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Santa BárBara

PuBlicationS of eHumanista

9 786079 557096

Antonio Cortijo oCAñA & ViCent MArtines(Eds.)

Multilingual Joan Roís de Corella.The Relevance of a Fifteenth-Century

Classic of the Crown of Aragon

Joan Roís de Corella Multilingüe. La importància d’un clàssic

de la Corona d’Aragó del segle xv

Multilingual Joan Roís de Corella.

The Relevance of a Fifteenth-Century Classic of the Crown of Aragon

Joan Roís de Corella Multilingüe.

La importància d’un clàssic de la Corona d’Aragó del segle XV

Antonio Cortijo Ocaña (UCSB) & Vicent Martines (UA)

(Eds.)

Santa BárbaraPublications of eHumanista

2013

Volumes Published:

Volume 1. Antonio Cortijo Ocaña & Mercedes Durán-Cogan. Los chuetas y la

Inquisición mallorquina. Nuevos documentos (2011)

Volume 2. Anônimo. Curial e Guelfa. Primeira tradução para o portugués Ricardo

da Costa. Estudo introductório Antoni Ferrando (2011)

Volume 3. Vicent Josep Escartí. From Renaissance to Renaissance. (Re)creating

Valencian Culture (15th-19th c.) (2012)

Volume 4. Adelaida Cortijo Ocaña. La literatura especular de la EdadMedia: Una

imagen de gobierno (2012)

Volume 5. Vicent Josep Escartí. Days of Wrath (2012)

Volume 6. Antonio Cortijo Ocaña. Religión y economía. Los chuetas y la Inquisi-

ción de Mallorca (II) (2012)

Volume 7. Specchio o Libro delle donne di Jaume Roig (2013)

Publications of

Volume 8Multilingual Joan Roís de Corella.

The Relevance of a Fifteenth-Century Classic of the Crown of AragonJoan Roís de Corella Multilingüe.

La importància d’un clàssic de la Corona d’Aragó del segle XV.

Publications of eHumanistaSanta Barbara (USA) & México: University of California at Santa Barbara, 2013.

Editorial Board

Carlos Alvar EzquerraGregory Andrachuck

Ignacio ArellanoJulia Butinyà

Pedro M. Cátedra GarcíaAdelaida Cortijo Ocaña

Ottavio Di CamilloFrank Domínguez

Aurora EgidoPaola Elia

Charles B. FaulhaberLeonardo Funes

Fernando Gómez RedondoEnrique García Santo-Tomás

Teresa Jiménez CalventeJeremy N. H. Lawrance

José Manuel Lucía MejíasJosé María Maestre Maestre

Georges MartinVicent Martines

Ignacio NavarreteJosé Manuel Pedrosa

Sara Poot HerreraErin Rebhan

Elena del Río ParraNicasio Salvador Miguel

Hernán Sánchez Martínez de PinillosPedro Sánchez-Prieto Borja

Julian Weiss

Multilingual Joan Roís de Corella. The Relevance of a Fifteenth-Century Classic of the Crown of Aragon

Joan Roís de Corella Multilingüe. La importància d’un clàssic de la Corona d’Aragó del segle XV.

Antonio Cortijo Ocaña (University of California at Santa Barbara, USA) & Vicent Martines (University of Alicante, Spain) (Eds.)

Publications of eHumanista Santa Barbara (USA) & México: University of California at Santa Barbara,

2013.

Multilingual Joan Roís de Corella.The Relevance of a Fifteenth-Century Classic of the Crown of Aragon Joan Roís de Corella Multilingüe. La importància d’un clàssic de la Corona d’Aragó del segle XV. copyright © by eHumanista (University of California, Santa Barbara)

For information, please visit eHumanista

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First Edition: novembre 2013

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Joan Roís de Corella and His Historical and Cultural European Context. 15th-Century Selected Chronology

Elena Sánchez LópezUniversitat d’Alacant

Antonio Cortijo OcañaUniversity of California

The following is a selected chronology that includes some of the most relevant literary, cultural, and historical dates that pertain to the 15th century in the Iberian Peninsula, France, Italy, and England. This chronology might help the reader contextualize the figure and works of Joan Roís de Corella

1.1. CROWn OF aRagOn

Literature & culture

ca. 1400 Birth of Jaume Roig, author of Spill o Llibre de les dones (d. a Ben-imàmet, 1478).

1400 (February 13) Guillem & Francesc Martorell, grandfather and father, respectively, of the novelist Joanot Martorell, settle in Va-lencia.

ca. 1400 Bith of Ausiàs March (d. 1459), probably in Valencia. He was a relative of Joan Roís de Corella.

ca. 1404 Història de Jacob Xalabín (anonymous).1405 Bernat Metge —after being acquitted of all charges against

him— receives for the second time the appointment as royal sec-retary.

1405-7 Anselm (a.k.a. en Telm) Turmeda: Llibre de tres.1405-11 Birth of Joanot Martorell, probably in Valencia (d. 1465): Tirant

lo Blanch.

