Music in Music in Musical Theatre Musical Theatre

and Filmand Film

Music in Musical Theatre and Film:Music in Musical Theatre and Film:Musical TheatreMusical Theatre

Drama and music have existed as independent Drama and music have existed as independent expressions of art for thousands of years. It expressions of art for thousands of years. It was not until the seventeenth century that the was not until the seventeenth century that the two art forms blended to create a new art form, two art forms blended to create a new art form, opera. opera. Opera continued to evolve over the Opera continued to evolve over the next three centuries, resulting in another new next three centuries, resulting in another new art form:art form: musical theatremusical theatre. From its American . From its American roots, musical theatre has gained popularity roots, musical theatre has gained popularity around the world. Its unique and accessible around the world. Its unique and accessible blend of drama and music continue to attract blend of drama and music continue to attract new fans today.new fans today.

Music in Musical Theatre and Film:Music in Musical Theatre and Film:An Introduction to Musical TheatreAn Introduction to Musical Theatre

During the 1800s, opera as an art form During the 1800s, opera as an art form continued to evolve, but in two entirely opposite continued to evolve, but in two entirely opposite directions. In Germany, composers like Richard directions. In Germany, composers like Richard Wagner wrote lengthy “heroic” operas that took Wagner wrote lengthy “heroic” operas that took as many as six hours to perform. Meanwhile, in as many as six hours to perform. Meanwhile, in Paris and Vienna, a lighter, more sentimental Paris and Vienna, a lighter, more sentimental form of comic opera was finding favor with form of comic opera was finding favor with opera-goers. opera-goers. These “light operas,” or These “light operas,” or operettasoperettas, , were actually were actually stage plays with songs and dance stage plays with songs and dance interspersed with spoken linesinterspersed with spoken lines. .

Music in Musical Theatre and Film:Music in Musical Theatre and Film:The Birth of the Broadway MusicalThe Birth of the Broadway Musical

Toward the end of the century, the operetta crossed the Toward the end of the century, the operetta crossed the Atlantic, where it underwent a transformation. Ultimately it Atlantic, where it underwent a transformation. Ultimately it evolved into a evolved into a dramatic stage form that combines the art of dramatic stage form that combines the art of acting and singingacting and singing. The . The Broadway musicalBroadway musical had been born. had been born.

Like jazz, the Broadway musical – or simply “musical” – is a Like jazz, the Broadway musical – or simply “musical” – is a uniquely uniquely American inventionAmerican invention. Its forerunners included not only . Its forerunners included not only operettas but minstrel shows and operettas but minstrel shows and vaudevillevaudeville. . VaudevilleVaudeville was was an early staged variety show that included songs, dances and an early staged variety show that included songs, dances and comedy skitscomedy skits..

One of the first composers of Broadway musicals was George One of the first composers of Broadway musicals was George M. Cohan. His first show was M. Cohan. His first show was Little Johnny Jones Little Johnny Jones (1904). (1904). “Give My Regards to Broadway,” a song Cohan wrote for the “Give My Regards to Broadway,” a song Cohan wrote for the show, became a classic in its own right. More importantly, the show, became a classic in its own right. More importantly, the song contained the first-ever reference to song contained the first-ever reference to BroadwayBroadway as a as a synonym for “musical theatre.”synonym for “musical theatre.”

Music in Musical Theatre and Film:Music in Musical Theatre and Film:The Classic Broadway MusicalThe Classic Broadway Musical

In the 1920sIn the 1920s, the Broadway musical underwent some refinements. Although , the Broadway musical underwent some refinements. Although the emphasis was still on music, the emphasis was still on music, the stories began to assume more of the the stories began to assume more of the characteristics of actual drama. characteristics of actual drama. These included richer plotlines and These included richer plotlines and carefully scripted carefully scripted dialoguedialogue, , the spoken lines of a play or musical showthe spoken lines of a play or musical show. . During this era, composers such as George Gershwin, Jerome Kern, and During this era, composers such as George Gershwin, Jerome Kern, and Cole Porter emerged on the scene. Among their legendary contributions to Cole Porter emerged on the scene. Among their legendary contributions to musical theatre were musical theatre were Lady Be Good, Show Boat, Lady Be Good, Show Boat, and and Anything GoesAnything Goes..

