mw fcia fall08to . dennis graberis with the national concrete masonry association. email him at...

Specified Technologies, Inc. is a leading manufacturer of Firestop products that helpstop the spread of fire, smoke and toxicfumes. For over 15 years we have investedheavily in research, product development and testing. Today, we have the broadestrange of UL® Classified systems on the market.

Call us today and benefit from our service,technology and innovation.

200 Evans Way • Somerville, NJ 08876Toll Free: 800-992-1180 • Fax: (908) 526-9623

www.stifirestop.com

Firestop Solutions for all types of construction and retrofit applications

3 L i f e S a f e t y D i g e s t 10 / 2 0 0 8

On the Cover:Major cities, Chicago, New York, Los Angeles, SanFrancisco, Honolulu, use Fire Resistance RatedEffective Compartmentation widely to protect people,property and buildings.

FCIA Board of Directors

Tom Hottenroth, 2008 President Firestop Solutions, Inc., Bohemia, NY

Bill Hoos, Vice President & 2009 President ElectJHC Firestop, Inc., Montvale, NJ

Scott Rankin, TreasurerPyro-Stop, LLC, Philadelphia, PA

Randy Bosscawen, SecretaryMulticon Fire Containment, Inc., Columbus, OH

Aedan Gleeson, DirectorGleeson Powers, Inc., Franklin, MA

Gary Hamilton, DirectorHamilton-Benchmark, Inc.Saint Francis, WI

Bob Hasting, DirectorSpecialty Firestop Systems, Vancouver, WA

Michael Dominguez, Past President Firestop Specialties, Inc., Miami, FL

Don Murphy, Past PresidentPPMI Firestop, Inc., Greenfield, IN

Bill McHugh, Executive DirectorFirestop Contractors International Association, Hillside, IL

Subscription information: To subscribe, visitwww.fcia.org, click on Life Safety Digest, subscribe.For further information, contact FCIA at 708-202-1108 or e-mail [email protected].

Life Safety Digest, Volume 4, No. 4, is published quar-terly by The McGraw-Hill Cos. for the FirestopContractors International Association. Information hasbeen obtained from sources believed to be reliable.However, because of the possibility of human ormechanical error by our sources, the FirestopContractors International Association does not guar-antee the accuracy or completeness of any informa-tion and is not responsible for any errors or omissionsof for the results obtained from use of such informa-tion. The publisher reserves the right to censor,review, edit, reject or cancel any materials not meet-ing the standards of Life Safety Digest.

Reprints: Life Safety Digest Magazine Reprintsare available from FCIA headquarters; 1-100-$.95/issue; 101-500 - $.90/issue ; 501-1000 - $.80/issue; 1000+ - $.70/issue. Allshipments FOB Hillside, IL, 60162.Advertisers receive a reprint discount.

On the Web: You can find Life Safety DigestMagazine, including ads, text of articles andselected tables in this publication athttp://www.fcia.org .

Editorial Contributions: You are invited toshare your expertise and perspectives.Before writing, contact FCIA at [email protected] view the writing guidelines & policies.

Advertising Representatives: ContactMcGraw-Hill's sales staff at 312-233-7477.

Copyright ©2008, FCIA, the FirestopContractors International Association

Editors' Message 5

Concrete Masonry Inspection 7

Fire Damper Inspection 10

Firestopping in Healthcare 13

Inspecting Fire-Rated Glazing 15

Repairing Fire Resistive Gypsum 18

Industry News 21

Code Corner

Testing & Qualification News

Industry Calendar


To complete the constructionprocess, commissioning and periodicinspection needs to take place to assurecontinued successful performance ofEffective fire-resistance and smoke-resistant Compartmentation whencalled upon to protect occupants.

Having inspection brings balanceto the construction quality process,allowing the building owner andmanager to procure installed sys-tems from specialty contractors atthe most accurate price possible.With an inspection firm commis-sioning, construction defects arefound prior to occupancy and com-municated to the installing contrac-tor quickly for correction. Plus, anannual inspection means someone

has looked at fire barriers to main-tain fire protection continuitythroughout the building's life cycle.

FCIA believes that all types of fireprotection - alarms and detection,fire- and smoke-resistance-ratedEffective Compartmentation andeach of the compartmentation fea-tures, suppression systems, plusoccupant education - are needed tokeep our families of all ages safe,wherever they are.

Read and enjoy articles aboutcommissioning and periodic inspec-tion of all fire- resistance-rated andsmoke-resistant compartmentationfeatures. Join FCIA and other asso-ciations that support EffectiveCompartmentation.

Scott Rankin, Chair, FCIAEditorial CommitteeMike Dominguez, PresidentDon Murphy, Past PresidentBob LeClair, Past PresidentAedan Gleeson, DirectorBill McHugh, Executive Director

FCIA's Board of Directors


By Dennis Graber

Although local municipalitiesusually have minimum inspectionrequirements, the role of the con-crete masonry inspector has been asource of confusion. Questions havearisen as to how long an inspectorshould be on a job site and whatshould be inspected.

In addition to considering publicsafety factors, the amount of inspec-tion required depends on theowner's needs. The architect orengineer will typically specify thedegree of inspection necessary tomeet the owner's quality assuranceprogram and meet local buildingcode requirements.

To clarify how much inspectionshould be required on masonryprojects, Specification for MasonryStructures includes detailed inspec-tion guidelines that provide anexcellent basis for the degree ofinspection that should be providedon masonry projects.