1407 Flos mundi (anonymous), a world history from the creation of the world until the reign of Peter IV of Aragon, ‘the Ceremonious .

1408 Francesc Eiximenis takes part in the Council of Perpignan. He is appointed interim bishop of the diocese of Elna (Perpignan) by Pope Benedict XIII.

1409 Francesc Eiximenis dies in Adge (Occitania).1409 (February, 24) Sermon by Fr. Gilabert Jofré in the cathedral of

Valencia. He defends the creation of a confraternity in order to build the Hospital for the Insane of St. Mary of the Innocents, the first mental hospital ever founded in the world.

1410 After the death of Martin of Aragon, ‘the Human , Bernat Metge retires voluntarily from public life.

1413 Bernat Metge dies in Barcelona.1413 Translation of the Bible into Catalan (by Fr. Boniface Ferrer?)1414 (November, 13) Closing session of the Disputation of Tortosa in

Sant Mateu (Castelló) —religious conference summoned by An-tipope Benedict XIII with the participation of most of the rabbis of Catalonia and Aragon

1415 Founding of the University of Calatayud.1415 (May, 11) The particularly anti-Semitic Papal Bull Etsi doctoris

gentium is issued by Antipope Benedict XIII.1415 Ausiàs March attends Courts (an advisory council composed of

the most powerful feudal lords closest to the king).1415 Felip Boïl de l’Escala fights against the Castilian knight Lope Al-

fonso de Montemolín in Ceuta.1416-24 Aproximate date of the preserved poems by Jordi de Sant Jordi:

eighteen poems in the troubadour style.1416-1426 Nicolau Quilis: translation of Cicero’s De officiis. ca. 1417 Història de París i Viana.1417 Don Enrique de Villena writes his Catalan version of Los doce

trabajos de Hércules.1418 La Disputa de l’ase contra frare Anselm by Anselm (o en Telm)

Turmeda.

82

1418 Catalan translation of Brunetto Latini’s Tresor, by Guillem de Copons.

1419 (April, 5) Saint Vincent Ferrer dies in Vannes (France) . 1419 (July, 24) Ausiàs March writes his last will and testament before

leaving for Italy with the army of Alfonso V of Aragon, ‘the Mag-nanimous .

1420/30-59 Writings of Ausiàs March.ca. 1420 Birth of Pere Torroella (d. ca. 1460): lais, sonnets, poetry in the

style of Ausiàs March.1420 Tufha by Anselm Turmeda. 1420 Supposed date of the Libre dels feits d’armes de Catalunya, at-

tributed to Bernat Boades (it is in fact a forgery from the 17th. century by Joan Gaspar Roig i Jalpí).

1421 Ausiàs March returns from the Italian military campaigns led by Alfonso V ‘the Magnanimous.

1422 Dispute between Ausiàs March and Luis de Monsalvo.1423 Jordi de Sant Jordi is imprisoned in Naples by the attacking

army led by Francesco Sforza and Louis of Anjou (of Toulouse). His captivity probably motivated the composition of his poem Presoner.

1423 (November, 29) Antipope Benedict XIII dies in Peñíscola.1424 Death of Jordi de Sant Jordi.1424 Ausiàs March takes part in the military expedition in support of

Infante Pere in Naples. The poet takes part in the conquest of the Kerkennah Islands.

1425 Inauguration of the bell tower of the Cathedral of Valencia known as el Micalet,

1429 Translation into Catalan of Boccaccio s Decameron.1429 Andreu Febrer concludes the translation into Catalan of Dante s

Divina Commedia.ca. 1430 First poems by Ausiàs March.1430 Birth of Sor Isabel de Villena (d. 1490), the illegitimate daughter

of the Marquis of Villena: Vita Christi.

83

1430 Foundation of the University of Barcelona.1431 Alfonso V ‘the Magnanimous’ sends the Valencian painter

Lluís Dalmau to Flanders in order to learn at the workshop of Van Eyck, who visited Valencia in 1427 and impressed the King.

1434 Death of Enrique of Aragon, Marquis of Villena.1435 Probable writing date of the anonymous novel Curial e Güelfa.1435 (September, 28) Birth of Joan Roís de Corella (d. 1497).1435-40 Birth of Bernat Fenollar (d. 1516), author of Lo procés de les olives

and Lo passi en cobles, among other works.1435-1449 Legal dispute of Ausiàs March vs. the City of Gandia regarding

fiscal charges.1436 Ausiàs March acts as a witness in a legal dispute between Pere

Roís de Corella and Francesc de Castellví (“Bandositats valenci-anes”).

1437 (May, 12) Ausiàs March sings a nuptial agreement with Isabel Martorell, sister of the author of Tirant lo Blanch.

1437 (May, 12) Conflict between Joanot Martorell and Joan de Mon-palau due to the physical injuries inflicted by the latter to Da-miata, Joanot’s sister.

