music entertainment of east asia
DESCRIPTION
This is a brief introduction of East Asian music and entertainment.TRANSCRIPT
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Music & EntertainmentLife & People in East Asia
-- A brief introduction
By Ke Peng
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History & Musical Instruments
• Chinese History is very long!!
• Pre-dynastic: flutes, ocarinas, bronze bells, stone chimes
• Shang (16th-11th c. BC) and Zhou (11th-221 BC): Sophisticated stringed instrumentsSophisticated stringed instruments
• Qin (221 BC-207 BC) and Han (206 BC – 220 AD): portable plucked instruments
• Wei (220 – 265) Jin (265 – 420) through Tang: double reeds, bowed fiddles.
• Song, Yuan, Ming, Qing: fiddle popularity
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Court, Religious, Folk
• Music seen by Kongzi(Confucious) as ritual, vital to the regulation of the state: the material of the instruments expressed the material of the universe
• Foreign Influences (trade routes, captives, ethnic groups) on “folk” and “urban” entertainmentgroups) on “folk” and “urban” entertainment
• Buddhist chant
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Areas of Chinese Influence
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Instruments
• The eight categories are: silk, bamboo, wood,
stone, metal, clay, gourd and hide.
• (Western instruments are: wind, brass,
percussion, strings)percussion, strings)
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Silk | Guqin (Zither)
• Seven strings, no frets, no bridges
• Associated with the literati (a man's instrument)
• Made from a special wood
• Called the koto in Japan
• Dates from the Warring States Period• Dates from the Warring States Period
• Joy of Gods and Men 神人畅 (http://youtube.com/watch?v=VO9S5pHxaA8)
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Silk | plucked
• Guzheng (古箏) –
16-26 stringed zither with
movable bridges High Mountain and Flowing
WaterWater
(http://youtube.com/watch?v=UBbUuvGl8kc)
• JAPAN: Koto(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dhxl
QlZafvY )
• KOREA: Kayageum,
Kumongo
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Silk | plucked
• Pipa (琵琶) - 4 or 5 stringed
pear-shaped lute“ Moonlight of Spring River” 春江花
月夜
(http://youtube.com/watch?v=Lykgg5phVJE) (http://youtube.com/watch?v=Lykgg5phVJE)
• Sanxian (三弦) - A plucked
lute with body covered with
snakeskin and long fretless
neck
• JAPAN: Shamisen, Biwa
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• Ruan (Chinese: 阮; Pinyin:
ruǎn) - Moon-shaped lute in five sizes:
• Liuqin (柳琴) - A small
plucked lute with a pear-
Silk | plucked
plucked lute with a pear-shaped body and four strings
• Yueqin (月琴) - A plucked
lute with a wooden body, a short fretted neck, and four strings tuned in pairs
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Silk | bowed
• Huqin (胡琴) - Family of vertical fiddles
• Erhu (二胡) - Two-stringed fiddle
• Zhonghu (中胡) - Two-stringed fiddle, lower pitch than erhu
• Gaohu• Gaohu (高胡) - Two-stringed
fiddle, higher pitch than erhu
• Banhu (板胡) - Two-stringed
fiddle with a coconut resonator and wooden face
• Jinghu (京胡) - Two-stringed
fiddle, very high pitched, used mainly for Peking Opera
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Silk | struck
• Yangqin (揚琴) - Hammered dulcimer of varying
strings struck using two bamboo hammers (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C4n4NuGaaOk)
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Bamboo
• Dizi (笛子) - Transverse
bamboo flute with
buzzing membrane
• Xiao - End-blown flute
• Suona - A double reed
wind instrument with a
flaring metal bell; also
called haidi (海笛) (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3i5_I
_adjqU)
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Japanese Flutes
• Fue
• Shinobue
• Shakuhachihttp://youtube.com/watch?v=y1vW24fFeDM
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Wood
• Muyu - A rounded woodblock carved in the shape of
a fish, struck with a wooden stick. Often used in
Buddhist chanting
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Stone
• Bianqing (編磬 or 编磬) - A rack of stone tablets that
are hung by ropes from a wooden frame and struck
using a mallet
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Metal
• Chuzeng Baizhong (楚曾百鐘) - 100 bronze bells
hung on a rack, struck using poles
• Bianzhong (編鐘) - 65 bronze bells hung on a rack,
struck using poles
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Clay
• Xun (塤) - Ocarina made of baked clay
(http://youtube.com/watch?v=_GabHGlGm14)
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Gourd
• Sheng - A free reed mouth organ consisting of varying number of bamboo pipes inserted into a gourd chamber with finger holes
• Japan: Sho• Japan: Sho
• Hulusi - A free reed wind instrument with three bamboo pipes which pass through a gourd wind chest; one pipe has finger holes and the other two are drone pipes; used primarily in Yunnan province
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Hide (革)
• Dagu - Large drum
• Huagu - Flower drum
• Bangu - Small, high pitched drum used in