The 2006 International BuildingCode (IBC) inspection requirementsare virtually identical to those in the2005 (and 2008) Specification forMasonry Structures (ACI 530.1-05/ASCE 6-05/TMS 602-0) report-ed by the Masonry Standards JointCommittee (MSJC). The correspon-ding designations are:* IBC special inspection Level 1requirements (Table 1704.5.1) cor-respond to MSJC Level B.* IBC special inspection Level 2requirements (Table 1704.5.3) cor-respond to MSJC Level C.* Although there is no specialinspection requirement correspon-

ding to MSJC Level A, this basicrequirement is covered in IBC sec-tion 109.

Three levels of inspection aredefined within MSJC (IBC require-ments are virtually identical but alittle less straight forward):* Level A (IBC Basic) - Theserequirements are the least stringent,requiring verification that masonryconstruction complies with plansand specifications. This level ofinspection can only be applied toempirically designed masonry, glassunit masonry and masonry veneerused in facilities defined asnonessential by the building code.When masonry is designed by engi-neered methods or is part of anessential facility, Level B or Cinspection is required.* Level B (IBC Level 1) - Theserequirements provide a periodic-type inspection for engineeredmasonry used in nonessential facili-ties (as defined in the building code)and for empirically designedmasonry, glass unit masonry andmasonry veneer used in essentialfacilities. Key inspection itemsinclude assurance that requiredreinforcement, anchors, ties andconnectors are in place and thatappropriate grouting procedures areused.*Level C (IBC Level 2) - The mostcomprehensive inspection proce-dures are required for essentialfacilities (as defined in the buildingcode) that are designed by engi-neered design methods. Itemsinspected under a Level C qualityassurance program are similar tothose of Level B, with the added

requirement that inspection be con-tinuous during all phases of mason-ry construction.

These inspection levels are mini-mum criteria and may be increasedwhen deemed necessary by thebuilding owner or designer. In thiscase, the construction documentsmust indicate the inspection leveland tests that are required to assurethat the masonry work conforms to


the project requirements. Due totheir relative importance or poten-tial hazard, more significant inspec-tion and quality assurance measuresare required for essential facilities.

Although not required by theInternational Building Code orMSJC, inspectors may be qualifiedor certified under nationally recog-nized education programs offeredthrough such organizations as theInternational Code Council.Completion of such a program maybe required by a local jurisdiction orby a building official.

Section 1704.1 of the 2006International Building Code pro-vides general guidance on the mini-mum qualifications for inspectors,as follows: “The special inspectorshall be a qualified person who shall

demonstrate competence, to thesatisfaction of the building official,for inspection of the particular typeof construction or operation requir-ing special inspection.” Someequate qualification with a nation-ally recognized certification, whileothers have allowed a noncertifiedindividual with sufficient experi-ence to serve as an inspector.

As a minimum, however, amasonry inspector must be familiarwith masonry construction and beable to read plans and specificationseffectively in order to judgewhether the construction is in con-formance with the constructiondocuments. As part of this task, aninspector should always review theconstruction documents thoroughlybefore construction begins.

More information on concretemasonry design, construction andinspection is available on NationalConcrete Masonry Associationmember web sites that sponsor e-TEK and e-Details. For a list ofsponsors and links to their sites, goto www.ncma.org.

Dennis Graber is with the NationalConcrete Masonry Association. Emailhim at [email protected] .


By Rick Cravy

Fire dampers and combinationfire/smoke dampers perform vitalsafety functions as part of a build-ing's fire protection or life-safetysystem. They must function proper-ly during a fire or life-safety emer-gency and so, must be periodicallyinspected and tested to ensure theywork when needed. Codes, stan-dards and manufacturer's recom-mendations have been publishedrecommending inspection and test-

ing intervals as well as the proce-dures to use for the process.

The purpose of this article is tosummarize these recommendationsand to provide some guidance per-taining to the procedures to inspectfire, smoke, and combination fire-smoke dampers.

There are two important types ofinspections, the initial constructioninspection, or commissioning; andperiodic inspection, testing andmaintenance. The first inspection ispart of the commissioning process.

Commissioning InspectionA commissioning inspection

ensures proper operation of a build-ing's mechanical systems, includingthe fire protection or life-safety sys-tem. The commissioning of fire andfire/smoke dampers includes:

• Inspection of the installation toconfirm it meets the requirementsor intent of the building code.

• Operational test to prove thedamper will fully close from theopen position under normal operat-ing conditions.

Commissioning inspections andproper operation need documenta-tion in order to establish a pointfrom which to begin the periodicinspection, testing and maintenanceprogram for fire and fire/smokedampers. Periodic inspections arethe second important type ofinspection.

Periodic Inspection, Testing and Maintenance

Described below is a typical peri-odic inspection, testing and mainte-nance procedure.

INSPECTION, TESTING &MAINTENANCE INSTRUC-TIONS

DAMPER MODELS: AllFire/Smoke and SmokeDampers

Regular inspection, testing andmaintenance is essential to ensure abuilding's fire/smoke and smokedampers will perform as intendedunder fire and smoke conditions.Regular inspection and maintenanceshould include periodic testing of allequipment, including dampers, fans,initiating devices, controls, etc., asso-ciated with the smoke-control or life-safety system. Consult standards likeNFPA 92A, NFPA 80, NFPA105 andlocal codes for guidance regarding thefrequency of inspections, testing andmaintenance of fire/smoke andsmoke dampers.