1437 Birth of Lluís de Santàngel, the main sponsor of Columbus’ first trip to the New World.

1438 Bernat Hug de Rocabertí: La Glòria d’Amor.1438 Felip de Malla: El pecador remut.1438 Pere Tomich: Històries e conquestes dels reis d’Aragó e dels comtes

de Barcelona —a summary of which was later produced by Ga-briel Turell in his Recort (1476).

1438 (January, 15) Ausiàs March is challenged by Galcerà Martorell, Joanot’s brother, because the former had not yet married Isabel Martorell.

1438 While residing in London, Joanot Martorell challenges Joan de Monpalau (in writing) to a duel (Henry VI of England acts as legal arbiter).

84

1439 While residing in London, Joanot Martorell challenges Perot Mercader to a duel.

1439 Joanot Martorell returns to Valencia.1439 (February) Wedding of Ausiàs March and Isabel Martorell (Sep-

tember 1439).1439 Ausiàs March is declared universal heir of Isabel Martorell (de-

ceased on September 23rd/24th) and takes possession of the Xaló Valley.

ca. 1440 Catalan translation of Boccaccio s Fiammeta. ca. 1440 Catalan translation of Seneca’s Tragèdies.1440 Doctrina moral (attributed to Pacs).1440 The poetic contest entitled Lah ors de la Con cepció de Nos tra Dona

takes place in Valencia.1441 Beginning of the construction of the Torres de Quart (part of

Valencia s surrounding wall).1441-1451 Painter Jacomart leaves for Italy, where he stayes during 10 years

as court painter of Alfonso V ‘the Magnanimous’ in his Neapoli-tan Court.

1442 (August, 22) Joanot Martorell is challenged to a duel by Jaume de Ripoll.

1443 Upon his first wife s death, Isabel Martorell—sister of the au-thor of Tirant lo Blanch—, Ausiàs March marries Joana Escorna (Joan Roís de Corella acts as a witness).

1444 Francesc Ferrer: Romanç de l’armada del soldà contra Rodes.1446 Dietari del capellà d’Alfons el Magnànim.1446-1448 Raising of funds for the construction of the convent of the

Santíssima Trinitat in València. Isabel de Villena will eventually become the abbess of this monastery. Ausiàs March, Joan Roís de Corella, Bernat Fenollar, etc. figure among the contributors.

1453 Complants per la lamentable presa de Constantinoble, anony-mous.

1453 Jacme Safont: El Dietari.1455 (June, 19) Canonization of Saint Vicent Ferrer by Pope Calixtus III.

85

ca. 1458 Joan Roís de Corella: La Tragèdia de Caldesa.1459 (March, 3) Death of Ausiàs March, probably in València.ca. 1460 Jaume Roig: El Spill.1460 (January, 2) Joanot Martorell begins to write Tirant lo Blanch.1460 Completion of the Torres de Quart (part of the surrounding wall

of Valencia).1465 (January-April, 24) Death of Joanot Martorell, probably in

València.ca. 1465 Joan Roís de Corella: La vida de la gloriosa santa Anna.1466 Jaume Huguet paints the altarpiece Adoració dels Reis, also

known as Del Conestable.ca. 1466- Ca. 1479 Scriptura privada or La fi del comte d’Urgell (anony-

mous).ca .1471 Joan Roís de Corella: Parlament en casa de Beren guer Mercader.1474 The poetic tournament Lah ors de la Con cepció de Nos tra Dona

takes place in Valencia. Some of the works submitted to this con-test are published as: Trobes e Lahors de la Verge Maria (the first literary book printed in the Iberian Peninsula).

1478 Edition of the translation of the Bible in Catalan, attributed to Bonifaci Ferrer, brother of Saint Vincent Ferrer.

1478 Death of Jaume Roig, author of Spill o Llibre de les dones in Beni-maclet.

1481 Catalan translation, probably by Lluís de Fenollet, of Quintus Curtius Rufus s The History of Alexander.

1482 Joan Roís de Corella: Història de la gloriosa santa Magdalena. 1483 First edition of Francesc Eiximenis’s Crestià (sponsored by Joan

Roís de Corella).1488 Catalan translation of Josephus s Antiquities of the Jews, attrib-

uted to Pere Llopis.1488 Catalan translation of Boethius s Consolation of Philosophy.1490 (April, 3) Psaltiri (Catalan translation of the Psalms) by Joan

Roís de Corella (first printed in Venice).1490 Jaume Gassull: Brama dels llaura dors.

86

1490 Death of Sor Isabel de Villena (probably due to the plague): Vita Christi.

1490 Death of Martí Joan de Galba (probably due to the plague). He was the owner of the manuscripts of Tirant lo Blanch by Joanot Martorell and of several poems by Ausiàs March.

1490 (November, 20) First edition of Tirant lo Blanch, in Valencia, printed by Ni colas Spin deler.

1492 Birth of Joan Boscà/Juan Boscán (d. 1542).1492 (March, 6) Birth of the humanist Joan Lluís Vives (d. 1540) in

Valencia.1493 Bernat Fenollar and Pere Marti nes: Lo passi en cobles.1494 Francesc Alegre: Catalan translation of Ovid’s Metamorphoses.1495 Edition of Lo Quart del Cartoixà arromançat per mossén Joan

Roís de Corella, based on the Latin original by Ludolph of Saxo-ny.

