multilingual internet arabic idn · 2019-03-21 · should encourage collaborative participatory...

Multilingual InternetMultilingual InternetMultilingual InternetMultilingual InternetArabic IDNArabic IDNArabic IDNArabic IDNArabic IDNArabic IDNArabic IDNArabic IDN

Multilingual InternetMultilingual InternetMultilingual InternetMultilingual InternetArabic IDNArabic IDNArabic IDNArabic IDNArabic IDNArabic IDNArabic IDNArabic IDN

www.arabicwww.arabicwww.arabicwww.arabicwww.arabicwww.arabicwww.arabicwww.arabic--------domains.orgdomains.orgdomains.orgdomains.orgdomains.orgdomains.orgdomains.orgdomains.org

Arabic IDNArabic IDNArabic IDNArabic IDNArabic IDNArabic IDNArabic IDNArabic IDNArabic IDNArabic IDNArabic IDNArabic IDNArabic IDNArabic IDNArabic IDNArabic IDNArab Summer School on Internet Governance

Cairo, June 27-30, 2009

Dr. Abdulaziz H. Al-ZomanDirector of SaudiNIC - CITC

Chairman of Steering Committee - Arabic Domain Name Pilot Project

“Must we all learn English so that we can use the “Must we all learn English so that we can use the “Must we all learn English so that we can use the “Must we all learn English so that we can use the “Must we all learn English so that we can use the “Must we all learn English so that we can use the “Must we all learn English so that we can use the “Must we all learn English so that we can use the Internet? … Is that the only option?”Internet? … Is that the only option?”Internet? … Is that the only option?”Internet? … Is that the only option?”Internet? … Is that the only option?”Internet? … Is that the only option?”Internet? … Is that the only option?”Internet? … Is that the only option?”

---- Dr. Tan Tin Wee, National University of SingaporeDr. Tan Tin Wee, National University of Singapore

“Internationalization of the internet means that “Internationalization of the internet means that “Internationalization of the internet means that “Internationalization of the internet means that “Internationalization of the internet means that “Internationalization of the internet means that “Internationalization of the internet means that “Internationalization of the internet means that


“Internationalization of the internet means that “Internationalization of the internet means that “Internationalization of the internet means that “Internationalization of the internet means that “Internationalization of the internet means that “Internationalization of the internet means that “Internationalization of the internet means that “Internationalization of the internet means that the internet is equally accessible from all the internet is equally accessible from all the internet is equally accessible from all the internet is equally accessible from all the internet is equally accessible from all the internet is equally accessible from all the internet is equally accessible from all the internet is equally accessible from all languages and scripts”languages and scripts”languages and scripts”languages and scripts”languages and scripts”languages and scripts”languages and scripts”languages and scripts”

---- Tina Dam, Director, IDN Program, ICANNTina Dam, Director, IDN Program, ICANN

"When we talk about Internet for all, we have to go "When we talk about Internet for all, we have to go "When we talk about Internet for all, we have to go "When we talk about Internet for all, we have to go "When we talk about Internet for all, we have to go "When we talk about Internet for all, we have to go "When we talk about Internet for all, we have to go "When we talk about Internet for all, we have to go beyond the people who speak English" beyond the people who speak English" beyond the people who speak English" beyond the people who speak English" beyond the people who speak English" beyond the people who speak English" beyond the people who speak English" beyond the people who speak English"

---- Manal Ismail, vice chair of the GACManal Ismail, vice chair of the GAC

AgendaAgendaAgendaAgendaAgendaAgendaAgendaAgendaAgendaAgendaAgendaAgendaAgendaAgendaAgendaAgenda

�� Part I:Part I: What is a Domain NameWhat is a Domain Name

�� Part II:Part II: The Needs forThe Needs for MultilingualizationMultilingualization

�� Part III:Part III: Internationalized Domain NamesInternationalized Domain Names

�� Part IV:Part IV: Contribution MethodologyContribution Methodology

www.arabic-domains.org

Part IV:Part IV: Contribution MethodologyContribution Methodology

�� Part V:Part V: The Arabic Language The Arabic Language -- What has been done so far?What has been done so far?

�� Part VI:Part VI: Let us expand and look at the whole script Let us expand and look at the whole script -- What What

are the issues?are the issues?

�� Part VII:Part VII: Arabic Script IDN Working GroupArabic Script IDN Working Group (ASIWG) (ASIWG)

�� Part VIII:Part VIII: IDN ccTLD Fast TrackIDN ccTLD Fast Track

About usAbout usAbout usAbout usAbout usAbout usAbout usAbout usAbout usAbout usAbout usAbout usAbout usAbout usAbout usAbout us

� SaudiNIC– Administering the Saudi domain name space (.sa) since 1995.