MAINTENANCE• Check actuator and tighten link-age if necessary.• Clean damper blades and otherworking parts if necessary.• Lubricate linkage, bearings andother moveable parts with a siliconelubricant. Do not use petroleum-based products as they could causeexcessive dust collection.• Operate (open and close) thedamper via the actuator (see note).• Check the blades to make surethey completely close and re-open.• Consult the manufacturer if prob-lems occur.

TESTING FIRE/SMOKEDAMPERS

• Use a moderate heat source andheat the thermal disc found “in theair-stream” on the fire/smoke


damper. Caution: too much heatmay damage the thermal disc.

• The disc will dimple and causethe flow of electricity to the actua-tor to stop. The damper blades willclose.

• Allow the disc to cool. Press thereset button on the outside of thedamper. Flow of electricity to theactuator will resume and thedamper blades will open.

Note: If possible, operate thedampers under normal airflow con-ditions.

DAMPER MODELS: All CurtainType and Multi-Blade Type FireDampers

Regular maintenance is essentialto ensure that a building's fire pro-tection system will perform asintended when fire occurs. Regularmaintenance should include period-ic testing of all equipment, includ-ing fire dampers, associated withthe fire protection system. The fre-quency of inspection, testing andmaintenance varies widely depend-ing on the duration of system oper-ation, condition of fresh air, amountof dust in return air, and other fac-tors. NFPA 80 recommends inspect-ing and testing all fire dampers atleast once every four or six years.MAINTENANCE(refer to notes)

• Check closure springs. If defec-tive, repair or replace.

• Operate the damper by remov-ing the fusible link and allowing theblades to drop or close. (Caution:keep fingers and hands out of theblade package travel path.)

• Check the damper for rustand/or corrosion.

• Clean damper blades and lubri-cate the working parts. Do not usepetroleum-based products as theycould cause excessive dust collection.

• Re-open the damper (move theblade package back to the top ofdamper) and replace the fusible link.

TESTING DAMPERS(refer to notes)

• Use a heat source and melt thefuse link or remove the fuse linkand let the blade package drop.(Caution: keep fingers and handsout of the blade package travelpath.)

• Check the blades to make surethey completely close and lock (if alock is used).

Notes:1. Due to their construction (includingsize) and/or accessibility, dynamic cur-tain type fire dampers may be very diffi-cult and in some cases impossible to test(close and re-open). If the damper isdetermined to be impossible to test, theauthority having jurisdiction can omitthe test and allow a thorough examina-tion to ensure nothing exists that wouldprohibit the damper from closing. Athorough examination should includechecking the damper for squareness andthe blade channel for obstructions.2. Fire dampers may be easier to reopenfrom a specific side. Consult the manu-facturer for assistance.3. If possible, test fire dampers undernormal airflow conditions.

Fire dampers and combinationfire/smoke dampers protect buildingoccupants in two ways. First, theyclose internally to form a barrieragainst the threat. Second, they alsoprovide fire and smoke protectionaround the perimeter of the ductwith continuous metal angles andfirestop systems. When firestop sys-tems are used as the “angle substi-tute,” they must be installed to theclassified firestop system tested atthe laboratory, with zero toleranceprotocol. Annular space sizes, duct

size, backing and clips used in addi-tion to the firestop sealants all mustbe installed to the tested system.

To function properly during a fireor life-safety emergency, dampersmust be periodically inspected andtested. There are several companiesthat perform commissioning andperiodic inspections of dampers as aspecialty. Consult the AuthorityHaving Jurisdiction and local build-ing and fire codes for inspection fre-quency by occupancy.

Rick Cravy is Product Manager atRUSKIN, a damper manufacturer basedin KS. Email him at [email protected] .


NFPA92A (Standard for Smoke-ControlSystems Utilizing Barriers and PressureDifferences 2006 Edition) is prepared bythe Technical Committee on SmokeManagement Systems. The standard con-tains information relating to the design,installation, testing, operation and main-tenance of systems for the control,removal or venting of smoke from fires inbuildings. Combination fire/smoke andsmoke dampers are an essential part of aproperly designed smoke control system.

Engineered Smoke Control Systemscan be divided into dedicated systemsand non-dedicated systems. Dedicatedsystems are those used solely for provid-ing smoke control. Non-dedicated sys-tems are those used for other purposeslike building HVAC. Dedicated systems

(including dampers associated with thesystems) shall be tested at least semi-annually while non-dedicated systemsshall be tested at least annually.

NFPA80 (Standard for Fire Doors andOther Opening Protectives 2007 Edition)is prepared by the Technical Committeeon Fire Doors and Windows. The stan-dard contains information relating to theinstallation and maintenance of firedoors, windows, shutters and otherequipment, like fire dampers, used torestrict the spread of fire. Informationregarding the installation, testing andmaintenance of fire dampers was previ-ously found in NFPA90A but moved toNFPA80 with the 2007 edition. NFPA80is the predominant standard withrespect to the fire damper maintenance

issue. Details regarding operationaltest, periodic inspection and testing, andmaintenance can be found in NFPA80.

NFPA105 (Standard for theInstallation of Smoke Door Assembliesand Other Opening Protectives 2007Edition) is prepared by the TechnicalCommittee on Fire Doors and Windows.The standard contains information relat-ing to the installation and maintenance offire doors, windows, shutters and otherequipment, like smoke and combinationfire/smoke dampers, used to restrict thespread of fire. NFPA105 is similar toNFPA80 with respect to operationaltest, periodic inspection and testing, andmaintenance. NFPA105, unlike NFPA80pertains only to smoke and combinationfire/smoke dampers.

