multimedia overview.docx

ADOBE PHOTOSHOP THIRD YEAR HIGH SCHOOL

MULTIMEDIA OVERVIEW

MULTIMEDIA- Any kind of communication that uses more than one media type at a time.

- It is used to describe packages of learning materials that consisted of a book, a couple of audiocassettes and a videocassette.

- It refers to computer-based materials designed to be used on a computer that can display and print text and high-quality graphics, play pre-recorded audio and video material, and create a new audio and video recordings.- It means "more than one medium.”

Multimedia products can be an academic presentation, game or corporate presentation, information kiosk, fashion-designing etc. Multimedia systems are those computer platforms and software tools that support the interactive uses of text, graphics, animation, audio, or motion video. In other words, a computer capable of handling text, graphics, audio, animation and video is called multimedia computer. If the sequence and timing of these media elements can be controlled by the user, then one can name it as Interactive Multimedia.

Television programs, movies, even illustrated books are all examples of multimedia – they all use combinations of text, images, sounds, and movement.

The word has come to represent the realm of computer graphics, video games, on-screen presentations, and a whole world of other possibilities.

One of the earliest and best-known examples of multimedia was the video game Pong. Developed in 1972 by Nolan Bushnell (the founder of a then-new company called Atari), the game consisted of two simple paddles that batted a square "ball" back and forth across the screen, like tennis. It started as an arcade game, and eventually ended up in many homes.

In 1976, another revolution was about to start as friends Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak found a startup company called Apple Computer. A year later they unveiled the Apple II, the first computer to use color graphics. The computer revolution moved quickly: 1981 saw IBM's first PC, and in 1984 Apple released the Macintosh, the first computer system to use a graphical user interface (GUI). The Macintosh also bore the first mouse, which would forever change the way people interact with computers.

In 1985, Microsoft released the first version of its Windows operating system. That same year, Commodore released the Amiga, a machine which many experts consider to be the first multimedia computer due to its advanced graphics processing power and innovative user interface. The Amiga did not fare well over the years, though, and Windows has become the standard for desktop computing.

Both Windows and the Macintosh operating systems paved the way for the lightning-fast developments in multimedia that were to come. Since both Windows and Mac OS handle graphics and sound – something that was previously handled by individual software applications – developers are able to create programs that use multimedia to more powerful effect. One company that has played an important role in multimedia from its very inception is Macromedia (formerly called Macromind). In 1988, Macromedia released its landmark Director program, which allowed everyday computer users to create stunning, interactive multimedia presentations. Today, Macromedia

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Flash drives most of the animation and multimedia you see on the Internet, while Director is still used to craft high-end interactive productions.

ACTIVITY#1Multimedia Timeline

MULTIMEDIA HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

Minimum requirements to run multimedia applications:

Processor INTEL C2 Duo/C@ Quad 2.6GHz 3MB CacheAMD Phenom 8400+940 2.1GHz, 512KB*3 L2 Cache

Chipset NVIDIA 570i chipsets; AMD 780G Chipset

Memory 4GB 800MHz (1x4) Dual Channel

Hard Disk 320GB SATA II 7200 RPM

Optical Drive ASUS 20x Light Scribe DVD-Writer

Display NVIDIA GeFORCE 9800GT

Add-on Card NVIDIA 9500GS 512MB HDMI/DVI/VGA

Audio Sound Card Integrated high-definition audio with 7.1-channel support

Networking Integrated Gigabit Ethernet, 10/100/1000 with 56K Mode

I/O Expansion PCI Express 2.0 x 16 slot; PCI Express 2.0 x 1 slot; Two PCI V2.3 5-volts slot

Operating System Windows Vista Home Basic 32-bit

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VIDEO CARDVideo cards are also referred to as video display adapters. A video card is a board that plugs into the computer to give it display capabilities. The display capabilities of a computer, however, depend on both the logical circuitry (provided in the video adapter) and the display monitor. A monochrome monitor, for example, cannot display colors no matter how powerful the video adapter.

NETWORK INTERFACE CARDS (NIC)A network interface card (NIC) is a computer circuit board or card that is installed in a computer so that it can be connected to a network.

CD-ROM DRIVE (Compact Disc Read Only Memory)It is an optical drive which data has been written with the use of laser.

DVD-ROM DRIVE (Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc Read Only Memory)It is a popular medium for storing videos and data. An interesting aspect of DVD-Video is that the world is divided into six regions called locales.

MOUSEA mouse is a small device that a computer user pushes across a desk surface in order to point to a place on a display screen and to select one or more actions to take from that position. The mouse first became a widely-used computer tool when Apple Computer made it a standard part of the Apple Macintosh. Today,

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the mouse is an integral part of the graphical user interface (GUI) of any personal computer. The mouse apparently got its name by being about the same size and color as a toy mouse.