– Operated by Communication and Information Technology Commission (CITC) … governmental org.

– Leading the local community effort towards supporting


– Leading the local community effort towards supportingArabic language in DNS• Head of the ADNPP Steering Committee

• Head of the ADNPP Technical Committee

� Arab Team for Arabic Domain Names– Formed under the auspices of Arab League, 2005

– Supervising “ADNPP: Arabic Domain Name Pilot Project”

Part I: Part I: Part I: Part I: Part I: Part I: Part I: Part I: What is a What is a What is a What is a What is a What is a What is a What is a


What is a What is a What is a What is a What is a What is a What is a What is a Domain Name?Domain Name?Domain Name?Domain Name?Domain Name?Domain Name?Domain Name?Domain Name?

In the beginning…In the beginning…In the beginning…In the beginning…In the beginning…In the beginning…In the beginning…In the beginning…In the beginning…In the beginning…In the beginning…In the beginning…In the beginning…In the beginning…In the beginning…In the beginning…


The First 4 Nodes of the Internet in 1969 then called the ARPANET

Source: http://www.sharpnet.co.uk/winter.shtml

… now… now… now… now… now… now… now… now… now… now… now… now… now… now… now… now


201201..2323..6767..88

Source: http://www.telegeography.com

212.26.18.4

www.nic.net.sawww.nic.net.sa

Domain NamesDomain NamesDomain NamesDomain NamesDomain NamesDomain NamesDomain NamesDomain NamesDomain NamesDomain NamesDomain NamesDomain NamesDomain NamesDomain NamesDomain NamesDomain Names

� Domain names are the familiar, easy-to-remember names for computers on the Internet

www.nic.net.sa

top level domain label


Internet

198.77.88.4

I want to access SaudiNIC web site:www.nic.net.sawww.nic.net.sa

� RFC 1035

– A full qualified domain has at max 255 characters

– Consists of labels separated by “.”

– A label may have up to 63 characters

– Maximum number of labels: 127

– Accepted ASCII character set: a-z , 0-9 , ’-’

second level domain label

third level domain label

The DNS TreeThe DNS TreeThe DNS TreeThe DNS TreeThe DNS TreeThe DNS TreeThe DNS TreeThe DNS TreeThe DNS TreeThe DNS TreeThe DNS TreeThe DNS TreeThe DNS TreeThe DNS TreeThe DNS TreeThe DNS Tree

sa uk com org edu

Root Zone File●

TLDs


netcom

nic

wwwns

icann

TopTopTopTopTopTopTopTop--------Level DomainsLevel DomainsLevel DomainsLevel DomainsLevel DomainsLevel DomainsLevel DomainsLevel DomainsTopTopTopTopTopTopTopTop--------Level DomainsLevel DomainsLevel DomainsLevel DomainsLevel DomainsLevel DomainsLevel DomainsLevel Domains

� generic Top-Level Domains (gTLD):– .com

– .org

– .net

– .mil

� Country ccTLD (2 letters):

� There are ~ 250 ccTLDs:

– .ae United Arab Emirates

– .bh Bahrain

– .kw Kuwait

– .de Germany

– .eg Egypt


– .mil

– .edu

– .gov

– .int

– .info

– .biz

– …

– .eg Egypt

– .in India

– .pk Pakistan

– .sa Saudi Arabia

– .uk United Kingdom

– .za South Africa

– …

Domain Name System (DNS)Domain Name System (DNS)Domain Name System (DNS)Domain Name System (DNS)Domain Name System (DNS)Domain Name System (DNS)Domain Name System (DNS)Domain Name System (DNS)Domain Name System (DNS)Domain Name System (DNS)Domain Name System (DNS)Domain Name System (DNS)Domain Name System (DNS)Domain Name System (DNS)Domain Name System (DNS)Domain Name System (DNS)

� We are using domain names, machines are using IP addresses … then how to resolve names to addresses

� Resolving IP addresses from domain names (and vise versa) are done automatically using


vise versa) are done automatically using infrastructure services provided through Domain Name System (DNS)

Source: learnthenet.com

Internet

D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET

ns1.mcit.gov.saLocal DNS resolver

ns1.isu.net.sa

ns.citc.gov.sa

DNS

DNS


LAN

http://www.citc.gov.sans1.isu.net.sa

ns.citc.gov.sa

212.26.76.6DNS

www.citc.gov.sa212.26.76.6

Root ServersRoot ServersRoot ServersRoot ServersRoot ServersRoot ServersRoot ServersRoot ServersRoot ServersRoot ServersRoot ServersRoot ServersRoot ServersRoot ServersRoot ServersRoot Servers

� 13 root servers which together contain authoritative databases listing all top level domains (i.e. org, net, uk, ae, sa …)