Standards Related to Smoke Control and Fire Doors by Rick Cravy


by the facilities director at the health-care facility. This person is responsiblefor the Environment of Care (EOC)Standard for the Joint Commission(JC) who has deeming authority by theCenters for Medicaid and MedicareServices (CMS) to issue Accreditationof Healthcare Organizations.

Sound simple enough? Well, thefacility managers have a lot on theirplates and depend on contractors thatfollow the rules to a tee.Understanding that specialty firestopcontractors work above ceilings andthe facility director cannot check everypenetration, we can be undetected in abuilding. However, if the JointCommission surveys and finds anydeviations, it's the facility director whohealthcare building and managementleadership holds responsible. All ittakes is one or two missed penetrationsout of a possible thousands and majorimpact is thrust on client relations.

As for the surroundings, installerswork close to hospital staff, directlyoutside patient rooms and every-where in the facility. Appearance,cleanliness and attitude are of utmostimportance in healthcare. The workperformed is an inconvenience to allaround us. It really does take the rightfirestop/containment workers withthe right attitudes and manners tohandle this unique environment.Evening and weekend hours areoften required in this occupancy.

Firestop contractors in new con-struction may be proficient in theInternational Building Code (IBC).However, the existing healthcaremarket operates under additionalrequirements, NFPA-101 the LifeSafety Code, (LSC).

Nothing is ever simple in this mar-ket. Currently JC and CMS recognizethe 2000 Edition of NFPA-101 LSC.Interpretation of Chapter 19-ExistingHealthcare can be a daunting task.Multiple interpretations on the samesubject occur, especially when thefacility has hired an inexperiencedconsultant or someone in the facilityhas been given incorrect information.

To add value to clients, we need toquestion some of these interpretationsfrom time to time. We need to under-stand what a 30-minute smoke barri-er is and the classified firestop systemsdesigns to maintain continuity. Then,knowing how to treat hazardousrooms properly is important.

Plus, requirements differ for build-ing portions that are sprinklered ornon-sprinklered. Most importantly,we keep a company culture that paysattention to items that may reduceeffectiveness of existing life safety fea-tures of the building as routine, ratherthan exception.

Infection control is another majorconcern. Hospital policies can varygreatly. Some facilities may requiretotal containment of work areas fromfunctioning hospital areas with hepafilters, while others permit openingsingle ceiling tiles in the same areawithout containment.

By Randall L. Bosscawen

The healthcare environment usescompartmentation as a fire protectionstrategy throughout its building areas.Firestop systems are a big part of effec-tive fire-resistance-rated compart-mentation.

Many firestopping/fire contain-ment contractors got their start inexisting healthcare restoration proj-ects. At Multicon, we quickly learnedit is not a typical construction arena.Following the facilities rules with “noexcuses” is very different than thetypical construction project site,where much more freedom exists.There's a massive array of rules, regu-lations, requirements, and entities tounderstand and become experts at toprovide clients services they expectand need in healthcare.

It is learned quickly that actions inthis environment can have huge con-sequences on the facilities quality ofcare provided to patients. In thehealthcare environment, acronymslike SOC, PFI, ILSM, CMS, ICRA, JC,ASHE, ACCREDIDATION, EOC, LSCand others became part of our dailylanguage and understanding to mini-mize impact on healthcare operations.

Contractors considering work in anexisting healthcare environment needto understand these unique conditionsand rules prior to getting involved.

One may be very proficient atfirestop contracting in the construc-tion market, yet be completely unsuit-ed for the existing healthcare field.You must consider the customer'sbuilding characteristics, who you'reworking for and the surroundings.

Most firestop contracts are controlled

Healthcare work environment is aboveceilings. Place where convenient.


All high risk areas, such as oncology,need an Infection Control RiskAssessment (ICRA) completed andapproved. All hospitals have an infec-tion control officer that must be con-sulted prior to work being performed.The American Society of HealthcareEngineers (ASHE-http://www.ashe.org) provides training on infection controland other construction requirementsfor healthcare through their contractorcertificate program.

Other issues for firestop/contain-ment contractors are patient confi-dentiality and egress. Our workerswill overhear confidential informa-tion about patients or even comeacross patients they recognize. We areheld liable equally to the hospital staffin regards to privacy laws.

Maintaining clear egress is anotherconcern. While working in a corridorwith containment units or temporaryenclosures required for infection con-

trol (and even our work carts), we areimpeding the required egress width.We must have a plan in place toremove these obstacles immediatelyin the event of an emergency.

Playing by the hospital's rules - anddeveloping and adhering to our owncompany policies for infection con-trol, egress, and confidentiality - helpsus meet important customer needs inthe healthcare market. If we learnabout the issues in this article andinstitute changes as part of our com-pany culture, we become a greatresource and benefit to clients in thehealthcare market.

Randall L. Bosscawen is GeneralManager, Multicon Fire Containmentand has provided firestopping/fire con-tainment services to over 67 major hospi-tals across the country over the past 17years [email protected]

Work carts and workers must comply withneeds.

High risk areas need protected work environments.


By Jeff Razwick

Since many types of fire-ratedand non-fire-rated glass look thesame, effective inspection requireslabels that fully disclose how anygiven product relates to the testedsystem according to laboratorydirectory and code requirements.This article will discuss the currentfire-rated glazing labeling system,how it relates to testing require-ments, and the implications for lifesafety.

