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Musculoskeletal Revision Phase 3 Sam Lockhart [email protected] 

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Page 1: Musculoskeletal Revision - BMA your career... · Musculoskeletal Revision Phase 3 Sam Lockhart slockhart05@doctors.org.uk. Aims Review topics in detail that are likely to play a

Musculoskeletal Revision

Phase 3Sam Lockhart

[email protected] 

Page 2: Musculoskeletal Revision - BMA your career... · Musculoskeletal Revision Phase 3 Sam Lockhart slockhart05@doctors.org.uk. Aims Review topics in detail that are likely to play a

Aims

Review topics in detail that are likely to play a substantial part in exams

Point you towards topics to concentrate on

Flag up potential pitfalls 

Teach some exam technique

Page 3: Musculoskeletal Revision - BMA your career... · Musculoskeletal Revision Phase 3 Sam Lockhart slockhart05@doctors.org.uk. Aims Review topics in detail that are likely to play a

Disclaimer!

Page 4: Musculoskeletal Revision - BMA your career... · Musculoskeletal Revision Phase 3 Sam Lockhart slockhart05@doctors.org.uk. Aims Review topics in detail that are likely to play a

Approach

Brief revision of History essentials

Clinical cases with periodic MCQs – high yield topics not comprehensive

If time…quick rundown on important facts from range of musculoskeletal conditions

Page 5: Musculoskeletal Revision - BMA your career... · Musculoskeletal Revision Phase 3 Sam Lockhart slockhart05@doctors.org.uk. Aims Review topics in detail that are likely to play a

MSK history

Phase 3 History lecture is excellent ‐ has everything you need! 

2 types of historys for OSCEAcute monoarthritissubacute – chronic joint pain : RA/OA

Questions are similar – slightly different focusAcute monoarthritis – RFs for gout,  haemarthrosis and septic arthritisRA/OA – inflammatory or non‐inflammatory, functional limitation and extra‐articular manifestations

Page 6: Musculoskeletal Revision - BMA your career... · Musculoskeletal Revision Phase 3 Sam Lockhart slockhart05@doctors.org.uk. Aims Review topics in detail that are likely to play a

Joint pain ‐ Site

‐Distribution: symmetrical or non‐symmetrical

‐Type of joints: Large joints, small synovial joints, are any joints spared (important in hands)

‐Number of joints – mono, oligo (2‐4), polyarthritis(>4)

‐Any axial involvement – neck, back or buttock pain

Page 7: Musculoskeletal Revision - BMA your career... · Musculoskeletal Revision Phase 3 Sam Lockhart slockhart05@doctors.org.uk. Aims Review topics in detail that are likely to play a

MSK History: Stiffness

‐Key in differentiating inflammatory and non‐inflammatory arthritis ‐ Ask which joints!‐Early morning stiffness > 30 minutes indicates inflammatory arthritis‐Relationship to exercise/rest – exercise helps inflammatory arthritis, makes OA worse‐Stiffness is common in OA but usually less than 30 minutes‐Inflammatory arthritis may display diurnal variation

Page 8: Musculoskeletal Revision - BMA your career... · Musculoskeletal Revision Phase 3 Sam Lockhart slockhart05@doctors.org.uk. Aims Review topics in detail that are likely to play a

Weight loss

Fever

Night pain

Single joint involvement

Neurological symptoms and signs

Red flags – Arthritis UK

Page 9: Musculoskeletal Revision - BMA your career... · Musculoskeletal Revision Phase 3 Sam Lockhart slockhart05@doctors.org.uk. Aims Review topics in detail that are likely to play a

Extremely importantAsk generally about impact on life Then ask specifically about workADLs : cooking, washing, dressingCaring for children if appropriate Any help currently in place?

