myers’ exploring psychology (4th ed) chapter 4 sensation and perception james a. mccubbin, phd...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed)
Chapter 4
Sensation and Perception
James A. McCubbin, PhDClemson University
Worth Publishers
![Page 2: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
SensationSensation
a process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energy
Perception a process of organizing and interpreting
sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
![Page 3: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
SensationBottom-Up Processing
analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information
Top-Down Processing information processing guided by higher-
level mental processes as when we construct perceptions drawing
on our experience and expectations
![Page 4: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Sensation- Basic Principles
Psychophysics study of the relationship between
physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them
Absolute Threshold minimum stimulation needed to detect a
particular stimulus usually defined as the stimulus needed
for detection 50% of the time
![Page 5: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Sensation- Thresholds
Subliminal below one’s absolute threshold for
conscious awarenessDifference Threshold
the minimum difference that a person can detect between two stimuli 50 percent of the time
we experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference (jnd)
![Page 6: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Sensation- Thresholds
When stimuli are detectable less than 50% of the time (below one’s absolute threshold) they are “subliminal”
0
25
50
75
100
Low Absolutethreshold
Medium
Intensity of stimulus
Percentageof correctdetections
Subliminal stimuli
![Page 7: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Sensation- Thresholds
Weber’s Law for a difference to be perceived, two
stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage
Sensory adaptation diminished sensitivity as a
consequence of constant stimulation
![Page 8: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
VisionWavelength
the distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next
Hue dimension of color determined by
wavelength of lightIntensity
amount of energy in a wave determined by amplitude
![Page 9: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
VisionAccommodation
the process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus the image of objects on the retina
Retina the light sensitive inner surface of eye,
containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information
![Page 10: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
VisionRods
retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray
necessary for peripheral and twilight visionCones
receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of retina
function in daylight or well-lit conditions detect fine detail and give rise to color
sensation
![Page 11: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The Eye
Optic nerve- nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
Blind Spot- point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind spot” because there are no receptor cells located there
![Page 12: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Vision- Receptors
Receptors in the Human Eye
Cones Rods
Number
Location in retina
Sensitivity in dim light
Color sensitive? Yes
Low
Center
6 million
No
High
Periphery
120 million
![Page 13: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Visual Information Processing
Feature Detectors nerve cells in the
brain that respond to specific features of the stimulusshapeanglemovement
Stimulus
Cell’s responses
![Page 14: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Visual Information Processing
Parallel Processing processing several aspects of a
problem simultaneously the brain’s natural mode of
information processing for many functions, including vision
![Page 15: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Visual Information Processing
Abstraction:Brain’s higher-level cells respond to combined information from feature-
detector cells
Feature detection:Brain’s detector cells respond to
elementary features-bars, edges, orgradients of light
Retinal processing:Receptor rods and cones
bipolar cells ganglion cells
Recognition:Brain matches the constructed image
with stored images
Scene
![Page 16: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Visual Information Processing
Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic (three color) Theory the retina contains three different
retinal color receptors- one most sensitive to red, one to green, and one to blue- which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color
![Page 17: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The Three Primary Colors of Light
![Page 18: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Color-Deficient Vision
People who suffer red-green blindness have trouble perceiving the number within the design
![Page 19: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Visual Information Processing
Opponent-Process Theory theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green,
yellow-blue, white-black) enable color visionsome cells stimulated by green and inhibited by redothers stimulated by red and inhibited by green
Color Constancy perceiving familiar objects as having consistent
color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object
![Page 20: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Opponent Process- Afterimage Effect
![Page 21: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Audition Visual Capture- tendency for vision
to dominate the other senses Audition- the sense of hearing Frequency- the number of complete
wavelengths that pass a point in a given time
Pitch- a tone’s highness or lownessdepends on frequency
![Page 22: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Audition- The Ear
Middle Ear the chamber between the
eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window
![Page 23: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Audition- The EarInner Ear
innermost part of ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals and vestibular sacs
Cochlea coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the
inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses
![Page 24: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Touch
Skin Sensations pressure
only skin sensation with identifiable receptors
warmth cold pain
![Page 25: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
PainGate-Control Theory
theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain
“gate” opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers
“gate” closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain
![Page 26: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
TasteTaste Sensations
sweet sour salty bitter
Sensory Interaction the principle that one sense may influence
another as when the smell of food influences its taste
![Page 27: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Body Position and MovementKinesthesis
the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts
Vestibular Sense the sense of body movement and
position, including the sense of balance
![Page 28: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Perception
Gestalt an organized
whole tendency to
integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes
![Page 29: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Perceptual Organization
Figure and Ground organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground)
![Page 30: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Perceptual Organization- GestaltGrouping
the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
Grouping Principles proximity- group nearby figures together similarity- group figures that are similar continuity- perceive continuous patterns closure- fill in gaps connectedness- spots, lines and areas are seen
as unit when connected
![Page 31: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Perceptual Organization- Gestalt
Proximity Similarity
Continuity Closure Connectedness
![Page 32: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Perceptual Organization- Gestalt Groupings
Gestalt grouping principles are at work here.
![Page 33: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Perceptual Organization-Depth Perception
Depth Perception ability to see objects in three dimensions allows us to judge distance
Binocular cues- depend on use of two eyes retinal disparity
images from the two eyes differ closer the object, the larger the disparity
convergenceneuromuscular cuetwo eyes move inward for near objects
![Page 34: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Perceptual Organization-Depth Perception
Monocular Cues-available to either eye alone relative size
smaller image is more distant
interpositioncloser object blocks distant object
relative clarityhazy object seen as more distant
texture coarse --> closefine --> distant
![Page 35: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Perceptual Organization-Depth Perception
Visual Cliff
![Page 36: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Perceptual Organization-Depth Perception
Relative Size
![Page 37: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Perceptual Organization-Depth Perception
Interposition
![Page 38: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Perceptual Organization-Depth Perception
Monocular Cues (continued) relative height
higher objects seen as more distant relative motion
closer objects seem to move faster linear perspective
parallel lines converge with distance relative brightness
closer objects appear brighter
![Page 39: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Perceptual Organization-Depth Perception
Perspective Techniques
![Page 40: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Perceptual Constancy
Perceptual Constancy perceiving objects as unchanging
despite changes in retinal imagecolorshape size
![Page 41: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Perceptual Organization
![Page 42: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Perceptual Organization-Muller-Lyer Illusion
![Page 43: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Perceptual Organization- Size-Distance Relationship
![Page 44: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Perceptual Organization-Brightness Contrast
![Page 45: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Perceptual InterpretationPerceptual Adaptation
(vision) ability to adjust to an artificially displaced visual fieldprism glasses
Perceptual Set a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
![Page 46: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Perceptual Set-Schemas
What you see in the center is influenced by perceptual set
![Page 47: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Perceptual Set-Schemas
Flying Saucers or Clouds?
![Page 48: Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e3c5503460f94b2ed78/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Perception without Sensation?
Extrasensory Perception controversial claim that perception can occur
apart from sensory inputtelepathyclairvoyanceprecognition
Parapsychology the study of paranormal phenomena
ESPpsychokinesis