Labeling System OverviewThe current marking system

required by the 2006 InternationalBuilding Code (IBC) and adopted byUnderwriters Laboratories (UL) hasthree broad marking categoriesaddressing:

• Suitability of product for use invarious locations in a building• Whether the fire-rated glazingsystem has passed the required hosestream test• Conformance with temperaturerise criteria

In addition, a number indicatesthe fire rating period in minutes.

To show suitability for use in var-ious locations in a building, thelabel includes one or more specificdesignations that describe wherethe system can be used:

“D” indicates Doors“O” indicates Openings (sidelites,

transoms, etc.)“W” indicates Walls

Performance on the hose streamtest is indicated on the label by:

“H” indicates glazing meets theHOSE STREAM test standards(required for ratings of 45 minutesor more)

“NH” indicates glazing does NOTmeet HOSE STREAM test standards(an NH marking is only appropriatefor 20-minute fire-rated doors)

Likewise, conformance with tem-perature rise criteria is shown onthe label with:

“T” indicates glazing meets TEM-PERATURE RISE criteria

“NT” indicates glazing does NOTmeet TEMPERATURE RISE criteria

Thus, a given label (see example)might read: “D-H-NT-45” for a prod-uct that can be used in doors, haspassed the hose stream test, does notmeet temperature rise criteria, and isfire-rated for 45 minutes. If the prod-uct is suited for additional locations,such as openings, a second line willbe included with the appropriatemarking categories.


While there are many potentialpermutations of the specific desig-nation codes within the markingcategories, the fact there are onlythree allows building owners andmanagers, compartmentationinspectors, code officials, specifiers,the fire service and others to note ata glance if a product is suited for agiven use.

Labeling Clarity and Life SafetyThe labeling system specifically

shows at a glance whether a prod-uct has met all testing requirements(see sidebar “Fire-Rated GlazingTest Requirements.”) One of theimportant - but often misunder-stood - requirements is the hosestream test.

The hose stream test is an importantpart of fire-rated glass testing, and theICC's Code Development Process hasrepeatedly reaffirmed this. U.S. stan-dards require the hose stream test forall fire ratings of 45 minutes or greater.Canadian standards also require thetest for all fire ratings.

The test involves spraying a heat-ed glass and framing assembly withwater from a fire hose at pressuresand durations specified in NFPA 257(National Fire ProtectionAssociation's Standard on Fire Testfor Window and Glass BlockAssemblies). The test provides “amethod for evaluating the integrityof constructions and assemblies andfor eliminating inadequate materi-als or constructions.” (NFPA 257,B.11.4) The standards further state“the cooling, impact, and erosioneffects of the hose stream provideimportant tests of the integrity ofthe specimen being evaluated.” Tosuccessfully pass the hose streamtest, the glass and framing mustremain intact and not separate fromthe frame, within limits specified inNFPA 257, B.12. Clearly, this testadds value as it makes the glazedwall subject to the same treatmentas the wall, firestopping, firedampers and fire doors.

So how does the test relate to lifesafety? NFPA 257, B.11.2 explainsthat spraying the glass and framingwith water “provides a measure ofits structural capabilities.” The stan-dard explicitly acknowledges thatweights have been used in Europeto test impact, but that the hosestream test provides greater unifor-mity and accuracy. In addition, thehose stream test evaluates theassembly's ability to withstand ther-mal shock, such as might be experi-enced when hot glass is exposed tocool water from fire sprinklers orfire hoses. In essence, the hosestream test helps ensure that theglazing will not vacate the openingand create a path for the spread offlames and smoke.

The marking system also clearlyindicates when a product has beenadequately tested for heat transferresistance. The “W” symbol for

An example of a label with marking system required by the 2006 InternationalBuilding Code.


Properly designed, specified, installed,maintained and inspected, fire-rated glaz-ing provides an effective barrier againstflames and smoke. To earn a fire protec-tion rating, window glazing is subjected totesting requirements specified in the National Fire Protection Association's(NFPA) 257: Standard on Fire Test forWindow and Glass Block Assemblies.These tests help ensure that glass andframing can withstand the intense heatfrom structural fires and the potentialeffects of firefighting actions.

Overview of Fire RatingsFire-rated glazing for door and window

assemblies is rated from 20 minutes tothree hours, reflecting the amount of timethe material is anticipated to remain inplace to help stop the spread of fire andsmoke. While ordinary window glass andtempered glass break at temperatureswell below those found in many buildingfires, fire-rated glazing is available thatcan withstand temperatures up to approx-imately 1,800° F or greater (980° C).

Fire ratings are determined by a seriesof tests conducted by independent testingfacilities, such as UnderwritersLaboratories. The lab installs samples ofthe glass and framing in a wall assembly.This assembly is then subjected to speci-fied test standards that include two

required elements: a “fire test” and a“hose stream test.”

Fire TestFor the first stage of testing, the wall

assembly with glass and framing isplaced in a furnace. The temperatureinside the furnace is controlled followinga standard time-temperature curve spec-ified in NFPA 257, Figure 4.1.1. At fiveminutes, the temperature in the furnacereaches 1,000° F (583° C). At 30 min-utes it rises to 1,550° F (843° C). Afterone-and-a-half hours it approaches1,800° F (980° C).

For a given fire rating, the glass andframing must meet several performancecriteria specified in NFPA 257 at theconclusion of the fire test. These include:

• “The window assembly shall remain in thewall in which it is installed for the durationof the fire test.”