KEYBOARDIt is used to enter letters, numbers and symbols needed in writing the content for the multimedia.

DIGITIZING TABLETIt allows one to hand-draw images and graphics, and is popular in capturing handwritten signatures. It is also called as graphic tablet.

MONITORFor multimedia creators, the display quality and color are very important for the presentation. Most developers prefer having a bigger monitor to clearly display the multimedia application and the various dialogue boxes of the authoring tools.

PRINTERA high quality color printer is important when developing multimedia. Though the printer cannot print the exact color of an image as displayed in the monitor, it should at least print the best for pictures and images.

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MULTIMEDIA ELEMENTS

1. TEXTText is the basic element of multimedia. It involves the use of text types, sizes, colors and background color.Text can be of any type, may be a word, a single line, or a paragraph.A good choice of words could help convey the intended message to the users (keywords).

2. GRAPHICSGraphics make the multimedia application attractive. They help to illustrate ideas through still pictures. There are two types of graphics used: - bitmaps (paint graphics)- vector (draw graphics).

Bitmaps images

Bitmaps images are real images that can be captured from devices such as cameras or scanners.

Vector graphics

Vector graphics are drawn on the computer and only require a small amount of memory.

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3. AUDIOA multimedia application may require the use of speech, music and sound effects. These are called audio or the sound element.

There are two basic types of audio or sound: - analog - digital audioAnalog audio refers to the original sound signal. Digital audio refers to the digital sampling of the actual sound. The sound used in multimedia is digital audio.We can record analog audio file. We can use special audio editors like Sound Forge to convert analog audio files into digital audio files.

4. VIDEOVideo provides a powerful impact in a multimedia program. In multimedia applications, the digital video is gaining popularity because of the following reasons:

- video clips can be edited easily- the digital video files can be stored like any other files in the computer and the quality of

the video can still be maintained- the video files can be transferred within a computer network- it allows non-linear editing in any part of the video

However, these digital video files are large in size. Transferring these files can take a long time especially when using the Internet.

Linear VS Non-LinearLINEARA Multimedia Project is identified as Linear when:

It is not interactive User have no control over the content that is being showed to them.

Example: A movie A non-interactive lecture / demo show

NON-LINEARA Multimedia Project is identified as Non-Linear when:

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It is interactive Users have control over the content that is being showed to them. Users are given navigational control

Example: Games Courseware Interactive CD

5. ANIMATIONAnimation is a process of making a static image look like it is moving. In multimedia, digital animation is used. Digital animation can be categorized into two broad area:

- 2D (2 Dimension) It refers to creating movements in basic objects. These objects are put into various situations or positions and have movement on the screen.

- 3D (3 Dimension)It refers to creating movements to three dimensional digital objects from photographs. Movements like spinning and flying across the screen are some samples of animations.

SOURCES OF MULTIMEDIA ELEMENTS

SOURCES FOR TEXT:

- Print materials such as books, articles, journals and newspapers.

SOURCES FOR IMAGES:

- Drawings and photos.

IMAGE CAPTURING DEVICES:

1. SCANNERIT is a device that converts hard copy information (printed page, graphic image, photograph, etc.) into digital data, translating the information into a file that can be stored in a computer.

2. CAMERA

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To capture live moments and events.

3. VIDEO CAMERAIt captures and records pictures in motion.

ACTIVITY#2Capturing images using a camera.

GRAPHICS FILE FORMATS

GIF

GIF images are great for creating very low resolution files for your website. They support

transparency, which is great. Transparency allows you to place the gif over any color

background or even photos, and you won’t see a border or background in the image. All you

will see is the icon. You typically use a gif for simple logos, icons, or symbols. Using a gif

for photos is not recommended, because gifs are limited to 256 colors. In some cases you

can use even less. The less colors that are in your image, the smaller your file size will be.

Gif files also support a feature called interlacing, which preloads the graphic. It starts out

blurry and becomes focused and crisp when it is finished downloading. This makes the

transition for your viewer easier, and they don’t have to wait as long to see logos or icons on

your site. Gifs also support animation. Gifs don’t support the level of animation that Flash

files do, but it still allows you to add movement or transitions to your site, without a lot of

programming or coding. More advanced web designers and developers tend to use jQuery

to create animated effects. Gif files are also compressed, which gives them a small file size.

GIF is the abbreviation of Graphics Interchange Format. It was originally developed by CompuServe (an on-line service that was pretty successful in the early nineties). The format includes some key features which makes it a unique and valuable format for the internet. These features include file compression, transparency, interlacing and storage of multiple images within a single file which allows for a primitive form of animation.

JPEG

JPEG files can be relatively small in size, but they still look crisp and beautiful. Jpegs

support up to 16.7 million colors, which makes them the right choice for complex images

and photographs. With the wide range of colors, you can have beautiful imagery without a

bulky file size. With new responsive techniques, you can also have flexible images without

large loading times. There are also progressive jpegs, which preload similar to interlaced

gifs. They start out blurry, but come into focus as their information loads.

