of recent advances in the design of NIR contrast agents based on nanovector encapsulation of ICG. ere are many of reports that ICG encapsulators, such as (poly (lactic-coglycolic acid)(PLGA) nanoparticles (diameter ~360 nm) and silica-polymer composite microcapsules (diameter ~0.6 to 2 μm) improve the molecular instability of ICG and prolong its plasma half- life [21,22]. However, both of these nanoparticles are limited in size for in vivo tumor imaging depending on their EPR effects. Recently, several publications have reported promising results using smaller nanoparticles to encapsulate ICG for in vivo imaging. For example, Zheng et al. [23] developed ICG encapsulated PLGA-lipid nanoparticles conjugated with folic acid (FA) and demonsstrated their use as NIR contrast agents for tumor diagnosis and targeted imaging [23]. Altinoglu et al. also synthesized biodegradable calcium phosphosilicate nanoparticles (CPNPs) and demonstrated that small size (16 nm) ICG-encapsulating CPNPs have significantly better contrast agent optical properties than free fluorophores for tumor imaging [24]. Other inorganic delivery systems using silica nanoparticles have been developed to encapsulate ICG, and the ICG–SiO 2 nanoparticles have the potential to be used as contrast agents for optical NIR imaging as well [25]. Among these nanocarriers, micelles are one of the successful types of drug delivery systems for in vivo applications due to their small size (approximately 10-100 nm), which reduce clearance by the reticuloendothelial system (RES) and allow for an enhanced EPR effect [26,27]. erefore, the encapsulation and stabilization of ICG dye as a contrast agent in micellar systems is of particular interest. For example, Pluronic F-127 (PF-127) polymeric micelles are approved by the FDA and have been successfully demonstrated to encapsulate and stabilize ICG as an NIR contrast agent for optical imaging [28,29]. Encapsulation of ICG within various micellar systems was also investigated by Kirchherr and co-workers, and they found many micellar systems improved the optical properties and stability of the ICG [30]. More interestingly, Zheng et al. [23] have recently reported a dual-functional ICG-PL-PEG agent with several unique features for optical imaging and photo-therapy [31]. is may emerge as a new strategy for combining tumor treatment and diagnosis together, using nanovectors with ICG. In summary, this editorial discussed recent developments in nanocarrier ICG contrast agents for NIR optical imaging. Here just some of the areas are collected in terms of subjects and interests but it is hoped that every reader will find something of interest to them. *Corresponding authors: Yongping Chen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA, E-mail: [email protected] Guihai Chen, Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, Anhui Province, PR China, E-mail: [email protected] Received October 18, 2012; Accepted October 18, 2012; Published October 21, 2012 Citation: Chen Y, Chen G, Zhao Y, Wang W (2012) Indocyanine Green-Loaded Nanocarriers as Contrast Agents for NIR Fluorescent Optical Imaging. J Nanomed Nanotechol 3:e122. doi:10.4172/2157-7439.1000e122 Copyright: © 2012 Chen Y, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Indocyanine Green-Loaded Nanocarriers as Contrast Agents for NIR Fluorescent Optical Imaging Yongping Chen 1 * ,# , Guihai Chen2* ,# , Yongxi Zhao 3 and Wei Wang 4 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA 2 Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, Anhui Province, PR China 3 Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, PR China 4 Department of Urology, the Second People’s Hospital of Hefei, Hefei 23001, Anhui, PR China # Both the authors has contributed equally Journal of Nanomedicine & Nanotechnology J o u r n a l o f N a n o m e d i c i n e & N a n o t e c h n o l o g y ISSN: 2157-7439

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  • Editorial Open Access

    Chen et al., J Nanomed Nanotechol 2012, 3:8 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7439.1000e122

    Volume 3 • Issue 8 • 1000e122J Nanomed NanotecholISSN:2157-7439 JNMNT an open access journal

    Optical imaging approaches offer the potential for non-invasive diagnosis and real-time, high-resolution, in vivo disease monitoring. Usually using UV to near-infrared (NIR) light, optical imaging uses wavelength-dependent interactions (scattering, absorption and fluorescence) in tissues to yield unique contrasts. 650-900 nm wavelength NIR optical fluorescence imaging has become a particularly attractive technology for disease diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and drug screening due to its low absorption, and significant autofluorescence imaging depth in vivo [1-3]. However, the lack of significant endogenous fluorescence contrast limits the diagnosis ability of this technology. Therefore to increase the signal-to-noise ratio and improve imaging resolution, the development of exogenous NIR optical contrast agents is a necessity [4-6].