• “No flaming shall occur on the unex-posed surface of the assembly.”

• “There shall be no separation of theglazing material edges from the glazingframe.”

• “There shall be no openings in the win-dow assembly.”

products suitable for walls indicatesthe product has been tested as afire-rated wall according to ASTME119. By their nature, such wallsare fire-resistive.

There's no doubt that it's criticalto make sure products provide fire-resistive protection where needed.Such products must be used in crit-ical areas where people may bepresent for extended periods of

Additional performance criteriaaddress limitations on the movement ofoperable components from their closedpositions and limitations on the move-ment of the overall assembly relative tothe wall.

Hose Stream TestWithin two minutes of completion of

the fire test, the hot glass and framingis subjected to a hose stream test. Theside of the assembly exposed to the heatof the furnace is sprayed with waterfrom a fire hose at pressures and dura-tions specified in NFPA 257, Table6.2.3. This is a required part of the firetest for products to be suitable for usein the specific application in a fire-resistance-rated glazing system.

To successfully pass the hose streamtest, the glass and framing must remainintact and not separate from the frame,within limits specified in NFPA 257,B.12.

time, including exit corridors andstairwells.

The professionals on the frontlines of inspecting glazing installa-tions are the critical players in all ofthis. As they know, labeling systemsshould be clear and easy to read,and provide sufficient details toinspect critical fire-resistance-ratedEffective Compartmentation sys-tems.

Jeff Razwick is the Vice President ofBusiness Development for TechnicalGlass Products (TGP), a Kirkland, WA-based supplier of fire-rated glass andframing systems, along with specialtyarchitectural glazing products. He writesfrequently about the design and specifi-cation of glazing systems for commercialbuildings. Technical Glass Products canbe reached atwww.fireglass.com or (800)426-0279.

Fire-Rated Glazing Test Requirements


By Bob Grupe

Life safety is of paramount concernin today's built environment. Thebest overall approach to preservinglife safety in design is to combineboth active suppression and alarmsystems with fire-resistance-ratedconstruction measures. Fire-resist-ance-rated construction is known ascompartmentation, which of courseleads to fire-resistive partitions.

Fire-resistive gypsum partitionsare the assembly of choice in theconstruction industry. The reasonsfor this include economical per-formance, ease and speed of instal-lation, as well as aesthetic proper-ties. Fire performance comes fromthe gypsum mineral itself.Chemically combined water(CaSO4-2H2O) is released as steamat elevated temperatures. Thisprocess, called calcination, effective-ly retards the transfer of heatthrough the individual gypsum

panels and hence the entire system.Hourly fire-resistive ratings are

determined and assigned by testingto recognized standards. In theUnited States that test protocol isdefined by ASTM E 119 StandardTest Methods for Fire Tests ofBuilding Construction andMaterials. Internationally, the testmethod that is used is ISO 834, Fire-resistance tests - Elements of build-ing construction.

There are no fire-resistive ratingson individual products, especially asit relates to partitions. Specific prod-ucts are combined in an assembly orsystem, in which an hourly resistancerating is derived. Substitutions of, ordamage to these components maylead to a significant drop in fire-resis-tive performance. This article willexplore some common areas of con-cern and offer solutions that keep theresistance ratings intact over the life-cycle of the built environment.

Gypsum Panel ConstructionFire-resistive gypsum panels are

comprised of a specially formulatedgypsum core that is encased in multi-layered paper facings. These facingsprovide tensile properties thatincrease the overall flexural strengthof the panel. Conversely the gypsumcore, being cementitious, providescompressive strength. This makes thepanel a true engineered panel and, toperform as intended, both compo-nents must remain intact and solid.

Minor tears in the paper, or sur-face blemishes in the panel, mayhave little impact on overall fireperformance. Tests conducted byindividual panel manufacturershave documented the effect these

imperfections have upon perform-ance. Consultation with individualmanufacturers is advised to deter-mine proper resolution.

Paper tears and edge damage repairsare covered in the GypsumConstruction Handbook published byUSG Corporation. Chapter 12 of thehandbook covers various types ofrepairs. Avoid using board with dam-aged edges that may easily be com-pressed or can swell upon contactwith moisture. The damaged areamust be removed and repaired with asuitable joint finish system. It is impor-tant that the gypsum core be solid andintact. Any core that is crumbled orcrushed must be replaced.

Sometimes the finished wall sur-face appears to be fractured by eitherheavy blows or other abuse. As men-tioned above, this fracture must beremoved and replaced. Again, theGypsum Construction Handbook canbe used as a resource to cover thiscondition. First a square section ofthe damaged area should be cut outand removed. The new piece of gyp-sum panel, with the same dimensionand core formulation of the removeddamaged area, must be prepared forinstallation. There are commerciallyavailable drywall repair clips that canbe used to mechanically hold thenew panel in place. The four sides ofthe new piece can then be finishedwith joint tape and compound. TheGypsum Association has a pamphletentitled “GA 225-08 Repair of FireRated Gypsum Board Systems”which can also be used as a referencefor repairing holes in gypsum panels.

Repairs in specialty panels, such ascement boards and the 1-in. shaftliner panels found in shaft walls, are


best handled by contacting individualmanufacturers for recommendations.