� Root servers names are letter.root-servers.net: e.g. (m.root-servers.net)

name org city type

a NSI Herndon,VA, US com

b USC-ISI Marina del Rey,CA, US edu

c PSInet Herndon,VA, US com


c PSInet Herndon,VA, US com

d U of Maryland College Park,MD, US edu

e NASA Mt View, CA, US usg

f Internet Software C. Palo Alto, CA, US com

g DISA Vienna, VA, US usg

h ARL Aberdeen, MD, US usg

i NORDUnet Stockholm, SE int

j NSI (TBD) Herndon,VA, US (com)

k RIPE London, UK int

l ICANN Marina del Rey,CA, US org

m W IDE Tokyo, JP edu

Part II: Part II: Part II: Part II: Part II: Part II: Part II: Part II: The Needs for The Needs for The Needs for The Needs for The Needs for The Needs for The Needs for The Needs for


The Needs for The Needs for The Needs for The Needs for The Needs for The Needs for The Needs for The Needs for MultilingualizationMultilingualizationMultilingualizationMultilingualizationMultilingualizationMultilingualizationMultilingualizationMultilingualization

What is a Multilingualization?What is a Multilingualization?What is a Multilingualization?What is a Multilingualization?What is a Multilingualization?What is a Multilingualization?What is a Multilingualization?What is a Multilingualization?

� As the Internet continues to grow, many people around the world wish to go online using their native languages

“Making the Internet accessible to all peoples in their own


“Making the Internet accessible to all peoples in their own native languages, regardless of what an individual’s language may be.” Khalid Fattal - CEO (MINC)

Demands for MultilingualismDemands for MultilingualismDemands for MultilingualismDemands for MultilingualismDemands for MultilingualismDemands for MultilingualismDemands for MultilingualismDemands for MultilingualismDemands for MultilingualismDemands for MultilingualismDemands for MultilingualismDemands for MultilingualismDemands for MultilingualismDemands for MultilingualismDemands for MultilingualismDemands for Multilingualism

� The availability of information in local languages and the development of local content are key elements to promote multilingualism on the Internet.

� Globalization of Internet has resulted a growing number of

2064%

Language growth 2000-2008


16

resulted a growing number of users not familiar with ASCII(English)

� Native speakers of many languages (e.g., Arabic, Persian, Urdu, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Russian, …) who use non-ASCII scripts are at disadvantage

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_internet_usage

204%

755%

405%

100%

459%

121%

668%

83%163%

Englis

hChine

seSpa

nish

Japa

nese

Frenc

hGer

man

Arabic

Portu

gues

e

Korean

Italia

n

Internet in the Arab World Internet in the Arab World Internet in the Arab World Internet in the Arab World Internet in the Arab World Internet in the Arab World Internet in the Arab World Internet in the Arab World Internet in the Arab World Internet in the Arab World Internet in the Arab World Internet in the Arab World Internet in the Arab World Internet in the Arab World Internet in the Arab World Internet in the Arab World

� Population of Arab world: 343 M (5% of world population)

� Arab Internet users represent 3.2% of world users

40%

50%

60%


users

� Average Internet penetration in Arab world < 13 %

� Language is considered a barrier for many (>70% are using Arabic OS)

0%

10%

20%

30%

ينحر

الب

قرا

لعا

دن:ر

ا

توي

لكا

انلبن

انعم

ينط

لسف

طرق

يةود

سعال

رياسو

ترا

ماا:

منالي

ئرزا

لجا

زرج

مرالق

صرم

بيالي

نيايتا

ورم

بغر

لما

الوم

صال

انود

لسا

سون

ت

عمو

مجال

International MovementsInternational MovementsInternational MovementsInternational MovementsInternational MovementsInternational MovementsInternational MovementsInternational MovementsFirst phase of WSIS (First phase of WSIS (First phase of WSIS (First phase of WSIS (First phase of WSIS (First phase of WSIS (First phase of WSIS (First phase of WSIS (20032003200320032003200320032003))))))))International MovementsInternational MovementsInternational MovementsInternational MovementsInternational MovementsInternational MovementsInternational MovementsInternational MovementsFirst phase of WSIS (First phase of WSIS (First phase of WSIS (First phase of WSIS (First phase of WSIS (First phase of WSIS (First phase of WSIS (First phase of WSIS (20032003200320032003200320032003))))))))

� Declaration of Principles – “Internet should … take into account multilingualism” (B.48)

– “Applications should be … adapted to local needs in languages and cultures” (B.51)

– “Information society should be … founded on respect for cultural identity, [as well as] cultural and linguistic diversity” (B.52)


identity, [as well as] cultural and linguistic diversity” (B.52)

� Action Plan– “put into place technical conditions to facilitate the presence and use of all world languages on the internet” (AP-B.6i)