1496 Jau me Gassull: Vida de Santa Magdalena en cobles.1497 (October, 6) Death of Joan Roís de Corella, in Valencia.1497 Second edition of Tirant lo Blanch (Barcelona, printed by Diego

de Gumiel).1497 First edition of Vita Christi by Sor Isabel de Villena, at the re-

quest of Isabella I of Castile.1497 Bernat Fenollar: Lo procés de les olives.1497 Jaume Gassull: El somni de Joan Joan. 1497 Ferran Valentí: Catalan translation of Cicero’s Paradoxes.1499 First edition of Regiment de la cosa pública by Francesc Eiximenis,

sponsored by Joan Roís de Corella.1499 Narcí Vinyoles: Homilia sobre lo psalm “De miserere mei Deus”.

Politics, militia & society

1401 Taula de Canvi de Barcelona (medieval predecessor of the public banks).

1402 Bandositats (civil wars) in Aragon and Valencia.

87

1403 Establishment of the Generalitat Valenciana (Valencian Govern-ment)

1405-1406 Martin of Aragon (also called ‘the Humane’) is obliged to re-main for one year in Valencia in order to put an end to the the “Bandositats valencianes”. Nonetheless, the conflict will last until 1413 because the warring families chose different candidates to his succession.

1407 Death of Queen Maria de Luna (married to Martin of Aragon). 1409 (July, 25) Martin I of Sicily ‘the Younger’, son of Martin of

Aragon, dies in Sicily. He leaves two illegitimate sons who—ac-cording to the law in the Crown of Aragon—cannot ascend the throne. A serious succession problem arises.

1409 Martin of Aragon marries Margarida de Prades.1410 (May, 31) Martin of Aragon dies without descendants. Begin-

ning of a two-year interregnum full of military conflicts that end with the Compromise of Caspe.

1412 Compromise of Caspe, according to which Ferdinand of Tras-támara is crowned as King of the Crown of Aragon (against the other contender to the throne, Jaume d’Urgell, from the House of Barcelona).

1412-1416 Reign of Ferdinand of Trastámara, grandson of Peter IV of Aragon.

1416 Antipope Benedict XIII retires to the castle of Peñíscola. 1416 (April, 2) Death of Ferdinand of Trastámara and begin-

ning of the reign of Alfonso V of Aragon, ‘the Magnanimous’ (d. 1458).

1417 Election of Pope Martin V: end of the Western Schism.1416-1458 Reign of Alfonso V of Aragon, ‘the Magnanimous , King of

Aragon, Valencia, Majorca, Sardinia, Corsica, and Sicily, Count of Barcelona, and King of Naples.

1420 First Italian expedition of Alfonso ‘the Magnanimous ; pacifica-tion of Sicily and Sardinia; first successful military operations in Naples.

88

1421 (October, 26) Alfonso V of Aragon’s triumphant entry into Na-ples.

1422 Death of Antipope Benedict XIII. 1423 Alfonso V of Aragon returns from Naples. Conflicts with Cas-

tile. 1424 New military campaigns of Alfonso ‘the Magnanimous’ against

Italy, Corsica, Sardinia, and Africa. 1424-25 Ausiàs March appointed main falconeer of Alfonso ‘the Mag-

nanimous ; the poet resigns his military life and devotes himself to private business.

1428 (March, 12) Family agreement among the Trastámaras from Aragon, Castile, and Navarra.

1429 War between Aragon and Castile because of Trastámara family feuds.

1430 Truce of Majano (between Aragon and Castile). 1431 Birth of Roderic of Borja in Xativa (future Pope Alexander VI,

the second Borja Pope). 1433 New military operations of the Crown of Aragon in Sicily. 1433-42 Military expedition for the conquest of Naples. France, the tradi-

tional enemy of the Crown of Aragon, allies with Genoa and the Milanese army of Sforza and Visconti.

1438 Reorganization of the Catalan colonies in Constantinople. 1439 The bubonic plague causes more than 7,000 casualties in Valen-

cia. 1441 Alfonso V ‘the Magnanimous’ conquers Benevento.1443 (February, 26) Alfonso ‘the Magnanimous’ makes his trium-

phant entry into Naples.1445 Peasant revolts in the Crown of Aragon. Peasants offer the King

100,000 florins in exchange for jurisdictional freedom and the abolishment of the ius maletractandi.

1450-52 Revolt of the forans (peasant inhabitants of the suburbs of the city of Majorca). Upon royal seizure of their goods, they immi-grate to Corsica.

89

1451 János Húnyadi and other Hungarian nobles offer the Crown of Hungary to Alfonso ‘the Magnanimous .

1453 John II of Aragon (King of Navarra), Lieutenant of the Kingdom (of Valencia).

1455-58 Pontificate of Pope Callixtus III (Alfons de Borja), first of the Borja Popes.

1455 Callixtus III canonizes Saint Vincent Ferrer. 1455 Plundering of the Moorish districts in Valencia. 1458 (July, 27) Death of Alfonso V of Aragon, ‘the Magnanimous .

His brother, John II, becomes King of Aragon. 1461 Capitulation of Vilafranca: the Generalitat de Catalunya prohib-

its John II of Aragon to enter Catalonia. 1461 Charles, Prince of Viana, is declared universal successor of John

II of Aragon. 1461 Death of Charles, Prince of Viana. 1462-72 Catalan Civil War.1464 Election of Pope Paul II. 1464 (January, 21) Prince Pedro of Portugal, Duke of Coimbra, enters

Barcelona as King of Aragon, in opposition to the current king, John II. His brother, Infante Fernando, the Holy Prince, arrives in Catalonia as part of his retinue. Later on, Martorell will dedi-cate to him his novel Tirant lo Blanch.

1466 (June, 29) Death of Constable Pedro of Portugal, King of the Catalans, in Granollers.

1469 Marriage between Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon (the Catholic Monarchs).

1469 (October, 23) Berenguer Mercader, acting as Civil Justice of the Kingdom of Valencia, rules in favour of Joanot Martorell in the inheritance dispute between him and his siblings.

1470 (April, 27) Death of Fernando of Portugal in Setúbal (the dedica-tee of Martorell s Tirant lo Blanch).

1471 Election of Pope Sixtus IV.

90

1475 Bubonic plague in Valencia. Creation of the postal service be-tween Valencia and Barcelona.

1479 Death of John II of Aragon. Ferdinand (the future Catholic Monarch) becomes King of Aragon.

1484 Election of Pope Innocent VIII.1485 Retoration of the Inquisition in the Crown of Aragon. 1486 John II rules in favour of the indentured peasants (remences) in

the Abbey of Santa Maria de Guadalupe (Extremadura). 1492 Conquest of Granada. Expulsion of the Jews. 1492 (October, 12) Discovery of America.

1.2. CROWn OF CaSTILE

Literature & culture

1384 Birth of Enrigue de Aragon, Marquis of Villena (d. 1434).1390 Birth of Juan Rodríguez del Padrón (d. 1450).1406 Birth of Juan Alfonso de Baena (d. 1454)1411 Birth of Juan de Mena (d. 1456).1417 Enrique de Aragón: Los doce trabajo de Hércules. 1424 Birth of Alfonso de Palencia (d. 1492).1425 Birth of Fray Íñigo de Mendoza (d.ca. 1490).1427 Enrique de Aragón, Marquis of Villena: Divina Commedia (“In-

ferno”).1427 Enrique de Aragón, Marquis of Villena: Eneida.1433 Enrique de Aragón, Marquis of Villena: Arte de Trobar.ca. 1436 Birth of Hernando de Pulgar (d. 1493).1437 Birth of Diego de San Pedro (d. 1498).1439 Juan Rodríguez del Padrón: Siervo libre de Amor.1440 Birth of Jorge Manrique (d. 1478).1440 Íñigo López de Mendoza, Marquis of Santilla na: Serranillas.1444 Birth of Elio Antonio de Nebrija (d. 1522). 1444 Juan de Mena: Laberinto de Fortuna.

91

ca. 1445 Juan Alfonso de Baena: Cancionero de Baena.ca. 1448 Birth of Fray Ambrosio Montesino (d. ca. 1508).ca. 1467-1481 Alfonso de Palencia: Décadas.1467-68 Fray Íñigo de Mendoza: Coplas de la Vita Christi (printed in 1482).1468 Birth of Juan de Padilla (d. 1518).1468 Birth of Juan del Encina (d. 1529).ca. 1470 Birth of Gil Vicente (d. Ca. 1536).1470 Birth of Fernando de Rojas (d. 1541).ca. 1476 Jorge Manrique: Coplas por la muerte de su padre.1486 Hernando de Pulgar: Claros varones de Castilla.1492 Diego de San Pedro: Cárcel de Amor.1492 Elio Antonio de Nebrija: Arte de la lengua castellana.1492 Birth of Joan Boscà/Juan Boscán (d. 1542).1496 Juan del Encina: Cancionero General.1499 Fernando de Rojas: Tragicomedy of Calisto and Melibea [La Ce-

lestina].

Politics, militia & society

1402 Henry III of Castile orders the conquest of the Canary Islands by Jean de Bethencourt.

1403 Conquest of Lanzarote, Fuerte ventura and Hierro.1406-54 Reign of John II of Castile.1410 Ferdinand, regent of Castile and future king of Aragon, occupies

the city of Antequera (subsequently he is also known as Ferdi-nand of Antequera).

1420 Don Álvaro de Luna, Constable of John II of Castile. 1428-30 Aristocratic revolt against Don Álvaro de Luna.1430-35 Don Álvaro de Luna defeats the nobles who oppose him. 1439 Banishment of Don Álvaro de Luna by King John II of Castile.1443 John II of Castile is imprisoned in Medina del Campo.1445 Don Álvaro de Luna regains his position as royal privado (King’s

favorite).

92

1448 Maciot cedes the rights over Lanzarote to Henry the Navigator.1449 Attacks against the Jewish community of Tole do.1452 John II of Castile orders the execution of Don Álvaro de Luna.1454-74 Reign of Henry IV of Castile.1455-57 Castilian military campaigns against Granada.1458-60 Beginning of the aristocratic rebellion in Castile (initiated by

Juan Pacheco).1460 Henry IV appoints his brother, Alfonso, Prince of Asturias, as

his successor. 1462 Birth of Joanna of Castile, la Beltraneja. 1465 The nobilitiy opposes Beltrán de la Cueva, the King s Priva do.1465 Henry IV is symbolically dethroned in Ávila (“The Farce of Ávila”). 1468 Death of Alfonso of Castile, brother and successor of Henry IV. 1468 Treaty of the Bulls of Guisando between Henry IV of Castile

and his half-sister Isabella of Castile. According to the treatry, Isabella is granted the title of Princess of Asturias and therefore becomes heiress to the Crown of Castile (against the claims of Joanna, Henry IV’s daughter).

1469 Marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon (the Catholic Monarchs).

1470 Henry IV appoints his daughter Joanna as heiress to the Crown of Castile.

1474 War of Castilian Succession.1474 Isabella is appointed Queen of Castille. 1475 “Concord of Segovia” according to which Isabella and Ferdinand

share power in Castile.1476-79 Castilian Civil War between Joanna, Henry IV’s daugther, and

Isabella. 1476 Battle of Toro: Isabella defeats her niece Joanna, Henry IV’s

daughter. 1476 Creation of the Santa Hermandad (Holy Brotherhood).1480 Inquisition in Castile (Papal Bull 1478).1480 Defeat of Ferdinand the Catholic by the Muslims of Granada in Loja.

93

1480 Boabdil’s army fights against Abu l-Hasan Ali, Sultan of Granada.1482-92 War of Granada.1484 Tomás de Torquemada, Inquisitor General of Spain.1485 Columbus arrives to La Rábida Abbey.1485 Abu l-Hasan Ali, Sultan of Granada, abdicates in favour of his

brother, Ez Zagal (1485-89).1485 Castile conquers Ronda.1486 Castile conquers Loja.1487 Castile conquers Málaga.1489 Castile conquers Almuñécar, Baza, Guadix and Almería.1491 Treaty of Granada according to which Granada is annexed to

Castile—is signed between Boabdil and Ferdinand ‘the Catho-lic’.

1492 (January, 2) King Boabdil surrenders the keys of the city of Gra-nada to the Catholic Monarchs.

1492 (March, 3) Expulsion of the Jews. 1492 (April, 17) Capitulation of Santa Fe.1492 (August, 3) Christopher Columbus sets sail for the Indies. 1492 (October, 12) Discovery of America.1495 Cisneros, Archbishop of Toledo.1496 Conquest of Tenerife.1496 Marriage between Joanna of Castile, ‘the Mad , and Philip ‘the

Fair , son of Maximilian I. 1496 Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, ‘the Great Captain , defeats the

French army in Naples. 1499 Castilian conquest of Melilla.1496 Muslim rebellion in Castile.

1.3. ITaLy

Literature & culture

1370 Birth of Leonardo Bruni (d. 1444).1377 Birth of Brunelleschi (d. 1446).

94

1386 Birth of Donatello (d. 1466).1404 Birth of Leone Battista Alberti (d. 1472).1405 Birth of Eneas Silvio Piccolo mini (d. 1464).ca. 1406 Birth of Lorenzo Valla (d. 1457).1416 Donatello: Saint George.1416 Rediscovery of De architectura by Vitruvius (1st century AD).1417-1420 Filippo Brunelleschi designs the dome of the Florence Cathedral

(Santa Maria del Fiore). 1420-1436 Construction of the dome of the Florence Cathedral by Bru-

nelleschi.1421 Leonardo Bruni: translation of Plato’s Dialogues.1430 Birth of Giovanni Bellini (d. 1516).1431 Lorenzo Valla: De voluptate.1433 Birth of Marsilio Ficino (1499).1440 Donatello: David.1440 Lorenzo de’ Medici, ‘the Magnificent’, founds the Neo-Platonic

Academy in Florence. 1443-1453 Leone Battista Alberti: De re aedificanda.1444 Birth of Boticelli (d. 1510)1444 Lorenzo Valla: Elegantiae linguae latinae.ca. 1444 Eneas Silvio Piccolo mini: Historia duobus aman tibus.1448 Birth of Perugino (d. 1523).1450 Pope Nicholas V holds a Holy Jubilee at Rome (the “santa perdo-

nança” mentioned by Joanot Martorell in his Tirant lo Blanch).1450 Establishment of the Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana. 1452 Birth of Leonardo Da Vinci (d. 1519).ca. 1459 Leone Battista Alberti designs the Palazzo Rucellai in Florence.1460 Pompoio Leto founds the Academia Romana during the pontifi-

cate of Pope Pius II, Enea Silvio Piccolomini.1465 Giovanni Bellini: Polyptych of S. Vincenzo Ferrer.1465 Establishment of the first printing press in Italy (Subiaco).1474 Marsilio Ficino: Theologia platonica (dissemination of Plato’s

thought).

95

1475 Birth of Michelangelo (d. 1564).1477 Boticelli: La primavera.1481-1482 Perugino: The Delivery of the Keys (the Sistine Chapel). 1483 Inauguration of the Sistine Chapel, in the Vatican City. 1483 Birth of Raphael (d. 1520).1485 Boticelli: The Birth of Venus.1485 Leone Battista Alberti: De re aedificandi (1st edition).1494 Establishment of Aldo Manuzio s printing house in Venice. 1496 Printing of Aristotle s works by Aldo Mauzio. 1496 Michelangelo: Bacchus (the first ‘classical’ Renaissance sculp-

ture). 1494-1498 Leonardo Da Vinci: The Last Supper.1500 Isabella d’Este, Marchioness of Mantua, entrusts Lelio de Man-

fredi with the translation of Tirant lo Blanch into Italian.

Politics, militia & society

1409 The Council of Pisa deposes the current Popes (Benedict XIII and Gregory XII) and elects a third one, Alexander V (1409-1410). There are now three Catholic Popes.

1414-18 Council of Constance: The council signals the end of the West-ern Schism by deposing the remaining papal claimants (John XXIII, Benedict XIII and Gregory XII) and electing Pope Mar-tin V (1417-1431).

1420 (September, 27) Alfonso V ‘the Magnanimous’ is appointed by Joanna II of Naples as heir to the Kingdom, thus putting an end to the military hostility against Louis III of Anjou.

1420 Queen Joanna grants Alfonso V ‘the Magnanimous’ the title of Duke of Calabria.

1430 Italian merchants arrive in Gandia to trade in sugar. 1432 (May, 29) Alfonso V ‘the Magnanimous’ sets sail for Italy in an

expedition to conquer the Kingdom of Naples.

96

1433 Joanna II of Naples revokes the appointment of King Alfonso V ‘the Magnanimous’ and appoints Louis III of Anjou as heir to the Kingdom of Naples.

1433-42 War of Naples. France, Genoa and the Milanese army of Sforza and Visconti fight against the Crown of Aragon.

1434 Death of Louis III of Anjou, appointed heir of the Kingdom of Naples by Joanna II.

1435 (February, 2) Death of Joanna II of Naples. In her will she ap-points René of Anjou, Louis’ brother, as her heir, who at the time was being held captive by the Duke of Burgundy. Alfonso V ‘the Magnanimous’ proclaims himself King of Naples in Capua.

1435 Alfonso V ‘the Magnanimous’ is defeated in the naval battle of Ponza (Tyrrhenian Sea) by Genoa and Milan. The king is impris-oned.

1435 (October, 8) Treaty of Milan. Alfonso V ‘the Magnanimous’ and the Duke of Milan divide their conquests in Italy.

1436-1442 War for the occupation of Naples. 1438 The Duke of Burgundy frees René of Anjou. 1439 Council of Florence. The Byzantine church refuses the unifica-

tion with the Roman Catholic Church and the West refuses to send Byzantium military resources against the Turks.

1442 Alfonso V ‘the Magnanimous’ enters Naples victoriously. 1444 Siege of Rhodes by Egypt and Genoa. The Knights Hospitaller ,

Geoffroy de Thoisy, and the Valencian privateer Jaume de Vilara-gut help the besieged.

1449 Naval war of Venice against Alfonso V ‘the Magnanimous . At-tacks on Mesina and Syracuse. Venice incites the rebellion in some areas of the kingdom of Naples.

1450 The condottiero Francesco Sforza receives the Duchy of Milan and deposes the Visconti.

1458 Reign of Ferdinand I of Naples, natural son of Alfonso V of Aragon.

97

1464 John of Anjou is forced to withdraw from Naples after his defeat by Ferdinand I of Naples (1462). He had attacked the kingdom of Naples in 1459.

1489 Venice annexes Cyprus. 1494 Ludovico Sforza, il Moro, Duke of Milan. 1495-1498 The Medici are banished from Florence. Establishment of a theo-

cratic republic inspired by the Dominican Savoranola.1495 League of Venice (an anti-French coalition that includes the

Pope, the Habsburgs, Ferdinand the Catholic, Naples, Genoa, Milan, and Venice).

1498 Venice signs an alliance with Louis XII of France. 1499 Cesare Borgia receives the title of Duke of Valentinois. As a con-

sequence, Louis XII of France receives the support of Pope Alex-ander VI.

1499 Louis XII of France occupies Milan. 1500 Treaty of Granada partitioning Naples between Louis XII of

France and Ferdinand II of Aragon.

1.4. FRanCE

Literature & culture

1364 Birth of Christine de Pizan (d. Ca. 1430).1364 Birh of Jehan le Meingre (Boucicaut) (d. 1421).ca. 1386 Birth of Antoine de la Salle (d. Ca. 1462).1405 Christine de Pizan: La Cité des dames. 1406/1407-1409 Jehan le Meingre (Boucicaut): Livre des faits.1421 Birth of Jacques de Lalaing (d. 1453).1426 Birth of Olivier de la Marche (d. 1502).1431 Birth of François Villon (d. ca. 1465).1/2 15th c. François Villon: Le Petit Testament and Le Grand Testament.1452 Jacques Milet: Detruction de Troye.

98

1456 François Villon: Les Lais.1456 Antoine de la Salle: Jehan de Saintré.1461 François Villon: Testament.1466 Cent nouvelles nouvelles.1468 Jean Castel: Le miroir des dames et damoiselles et de tout le sexe

féminin.1470-1472 Jacques de Lalaing: Livre des faits.1470-1490 Olivier de La Marche: Mémoires.1470 Establishment of the first printing press in La Sorbonne. 1477 Printing of Les Grandes Chroniques de France.1483 Olivier de la Marche: Le chevalier délibére.1494 Birth of Rabelais (d. 1553).

Politics, militia & society

1402 Treaty of Troyes by which Henry would marry Catherine, daughter of Charles VI ‘the Mad’ of France and Henry’s heirs would inherit the throne of France.

1415 Battle of Agincourt: Henry V conquers Normandy and advances toward Paris.

1429 Henry VI is crowned as King of France and England. 1430 Charles VII of France is crowned in Reims. 1430 Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians in Compiègne and is

subsequently sold to the English. 1431 Joan of Arc is burned at the stake. 1445 Alfonso V ‘the Magnanimous’ is awarded the Order of the Gold-

en Fleece by Philip the Good. 1461-1483 Louis XI becomes King of France. 1461-1483 France annexes Burgundy, Franche-Comté and Artois Maine.1462 Treaty of Bayonne: John II of Aragon offers Roussillon and Sar-

dinia to Louis XI of France in return for military help.1465 Death of Charles, Duke of Orléans.1483-1498 Reign of Charles VIII of France.

99

1483 Charles VIII of France claims his rights to the kingdom of Na-ples as heir of the House of Anjou.

1492 Charles VIII of France signs a treatise with the Duke of Milan. 1493 Treaty of Barcelona, between Ferdinand II of Aragon and Charles

VIII of France: the Crown of Aragon Recuperates Roussillon and Sardinia.

1494 Expedition of Charles VIII of France to Naples: beginning of the “Italian wars” between France and the Crown of Aragon, which are to be continued until the first half of the 16th century.

1495 Charles VIII of France occupies Naples. Afterwards he is defeat-ed by the troops of the League of Venice in Fornova.

1497 Treaty of Alcalá de Henares: truce between Louis XII, successor of Charles VIII of France, and Ferdinand II of Aragon.

1.5. EngLanD

Literature & culture

1394 Birth of James Stewart (James I, King of Scots) (d. 1437).ca. 1417 Birth of Sir Thomas Malory (d. 1471).1431-38 Lidgate: The Fall of Princess.ca. 1435 James Stewart (James I, King of Scots): The Kingis Quair.1440 (November 26) Sir Richard Woodvile and Pedro Vázquez de

Saavedra fight in a duel at Westminster.1453 Henry VI of England founds both Eton College and King’s Col-

lege, Cambridge. 1470 Sir Thomas Malory: Le Morte Darthur.1472 Works in York Minster are finished (they started in 1080). 1473-74 History of Troya printed by William Caxton (the first book print-

ed in England). 1478 Birth of Thomas More (d. 1535). 1483-1485 Printing of The Book of the Ordre of Chivalry or Knygthode, the

English version of Ramon Llull s Llibre de l’orde de Cavalleria .

100

1485 Printing of Le Morte Darthur (written by Sir Thomas Malory) by William Caxton.

Politics, militia & society

1422-61 & 1470-71 Reign of Henry VI. 1450 The French army defeats the English troops in Formigny. 1450 Henry VI of England appoints Alfonso V ‘the Magnanimous’ as

a member of the Order of the Garter. 1455-1485 The Wars of the Roses, a series of civil wars between supporters of

the rival houses of Lancaster (Red Rose) and York (White Rose).1461 Deposition of Henry VI. 1461-70 (& 1471-83) Edward IV of York becomes King of England with the

support of his cousin, Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick.1470-71 Restoration of Henry VI. 1471 Henry VI dies at the Tower of London, where he was imprisoned. 1471 Edward IV is crowned for the second time as King of England. 1483 Death of Edward IV.1483 Crowning of Edward V. He is assassinated within 2 months. 1483 Crowning of Richard III of York. 1485 Death of Richard III in the battle of Bosworth Field.1485-1509 Reign of Henry VII (first monarch of the Tudor dynasty), whose

marriage to Elizabeth of York represented the unification of the houses of York and Lancaster.

1496 England joins the League of Venice.

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