Fasteners play a key role in theoverall performance of the system.Their spacing, length, and placementare based on testing, and close adher-ence to the tested system is required.The fastener must be properly seatedwithout any paper tears to assure ade-quate holding power. Choosing thewrong type of screw for the applica-tion or using an improperly adjustedscrew gun can result in the screwstripping or not seating properly. Thefaulty screw must be replaced andseated properly. Any associated papertears must also be repaired as men-tioned previously.

Another important component isthe framing system. Typical systemsinclude metal or wood studs. Theymust be installed properly and freeof damage. Fire-resistive tests utiliz-ing metal studs are always run atthe minimum thickness, now meas-ured in mil thickness and depth.Spacing of the studs is tested at themaximum. Therefore, installationshall be consistent with conditionsallowed by the actual design as pub-lished in the testing laboratorydirectories or proprietary testdescription. The metal studs shouldnot have buckled flanges or twistedwebs. Also, the flange must be con-tinuous along the span of the stud.Any framing member exhibitingdamage that would impair structur-al performance should be replaced.

Gypsum Plaster ConstructionThe use of gypsum plaster in fire-

resistive partitions predates the use ofdrywall. Currently it is available intwo different types of systems knownas conventional and veneer plaster.Conventional plaster is a three coatapplication of plaster over some typeof lath. This lath can be made frommetal, gypsum, or even wood mate-

rials. Fire-resistive ratings are notobtainable if wood lath is used. Thewood lath plaster assembly must beconsidered as open framing from afire-resistance standpoint.

Gypsum lath. One is a small panelanalogous to a standard drywallproduct. It's original size was basical-ly 3/8-in. thick with a round edge,16-in. wide and 48-in./96-in. long.Typically a clip attachment systemwas used to attach it to a speciallydesigned stud. That stud is no longeravailable, so any contemporaryinstallation calls for screw attachingthe lath to a standard wood or steelstud. This small panel was first intro-duced in 1925. It's currently avail-able 3/8-in. x 24-in. x 96-in.

Another gypsum lath product wasactually a tile product, similar in con-cept to a concrete masonry unit. Thetiles were stacked like concrete blockin a running bond fashion and fin-ished with conventional plaster.They offered excellent fire resistancein a very small partition width. Themost common trade name wasPyrobar Partition Tile and it wasintroduced in 1903. The age of theseproducts is impressive, and equallyso, is their continued performance.Little has changed in the testmethodology over the years. In con-ditions where the materials are stillin good shape, it can be assumed thefire integrity is still intact.

Issues that come up relative toplaster assemblies range from per-formance verification of archaic sys-tems to patching holes in the plastermembrane. Again, it is advised tocontact the material manufacturerto determine performance.

There are many options availablewhen it comes to repairing old plasterwalls. They range from repairingwith a plaster material, to furringover the existing plaster and finishingwith the appropriate type of gypsum

panel. The decision, in part, is basedon prevailing conditions and projectbudget. If the wall in question issound but has minor cracks or smallholes, repairing with plaster may besuitable. If the holes are large, or ifthe wall is part of a building rejuve-nation and new electrical wiring andplumbing are being installed, the useof furring and gypsum panels may bethe preferred solution.

The first step in the process is toremove all unsound plaster. Allcracked and loose plaster should beremoved down to the lath.Damaged or missing studs must bereplaced in the larger holes, and thenew framing must be in complianceto local code requirements. Thelathing material must be in goodcondition. If the lathing is made ofwood strips, then there is no fire-resistive rating and the wall asinstalled provides no basis fordesign. In that case, a new wallmust be installed. Missing or deteri-orated metal lath must be replacedby lapping new lath two inches overthe missing or existing lath, and beinstalled with new wire ties. If thelath is gypsum base, all missing ordamaged lathing panels must bereplaced. They need to be mechani-cally attached to the existing wall aswas described earlier for standardgypsum panel walls.

Large holes, for basis of discus-sion, are those walls having bothlength and width greater than trow-


el length. The edges of the existing plaster should becoated with a polyvinyl acetate plaster bonder. Theselarge holes or newly framed areas require lath to beinstalled as if it were a new wall.

Small holes are defined as those having one dimension,length, or width equal to or less than a trowel length.Again, a plaster bonder should be installed on the existingplaster. Trowel in a basecoat plaster and leave the surfacerough. Finish the process with a skim coat of a special for-mulated finish plaster. This new plaster should be trow-elled flush with the original plaster surface.

Wide or deep cracks should be raked out approximately1/4 in. and go down to the existing lath. Brush the crackclean and fill with a chemically setting joint compound.A paper tape designed for finishing drywall should beembedded in subsequent coats of joint compound. Allthe above plaster remedies require final approval by theauthority having jurisdiction over the project prior tostarting the process.

If the decision is made to resurface the walls withnew fire-resistive gypsum panels, then some type of

framing system must be incorporated in the designsolution. There is no testing to support the use of lami-nating gypsum board to existing plaster for fire-resistivepurposes. The new framing material should be designedto be mechanically attached back to the existing framingor have the structural capacity to span the height of thenew wall. The type and potential number of layers ofgypsum panels will be predicated by the intended appli-cation, existing wall configuration, and anticipated fire-resistive ratings. There has been little or no testing relat-ing to enhancing existing plaster walls with new panels.All solutions will have to be based on an evaluation ofconditions and approval obtained from the authorityhaving jurisdiction over the project.