    Currently the only NIR fluorescent contrast agent approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for direct administration in medical diagnostics is Indocyanine Green (ICG) [7,8]. ICG is a water-soluble, amphiphilic tricarbocyanine dye with the adsorption and emission maxima around 780 and 810 nm, respectively [9]. Due to its low toxicity (LD50 of 50-80 mg/kg for animal subjects) [10] and capacity to absorb and emit in the NIR spectral range, ICG is used clinically as a contrast agent for visualizing blood and clearance, studying liver function, and guiding biopsies [11-13]. Despite its many advantages, ICG is still limited by several drawbacks: i) it aggregates easily into amphiphilic molecules in aqueous solutions to induce self quenching and low quantum yields [14]; ii) when administered in molecular form, ICG is rapidly cleared from the body with a short half-life about 2-4 min [15-17]; iii) it often binds to proteins leading to rapid agglomeration [11]; iv) it undergoes oxidation and dimerization, resulting in decreased absorption/emission and variability in the maximum absorption wavelength [18,19]; v) it is instable in aqueous solutions and prone to photobleaching under light exposure [16,20]; vi) ICG lacks target moieties for molecular imaging. To address theseintrinsic drawbacks of ICG for in vivo imaging, a potential approach is to encapsulate ICG into nanocarriers that provide increased stability, protection from nonspecific plasma protein binding, prolonged circulation times and potential targeting. This editorial will focus on some of recent advances in the design of NIR contrast agents based on nanovector encapsulation of ICG.

    There are many of reports that ICG encapsulators, such as (poly (lactic-coglycolic acid)(PLGA) nanoparticles (diameter ~360 nm) and silica-polymer composite microcapsules (diameter ~0.6 to 2 μm) improve the molecular instability of ICG and prolong its plasma half-life [21,22]. However, both of these nanoparticles are limited in size for in vivo tumor imaging depending on their EPR effects. Recently, several publications have reported promising results using smaller nanoparticles to encapsulate ICG for in vivo imaging. For example, Zheng et al. [23] developed ICG encapsulated PLGA-lipid nanoparticles

    conjugated with folic acid (FA) and demonsstrated their use as NIR contrast agents for tumor diagnosis and targeted imaging [23]. Altinoglu et al. also synthesized biodegradable calcium phosphosilicate nanoparticles (CPNPs) and demonstrated that small size (16 nm) ICG-encapsulating CPNPs have significantly better contrast agent optical properties than free fluorophores for tumor imaging [24]. Other inorganic delivery systems using silica nanoparticles have been developed to encapsulate ICG, and the ICG–SiO2 nanoparticles have the potential to be used as contrast agents for optical NIR imaging as well [25].

    Among these nanocarriers, micelles are one of the successful types of drug delivery systems for in vivo applications due to their small size (approximately 10-100 nm), which reduce clearance by the reticuloendothelial system (RES) and allow for an enhanced EPR effect [26,27]. Therefore, the encapsulation and stabilization of ICG dye as a contrast agent in micellar systems is of particular interest. For example, Pluronic F-127 (PF-127) polymeric micelles are approved by the FDA and have been successfully demonstrated to encapsulate and stabilize ICG as an NIR contrast agent for optical imaging [28,29]. Encapsulation of ICG within various micellar systems was also investigated by Kirchherr and co-workers, and they found many micellar systems improved the optical properties and stability of the ICG [30]. More interestingly, Zheng et al. [23] have recently reported a dual-functional ICG-PL-PEG agent with several unique features for optical imaging and photo-therapy [31]. This may emerge as a new strategy for combining tumor treatment and diagnosis together, using nanovectors with ICG.

    In summary, this editorial discussed recent developments in nanocarrier ICG contrast agents for NIR optical imaging. Here just some of the areas are collected in terms of subjects and interests but it is hoped that every reader will find something of interest to them.

    *Corresponding authors: Yongping Chen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA, E-mail: [email protected]

    Guihai Chen, Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, Anhui Province, PR China, E-mail: [email protected]

    Received October 18, 2012; Accepted October 18, 2012; Published October 21, 2012

    Citation: Chen Y, Chen G, Zhao Y, Wang W (2012) Indocyanine Green-Loaded Nanocarriers as Contrast Agents for NIR Fluorescent Optical Imaging. J Nanomed Nanotechol 3:e122. doi:10.4172/2157-7439.1000e122

    Copyright: © 2012 Chen Y, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

    Indocyanine Green-Loaded Nanocarriers as Contrast Agents for NIR Fluorescent Optical ImagingYongping Chen1*,#, Guihai Chen2*,#, Yongxi Zhao3 and Wei Wang4

    1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA2Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, Anhui Province, PR China3Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, PR China4Department of Urology, the Second People’s Hospital of Hefei, Hefei 23001, Anhui, PR China#Both the authors has contributed equally

    Journal ofNanomedicine & NanotechnologyJourn

    al o

    f Nan

    omedicine & Nanotechnology

    ISSN: 2157-7439

  • Citation: Chen Y, Chen G, Zhao Y, Wang W (2012) Indocyanine Green-Loaded Nanocarriers as Contrast Agents for NIR Fluorescent Optical Imaging. J Nanomed Nanotechol 3:e122. doi:10.4172/2157-7439.1000e122

    Page 2 of 2

    Volume 3 • Issue 8 • 1000e122J Nanomed NanotecholISSN:2157-7439 JNMNT an open access journal

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IC-Green® (indocyanine green for injection, USP)

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Photoacoustic imaging enhanced by indocyanine … imaging enhanced by indocyanine green-conjugated single-wall carbon nanotubes Saeid Zanganeh Hai Li Patrick D. …

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IC-Green (indocyanine green for injection, USP) (indocyanine green for injection, USP) Sterile DESCRIPTION IC-GREEN is a sterile, lyophilized green powder con - taining 25 mg of indocyanine