Drug Hx: Quantify analgesia including herbal and OTC – May be important to ask about contraception specifically

Social History

Page 10: Musculoskeletal Revision - BMA your career... · Musculoskeletal Revision Phase 3 Sam Lockhart slockhart05@doctors.org.uk. Aims Review topics in detail that are likely to play a

This patient has presented with pain, stiffness and swelling in the small joints of both hands, predominantly in the MCPS and PIPs. She experiences stiffness first thing in the morning for 45 minutes. She denies axial disease The pain is unresponsive to simple analgesia and is impacting upon her mood and limiting her ability to care for her young child. 

Page 11: Musculoskeletal Revision - BMA your career... · Musculoskeletal Revision Phase 3 Sam Lockhart slockhart05@doctors.org.uk. Aims Review topics in detail that are likely to play a
Page 12: Musculoskeletal Revision - BMA your career... · Musculoskeletal Revision Phase 3 Sam Lockhart slockhart05@doctors.org.uk. Aims Review topics in detail that are likely to play a

Examination

‐ No time to go over everything!‐ Always assess function – if necessary make it the 

first thing you do!‐ Always say that you would do a NV exam and 

examine the joint above and below at the end‐ May be asked to examine rheumatoid hands –practice an exam touching and not touching the patient

‐ Always think about associated diseases that may   support your diagnosis

Page 13: Musculoskeletal Revision - BMA your career... · Musculoskeletal Revision Phase 3 Sam Lockhart slockhart05@doctors.org.uk. Aims Review topics in detail that are likely to play a

MCQs

‐ No trick questions

‐ Don’t try and be too clever – presentations in MCQs will be very typical ‘med student’ presentations

‐ If they have a symptom or a sign its there for a     reason

Page 14: Musculoskeletal Revision - BMA your career... · Musculoskeletal Revision Phase 3 Sam Lockhart slockhart05@doctors.org.uk. Aims Review topics in detail that are likely to play a

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Inflammatory, symmetrical polyarthritis of the small synovial joints of the hand and feet 

Young women – 30‐40 peak presentation

Examination – hot, swollen joints, boggy swelling indicative of tenosynovitis, deformity (see later slide), DIPs commonly sparedSystemic features : Fever, weight loss, fatigue, anaemia of chronic disease, dry mouth/eyes, scleritis, episcleritis, nodules, rashes and serositis

IX: CRP, ESR, Rheumatoid factor, Anti‐CCP, USS 

Page 15: Musculoskeletal Revision - BMA your career... · Musculoskeletal Revision Phase 3 Sam Lockhart slockhart05@doctors.org.uk. Aims Review topics in detail that are likely to play a
Page 16: Musculoskeletal Revision - BMA your career... · Musculoskeletal Revision Phase 3 Sam Lockhart slockhart05@doctors.org.uk. Aims Review topics in detail that are likely to play a

Deformities to be able to recognise

Swelling and be able to describe joints readilyBoutonniereSwan neckUlnar deviation of MCPsRadial deviation at the wristZ thumb Piano key sign Muscle wastingRheumatoid nodulesTendon nodulesFeatures of Carpal tunnel and other neuropathysNail Changes ‐ psoriatic, vasculitisALWAYS DO A FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT!

Page 17: Musculoskeletal Revision - BMA your career... · Musculoskeletal Revision Phase 3 Sam Lockhart slockhart05@doctors.org.uk. Aims Review topics in detail that are likely to play a

You are an F2 in a GP practice and are asked to see a 33 year old woman with painful joints. She describes a 4‐6 week history of painful and stiff joints. Her stiffness is pronounced for up to 60 minutes in the morning and eases throughout the day. She denies a recent sore throat. On Examination, there is no obvious deformity and only mild, boggy swelling of the MCPs and PIPs. She has no nail changes or rashes. She is rheumatoid factor positive. What is the most likely diagnosis? 