Veneer plaster is a skim coat of plaster that is trowelapplied over a gypsum panel similar in size and thick-ness to a standard panel. This panel, though, has specialface papers that enhance the plaster's ability to bond.The plaster base board is recognizable by its unique bluecolor. The combination of the veneer plaster and the plas-ter base board can be used in fire-resistive systems. Thebase board core must be formulated the same as the stan-dard fire-resistive gypsum panel. From an assemblystandpoint, the base board and the standard panel areinterchangeable. Therefore the repair procedures men-tioned above work for veneer plaster systems as well.

The use of gypsum has been successfully used in fire-resistive assemblies for over 100 years.

Two sources of information on fire-resistance ratingson archaic assemblies are:• Building Materials and Structures, Report BMS 92;and National Bureau of Standards, 10/7/1942• Fire Ratings of Archaic Materials & Assemblies; NIBS,February 2000.

This article provided fairly simple repair proceduresthat assure long term in place performance of gypsumpanel systems in fire-resistance-rated construction.When completed as a system with classified fire-resist-ance-rated firestop systems, swinging and rolling doors,fire dampers, fire-rated glazing, gypsum systems pro-vide the base for Effective fire-resistance-ratedCompartmentation systems.

Bob Grupe has over 30 years experience with USG and isbased in Chicago, IL. Email him at [email protected] .


Testing & Qualification News

FCIA going to San Antonio - Thisimportant industry conference Nov. 4-7, brings seminars on firestopping andEffective Compartmentation, FM &UL DRI Testing, 2009 InternationalCode Council Update, the Ray UsherMemorial Golf Outing at the Quarry,and an optional tour of Intertek'sLaboratories in Elmendorf. Visithttp://www.fcia.org for details.

UL Firestop / FireproofingQualified Firestop ContractorCost Reduction - At the Fall 2007FCIA Firestop Industry Conference andTrade Show, Hollywood, FL, BetsyTitus of UL announced a 50% reduc-tion in the first year cost of the UL pro-gram. The reduction expires Dec. 31.Audit costs dropped from $6,000 to$3,000 in this program. Now is the timeif you are planning to get qualified.

FM, Koffel, FCIA, UL, participateat NFPA - FCIA is a member of theNFPA Fire Protection ResearchFoundation's Smoke Barrier ResearchStudy. This study is attempting tounderstand air leakage values andcode requirements for installedfirestop systems. Look for results fromthe study in the next few months.

FCIA at UL Canada - FCIA mem-bers in Toronto, Ottawa, Ontario andOmaha, NE, attended the FCIA DRIExam Education Session and QualityManagement Seminar at UL Canadaheadquarters. The education sessionlasted about 3-1/2 hours, with DRIexam proctored by UL.

FCIA, DHI, at ConstructionSpecifications Institute CON-STRUCT2008 - FCIA's booth andtwo seminars at CONSTRUCT2008were well received by a packed roomat the Firestopping Update session,and a good crowd to hear about Effective Compartmentation.Architect / specifiers, fire marshals,building officials and engineers whowork for firms that specify firestoppingand Effective Compartmentation wereoffered the FCIA Manual of Practice,FREE on PDF as a service.

DHI's booth at CSI had lots of actionto promote DHI Programs, includingThe Fire-Rated Doors and Hardware -A Guide to Field Inspections course.The updated NFPA 80 standard nowmakes the inspection of fire-rateddoors a yearly requirement. Learnmore about this important program atDHI's Annual Exposition andEducation in Boston Nov. 7-15.

FCIA at ConstructionSpecifications Canada (CSC) -During FCIA's visit to Toronto, wecalled on Construction SpecificationsCanada, (Canada's ConstructionSpecifications Institute - CSI) and

were able to secure FCIA firestoppingpresentations at CSC NationalConferences for 2008 and 2009.FCIA's firestopping seminar in Halifax,Nova Scotia was well attended withattendees from throughout Canada.

FCIA Membership Growing - It'son its way to the 200 member mark.Contractors, manufacturers, consult-ants, distributors and manufacturers'reps have all joined in to help spreadthe news about firestopping and effec-tive compartmentation's importance:

Code Corner FCIA's Code Changes forFirestopping and Compart-mentation - were heard in lateSeptember. Watch the next issueof Life Safety Digest andhttp://www.iccsafe.org for FinalAction results important to Fireand Life Safety CompartmentationFeatures.

FCIA Comments and AttendsIAPMO Hearings - The InternationalAssociation of Plumbing andMechanical Officials (IAPMO) code isused in jurisdictions throughout thewest and other areas. FCIA publiccommented a code proposal thatwould have required firestop installersto be four-year plumbing journeymanto install firestop systems and won atthe committee level. Final actions takeplace October in Atlanta.


Oct. 6 to 8Glass Build America, Las Vegas

Oct. 19 to 22SMACNA Convention, Maui, HI

Nov. 4 to 7FCIA Firestop Industry Conference &Trade Show, San Antonio

Nov. 8 to 15Door and Hardware Institute Show,Boston

Feb. 26 to 28, 2009International Concrete Exposition,Indianapolis

March 24 to 28, 2009AWCI Convention and INTEX Expo,Nashville

April 29 to May 1, 2009FCIA Education and CommitteeAction Conference, Boston

June 8 to 11, 2009NFPA Annual Convention, Chicago

June 17 to 19, 2009 CONSTRUCT2009, CSI Convention,Indianapolis

Oct. 24 to 31, 2009ICC Code Development Hearings,Baltimore

Nov. 1 to 4, 2009ICC Annual Conference, Baltimore

Nov. 3 to 6, 2009FCIA Firestop Industry Conference &Trade Show, San Antonio

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