multiple sclerosis
DESCRIPTION
Multiple sclerosis (MS) or disseminated sclerosis is an auto immune disease characterized by chronic inflammation, demyelination, and scaring of the myelin sheath of the brain and spinal cord Early Symptoms of MS • Blurred or double vision • Thinking problems • Clumsiness or a lack of coordination • Loss of balance • Numbness • Tingling • Weakness in an arm or leg No two people have exactly the same symptoms of MS. You may have a single symptom, and then go months or years without any others. A problem can also happen just one time, go away, and never return. For some people, the symptoms become worse within weeks or months. Common Symptoms of MS These are the most common changes to the mind and body in someone with MS: Unusual sensations: People with MS often say they feel a "pins and needles" sensation. They may also have numbness, itching, burning, stabbing, or tearing pains. About half of people with MS have these uncomfortable symptoms. Fortunately, they can be managed or treated. Bladder problems: About 8 in 10 people have bladder problems, which can be treated. You may need to pee often, urgently, need to go at night, or have trouble emptying your bladder fully. Bowel problems, especially constipation, are also common. Trouble walking: MS can cause muscle weakness or spasms, which make it harder to walk. Balance problems, numb feet, and fatigue can also make walking hard. Dizziness: It's common to feel dizzy or lightheaded. You usually won't have vertigo, or the feeling that the room is spinning. Fatigue: About 8 in 10 people feel very tired. It often comes on in the afternoon and causes weak muscles, slowed thinking, or sleepiness. It's usually not related to the amount of work you do. Some people with MS say they can feel tired even after a good night's sleep. Muscle spasms: They usually affect the leg muscles. For about 40% of people they are an early symptom of MS. In progressive MS, muscle spasms affect about 6 in 10 people. You might feel mild stiffness or strong, painful muscle spasms. Sexual trouble: These include vaginal dryness in women and erection problems in men. Both men and women may be less responsive to touch, have a lower sex drive, or have trouble reaching orgasm. Speech problems: Sometimes MS can cause people to pause a long time in between words and have slurred or nasal speech. Some people also develop swallowing problems in more advanced stages of MS. Treatments for attacks Corticosteroids, such as oral prednisone and intravenous methylprednisolone,plasma exchange (plasmapheresis) are prescribed to reduce nerve inflammation. Treatments are avaliable to slow the progression of the disease, interferons,immuno suppressants immno modulators . Anyway treatment for MS is highly coastlyTRANSCRIPT
Presented by vichithra
• Multiple sclerosis (MS) or disseminated sclerosis is characterized by chronic inflammation, demyelination, and scaring of the myelin sheath of the CNS.
• The cause of multiple sclerosis is unknown. It is believed to be an autoimmune disease, in which the body's immune system attacks its own tissues.
• Age : 20- 40 years• Gender : women • Certain infections• Geographic regions
• Uhthoffs sign• Lhermitte's sign• Marcus gunn phenomenon• Intentional tremor
Diagnosis
• MRI• Evoked potentials• CSF studies
Treatment
There is presently no cure for MS. However, many treatment options are available that can help manage the course and symptoms of this chronic disease.
Treatment can help:• slow the progression of MS• minimize symptoms during exacerbations or flares• improve physical and mental function
Interferons
• Interferons are a group of immune system proteins -- alpha, beta, and gamma produced by the body. They act in different ways to control the activity of the immune system. They also have antiviral properties.
• Avonex (interferon beta 1a)• Betaseron (interferon beta 1b)• Extavia• Rebif ( high dose interferon beta 1a)
• Glatiramer acetate/ copaxon modify the way our body's defense system .
• Used to treat RRMS
• This medication is also used to delay the onset of MS in people who have experienced a single flare-up of symptoms and have changes that suggest MS in their magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.
Immunomodulators
Immunosuppressants
• Cytoxan is a therapy that may be given to people with multiple sclerosis. It works by suppressing the immune system.
• Imuran is an immune system-suppressing drug. That means that it can theoretically halt the attack of the immune system on your nerves if you have multiple sclerosis. The drug can be used to slow the progression of MS in people who are not responding well to other treatments.
Corticosteroids
• Medications such as Solu- medrol and Decadron are potent steroids that ease inflammation and are often used to treat an acute attack of multiple sclerosis.
• Botulinum toxin is derived from the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and is in a class of drugs called neurotoxins
• Botulinum toxin is a muscle-relaxing medication used to decrease spasticity related to multiple sclerosis and other neurological conditions.
• Botulinum toxin works to block the effect of acetylcholine on the muscle, resulting in weakness or paralysis.
• Tysabri is a laboratory-produced monoclonal antibody. It is designed to hamper movement of potentially damaging immune cells from the bloodstream, across the “blood-brain barrier” into the brain and spinal cord
• Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), also known as progressive multifocal leukoencephalitis, is a rare and usually fatal viral disease characterized by progressive damage or inflammation of the white matter of the brain at multiple locations.
Spasticity• Baclofen• Tizanidine• Diazepam• Dantrolene
Sensory symptoms• Amitriptyline
Urinary problems• Oxybutynin• prazosin
Tremors• clonazepam
Neurotic pain• Neurontin• Carbamazepine• Amitriptyline
Fatigue• Amantidine• Modafinil
Depression• Citalopram• Sertraline