After World War IIAfter World War II, composers and lyricists further developed the musical. , composers and lyricists further developed the musical. The period saw the creation of beloved musicals including The period saw the creation of beloved musicals including My Fair Lady My Fair Lady (Frederick Loewe and Alan Jay Lerner), (Frederick Loewe and Alan Jay Lerner), The Sound of MusicThe Sound of Music (Richard (Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II)Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II), , and and West Side StoryWest Side Story (Leonard (Leonard Bernstein and Stephen Sondheim). Such musicals added many Bernstein and Stephen Sondheim). Such musicals added many unforgettable show tunes such as “Maria,” “Edelweiss,” and “Somewhere” to unforgettable show tunes such as “Maria,” “Edelweiss,” and “Somewhere” to pop singers’ repertoires. pop singers’ repertoires. A A repertoirerepertoire is is an inventory of compositions an inventory of compositions mastered and performed by a musician. mastered and performed by a musician.

Prior to World War II, Prior to World War II, musicals by and large reflected optimism – the belief musicals by and large reflected optimism – the belief that goodness will triumph over evilthat goodness will triumph over evil. During the latter part of the twentieth . During the latter part of the twentieth century, however, century, however, writers of musicals began addressing darker, more writers of musicals began addressing darker, more serious themes in their musicalsserious themes in their musicals. Examples of this trend include John . Examples of this trend include John Kander and Fred Ebb’s dark comedies Kander and Fred Ebb’s dark comedies ChicagoChicago and and CabaretCabaret..

Music in Musical Theatre and Film:Music in Musical Theatre and Film:From Broadway to HollywoodFrom Broadway to Hollywood

The fact that classic musicals continue to be revived The fact that classic musicals continue to be revived on Broadway today attests to the popularity of this art on Broadway today attests to the popularity of this art form. In addition, many Broadway musicals have form. In addition, many Broadway musicals have been adapted into successful films. Several of these been adapted into successful films. Several of these became Hollywood hits that earned numerous became Hollywood hits that earned numerous Academy Awards. These includeAcademy Awards. These include West Side StoryWest Side Story (1961) – ten Oscars, including Best Picture (1961) – ten Oscars, including Best Picture My Fair LadyMy Fair Lady (1964) – eight Oscars, (1964) – eight Oscars,

including Best Pictureincluding Best Picture The Sound of Music The Sound of Music (1965) – five Oscars, (1965) – five Oscars,

including Best Pictureincluding Best Picture CabaretCabaret (1972) – eight Oscars (1972) – eight Oscars Chicago Chicago (2002) – six Oscars, including (2002) – six Oscars, including

Best PictureBest Picture

Music in Musical Theatre and Film:Music in Musical Theatre and Film:An International TrendAn International Trend

By the early 1970s, British and French creative teams By the early 1970s, British and French creative teams were making important contributions of musical were making important contributions of musical theatretheatre. In the decades following, they have become . In the decades following, they have become a dominant force in this art form. London native a dominant force in this art form. London native Andrew Lloyd Webber’s creations include Andrew Lloyd Webber’s creations include CatsCats, , EvitaEvita, , and and The Phantom of the OperaThe Phantom of the Opera. Elton John, also of . Elton John, also of Great Britain, collaborated with Tim Rice to create Great Britain, collaborated with Tim Rice to create shows such as shows such as The Lion King The Lion King and and AidaAida. French . French composers Claude-Michel Schonberg and Alain composers Claude-Michel Schonberg and Alain Boublil created such blockbuster hits as Boublil created such blockbuster hits as Les Les Miserables Miserables and and Miss SaigonMiss Saigon. .