Beijing oper Beijing oper • YouTube Video | http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hwUeVu0odPA
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Ensemble music• Silk and Bamboo
• Theatrical traditions
- Beijing Opera (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U4QApzExgSo )
- Noh (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-jd9XJeb-PY& )
- Kabuki
- Pansori - Pansori (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wt_ifMmvMik )
– Orchestral and Modern- Korean Popular Singer | Rain
(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O5B0XItDpSM )
- Taiwan | Jay-Chou (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZF7iZwweFGs )
- Japanese | Utada Hikaru (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iK1ScnCibtE )
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Life back in the Tang Dynasty
& Its Influence
(618 - 907 AD) 290 Years
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The Center of the World• Cities in China 城市 –walls and markets
• 754: 1,859 cities, 321 prefectures, and 1,538
counties
• The greatest: Chang'an, population of 2 million
• Walls: 18 feet high, enclosed an area of 30 • Walls: 18 feet high, enclosed an area of 30
square miles—more for security than to stop an
invasion
• Roads: Narrowest, 82 feet wide, those leading
to the gates—328 feet wide, imperial way = 492
feet
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Religious Institutions
• 91 Buddhist monasteries in Chang'an (64 for
monks, 27 for nuns)
• 16 Daoist temples (10 for priests, 6 for
priestesses)priestesses)
• 2 Nestorian Christian churches
• 4 Zoroastrian Shrines
• Some Buddhist monasteries were the size of
entire wards
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Large Goose Pagoda (210 feet)
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Left: Large Goose Pagoda
Top: Small Goose Pagoda (149 feet)
These are the only structures to
survive from the Tang relatively intact
(One was said to rise to 330 feet)
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The Pleasure Quarters
• Locale for high-class courtesans (many of
whom were from poor families)
• Girls were only let out on the 8, 18th, 28th days
of the month, to hear Buddhist lectures in a of the month, to hear Buddhist lectures in a
nearby monastery
• Best courtesans were skilled in singing,
dancing. They supervised feasts, played games,
kept the party moving
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Han Xizai's Party by Gu Hongzhang (Five Dynasties)
(907 - 960 AD ) 54 Years
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Top: Han Xizai's Party (in full)
Right: Fairies in Fairyland,
Yuan Gao (Five Dynasties)
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Clothing
• Commoners: loose, baggy trousers, tunics,
sashes tied at the waist, bamboo hats
• Formal dress (men): Robes (think bathrobes),
silk, patterned, two layers, sash, large sleeves, silk, patterned, two layers, sash, large sleeves,
cloth cap/turban, boots
• Formal dress (women): Similar to the kimono
or the hanbok. Could be revealing (low cut), or
exposing the shoulders
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Left: Hanbok—Korea
Right: Kimono—Japan
Both were derived from Tang elite fashion in China
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Cont.• Jewelry:
• Men: element of formal court wear. Girdle
pendants, belt hooks, leather belts with jade
plaques
• Women: earrings, necklaces, bracelets, hairpins • Women: earrings, necklaces, bracelets, hairpins
the most important (personal decorations)
• Women plucked their eyebrows and colored
them back on, beauty marks were added as
well
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Tang mirrors
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Entertainment
• Entertainers: magicians, dancers, musicians
(troupes), acrobats
• Sports: polo, football (soccer), archery
• Early drama, puppetry, storytellers• Early drama, puppetry, storytellers
• Games: Chinese chess, pitch pot,
• Parties: poetry, drinking, gambling
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Lives of Men and Women
• The life cycle:
• Pre-natal: Mother should burn incense, read
poetry, sit properly and strum the guqin—
fetal teaching
• Woman went into seclusion a month before
birth
• Child (if well-to-do) could be nursed by wet-
nurses, or even raised by them
• Child was considered one year old at birth
(life starts at conception)
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Examinations
• Tested for child prodigies
• 3 exams: Classical Masters, Advanced Scholars, Elevated Warriors
• Took place in spring—Classical Masters most • Took place in spring—Classical Masters most prestigious
• Example: 740 test: 65 fill in questions for 8 classics, oral exam, 10 questions on interpretation, 3 essays on contemporary problems
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A shirt covered with excerpts from the Classics and commentaries,possibly used for cheating in the exams
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Marriage
• A social contract between families (power, wealth, or out of friendship)
• Arranged, love matches were rare
• Girl leaves her family and moves in with • Girl leaves her family and moves in with husband's family (patrilocal)
