BUDGE BUDGE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

-: SEMINAR PRESENTATION ON:-DESIGN & APPLICATION OF

DIFFERENT TURBINES

11/26/2014

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SUBMITTED BY: ADITYA BHATTACHARJEE

UNIVERSITY ROLL NO: 27600712006

ROLL NO: 006

B.TECH, 3RD YEAR, ME-A.

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INDEX

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY OF TURBINE

THEORIES OF OPERATION OF TURBINE

CLASSIFICATION OF TURBINE

HYDRAULIC TURBINES

STEAM TURBINES

GAS TURBINES

WIND TURBINES

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INTRODUCTIONA turbine, from the Greek τύρβη, tyrbē, ("turbulence"), is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful work(like electricity). A turbine is a turbo machine with at least one moving part called a rotor assembly, which is a shaft or drum with blades attached. Moving fluid acts on the blades so that they move and impart rotational energy to the rotor. Turbine examples are Windmills and Waterwheels.

Gas, steam, and water turbines usually have a casing around the blades that contains and controls the working fluid. Credit for invention of the steam turbine is given both to the British engineer Sir Charles Parsons (1854–1931), for invention of the reaction turbine and to Swedish engineer Gustaf de Laval (1845–1913), for invention of theImpulse turbine. Modern steam turbines frequently employ both reaction and impulse in the same unit, typically varying the degree of reaction and impulse from the blade root to its periphery.

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A water turbine is a rotary engine that takes energy fromMoving water.Water turbines were developed in the 19th century and wereWidely used for industrial power prior to electrical grids. NowThey are mostly used for electric power generation. WaterTurbines are mostly found in dams to generate electric powerFrom water kinetic energy.

A steam turbine is a device that extracts thermal energy fromPressurized steam and uses it to do mechanical work on a rotating output shaft. Its modern manifestation was invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884.Because the turbine generates rotary motion, it is particularly suited to be used to drive an electrical generator – about 90% of all electricity generation in the United States (1996) is by use of steam turbines. The steam turbine is a form of heat engine that derives much of its improvement in thermodynamic efficiency from the use of multiple stages in the expansion of the steam, which results in a closer approach to the ideal reversible expansion process.

A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion engine. It has an upstream rotating compressor coupled to a downstream turbine, and a combustion chamber in between. The basic operation of the gas turbine is similar to that of the steam power plant except that air is used instead of water. Fresh atmospheric air flows through a compressor that brings it to higher pressure. Energy is then added by spraying fuel into the air and igniting it so the combustion generates a high temperature flow. This high

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temperature High pressure gas enters a turbine, where it expands down to the exhaust pressure, producing a shaft work output in the process. The turbine shaft work is used to drive the compressor and other devices such as an electricGenerator that may be coupled to the shaft. The energy that is not used for shaft work comes out in the exhaust gases, so these have either a high temperature or a high velocity. The purpose of the gas turbine determines the design so that the most desirable energy form is maximized. Gas turbines are used to power aircraft, trains, ships, electrical generators, or even tanks.A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy from thewind into electrical power. A wind turbine used for chargingbatteries may be referred to as a wind charger.The result of over a millennium of windmill development andmodern engineering, today's wind turbines are manufactured in a wide range of vertical and horizontal axis types. The smallestturbines are used for applications such as battery charging forauxiliary power for boats or caravans or to power traffic warning signs. Slightly larger turbines can be used for making contributions to a domestic power supply while selling unused power back to the utility supplier via the electrical grid. Arrays of large turbines, known as wind farms, are becoming an increasingly important source of renewable energy and are used by many countries as part of a strategy to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels.

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HISTORY OF TURBINES The first „turbine” was made by Hero of Alexandria in the

second century. In the end of XVIII century the Industrial Revolution began

(in 1770 first reciprocating piston steam engine invented by Thomas Newcomen and invented by James Watt started its work).

The first steam turbines were constructed in 1883 by Dr Gustaf de Laval and in 1884 by sir Charles Parsons.

In1896 Charles Curtis received a patent on impulse turbine In 1910 was created radial turbine . A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy

from the wind into electrical power. A wind turbine used for charging batteries may be referred to as a wind charger.The result of over a millennium of windmill development and modern engineering, today's wind turbines are manufactured in a wide range of vertical and horizontal axis types. The smallest turbines are used for applications such as battery charging for auxiliary power for boats or caravans or to power traffic warning signs. Slightly larger turbines can be used for making contributions to a domestic power supply while selling unused power back to the utility supplier via the electrical grid. Arrays of large turbines, known as wind farms, are becoming a

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increasingly important source of renewable energy and are used by many countries as part of a strategy to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels.The first device that may be classified as a reaction steam turbine was little more than a toy, the classic Aeolipile, described in the 1st century by Greek mathematician Hero of Alexandria in Roman Egypt. In 1551, Taqi alDinin Ottoman Egypt described a steam turbine with the practical application of rotating a spit. Steam turbines were also described by the Italian Giovanni Branca (1629) and John Wilkins in England (1648). The devices described by Taqi alDin and Wilkins are today known as steamjacks.The modern steam turbine was invented in 1884 by Sir Charles Parsons, whose first model was connectedto a dynamo that generated 7.5 kW (10 hp) of electricity. The invention of Parsons' steam turbine made cheap and plentiful electricity possible and revolutionized marine transport and naval warfare. Parsons' design was a reaction type. His patent was licensed and the turbine scaled up shortly after by an American, George Westinghouse. The Parsons turbine also turned out to be easy to scale up. Parsons had the satisfaction of seeing his invention adopted for all major world power stations, and the size of generators had increased from his first 7.5 kW set up to units of 50,000 kW capacity. Within Parson's lifetime, the generating capacity of a unit was scaled up by about 10,000 times, and the total output from turbo

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generators constructed by his firm C. A. Parsons and Company and by their licensees, for land purposes alone, had exceeded thirty million horse power. A number of other variations of turbines have been developed that work effectively with steam. The de Laval turbine (invented by Gustaf de Laval) accelerated the steam to full speed before running it against a turbine blade. De Laval's impulse turbine is simpler, less expensive and does not need to be pressure proof. It can operate with any pressure of steam, but is considerably less efficient. fr: Auguste Rateau developed a pressure compounded impulse turbine using the de Laval principle as early as 1900, obtained a US patent in 1903, and applied the turbine to a French torpedo boat in 1904. He taught at the École des mines SaintÉtienne for a decade until 1897, and later founded a successful company that was incorporated into the Alstom firm after his death. One of the founders of the modern theory of steam and gas turbines was Aurel Stodola, a Slovak physicist and engineer and professor at the Swiss Polytechnical Institute (now ETH) in Zurich. His work Die Dampfturbinen und ihre Aussichten als Wärmekr aftmas chi nen (English: The Steam Turbine and its prospective use as a Mechanical Engine) was published in Berlin in 1903. A further book Dampf und GasTurbinen (English: Steam and Gas Turbines) was published in 1922. 3/19 Schematic diagram outlining the difference between an impulse and a 50% reaction turbine The BrownCurtis

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turbine, an impulse type, which had been originally developed and patented by the U.S. company International Curtis Marine Turbine Company, was developed in the 1900s in conjunction with John Brown & Company. It was used in John Brownengined merchant ships and warships, including liners and Royal Navy warships.

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WORKING PRINCIPLE OF TURBINES

A flowing or working fluid contains kinetic as well as potential energy and the fluid may be compressible as well as

incompressible. The energy of these fluids is trapped by turbines in several ways.

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Turbines can be further classified into two basic categories based on how they operate – Impulse Turbines and Reaction Turbines. Most hydro stations use either of these two turbines to produce electricity.

In an Impulse turbine, the whole of the available energy of the fluid is converted to Kinetic Energy before the water acts on the moving parts of the turbine.

Pelton Wheel is an example of such turbine.

In Reaction Turbines, the rotation is mainly achieved by the reaction forces created by the acceleration of the fluid in the runner (rotating blade).

Reaction turbines consist of fixed guide vanes called stay vanes, adjustable guide vanes called wicket gates and rotating blades called runner blades.

It also generally consists of a spiral casing or volute, as in hydraulic turbines. It surrounds the runner completely. The casing should be strong to withstand high pressure.

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CLASSIFICATION OF TURBINES

HYDRAULIC TURBINES

STEAM TURBINES

GAS TURBINES

WIND TURBINES

TRANSONIC TURBINBES

CONTRA ROTATING TURBINES

CERAMIC TURBINES

SHROUNDED TURBINES

BLADELESS TURBINES

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HYDRAULIC TURBINEA water turbine is a rotary engine that takes energy from moving water. Water turbines were developed in the 19th century and were widely used for industrial power prior to electrical grids. Now they are mostly used for electric power generation. Water turbines are mostly found in dams to generate electric power from water kinetic energy.

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THEORY OF OPERATION: Flowing water is directed on to the blades of a turbine runner,creating a force on the blades. Since the runner is spinning, the force acts through a distance (force acting through a distance is the definition of work). In this way, energy is transferred from the water flow to the turbine Water turbines are divided into two groups; reaction turbines and impulse turbines. The precise shape of water turbine blades is a function of the supply pressure of water, and the type of impeller selected.

Reaction turbines Reaction turbines are acted on by water, which changes pressure as it moves through the turbine and gives up its energy. They must be encased to contain the water pressure (or suction), or they must be fully submerged in the water flow. Newton's third law describes the transfer of energy for reaction turbines. Most water turbines in use are reaction turbines and are used in low (<30 m or 100 ft) and medium (30–300 m or 100–1,000 ft) head applications. In reaction turbine pressure drop occurs in both fixed and moving blades. It is largely used in dam and large power plants.

Impulse turbines Impulse turbines change the velocity of a water jet. The jet pushes on the turbine's curved blades which changes the direction of the flow. The resulting change in momentum (impulse) causes a force on the turbine blades. Since the turbine is spinning, the force acts through a distance (work) and the diverted water flow is left with diminished energy. An impulse turbine is one which the pressure of the fluid flowing over the rotor blades is constant and all the work output is due to the change in kinetic energy of the fluid. Prior to hitting the turbine

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blades, the water's pressure (potential energy) is converted to kinetic energy by a nozzle and focused on the turbine. No pressure change occurs at the turbine blades, and the turbine doesn't require a housing for operation. Newton's second law describes the transfer of energy for impulse turbines. Impulse turbines are often used in very high (>300m/1000 ft) head applications.

Efficiency: Large modern water turbines operate at mechanical efficiencies greater than 90%.

Types of water turbines:

Reaction turbines:1)VLH turbine2)Francis turbine3)Kaplan turbine4)Tyson turbine5)Gorlov helical turbine

Impulse turbine :I. Water wheel

II. Pelton wheelIII. Turgo turbineIV. CrossflowV. turbine (also known as the BánkiMichell

VI. turbine, or Ossberger turbine)VII. Jonval turbine

VIII. Reverse overshot waterwheelIX. Screw turbineX. Barkh Turbine

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STEAM TURBINEA steam turbine is a device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and uses it to do mechanical work on a rotating output shaft. Its modern manifestation was invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884. Because the turbine generates rotary motion, it is particularly suited to be used to drive an electrical generator – about 90% of all electricity generation in the United States (1996) is by use of steam turbines. The steam turbine is a form of heat engine that derives much of its improvement in thermodynamic efficiency from the use of multiple stages in the expansion of the steam, which results in a closer approach to the ideal reversible expansion process.

HISTORY :

The first device that may be classified as a reaction steam turbine was little more than a toy, the classic Aeolipile, described in the 1st century by Greek mathematician Hero of Alexandria in Roman Egypt. In 1551, Taqi alDinin Ottoman Egypt described a steam turbine with the practical application of rotating a spit. Steam turbines were also described by the Italian Giovanni Branca (1629) and John Wilkins in England (1648).The devices described by Taqi alDin and Wilkins are today known as steam jacks.

Types Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging from small <0.75 kW (<1 hp) units (rare) used as mechanical drives for pumps, compressors and other shaft driven equipment, to 1 500 000 Kw, turbines used to generate electricity. There are several classifications for modern steam turbines.

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Principle of operation and design An ideal steam turbine is considered to be an isentropic process, or constant entropy process, in which the entropy of the steam entering the turbine is equal to the entropy of the steam leaving the turbine. No steam turbine is truly isentropic, however, with typical isentropic efficiencies ranging from 20–90% based on the application of the turbine. The interior of a turbine comprises several sets of blades or buckets. One set of stationary blades is connected to the casing and one set of rotating blades is connected to the shaft. The sets intermesh with certain minimum clearances, with the size and configuration of sets varying to efficiently exploit the expansion of steam at each stage.

Turbine efficiency To maximize turbine efficiency the steam is expanded, doing work, in a number of stages. These stages are characterized by how the energy is extracted from them and are known as either impulse or reaction turbines. Most steam turbines use a mixture of the reaction and impulse designs: each stage behaves as either one or the other, but the overall turbine uses both. Typically, higher pressure sections are reactiontype and lower pressure stages are impulse type.

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GAS TURBINE

A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion engine. It has an upstream rotating compressor coupled to a downstream turbine, and a combustion chamber inbetween. The basic operation of the gas turbine is similar to that of the steam power plant except that air is used instead of water. Fresh atmospheric air flows through a compressor that brings it to higher pressure. Energy isthen added by spraying fuel into the air and igniting it so the combustion generates a high temperature flow. This high temperature high pressure gas enters a turbine, where it expands down to the exhaust pressure, producing a shaft work output in the process. The turbine shaft work is used to drive the compressor and other devices such as an electric generator that may be coupled to the shaft. The energy that is not used for shaft work comes out in the exhaust gases, so these have either a high temperature or a high velocity. The purpose of the gas turbine determines the design so that the most desirable energy form is maximized. Gas turbines are used to power aircraft, trains, ships, electrical generators, or even tanks.

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HISTORY50: Hero's Engine (aeolipile) — Apparently, Hero's steam engine was taken to be no more than a toy, and thus its full potential not realized for centuries.1500: The "Chimney Jack" was drawn by Leonardo da Vinci: Hot air from a fire rises through a singlestage axial turbine rotor mounted in the exhaust duct of the fireplace and turning the roasting spit by gear/ chain connection.1629: Jets of steam rotated an impulse turbine that then drove a working stamping mill by means of a bevel gear, developed by Giovanni Branca.1678: Ferdinand Verbiest built a model carriage relying on a steam jet for power.1791: A patent was given to John Barber, an Englishman, for thefirst true gas turbine.1895: Three 4ton 100 kW Parsons radial flow generators wereinstalled in Cambridge Power Station, and used to power the firstelectric street lighting scheme in the city.1899: Charles Gordon Curtis patented the first gas turbine engine in the USA ("Apparatus for generating mechanical power", Patent No. US635,919).1900: Sanford Alexander Moss submitted a thesis on gas turbines. In 1903, Moss became an engineer for General Electric's Steam Turbine Department in Lynn, Massachusetts. While there, he appliedsome of his concepts in the development of the turbosupercharger. His design used a small turbine wheel, driven by exhaust gases, to turn a supercharger.1903: A Norwegian, Ægidius Elling, was able to build the first gas turbine that was able to produce more power than needed to run its own components, which was considered an achievement in a time when knowledge about aerodynamics was limited. Using rotary compressors and turbines it produced 11 hp (massive for those days).1906: The ArmengaudLemale turbine engine in France with watercooled combustion chamber.

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1910: Holzwarth impulse turbine (pulse combustion) achieved 150 kilowatts.

THEORY OF OPERATIONIn an ideal gas turbine, gases undergo three thermodynamic processes: an isentropic compression, an isobaric (constant pressure) combustion and an isentropic expansion. Together, these make up the Brayton cycle. In a practical gas turbine, mechanical energy is irreversibly transformed into heat when gases are compressed (in either a centrifugal or axial compressor), due to internal friction and turbulence. Passage through the combustion chamber, where heat is added and the specific volume of the gases increases, is accompanied by a slight loss in pressure. During expansion amidst the stator and rotor blades of the turbine, irreversible energy transformation once again occurs. If the device has been designed to power a shaft as with an industrial generator or a turboprop, the exit pressure will be as close to the entry pressure as possible. In practice it is necessary that some pressure remains at the outlet in order to fully expel the exhaust gases. In the case of a jet engine only enough pressure and energy is extracted from the flow to drive the compressor and other components. The remaining high pressure gases are accelerated to provide a jet that can, for example, be used to propel an aircraft. As with all cyclic heat engines, higher combustion temperatures can allow for greater efficiencies. However, temperatures are limited by ability of the steel, nickel, ceramic, or other materials that make up the engine to withstand high temperatures and stresses. To combat this many turbines feature complex blade cooling systems. As a general rule, the

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smaller the engine, the higher the rotation rate of the shaft(s) must be to maintain tip speed. Blade tip speed determines the maximum pressure ratios that can be obtained by the turbine and the compressor. This, in turn, limits the maximum power and efficiency that can be obtained by the engine. In order for tip speed to remain constant, if the diameter of a rotor is reduced by half, the rotational speed must double.

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF GAS TURBINES

Advantages of gas turbine:I. Very high power to weight

II. ratio, compared to reciprocating engines;III. Smaller than most reciprocating engines of the same power rating.IV. Moves in one direction only, with far less vibration than a

reciprocating engine.V. Fewer moving parts than reciprocating engines.

VI. Greater reliability, particularly in applications where sustained high power output is required

VII. Waste heat is dissipated almost entirely in the exhaust. This results in a high temperature exhaust

VIII. stream that is very usable for boiling water in a combined cycle, or for cogeneration.

IX. Low operating pressures.X. High operation speeds.

XI. Low lubricating oil cost and consumption.XII. Can run on a wide variety of fuels.

XIII. Very low toxic emissions of CO and HC due to excess air, complete combustion and no "quench" of

a. the flame on cold surfaces

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Disadvantages of gas turbines :I. Cost is very high

II. Less efficient than reciprocating engines at idle speedIII. Longer start up than reciprocating engines

IV. Less responsive to changes in power demand compared with reciprocating engines

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WIND TURBINEA wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy from the wind into electrical power. A wind turbine used for charging batteries may be referred to as a wind charger. The result of over a millennium of windmill development and modern engineering, today's wind turbines are manufactured in a wide range of vertical and horizontal axis types. The smallest turbines are used for applications such as battery charging for auxiliary power for boats or caravans or to power traffic warning signs. Slightly larger turbines can be used for making contributions to a domestic power supply while selling unused power back to the utility supplier via the electrical grid. Arrays of large turbines, known as wind farms, are becoming an increasingly important source of renewable energy and are used by many countries as part of a strategy to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels.

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HISTORYWindmills first appeared in Europe during the Middle Ages. The first historical records of their use in England date to the 11th or 12th centuries and there are reports of German crusaders taking their windmill making skills to Syria around 1190. By the 14th century, Dutch windmills were in use to drain areas of the Rhine delta. The first electricity generating wind turbine was a battery charging machine installed in July 1887 by Scottish academic James Blyth to light his holiday home in Marykirk, Scotland. Some months later American inventor Charles F. Brush built the first automatically operated wind turbine for electricity production in Cleveland, Ohio. Although Blyth's turbine was considered uneconomical in the United Kingdom electricity generation by wind turbines was more cost effective in countries with widely scattered populations. In Denmark by 1900, there were about 2500 windmills for mechanical loads such as pumps and mills, producing an estimated combined peak power of about 30 MW. The largest machines were on 24meter (79 ft) towers with four bladed 23meter(75 ft) diameter rotors. By 1908 there were 72 wind driven electric generators operating in the United States from 5 kW to 25 kW. Around the time of World War I, American windmill makers were producing 100,000 farm windmills each year, mostly for water pumping. By the 1930s, wind generators for electricity were common on farms, mostly in the United States where distribution systems had not yet been installed. In this period, hightensilesteel was cheap, and the generators were placed atop prefabricated open steel lattice towers.

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EFFICIENCYNot all the energy of blowing wind can be harvested, since conservation of mass requires that as much mass of air exits the turbine as enters it. Betz's law gives the maximal achievable extraction of wind power by a wind turbine as 59% of the total kinetic energy of the air flowing through the turbine. Further inefficiencies, such as rotor blade friction and drag, gearbox losses, generator and converter losses, reduce the power delivered by a wind turbine. Commercial utility connected turbines deliver 75% to 80% of the Betz limit of power extractable from the wind, at rated operating speed.Efficiency can decrease slightly over time due to wear. Analysis of 3128 wind turbines older than 10 years in Denmark showed that half of the turbines had no decrease, while the other half saw a productiondecrease of 1.2% per year.

RECORDSLargest capacityThe Vestas V164 has a rated capacity of 8.0 MW, has an overallHeight of 220 m (722 ft), a diameter of 164 m (538 ft.), and is theWorld’s largest capacity wind turbine since its introduction in 2014. At least five companies are working on the development of a 10 MW turbine.Largest swept areaThe turbine with the largest swept area is the Samsung S7.0171, witha diameter of 171 m, giving a total sweep of 22966 m2. Tallest Vestas V164 is the tallest wind turbine, standing in Østerild, Denmark, 220 meters tall, constructed in 2014.Tallest Hybrid Wind turbineSuzlon Energy S97 120m is the tallest hybrid wind turbine, in Kutch, Gujarat, India. The turbine is 120 metre tall and was installed in November 2014.

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Highest towerFuhrländer installed a 2.5MW turbine on a 160m lattice tower in 2003 (see Fuhrländer Wind Turbine Laasow)Largest vertical axisLe Nordais wind farm in CapChat, Quebec has a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) named Éole, which is the world's largest at 110 mi. has a nameplate capacity of 3.8 MW. 11/24/2014 Wind turbine Éole, the largest vertical axis wind turbine, in CapChat,Quebec, Canada Largest 2 bladed turbine Today's biggest 2 bladed turbine is build by Mingyang Wind Power in 2013. It is a SCD6.5MWoffshore downwind turbine, designed by aerodyn Energiesysteme.Most southerly:The turbines currently operating closest to the South Pole are three Enercon E33 in Antarctica, powering New Zealand's Scott Base and the United States' McMurdo Station since December 2009 although a modified HR3 turbine from Northern Power Systems operated at the Amundsen Scott South Pole Station in 1997 and 1998. In March 2010 CITEDEF designed, built and installed a wind turbine in Argentine Marambio Base.

Most productiveFour turbines at Rønland wind farm in Denmark share the record forthe most productive wind turbines, with each having generated63.2 GWh by June 2010.Highest situatedSince 2013 the world's highest situated wind turbine is made byUnited Wind power China Guodian Corporation installed by theLongyuan Power and located in the Naqu country, Tibet (China) around 4,800 meters (15,700 ft.) above sea level.[61][62] The site uses a 1500 kW wind turbine designed by aerodyn Energiesysteme.[63]Largest floating wind turbineThe world's largest—and also the first operational deepwater large capacity—floating wind turbine is the 2.3 MW Hywind currently

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operating 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) offshore in 220meterdeep water, southwest of Karmøy, Norway. The turbine began operating in September 2009 and utilizes a Siemens 2.3 MW turbine.

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SOURCES

www.google.com www.slideshare.com www.powerpoint.com www.projectfreepower.com The world's 10 biggest wind turbines

(http://www.windpowermonthly.com/10biggestturbines/)

(http://www.wwindea.org/) (http://www.aweia.org/)