A. Psoriatic arthritis B. Generalised osteoarthritisC. PseudogoutD. GoutE. Rheumatoid Arthritis

Page 18: Musculoskeletal Revision - BMA your career... · Musculoskeletal Revision Phase 3 Sam Lockhart slockhart05@doctors.org.uk. Aims Review topics in detail that are likely to play a

You are an F2 in a GP practice and are asked to see a 33 year old woman with painful joints. She describes a 4‐6 week history of painful and stiff joints. Her stiffness is pronounced for up to 60 minutes in the morning and eases throughout the day. She denies a recent sore throat. On Examination, there is no obvious deformity and only mild, boggy swelling of the MCPs and PIPs. She has no nail changes or rashes. She is rheumatoid factor positive. 

Alongside offering analgesia what is the most appropriate management plan for this patient?

A. Return in 6 weeks for reassessmentB. Refer routinely for assessment by a rheumatologistC. Check Anti‐CCP, CRP and ESRD. Order a hand x‐rayE.  Refer urgently for assessment by a rheumatologist

Page 19: Musculoskeletal Revision - BMA your career... · Musculoskeletal Revision Phase 3 Sam Lockhart slockhart05@doctors.org.uk. Aims Review topics in detail that are likely to play a

RA: Management

Early high intensity, disease modifying therapy therapy to prevent debility

2 DMARDS (Methotrexate + 1 more)

Steroids in acute flares (PPI and bone protection)

NSAIDS and Cox‐II inhibitors (+PPI) for symptoms

If DMARDS fail: Biologics ‐mostly anti‐TNF agents

Page 20: Musculoskeletal Revision - BMA your career... · Musculoskeletal Revision Phase 3 Sam Lockhart slockhart05@doctors.org.uk. Aims Review topics in detail that are likely to play a

You are asked to see a 53 year old male office worker complaining of bilateral knee pain. The pain has been present for 6‐10 months but is now beginning to stop him from taking his daily walk. He reports EMS for 10 minutes, exacerbation of pain with exercise and occasional ‘giving way’ at the knee joints. He has tried paracetamol but with little relief. He denies trauma. On examination the knee joints do not appear red or swollen. There is  some discomfort on knee flexion but full ROM is persevered. Crepitus is present in both knees. Patellar tap test is negative. Ligaments are intact, HIP NAD.

Page 21: Musculoskeletal Revision - BMA your career... · Musculoskeletal Revision Phase 3 Sam Lockhart slockhart05@doctors.org.uk. Aims Review topics in detail that are likely to play a

What is the most likely diagnosis? 

A. Rheumatoid arthritisB. PseudogoutC. Traumatic pre‐patellar buristisD. OsteoarthritisE. Gout

Page 22: Musculoskeletal Revision - BMA your career... · Musculoskeletal Revision Phase 3 Sam Lockhart slockhart05@doctors.org.uk. Aims Review topics in detail that are likely to play a

You suspect osteoarthritis. Which of the following is true regarding the diagnosis of this gentleman’s knee pain?

A. An x‐ray is essential to confirm a diagnosis of osteoarthritis on first presentationB. His early morning stiffness makes osteoarthritis less likelyC. A serum urate would be helpful to exclude goutD. Osteoarthritis typically presents with red, hot, swollen jointsE. Osteoarthritis can be diagnosed based on history and examination alone 

Page 23: Musculoskeletal Revision - BMA your career... · Musculoskeletal Revision Phase 3 Sam Lockhart slockhart05@doctors.org.uk. Aims Review topics in detail that are likely to play a

OA: Clinical featuresTypically effects large, weight bearing joints** in older individual 

Stiffness common but often brought on by exercise and does not occur in the AM for >30 minutes

Examination – typically not hot red or swollen, effusion, crepitus, limited ROM

Investigations – if diagnostic doubt consider:ESR and CRP (normal in OA), X‐ray: LOSS – but mainly useful for excluding other diagnoses

Page 24: Musculoskeletal Revision - BMA your career... · Musculoskeletal Revision Phase 3 Sam Lockhart slockhart05@doctors.org.uk. Aims Review topics in detail that are likely to play a

OA: Risk factors

Non‐modifiable : Age, Female, Family history, hxof inflammatory arthritis, SUFE and other childhood hip conditions etc

Modifiable : Weight, previous injuries, muscle weakness, ligament laxity

Page 25: Musculoskeletal Revision - BMA your career... · Musculoskeletal Revision Phase 3 Sam Lockhart slockhart05@doctors.org.uk. Aims Review topics in detail that are likely to play a

You diagnose osteoarthritis on clinical grounds. The gentleman wants to know how he can manage his condition. Regarding the management of osteoarthritis, which of the following is true?