• Expected to serve her husband and more importantly, his parents as if they were her own
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Justifications for Divorce
• The “Seven Dismissals” (even if the wife disagrees)
• 1) No children (sons) by the age of 49
• 2) Adultery (on her part)
• 3) Refusal to serve her in-laws
• 4) Talkativeness (exposing family affairs)
• 5) Jealousy
• 6) Theft (in-laws property)
• 7) Incurable disease
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Three Ways She Can Stay
• The law offered certain protections:
• 1) If she had observed the 27 month mourning period for her husband's parents (filial)
• 2) He had gained wealth, rank, since she had • 2) He had gained wealth, rank, since she had married him
• 3) She had no family to return to
• If he divorced her and one of these applied, he was subject to 100 blows from the thick rod and forced to take her back
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China During the “Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms”
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The Song Dynasty(960 - 1279 AD
320 Years )
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Song Taizu (Zhao Kuangyin)
The Song marked return to
Han Chinese rule in China—for
the first time in a major dynastythe first time in a major dynasty
since the Han itself.
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Ding ware, a thin white porcelain wasproduced in the Songand was known for itshigh quality
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Urbanization
• Shift to the cities: 10% of the population living in cities
• Kaifeng (capital): trade valued at 50% more than London in 1711 (not equalled in Europe until 18th century)than London in 1711 (not equalled in Europe until 18th century)
• Popular urban culture: street shows, dramas, increasing freedom of movement
• Cities as the center of cultural life—amusement quarters
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The “Qingming Scroll” showing Kaifeng during the Song (attributed to Zhang Zeduan)--the entire painting is 5.25 meters long!
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Movable type printing
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Footbinding• Origin traced to the Tang (Emperor's
concubine—dancer)
• Becomes popular during the Song—restricted to
upper classs. Why?
• How? Early forms not as severe as the Qing—but • How? Early forms not as severe as the Qing—but
ideal foot size was eventually 4 in. in length
• Bound by mother/grandmother at age 4-7—
extremely painful, could take up to 10 years
• Why? Sexual appeal, a symbol of class, and later,
a marker of civilization (vs. barbarians)
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Are these kinds of bodyalterations unique in the world?world?
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The Mongol Invasion(1271 - 1368 AD
98 Years )
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Within 20 years of Genghis Khan’s death, the Mongol Empire spanned much of Russia, China, Azerbaijan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kuwait, Armenia,Korea (North and South), Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Moldova, Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan, Georgia, Iraq and Iran. It was the largest land empire in history.
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The extent of the Mongol Empire and the route that Marco Polo took
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Khubilai Khaghan and his wife, Chabi
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Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644 AD)
277 Years
Zhu Yuanzhong—Ming Taizu
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The Last Dynasty –Qing(Qing Dynasty
1644 - 1911 AD
267 Years )
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The Qing (1644-1911)
• Conquered the Ming
• No change in landownership
• Kept civil service examination
• Kept the Ming Code (laws)• Kept the Ming Code (laws)
• Respect of Chinese customs
• Differences: Manchu clothes and the queue
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The Manchus
• Northern group—claim shared cultural traits
with the Jurchen
• Banner system—way of organizing society (300
households form a company, 50 companies households form a company, 50 companies
form a banner
• Brutal conquest of the south—massacre in
Yangzhou
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“Keep your hair, lose your head. Keep your head, lose your hair.”
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The Three Great Emperors
Qing Taizu (Nurhaci) Kangxi (r. 1661-72) Qianlong (r. 1736-96)
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General Events
• Increase in population: from 60 million --> 150
million --> 300 million (end of the 18th century)
• Continued policy of autocratic rule, exams,
“Confucian rulers”--move to legitimacy—far “Confucian rulers”--move to legitimacy—far
more successful than the Mongols
• Additions to the empire: Tibet (iffy), Xinjiang,
Taiwan (Zheng Chenggong/Koxinga—1681)
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