Music in Musical Theatre and Film:Music in Musical Theatre and Film:Musical Theatre TodayMusical Theatre Today

After a century’s history, Broadway musicals After a century’s history, Broadway musicals still flourish todaystill flourish today. Classics are revived in . Classics are revived in innovative ways even as composers and innovative ways even as composers and lyricists push the envelope of this art form. On lyricists push the envelope of this art form. On Broadway, it is common to see traditional Broadway, it is common to see traditional productions playing side by side with productions playing side by side with contemporary rock musicals.contemporary rock musicals.

New stars continue to rise on the Broadway New stars continue to rise on the Broadway stage. As in the past, the allure of the stage. As in the past, the allure of the Broadway stage will continue to attract and Broadway stage will continue to attract and produce great singing and acting talents.produce great singing and acting talents.

Music in Musical Theatre and Film:Music in Musical Theatre and Film:Musical Theatre TermsMusical Theatre Terms

Operettas Operettas – stage plays with songs and dance – stage plays with songs and dance interspersed with spoken linesinterspersed with spoken lines

Broadway musical Broadway musical – a dramatic stage form that – a dramatic stage form that combines the arts of acting and singingcombines the arts of acting and singing

VaudevilleVaudeville – an early staged variety show that – an early staged variety show that included songs, dances, and comedy skitsincluded songs, dances, and comedy skits

DialogueDialogue – the spoken lines of a play or musical – the spoken lines of a play or musical showshow

Repertoire Repertoire – an inventory of compositions mastered – an inventory of compositions mastered and performed by a musicianand performed by a musician

MonologueMonologue – a dramatic speech or song delivered – a dramatic speech or song delivered by one character in a playby one character in a play

Perceptive Listening Number your paper 1-16. Listen to each excerpt. Write the name of the

song that is playing next to the correct number.

• Big, Blonde, and Beautiful Big, Blonde, and Beautiful • You’re Timeless To MeYou’re Timeless To Me• Big, Blonde, and Beautiful Big, Blonde, and Beautiful

(Reprise)(Reprise)• I Can Hear the BellsI Can Hear the Bells• You Can’t Stop the BeatYou Can’t Stop the Beat• Without LoveWithout Love• The Nicest Kids in TownThe Nicest Kids in Town• It’s HairsprayIt’s Hairspray

•Miss Baltimore CrabsMiss Baltimore Crabs•The Lady’s ChoiceThe Lady’s Choice•Welcome to the 60sWelcome to the 60s•Run and Tell ThatRun and Tell That•Good Morning BaltimoreGood Morning Baltimore•It Takes TwoIt Takes Two•I Know Where I’ve BeenI Know Where I’ve Been•The New Girl in TownThe New Girl in Town

Perceptive ListeningAnswers:

1. Good Morning Baltimore

2. The Nicest Kids in Town

3. It Takes Two4. Miss Baltimore Crabs5. I Can Hear the Bells6. Ladies’ Choice7. The New Girl in Town8. Welcome to the 60s

9. Run and Tell That10.Big, Blonde and Beautiful11.Big, Blonde and Beautiful (Reprise)12.You’re Timeless To Me13.I Know Where I’ve Been14.Without Love15.It’s Hairspray16.You Can’t Stop the Beat

Music in Musical Theatre and Film:Music in Musical Theatre and Film:Composers – John WilliamsComposers – John Williams

John Williams John Williams (b. 1932) is an American composer, (b. 1932) is an American composer, conductor, and pianist. Williams has composed many of conductor, and pianist. Williams has composed many of the most famous film scores in Hollywood history, the most famous film scores in Hollywood history, including including Star Wars, Superman, Harry Potter, Indiana Star Wars, Superman, Harry Potter, Indiana Jones, Schindler’s List, E.T., Home Alone, Jones, Schindler’s List, E.T., Home Alone, and and Jurassic Jurassic Park. Park. In addition, he has composed theme music for four In addition, he has composed theme music for four Olympic Games, NBC Nightly News, and the inauguration Olympic Games, NBC Nightly News, and the inauguration of Barack Obama. Williams is a five-time winner of the of Barack Obama. Williams is a five-time winner of the Academy Award. He has also won 4 Golden Globes and Academy Award. He has also won 4 Golden Globes and 21 Grammy Awards. 21 Grammy Awards.