A. Education, Exercise and Weight loss are the core therapies for OAB. An X‐ray should be ordered to assess his suitability for joint replacementC. Oral analgesics are the mainstay of osteoarthritis treatmentD. Physiotherapy is not useful in the management of osteoarthritisE. All exercise should be avoided as it is exacerbating his knee pain

Page 26: Musculoskeletal Revision - BMA your career... · Musculoskeletal Revision Phase 3 Sam Lockhart slockhart05@doctors.org.uk. Aims Review topics in detail that are likely to play a

OA: Management

Page 27: Musculoskeletal Revision - BMA your career... · Musculoskeletal Revision Phase 3 Sam Lockhart slockhart05@doctors.org.uk. Aims Review topics in detail that are likely to play a

OA: Management considerations

Patient preference – therapeutic alliance

Core treatments

Joint surgery is a pain relieving operation –consider age (prosthetic joint life is approx 20 years) and fitness for surgery

Caution with NSAIDS – Asthma, CV risk, GI bleeding, Renal impairment, interaction with ACEIs, Fluid retention

Page 28: Musculoskeletal Revision - BMA your career... · Musculoskeletal Revision Phase 3 Sam Lockhart slockhart05@doctors.org.uk. Aims Review topics in detail that are likely to play a

You are the Rheumatology SHO and you are asked to see a man who has been referred from A and E with a hot red swollen right knee. The gentleman is 55 with a PMH of Hypertension (currently controlled on  Periondopril, Amlodopine and bendroflumethiazide) and Type 2 diabetes. His pain started in bed late last night and has increased in severity during that time. He noticed it red and swollen early this morning and promptly came to A and E. He denies any temperatures, light headedness or trauma to the knee. He drinks 30 units each weekend, does not smoke and works as a builder. On examination the knee is hot, red and swollen and your examination is limited by pain. No other joints are involved. Temperature 36.7.

What is the most likely diagnosis? 

A. Septic arthritisB. Acute monoarticular gout C. PseudogoutD. HaemarthrosisE. Osteoarthritis flare

Page 29: Musculoskeletal Revision - BMA your career... · Musculoskeletal Revision Phase 3 Sam Lockhart slockhart05@doctors.org.uk. Aims Review topics in detail that are likely to play a

You are the Rheumatology SHO and you are asked to see a man who has been referred from A and E with a hot red swollen right knee. The gentleman is 55 with a PMH of Hypertension (currently controlled on  Periondopril, Amlodopine and bendroflumethiazide) and Type 2 diabetes. His pain started in bed late last night and has increased in severity during that time. He noticed it red and swollen early this morning and promptly came to A and E. He denies any temperatures, light headedness or trauma to the knee. He drinks 30 units each weekend, does not smoke and works as a builder. On examination the knee is hot, red and swollen and your examination is limited by pain. No other joints are involved. Temperature 36.7.

Which investigations must you arrange to make a diagnosis? 

