myers’ psychology (7th ed) chapter 3 the nature and nurture of behavior james a. mccubbin, phd...
TRANSCRIPT
Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
(7th Ed)
Chapter 3 The Nature and Nurture
Of Behavior
James A. McCubbin, PhDClemson University
Worth Publishers
Fact vs. Falsehood 1. If after a world wide catastrophe only Icelanders or Kenyans survived, the
human species would suffer a huge reduction in its genetic diversity. 2. The majority of the American public now believes that Darwin’s evolutionary
theory is supported by evidence. 3. In many places around the world, females are more likely than males to
initiate sexual activity. 4. People’s differing divorce risks are about 50% attributable to genetic factors. 5. Adoptees’ traits bear more similarities to their adoptive parents than to their
biological parents. 6. The most emotionally intense preschoolers tend to be relatively intense
adults. 7. Two children in the same family are on average as different from one
another as are pairs of children selected randomly from the population. 8. A child who hears English spoken with one accent at home and another in
the neighborhood and at school invariable adopts the accent of his or her peers, not the parents.
9. Compared with Westerners, people in Japanese cultures exhibit greater concern for social harmony and loyalty.
10. Seven weeks after conception, males and female remain anatomically indistinguishable.
Genes: Our Biological Blueprint
Chromosomes threadlike structures made of DNA that
contain genes DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
molecule containing the genetic information that makes up chromosomes
has two strands-forming a “double helix”--held together by bonds between pairs of nucleotides
Genes: Our Biological Blueprint
Genes units of heredity that make up the
chromosomes a segment of DNA capable of
synthesizing a protein Genome
the complete instructions for making an organism
all the genetic material in its chromosomes
Evolutionary Psychology
Natural Selection the principle that, among inherited trait
variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will be passed on to succeeding generations
Mutations random errors in gene replication that
lead to a change; the source of all genetic diversity
Evolutionary Psychology
Evolutionary Psychology the study of the evolution of
behavior and the mind, using the principles of natural selection
Gender in psychology, the characteristics,
whether biologically or socially influenced, by which people define male and female (sex = anatomy)
Evolutionary Psychology Men preferred attractive physical features
suggesting youth and health Women preferred resources and social
status
Behavior Genetics
Behavior Genetics (Nature) study of the relative power and
limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
Environment (Nurture) every nongenetic influence, from
prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us
Behavior Genetics
Identical Twins develop from a single
fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms
Fraternal Twins develop from separate
eggs genetically no closer
than brothers and sisters, but they share the fetal environment
Identicaltwins
Fraternaltwins
Samesex only
Same oropposite sex
Behavior Genetics
Temperament a person’s characteristic emotional
reactivity and intensity Heritability
the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes
50% of personality
Behavior Genetics
Interaction the dependence of the effect of one
factor (such as environment) on another factor (such as heredity)
Molecular Genetics the subfield of biology that studies
the molecular structure and function of genes
Environmental Influence
Experience affects brain development
Impoverishedenvironment
Rat braincell
Rat braincell
Enrichedenvironment
Environmental Influence
Culture the enduring behaviors, ideas,
attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
Individualistic and collectivism Norm
an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior
Environmental Influence
Personal Space the buffer zone we like to
maintain around our bodies Memes
self-replicating ideas, fashions, and innovations passed from person to person
The Nature and Nurture of Gender
X Chromosome the sex chromosome found in both men
and women females have two; males have one an X chromosome from each parent
produces a female child Y Chromosome
the sex chromosome found only in men when paired with an X chromosome from
the mother, it produces a male child
The Nature and Nurture of Gender
Testosterone the most important of the male sex hormones both males and females have it additional testosterone in males stimulates
growth of male sex organs in the fetus development of male sex characteristics during
puberty
Role a set of expectations (norms) about a social position defining how those in the position ought to behave
The Nature and Nurture of Gender
Gender Role a set of expected behaviors for males
and females Gender Identity
one’s sense of being male or female Gender-typing
the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role
The Nature and Nurture of Gender
Social Learning Theory theory that we learn social behavior by
observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
Gender Schema Theory theory that children learn from their
cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly