my father was a race alien: globalisation and immigration in new zealand
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My father was a race alien: Globalisation and immigration in New Zealand. Professor Michèle Akoorie, WMS. hthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4uOUqW6liUQtp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4uOUqW6liUQ. Is one of these my father ???? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4uOUqW6liUQ. Outline of Presentation. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
My father was a race alien: Globalisation and immigration in New Zealand
Professor Michèle Akoorie, WMS
Michèle E.M. Akoorie2
hthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4uOUqW6liUQtp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4uOUqW6liUQ
Is one of these my father???? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4uOUqW6liUQ
Michèle E.M. Akoorie3
Outline of Presentation
• Who?• Why?• Identity• Living two lives• Emotional Labour• Shaping the future
Michèle E.M. Akoorie4
W.P Reeves Minister of Labour, 1895
“‘ I do not hesitate to say that in my opinion the so-called Assyrian Hawker is as undesirable a person as John Chinaman himself. They do not add to the wealth of the country. They do not even produce wealth from the earth as the Chinese do. They simply carry on a retail hawking trade. They do not contribute to the revenue in the way that our traders contribute. They do not lead sanitary lives. They are not a moral people. They are not a civilized people, and in no sense are they a desirable people”.
Michèle E.M. Akoorie5
This is possibly Bir Singh Gill who came to NZ in 1890 and was an itinerant herbalist in the King Country. He was unaccountably described as an “Assyrian”
Michèle E.M. Akoorie6
My origins
• Grandfather – Abraham Joseph Akoorie • Maronite Catholics – originally from the Mountains of
Lebanon – name originally Mahan• Named Akoorie after village “Akoura” • Emigrated to NZ in the 1880s -Lived in Christchurch• Returned to the Lebanon 1901 – to marry suitable wife –
cousin – six living children five boys, one girl – all except one came to NZ to live (including my father in 1935)– some passing through on way to the US or Mexico (Akoorie, 2007)
Michèle E.M. Akoorie7
My father’s passport (1935). Lebanese classified as ‘race aliens’. 1899 Asiatica Restriction Act – to safeguard the racial purity of the people of NZ
Michèle E.M. Akoorie8
Passport of my fatherFather (b. 1916) Passport and visa for NZ (in French). Under 1920 Immigration Restriction Act – Minister of Customs vested with sole discretionary power to admit persons of any other origin. British or Irish descent had free entry.
Michèle E.M. Akoorie9
My Grandmother – Labeibe and two sons, married at 16 had six living children
Michèle E.M. Akoorie10
My grandfather’s funeral in Tripoli, Lebanon 1948
Michèle E.M. Akoorie11
Grandfather’s funeral – leaving the family home (note Maronite priest in foreground)
Michèle E.M. Akoorie12
Maronite – Christian sect founded by St Maro (d. 407). Origins do not go back beyond 7th C. Since 1811 in communion with the Roman Catholic Church
Michèle E.M. Akoorie13
BRIEF HISTORY OF LEBANONLebanon – “a country rich in time but poor in space” Hitti (1962)
14
PPhoenicia – culturally descended from the Canaanites, occupied coastal plain – trade, manufacturing, wood, jewellery
Michèle E.M. Akoorie
Michèle E.M. Akoorie15
Extent of Empire – thrived until 332 B.C when Tyre (capital) sacked by Alexander the Great (became part of the Greek world). Phoenician alphabet borrowed by Greeks – passed down into Western cultural tradition
Michèle E.M. Akoorie16
Then came the Crusades……Eight crusades from 11th Century to 13th Century. Failure to recover the Holy Land
Michèle E.M. Akoorie17
Crusaders greeting the locals and some stayed…
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Established by Othman end of 13th C. Reached zenith under Suleiman (mid 16th C) dominated Eastern Mediterranean, powerful in the 17th C but by 19th C became the ‘sick man of Europe”.
Michèle E.M. Akoorie19
Borders of Modern Lebanon. Mountain village is where grandfather came from. Moved to Tripoli where family was born.
Michèle E.M. Akoorie20
The flag of the Lebanon – the Cedar Tree. Ruled by the Ottoman Empire, became a French mandate (1918) then independent after WWII.
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Michèle E.M. Akoorie22
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Grape Harvest – wine making was and still is a Lebanese tradition – Corban family (Greek Orthodox) brings it to NZ
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Shared love of traditional foods – Kibbe –the national dish of Lebanon (lamb and cracked wheat with spices) – cooked in oven
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Certain Lebanese foods (hummus), tabbouleh, baba ghanoush and pitta bread have become familiar in NZ and elsewhere
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As have sweets such as baklava…….made with filo pastry
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Reasons for Emigration
• Why did the Lebanese family come to New Zealand?
• Poverty, no work, famine (1914-18) political instability
• Clan migration – grandfather’s contact with sister• Offered employment to family and assistance to
come to New Zealand• Motivations – altruistic and instrumental
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Parents married in 1942 – at St Patricks, PN. Father a ‘race alien’ as France still occupied – notify police of travel, not called up
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One of many remittances sent by my father to his father in the Lebanon
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Lived in Palmerston North – father manages The State Theatre for Amalgamated Theatres - socialising
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Auckland 1950s – Father manages Century Theatre. Mother begins first assimilation process in PN, leaves Catholic Church, enrols us in Anglican Sunday School and State Schools in Auckland….
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Four sessions at the Century, six days a week, followed by managing the iconic Wintergarden ballroom on Friday and Saturday nights…..
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Living two lives or a half of two lives
• 2nd assimilation point – clash over going to University. Lebanese women traditionally cook, marry and breed
• Edward Said:• “Cultural power organised through disciplines such as history,
anthropology, philology, were as significant in the maintenance of colonial rule as the political, economic and military polices that had dominated academic study”
• In our case the influence was towards European languages and history rather than the Middle East (as Lebanon was a French mandate)
• Prompted our own desire to leave New Zealand and live elsewhere. For decades NZ a mono cultural nation
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NZ embraces globalisation & immigration
• Immigration Restriction Act (1920) passed responsibility for discretionary entry into NZ from persons of any other origin to Minister of Customs
• NZ operated a de facto “white” NZ policy until the mid 1960s– (Apart from special interest groups such as group migration from the
Netherlands and special interest groups from the SW Pacific)• Stereotypical hostility of condemnatory judgement on any one who
was ‘foreign’ – prejudiced immigrant view of attitudes acquired in England
• 1987 Act changed origin to skills, personal qualities, and potential contribution to New Zealand economy and society. Replaced by 2009 Act – concern over two tier system – wealthy individuals bringing parents to New Zealand
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2013 census shows diversity of countries of birth
Top 10 countries of birth of New Zealand residents, 2013 census[11]
Country Number %
New Zealand 2,980,827 74.85
United Kingdom[a] 256,164 6.43
China[b] 96,441 2.42
India 67,176 1.69
Australia 62,712 1.57
South Africa 54,279 1.36
Fiji 52,755 1.32
Samoa 50,658 1.27
Philippines 37,299 0.94
South Korea 26,604 0.67
1.Jump up^ Includes Channel Islands and Isle of Man.2.Jump up^ Includes Hong Kong SAR and Macau SAR.
Michèle E.M. Akoorie36
EMOTIONAL LABOUR, GLOBALISATION AND IMMIGRATION
Results of a study in which we used qualitative research (grounded theory) to interview 25 immigrants in the skilled worker category
Michèle E.M. Akoorie37
Globalisation, immigration and Emotional Labour
• Study of 25 immigrants in 1990s• Hochschild’s (1983) work on The
Commercialisation of Feeling• Suggests management of feeling to create a
publicly observable facial and bodily display (p.7)
• Enhancing, faking or supressing emotions to modify the emotional expression -
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Manifestations of emotional labour
• Surface acting • Deep acting • Hochschild – stress of emotional labour• Emotional dissonance• Controlling true feelings• Presenting appropriate ‘face’
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Immigrants landing in America – hope, fear, dislocation, language skills, learning different rules…
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Results
• Language difficulties and communication• Difficulties in understanding local accent
despite formal English qualifications– “self doubt about my skills .. No Chinese friends, no
information, nothing about the new area. No one to talk to for more than one month… loneliness…”
– “After 20 years there are still occasions when I think it is my language – I have been called abrupt at work where it is just my nature with the English”
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Polish refugees arriving in New Zealand
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Results
• Theme of racism…Nigerian participant– “Many New Zealanders perceive that Africa has been
credited with the mysterious, slavery, people being docile, lack of technology, we are seen as backward”…
• Finding accommodation – Kiwis don’t like Asians– “when I ask if I can live here they say “oh do you
want to live here? I said ‘yes’ and they said ‘no we have another party now’”
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Flow on effects
• ‘Racism’ is expressed mildly• ‘flow-on effect’ anger and rejection long after
the event – triggered by other events– Two participants stated that New Zealand does
not need migrants– “government perhaps but not in the real world.
New Zealanders are afraid of immigrants, or we are a little more direct …tension is building up”…
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Conclusions of study
• Participants continually compared their feelings, values, needs and aspirations with their perceptions of the environment in their home nation
• Range of complex considerations • Drew on skill set as a platform to move to a
nation which could fulfil these desires
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Emotional connectedness and dissonance
• Most participants experience a wide range of feelings including emotional connectedness, mixed emotions and deepening emotional dissonance over time
• Emotional connectedness – feeling accepted, settling into NZ society and finding employment equivalent to their skill set
• Active involvement in communities of coping – friendship networks, Church activities and social clubs
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Emotional connectedness and dissonance –
• Reconciling feelings in several ways• First, many focused on wider motivations and
goals – better lifestyle, safer community, less competition for children, less racism
• Second, cognitive coping strategies, reconceptualised their emotional dissonance focused on favourable aspects of what could be negative perceptions (i.e. education)
• Third, changing their goals in relation to work
Michèle E.M. Akoorie47
Affective effects
• Impact of language skills (unanticipated since they met the skilled language requirements)
• Take charge of improving their communication skills• Rationalising why a NZ employer might not hire them
(reference in home country, trust)• Surface acting – their inadequacy and doubt remained intact• Deep acting as a strategy – change how they feel about the
situation – situation is not of their own making. What is in question is their foreignness.
• Removal? Retrain? Escape…
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Is going home an option? My two uncles Michel and Tony go back to Lebanon to find the family village. They never got there and I think they were not disappointed!
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Conclusion
• Emotion plays powerful rule in decision to emigrate• Mixed emotions experienced in settling in; drew on
deeper motivations and goals to cope with those aspects of live causing emotional dissonance
• Individualised coping strategies of retraining have pragmatic considerations
• Government policy of addressing skill shortages not being achieved – skills not utilised
Michèle E.M. Akoorie50
Conclusion
• Controversially, we suggest that at a community level, New Zealanders may not be able to integrate migrants in their daily lives to the extent that would enable government objectives to be met.
• Migrants are caught at the intersection of government objectives and community ability and willingness to embrace migration
• It is they who pay for the promise of a better life, both in terms of the financial and emotional costs involved in migrating
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Concluding remarks
• We are all immigrants – a desire to build a better life • Earlier, smaller groups of non-European immigrants
‘pepper potted’. Assimilation through marrying out• Larger groups of non-European skilled immigrants
more difficult to integrate• Communication, integration and acceptance more
likely with second generation through education • Immigrants bring network resources, trade links, set
up businesses, entrepreneurial skills