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JPEG stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group. To complicate things a bit more, JPEG compressed images are often stored in a file format called JFIF (JPEG File Interchange Format), which a lot of people also refer to as JPEG.

What many people call the JPEG file format, is actually called JFIF or the JPEG File Interchange Format. It is a minimal file format which enables JPEG bitstreams to be exchanged between a wide variety of platforms and applications. JFIF conforms to the JPEG Draft International Standard (ISO DIS 10918-1).

PNG

PNG files were developed to build upon the purpose of gifs. Designers need the ability to incorporate low-resolution images that load quickly but also look great, too. This is where PNG comes in. PNG-8 does not support transparency, but PNG-24 and PNG-32 do. PNG transparency is different from Gif transparency, because they can have different levels of transparency. Gifs are either transparent or opaque.

PNG or Portable Network Graphics is a file format that was designed to replace GIF. Not only is GIF a technically limited file format but LZW, the compression algorithm it uses, is owned by Unisys who are more than happy to charge for the privilege of using it. PNG is patent-free and offers enough features to also make it an valid alternative to the TIFF file format in some cases. The file format is meant to store bitmap data.

BMP (bitmap)BMP is an image file format for computers running the Windows operating system. The format was developed by Microsoft for storing bitmap files in a device-independent bitmap (DIB) format that would allow Windows to display the bitmap on any type of display device. The term ‘device independent’ means that the bitmap specifies pixel color in a form independent of the method used by a display to represent color.

BMP files always contain RGB data.

TIFFTIFF or the Tagged Image File Format is a file format that is strictly used for bitmap data. TIFF files don’t contain text or vector data, even though the file format theoretically would permit additional tags to handle such data. Despite being one of the earliest file formats for images, it is still very popular today. It is a highly flexible and platform-independent format which is supported by numerous image processing applications and virtually all prepress software on the market.

The file extension for TIFF files is .tif even though .tiff is also used occasionally.

MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS

1. Education

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- Use and Applications Courseware / Simulations E-Learning / Distance Learning Information Searching

2. Entertainment - Use and Applications

Games (Leisure / Educational) Movies Video on Demand Online

3. Business - Use and Applications

Sales / Marketing Presentation Trade show production Staff Training Application Company Kiosk

4. Home - Use and Applications

Television Satellite TV SMS services (chats, voting, reality TV)

5. Public Places - Use and Applications

Information Kiosk Smart Cards, Security

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MULTIMEDIA AUTHORING TOOLS

The multimedia software is commonly grouped as:1. AUTHORING TOOL

It is also known as an authorware program, which is used to create a multimedia application linking all objects such as text, images, sounds, and videos. It also includes the proper sequencing of objects so as to produce an attractive and useful projects.

2. PRESENTATION SOFTWAREIt is focused on creating slideshows, sound integration, 3D animation, and cinematic quality effects. This software presents the users some ideas similar to an interactive book. Each page can contain text, images, sounds, videos and animation, which are displayed as slides.

Some of the common multimedia presentation software are:1. PowerPoint2. Flash3. Apple Keynote4. Corel Presentation5. Adobe Presenter

ACTIVITY#3

1. Browse the Internet about the 5 presentation software. (PowerPoint, Flash, Apple Keynote, Corel Presentation, Adobe Presenter)

2. List down atleast three(3) features of each program.

a. PowerPoint

b. Flash

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c. Apple Keynote

d. Corel Presentation

e. Adobe Presenter

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INTRODUCTION TO ADOBE PHOTOSHOP CS5

Adobe Photoshop is an image-editing program that lets one create original artwork, manipulate color images, and retouch photographs.

Starting Adobe Photoshop CS5

1. Click on the START button.2. Point to Programs>Adobe Master

collection CS5>Adobe Photoshop CS5.

The ADOBE PHOTOSHOP CS5 ENVIRONMENT

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1. TITLE BAR- displays the program name and the file name of the opened document.

2. MENU BAR-contains menus in the photo shop command.

3. OPTIONS BAR- display the current setting for each tool.

4. CANVAS or WORKSPACE- It is where a new or existing document appears and is edited.

5. PALETTES- small window used to verify settings and modify documents

Different Palettes in Adobe Photoshop

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Layer Palette Navigator PaletteHistory Palette

Color Palette

Swatches Palette

Styles Palette


6. STATUS BAR

- located at the bottom of the program window or the document window.- it display the information, such as the file size of the active window and the description of the active tool.

7. TOOLBOX

- contains tools associated with frequently used Photoshop commands.

SIX MAJOR PARTS OF THE TOOLBOX

a. SELECTION TOOLS- used for making selections.

b. DRAWING AND EDITING TOOLS- have the advanced features of manipulating and enhancing images.

c. VECTOR TOOLS- allow user to create perfect shapes and curves with smooth flowing lines.

d. NAVIGATION & MISCELLANEOUS TOOLS

- allows user to handle large images with ease.

e. FOREGROUND/ BACKGROUND COLORS- used to fill and apply color in the canvas.

f. VIEW MODES- allows the user to preview the image in another application program.

CREATING A NEW IMAGE1. Click on the File Menu then select New.

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Channels Palette

Paths Palette

Character Palette


2. Provide the following information for the new image to be created.The following are the default values and content in the program: Image Width and Height: The

width and height values use pixels as the unit of measurement. PIXELS are the small blocks of millions of colors that make up an image in PS. Other units:

Image Resolution: It shows the number of pixels per inch (ppi). For web application, use 72 ppi and a minimum of 300 ppi for print.

Color Mode: RGB color mode is best used for web display and CMYK color mode for print materials. Other color modes: Bitmap, Grayscale, Lab color.

Background Content: The default content is white. Other contents: Background color, Transparent.

OPENING AN IMAGE

1. Click File Menu then Open.2. Locate the image.3. Click Open button.

SAVING AN IMAGE

1. Click File Menu then Save As.2. Type the filename.3. Click the format then click Save button.

The default format when saving a photoshop image is .psd for photoshop document. This file is available for editing.

Other file formats: .gif, .tiff, .bmp, .jpeg, .png

ACTIVITY#____:

DIRECTIONS: Write the default settings for the following:

1. Width : _______________ 4. Color Mode: _______________

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2. Background Content: ______________ 5. Name: ________________

3. Color Mode: ________________ 6. File format: _______________

The SELECTION TOOLS

TOOLS FUNCTIONS SHORTCUT KEYS

Move Tool Use this tool to move things by left clicking with the mouse.Usually it is used it to move a Layer around after it has been placed.

Marquee Tools This tool is for making selections on your image in a rectangular, oval, circle shapes.This changes the area of your image that is affected by other tools or actions to be within the defined shape.Holding the [Shift] key while dragging your selection, restricts the shape to a perfect square or circle.Holding the [Alt] key while dragging sets the center of the rectangle to where your cursor began.

Lasso Tool Use this to draw selections in whatever shape you would like. This tool is not very accurate for going around fine areas but works well if you just want to select a large area.

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INTRODUCTION TO ADOBE PHOTOSHOP

THE CONCEPT OF MULTIMEDIA

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35.1 INTRODUCTIONAs the name suggests, multimedia is a set of more than one media element used to produce a concrete and more structured way of communication. In other words multimedia is simultaneous use of data from different sources. These sources in multimedia are known as media elements. With growing and very fast changing information technology, Multimedia has become a crucial part of computer world. Its importance has realized in almost all walks of life, may it be education, cinema, advertising, fashion and what not.Throughout the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, computers have been restricted to dealing with two main types of data - words and numbers. But the cutting edge of information technology introduced faster system capable of handling graphics, audio, animation and video. And the entire world was taken aback by the power of multimedia. 35.2 OBJECTIVESAfter going through this lesson you should be able to

explain what is multimedia understand the importance of individual media elements identify different hardware components required to run a multimedia appreciate the impact of audio in educational presentation describe how visual images, graphics and audio can be added to a presentation enhance the capability of multimedia through interactive video impact

35.3 WHAT IS MULTIMEDIA?Multimedia is nothing but the processing and presentation of information in a more structured and understandable manner using more than one media such as text, graphics, animation, audio and video. Thus multimedia products can be an academic presentation, game or corporate presentation, information kiosk, fashion-designing etc. Multimedia systems are those computer platforms and software tools that support the interactive uses of text, graphics, animation, audio, or motion video. In other words, a computer capable of handling text, graphics, audio, animation and video is called multimedia computer. If the sequence and timing of these media elements can be controlled by the user, then one can name it as Interactive Multimedia. 35.4 DIFFERENT MEDIA ELEMENTS(i) TextInclusion of textual information in multimedia is the basic step towards development of multimedia software. Text can be of any type, may be a word, a single line, or a paragraph. The textual data for multimedia can be developed using any text editor. However to give special effects, one needs graphics software which supports this kind of job. Even one can use any of the most popular word processing software to create textual data for inclusion in multimedia. The text can have different type, size, color and style to suit the professional requirement of the multimedia software. (ii) GraphicsAnother interesting element in multimedia is graphics. As a matter of fact, taking into consideration the human nature, a subject is more explained with some sort of pictorial/graphical representation, rather than as a large chunk of text. This also helps to develop a clean multimedia screen, whereas use of large amount of text in a screen make it dull in presentation.Unlike text, which uses a universal ASCII format, graphics does not have a single agreed format. They have different format to suit different requirement. Most commonly used format for graphics is .BMP or bitmap pictures. The size of a graphics depends on the resolution it is using. A computer image uses pixel or dots on the screen to form itself. And these dots or pixel, when combined with number of colors and other aspects are called resolution. Resolution of an image or graphics is basically the pixel

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density and number of colors it uses. And the size of the image depends on its resolution. A standard VGA (Virtual Graphics Arrays) screen can display a screen resolution of 640 ´ 480 = 307200 pixel. And a Super VGA screen can display up-to 1024 ´ 768 = 786432 pixel on the screen. While developing multimedia graphics one should always keep in mind the image resolution and number of colors to be used, as this has a direct relation with the image size. If the image size is bigger, it takes more time to load and also requires higher memory for processing and larger disk-space for storage.However, different graphics formats are available which take less space and are faster to load into the memory.There are several graphics packages available to develop excellent images and also to compress them so that they take lesser disk-space but use higher resolution and more colours. Packages like Adobe PhotoShop, Adobe Illustrator, PaintShop Pro etc. are excellent graphics packages. There are Graphics gallery available in CD’s (Compact Disk) with readymade images to suit almost every requirement. These images can directly be incorporated into multimedia development. (iii) AnimationMoving images have an overpowering effect on the human peripheral vision. Followings are few points for its popularity. Showing continuity in transitions:Animation is a set of static state, related to each other with transition. When something has two or more states, then changes between states will be much easier for users to understand if the transitions are animated instead of being instantaneous. An animated transition allows the user to track the mapping between different subparts through the perceptual system instead of having to involve the cognitive system to deduce the mappings.Indicating dimensionality in transitions:Sometimes opposite animated transitions can be used to indicate movement back and forth along some navigational dimension. One example used in several user interfaces is the use of zooming to indicate that a new object is "grown" from a previous one (e.g., a detailed view or property list opened by clicking on an icon) or that an object is closed or minimized to a smaller representation. Zooming out from the small object to the enlargement is a navigational dimension and zooming in again as the enlargement is closed down is the opposite direction along that dimension. Illustrating change over timeSince animation is a time-varying display, it provides a one-to-one mapping to phenomena that change over time. For example, deforestation of the rain forest can be illustrated by showing a map with an animation of the covered area changing over time. Multiplexing the displayAnimation can be used to show multiple information objects in the same space. A typical example is client-side imagemaps with explanations that pop up as the user moves the cursor over the various hypertext anchors. Enriching graphical representationsSome types of information are easier to visualize with movement than with still pictures. Consider, for example, how to visualize the tool used to remove pixels in a graphics application. Visualizing three-dimensional structuresAs you know the computer screen is two-dimensional. Hence users can never get a full understanding of a three-dimensional structure by a single illustration, no matter how well designed. Animation can be used to

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emphasize the three-dimensional nature of objects and make it easier for users to visualize their spatial structure. The animation need not necessarily spin the object in a full circle - just slowly turning it back and forth a little will often be sufficient. The movement should be slow to allow the user to focus on the structure of the object.You can also move three-dimensional objects, but often it is better if you determine in advance how best to animate a movement that provides optimal understanding of the object. This pre-determined animation can then be activated by simply placing the cursor over the object. On the other hand, user-controlled movements requires the user to understand how to manipulate the object (which is inherently difficult with a two-dimensional control device like the mouse used with most computers - to be honest, 3D is never going to make it big time in user interfaces until we get a true 3D control device). Attracting attentionFinally, there are a few cases where the ability of animation to dominate the user’s visual awareness can be turned to an advantage in the interface. If the goal is to draw the user’s attention to a single element out of several or to alert the user to updated information then an animated headline will do the trick. Animated text should be drawn by a one-time animation (e.g., text sliding in from the right, growing from the first character, or smoothly becoming larger) and never by a continuous animation since moving text is more difficult to read than static text. The user should be drawn to the new text by the initial animation and then left in peace to read the text without further distraction.One of the excellent software available to create animation is Animator Pro. This provides tools to create impressive animation for multimedia development. VideoBeside animation there is one more media element, which is known as video. With latest technology it is possible to include video impact on clips of any type into any multimedia creation, be it corporate presentation, fashion design, entertainment games, etc.The video clips may contain some dialogues or sound effects and moving pictures. These video clips can be combined with the audio, text and graphics for multimedia presentation. Incorporation of video in a multimedia package is more important and complicated than other media elements. One can procure video clips from various sources such as existing video films or even can go for an outdoor video shooting.All the video available are in analog format. To make it usable by computer, the video clips are needed to be converted into computer understandable format, i.e., digital format. Both combinations of software and hardware make it possible to convert the analog video clips into digital format. This alone does not help, as the digitised video clips take lots of hard disk space to store, depending on the frame rate used for digitisation. The computer reads a particular video clip as a series of still pictures called frames. Thus video clip is made of a series of separate frames where each frame is slightly different from the previous one. The computer reads each frame as a bitmap image. Generally there are 15 to 25 frames per second so that the movement is smooth. If we take less frames than this, the movement of the images will not be smooth.To cut down the space there are several modern technologies in windows environment. Essentially these technologies compress the video image so that lesser space is required.However, latest video compression software makes it possible to compress the digitised video clips to its maximum. In the process, it takes lesser storage space. One more advantage of using digital video is, the quality of video will not deteriorate from copy to copy as the digital video signal is made up of digital code and not electrical signal. Caution should be taken while digitizing the video from analog source to avoid frame droppings and distortion. A good quality video source should be used for digitization.Currently, video is good for:

promoting television shows, films, or other non-computer media that traditionally have used trailers in their advertising.

giving users an impression of a speaker’s personality.

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showing things that move. For example a clip from a motion picture. Product demos of physical products are also well suited for video. AudioAudio has a greater role to play in multimedia development. It gives life to the static state of multimedia. Incorporation of audio is one of the most important features of multimedia, which enhance the multimedia usability to its full potential. There are several types of sound, which can be used in multimedia. They are human voices, instrumental notes, natural sound and many more. All these can be used in any combination as long as they give some meaning to their inclusion in multimedia.

There are many ways in which these sounds can be incorporated into the computer. For example; Using microphone, human voice can directly be recorded in a computer. Pre-recorded cassettes can be used to record the sound into computer. Instrumental sound can also be played directly from a musical instrument for recording into the computer.

The sound transmitted from these sources is of analog nature. To enable the computer to process this sound, they need to be digitised.As all of us know that sound is a repeated pattern of pressure in the air and a microphone converts a sound wave into an electrical wave. The clarity of sound, the final output depends entirely on the shape and frequency of the sound wave. When digitised (recording into computer), the error in sound can be drastically reduced. Audio need to be converted into digital format to produce digitised audio in order to use them in multimedia. And these digitised sounds again can be re-converted into analog form so that the user can hear them though the speakers.Musical Instrument Digitisation Interface or MIDI provides a protocol or a set of rules, using which the details of a musical note from an instrument is communicated to the computer. But MIDI data is not digitized sound. It is directly recorded into the computer from musical instruments, whereas digitised audio is created from the analog sound. The quality of MIDI data depends upon the quality of musical instrument and the sound system. A MIDI file is basically a list command to produce the sound. For example, pressing of a guitar key can be represented as a computer command. When the MIDI device processes this command, the result will be the sound from the guitar. MIDI files occupy lesser space as compared to the digitised audio and they are editable also.The main benefit of audio is that it provides an exclusive channel that is separate from that of the display. Speech can be used to offer commentary or help without obscuring information on the screen. Audio can also be used to provide a sense of place or mood. Mood-setting audio should employ very quiet background sounds in order not to compete with the main information for the user’s attention. Music is probably the most obvious use of sound. Whenever you need to inform the user about a certain work of music, it makes much more sense to simply play it than to show the notes or to try to describe it in words.

TopIn-Text Question 35.11. State whether the following statements are True or False.(a) A computer capable of handling text, graphics, audio, animation and video is called multimedia computer.(b) MIDI data is digitized sound.(c) Animation can be used to emphasize the three-dimensional nature of objects.(d) Most commonly used format for graphics is .BMP or bitmap pictures.(e) If the sequence and timing of these multimedia elements can be controlled by the user, then one can name it as Non-Interactive Multimedia.

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Top35.4 MULTIMEDIA HARDWARE REQUIREMENTSFor producing multimedia you need hardware, software and creativity. In this section we will discuss the multimedia equipment required in a personal computer (PC) so that multimedia can be produced. (a) Central Processing UnitAs you know, Central Processing Unit (CPU) is an essential part in any computer. It is considered as the brain of computer, where processing and synchronization of all activities takes place. The efficiency of a computer is judged by the speed of the CPU in processing of data. For a multimedia computer a Pentium processor is preferred because of higher efficiency. However, the CPU of multimedia computer should be at least 486 withmath coprocessor. The Pentium processor is one step up the evolutionary chain from the 486 series processor and Pentium Pro is one step above the Pentium. And the speed of the processor is measured in megahertz. It defines the number of commands the computer can perform in a second. The faster the speed, the faster the CPU and the faster the computer will be able to perform. As the multimedia involves more than one medial element, including high-resolution graphics, high quality motion video, and one need a faster processor for better performance.In today’s scenario, a Pentium processor with MMX technology and a speed of 166 to 200 MHz (Megahertz) is an ideal processor for multimedia. In addition to the processor one will need a minimum 16 MB RAM to run WINDOWS to edit large images or video clips. But a 32 or 64 MB RAM enhances the capacity of multimedia computer. (b) MonitorAs you know that monitor is used to see the computer output. Generally, it displays 25 rows and 80 columns of text. The text or graphics in a monitor is created as a result of an arrangement of tiny dots, called pixels. Resolution is the amount of details the monitor can render. Resolution is defined in terms of horizontal and vertical pixel (picture elements) displayed on the screen. The greater the number of pixels, better visualization of the image.Like any other computer device, monitor requires a source of input. The signals that monitor gets from the processor are routed through a graphics card. But there are computers available where this card is in-built into the motherboard. This card is also called the graphics adapter or display adapter. This card controls the individual pixels or tiny points on a screen that make up image. There are several types of display adapter available. But the most popular one is Super Virtual Graphics Arrays (SVGA) card and it suits the multimedia requirement. The advantage of having a SVGA card is that the quality of graphics and pictures is better.Now the PCs, which are coming to the market, are fitted with SVGA graphics card. That allows images of up to 1024 ´ 768 pixels to be displayed in up to 16 millions of colours. What determines the maximum resolution and color depth is the amount of memory on the display adapters. Often you can select the amount of memory required such as 512KB, 1MB, 2MB, 4MB, etc. However, standard multimedia requirement is a 2MB of display memory (or Video RAM). But one must keep in mind that this increases the speed of the computer, also it allows displaying more colours and more resolutions. One can easily calculate the minimum amount of memory required for display adapter as(Max. Horizontal Resolution x Max. Vertical Resolution ´ Colour Depths. in Bits )/8192 = The minimum video (or display) memory required in KB.For example, if SVGA resolution (800´600) with 65,536 colours (with colour depth of 16) you will need(800 x 600 x 16) / 8192= 937.5 KB, i.e., approximately 1 MB of display memory.Another consideration should be the refresh rate, i.e., the number of times the images is painted on the screen per second. More the refresh rate, better the image formation. Often a minimum of 70-72Mhz is

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used to reduce eye fatigue. As a matter of fact higher resolution requires higher refresh rates to prevent screen flickers. (c) Video Grabbing CardAs we have already discussed, we need to convert the analog video signal to digital signal for processing in a computer. Normal computer will not be able to do it alone. It requires special equipment called video grabbing card and software to this conversion process. This card translates the analog signal it receives from conventional sources such as a VCR or a video camera, and converts them into digital format. The software available with it will capture this digital signal and store them into computer file. It also helps to compress the digitized video so that it takes lesser disk space as compared to a non-compressed digitized video.This card is fitted into a free slot on the motherboard inside the computer and gets connected to an outside source such as TV, VCR or a video camera with the help of a cable. This card receives both video and audio signal from the outside source and conversion from analog to digital signal takes place. This process of conversion is known as sampling. This process converts the analog signal to digital data streams so that this signal can be stored in binary data format of 0’s and 1’s. This digital data stream is then compressed using the video capturing software and stores them in the hard disk as a file. This file is then used for incorporation into multimedia. This digitized file can also be edited according to the requirements using various editing software such as Adobe Premiere.A number of digitizer or video grabbing cards are available in the market. However, one from Intel called Intel Smart Video Recorder III does a very good job of capturing and compressing video. (d) Sound CardToday’s computers are capable of creating the professional multimedia needs. Not only you can use computer to compose your own music, but it can also be used for recognition of speech and synthesis. It can even read back the entire document for you. But before all this happens, we need to convert the conventional sound signal to computer understandable digital signals. This is done using a special component added to the system called sound card. This is installed into a free slot on the computer motherboard. As in the case of video grabber card, sound card will take the sound input from outside source (such as human voice, pre-recorded sounds, natural sounds etc.) and convert them into digital sound signal of 0’s and 1’s. The recording software used alongwith the sound card will store this digitised sound stream in a file. This file can latter be used with multimedia software. One can even edit the digitised sound file and add special sound effects into it.Most popular sound card is from Creative Systems such as Sound Blaster-16, AWE32, etc. AWE32 sound card supports 16 channel, 32 voice and 128 instruments and 10 drums sound reproduction. It also has CD-ROM interface. (e) CD-ROM DriveCD-ROM is a magnetic disk of 4.7 inches diameter and it can contain data up to 680 Megabytes. It has become a standard by itself basically for its massive storage capacity, faster data transfer rate. To access CD-ROM a very special drive is required and it is known as CD-ROM drive. Let us look into the term ROM that stands for ‘Read Only Memory’. It means the material contained in it can be read (as many times, as you like) but the content cannot be changed.As multimedia involves high resolution of graphics, high quality video and sound, it requires large amount of storage space and at the same time require a media, which can support faster data transfer. CD-ROM solves this problem by satisfying both requirements.Similar to the hard disk drive, the CD-ROM drive has certain specification which will help to decide which drive suit best to your multimedia requirement.

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(i) Transfer RateTransfer rate is basically the amount of data the drive is capable of transferring at a sustained rate from the CD to the CPU. This is measured in KB per second. For example, 1x drive is capable of transferring 150KB of data from the CD to the CPU. In other terms 1x CD drive will sustain a transfer rate of 150KB/sec, where x stands for 150 KB. This is the base measurement and all higher rates are multiple of this number, x. Latest CD-ROM drive available is of 64x, that means it is capable of sustaining a data transfer rate of 64x150=9600 KB =9.38MB per second from the CD to the CPU. (ii) Average Seek timeThe amount of time lapses between request and its delivery is known as average seeks time. The lower the value better the result and time is measured in milliseconds. A good access time is 150ms.Recently computer technology has made tremendous progress. You can now have CDs which can ‘write many, read many’ times. This means you can write your files in to a blank CD through a laser beam. The written material can be read many times and they can even be erased and re-written again. Basically this re-writable CD’s can be used a simple floppy disk. (f) ScannerMultimedia requires high quality of images, graphics to be used. And it takes lot of time creating them. However there are ready-made sources such as real life photographs, books, arts, etc. available from where one easily digitized the required pictures. To convert these photographs to digital format, one need a small piece of equipment called scanner attached to the computer. A scanner is a piece of computer hardware that sends a beam of light across a picture or document and records it. It captures images from various sources such as photograph, poster, magazine, book, and similar sources. These pictures then can be displayed and edited on a computer. The captured or scanned pictures can be stored in various formats like;File Format Explanation1325-1558-5864-4422-1094-1126PICT - A widely used format compatible with most MacintoshJPEG - Joint Photographic Experts Group - a format that compresses files and lets you choose compression versus qualityTIFF - Tagged Image File Format - a widely used format compatible with both Macintosh and Windows systemsWindows BMP - A format commonly used on MS-DOS and MS-Windows computersGIF - Graphics Interchange Format - a format used on the Internet, GIF supports only 256 colours or graysScanners are available in various shapes and sizes like hand-held, feed-in, and flatbed types. They are also for scanning black-and-white only or color. Some of the reputed vendors of scanner are Epson, Hewlett-Packard, Microtek and Relisys. (g) TouchscreenAs the name suggests, touchscreen is used where the user is required to touch the surface of the screen or monitor. It is basically a monitor that allows user to interact with computer by touching the display screen. This uses beams of infrared light that are projected across the screen surface. Interrupting the beams generates an electronic signal identifying the location of the screen. And the associated software interprets the signal and performs the required action. For example, touching the screen twice in quick succession works as double clicking of the mouse. Imagine how useful this will be for visually handicapped people who can identify things by touching a surface. Touchscreen is normally not used for development of multimedia, it is rather used for multimedia presentation arena like trade show, information kiosk, etc. 35.5 Uses of Multimedia

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Placing the media in a perspective within the instructional process is an important role of the teacher and library professional. Following are the possible areas of application of multimedia:

Can be used as reinforcement Can be used to clarify or symbolize a concept Creates the positive attitude of individuals toward what they are learning and the learning process itself can

be enhanced. The content of a topic can be more carefully selected and organized The teaching and learning can be more interesting and interactive The delivery of instruction can be more standardized. The length of time needed for instruction can be reduced. The instruction can be provided when and where desired or necessary.

TopIn-Text Question 35.21. State whether the following statements are True or False.(a) Touch screen is basically a monitor that allows user to interact with computer by touching the display screen.(b) GIF is a format commonly used on MS-DOS and MS-Windows computers.(c) To access CD-ROM a very special drive is required and it is known as CD-ROM drive.(d) Soundcard has CD-ROM interface.(e) Generally monitor displays 80 rows and 25 columns of text.(f) The efficiency of a computer is judged by the speed of the CPU in processing of data. 35.6 WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNTIn this lesson you learnt the concept of multimedia and its uses. You learned about various media elements like audio, video, animation, etc. We discussed that Multimedia PC is a computer capable of processing and combining more than two media elements. You also learned various peripherals such as scanner, touchscreens, video card, etc. for a multimedia PC. 35.7 Terminal Questions1. Explain the use of the following hardware components in multimedia.(i) Scanner(ii) Central Processing Unit(iii) Soundcard3. Explain the concept of multimedia?2. What is the mechanism of digitized sound? How does the computer reconstruct sound wave from a sample data?3. What is the advantage of MIDI over digitized sound?4. Explain the concept of video on multimedia..

Top35.8 Feedback to In-Text QuestionsIn-Text Question 35.11. (a) True (b) False (c) True (d) True (e) False In-Text Question 35.21. (a) True (b) False (c) True (d) True (e) False (f) True

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