A. FBC (to include WCC) and CRPB. Serum UrateC. Knee X‐rayD. Knee aspiration: Gram stain, synovial fluid culture and sensitivities, polarized light microscopy, cell count and differentialE. Clinical impression is sufficient

Page 30: Musculoskeletal Revision - BMA your career... · Musculoskeletal Revision Phase 3 Sam Lockhart slockhart05@doctors.org.uk. Aims Review topics in detail that are likely to play a

Hot red swollen joint: key points

Differential : Septic arthritis, gout, pseudogout, haemarthrosis …….inflammatory arthritis flare

Clinical features cannot reliably differentiate between gout and septic arthritis – aspiration with synovial fluid analysis and blood cultures are mandatory

Gout crystals are strongly negatively bifringent,  needle shaped crystals

Septic arthritis: IV antibiotics (fluclox and benpen) with regular joint aspiration/lavage. Rest, ice Thromboprophylaxis and analgesia  

Page 31: Musculoskeletal Revision - BMA your career... · Musculoskeletal Revision Phase 3 Sam Lockhart slockhart05@doctors.org.uk. Aims Review topics in detail that are likely to play a

Acute monoarthritis: key points

Finding gout crystals does not rule out septic arthritis

Do not aspirate prosthetic joints – call orthopaedics

Do not aspirate if you suspect cellulitis clinically

FBC, U and E, CRP, ESR, X‐ray +/‐ USS, MRI

Rehydration orally or IV is appropriate regardless of diagnosis 

Hold nephrotoxics in this patient

Page 32: Musculoskeletal Revision - BMA your career... · Musculoskeletal Revision Phase 3 Sam Lockhart slockhart05@doctors.org.uk. Aims Review topics in detail that are likely to play a

Joint fluid analysis finds strong negatively bifringent crystals and cultures do not exhibit any growth after 4 days. You diagnose acute monoarticular gout.Which of these medication regimens is most appropriate for immediate management of acute gout?

A. Diclofenac, Allopurinol and OmeprazoleB. ParacetamolC. ColchicineD. Diclofenac and omeprazoleE. Heat pack 

Page 33: Musculoskeletal Revision - BMA your career... · Musculoskeletal Revision Phase 3 Sam Lockhart slockhart05@doctors.org.uk. Aims Review topics in detail that are likely to play a

Acute Gout: Management

NSAIDs with appropriate PPI cover is first line therapy 

Colchicine if NSAID unsuitable eg Asthma, Heart Failure, AKI, on anticoagulation

Colchicine utility limited by poor compliance

Allopurinol indicated for recurrent gout, renal damage, tophi and x‐ray changes – NSAID/Colchicine cover

Do not start Allopurinol or other uric‐acid lowering agents during acute attack 

Keep patient on allopurinol if on allopurinol at onset 

Page 34: Musculoskeletal Revision - BMA your career... · Musculoskeletal Revision Phase 3 Sam Lockhart slockhart05@doctors.org.uk. Aims Review topics in detail that are likely to play a

Gout: key points

Wide range of disease: asymptomatic to polyarticularflares to chronic tophaceous gout

Dietary advice and uricosuric agents 

Cardiovascular risk management 

Education regarding, risk reduction, recognition and treatment of acute attack

Medications review – consider stopping thiazide and loop diuretics (increase uric acid levels), consider substituting ACEI for Losartan

Page 35: Musculoskeletal Revision - BMA your career... · Musculoskeletal Revision Phase 3 Sam Lockhart slockhart05@doctors.org.uk. Aims Review topics in detail that are likely to play a

Look over!Seronegative arthritides

‐ Know that HLA‐B27 can rule out these if negative, but is of little value if positive‐ Be aware of characteristic description of Ank Spond lumbar spine X‐ray

Osteoporosis‐Know T‐Score, who needs bisphosphonates and AE of Bisphosphonates

SLE‐ Know classical clinical features ‐ If ANA is negative ‐ SLE very unlikely‐ DS‐DNA+ makes SLE likely, ‐ve of little value

Scleroderma‐ Know CREST acronym for recognition of symptoms

Dermatomyositis‐ Associated with cancer ‐ needs work up‐ Purple heliotrope rash on eyelids and muscle pain, high CK 

Polymyalgia Rheumatica‐ Elderly‐ Girdle pain‐ Prolonged course of Steroids‐ Associated with temporal arteritis ‐ Know Mx of TA!