Music in Musical Theatre and Film:Music in Musical Theatre and Film:Composers – John WilliamsComposers – John Williams

Music in Musical Theatre and Film:Music in Musical Theatre and Film:Film – Film – Harry PotterHarry Potter

Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Music:Music: John WilliamsJohn Williams Book:Book: J. K. Rowling J. K. Rowling Soundtrack:Soundtrack: The The Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of

AzkabanAzkaban original motion picture original motion picture soundtrack was released on 25 soundtrack was released on 25

May 2004. May 2004. The film's score was composed The film's score was composed and and conducted by John Williams. It conducted by John Williams. It introduced two introduced two major themes: “Window to major themes: “Window to the Past” and the Past” and “Double Trouble”, although “Double Trouble”, although neither have been neither have been in any other films as of yet. in any other films as of yet. Other notable Other notable themes were the theme themes were the theme used to represent the used to represent the Time-Turner and to Time-Turner and to represent Sirius Black's represent Sirius Black's hunt for Harry. hunt for Harry. Some other minor themes also Some other minor themes also appeared for appeared for the first time. the first time.

Music in Musical Theatre and Film:Music in Musical Theatre and Film:Film – Film – Harry PotterHarry Potter

Soundtrack:Soundtrack: Double Trouble:Double Trouble:

Double Trouble was composed by John Williams during the production of the film as Double Trouble was composed by John Williams during the production of the film as he felt to be a warm welcome back to Hogwarts. The song was sung by the London he felt to be a warm welcome back to Hogwarts. The song was sung by the London Oratory School Schola. The lyrics to this song are taken directly from Shakespeare's Oratory School Schola. The lyrics to this song are taken directly from Shakespeare's Macbeth.Macbeth.

Forward to Time Past Forward to Time Past The track is heard when Hermione and Harry use the time turner to go back in time. The track is heard when Hermione and Harry use the time turner to go back in time.

During the whole piece a ticking sound is heard, indicating that time is running out. During the whole piece a ticking sound is heard, indicating that time is running out. Loads of flourishing strings over-lap the four note motif that the brass repeat Loads of flourishing strings over-lap the four note motif that the brass repeat rhythmically, and lastly the little bursts of woodwind throughout enforce the sensation rhythmically, and lastly the little bursts of woodwind throughout enforce the sensation of movement.of movement.

The Dementors Converge The Dementors Converge This music is heard when Harry is attempting to save Sirius Black from the Dementors. This music is heard when Harry is attempting to save Sirius Black from the Dementors.

The piece mainly consists of discordant, wavering strings at the beginning, but as it The piece mainly consists of discordant, wavering strings at the beginning, but as it progresses, Williams weaves punctuating piccolos and long notes of brass that progresses, Williams weaves punctuating piccolos and long notes of brass that gradually build up the menacing tension. This rises to a climax where thunderous gradually build up the menacing tension. This rises to a climax where thunderous clusters of timpani and hair-raising choir are introduced only to die back down, followed clusters of timpani and hair-raising choir are introduced only to die back down, followed by an atmospheric flutter from the harp. The strings then lead into another extremity by an atmospheric flutter from the harp. The strings then lead into another extremity which uses bits and pieces from William's "The Patronus Light", interjected by harsh, which uses bits and pieces from William's "The Patronus Light", interjected by harsh, grating brass. The music appears to die off again instantly, however the familiar sound grating brass. The music appears to die off again instantly, however the familiar sound of lush strings and celesta (so prominent in William's earlier scores for these films) of lush strings and celesta (so prominent in William's earlier scores for these films) subdue the tension afore.subdue the tension afore.

Finale Finale This is probably best known for appearing in the Goblet of Fire film trailer.This is probably best known for appearing in the Goblet of Fire film trailer.