– “create policies that support, respect, preserve, promote, and enhance cultural and linguistic diversity within the Information Society” (AP-C.23a)

– “enhance the capacity of indigenous peoples to develop and access content in their own languages” (AP-C.23k)

Source: http://itu.int

International Movements International Movements International Movements International Movements International Movements International Movements International Movements International Movements UNESCO General Conference UNESCO General Conference UNESCO General Conference UNESCO General Conference UNESCO General Conference UNESCO General Conference UNESCO General Conference UNESCO General Conference 20032003200320032003200320032003International Movements International Movements International Movements International Movements International Movements International Movements International Movements International Movements UNESCO General Conference UNESCO General Conference UNESCO General Conference UNESCO General Conference UNESCO General Conference UNESCO General Conference UNESCO General Conference UNESCO General Conference 20032003200320032003200320032003Recommendation concerning the Promotion and Use of Multilingualism and

Universal Access to Cyberspace

� The public and private sectors and the civil society at local, national, regional and international levels should work to provide the necessary resources and take the necessary measures to alleviate language barriers and promote human interaction on the Internet by encouraging the creation and processing of, and access to, educational, cultural and scientific content in digital form, so as to ensure that all cultures can express themselves and have access to cyberspace in all languages, including indigenous ones.

� Member States and international organizations should encourage and support capacity-building for the production of local and indigenous content on the Internet.

� Member States should formulate appropriate national policies on the crucial issue of language survival in


� Member States should formulate appropriate national policies on the crucial issue of language survival in cyberspace, designed to promote the teaching of languages, including mother tongues, in cyberspace. International support and assistance to developing countries should be strengthened and extended to facilitate the development of freely accessible materials on language education in electronic form and to the enhancement of human capital skills in this area.

� Member States, international organizations and information and communication technology industries should encourage collaborative participatory research and development on, and local adaptation of, operating systems, search engines and web browsers with extensive multilingual capabilities, online dictionaries and terminologies. They should support international cooperative efforts with regard to automated translation services accessible to all, as well as intelligent linguistic systems such as those performing multilingual information retrieval, summarizing/abstracting and speech understanding, while fully respecting the right of translation of authors.

� UNESCO, in cooperation with other international organizations, should establish a collaborative online observatory on existing policies, regulations, technical recommendations, and best practices relating to multilingualism and multilingual resources and applications, including innovations in language computerization.

http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=13475&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html

International Movements International Movements International Movements International Movements International Movements International Movements International Movements International Movements IGF IGF IGF IGF IGF IGF IGF IGF -------- Reaching the Next BillionReaching the Next BillionReaching the Next BillionReaching the Next BillionReaching the Next BillionReaching the Next BillionReaching the Next BillionReaching the Next BillionInternational Movements International Movements International Movements International Movements International Movements International Movements International Movements International Movements IGF IGF IGF IGF IGF IGF IGF IGF -------- Reaching the Next BillionReaching the Next BillionReaching the Next BillionReaching the Next BillionReaching the Next BillionReaching the Next BillionReaching the Next BillionReaching the Next Billion

� Some important dialog topics - Hyderabad, December 2008– The importance of having content in local languages, …

– The importance of localization and availability of tools, including both software and hardware, for example, as well as keyboards and other devices, search engines, browsers, translation tools which should be available in multiple languages.


– Efforts to internationalize domain names and the technological difficulties as well as the complex policy and political aspects, …

� According to speakers at IGF in Hyderabad, India – The Internet must support the large number of languages in the world at all levels, including content, hardware, software, and internationalized domain names if it is to reach the next billion people.

Source: http://www.networkworld.com/news/2008/120308-internet-needs-multilingual-support-for.html

Part III: Part III: Part III: Part III: Part III: Part III: Part III: Part III: Internationalized Internationalized Internationalized Internationalized Internationalized Internationalized Internationalized Internationalized Domain NamesDomain NamesDomain NamesDomain NamesDomain NamesDomain NamesDomain NamesDomain Names


Domain NamesDomain NamesDomain NamesDomain NamesDomain NamesDomain NamesDomain NamesDomain Names(IDN)(IDN)(IDN)(IDN)(IDN)(IDN)(IDN)(IDN)

Internationalized Domain Names Internationalized Domain Names Internationalized Domain Names Internationalized Domain Names Internationalized Domain Names Internationalized Domain Names Internationalized Domain Names Internationalized Domain Names Internationalized Domain Names Internationalized Domain Names Internationalized Domain Names Internationalized Domain Names Internationalized Domain Names Internationalized Domain Names Internationalized Domain Names Internationalized Domain Names

� IDN “represent a step toward an Internet that is equally accessible from all languages and scripts, they, at best, address only a small part of that very broad objective.” - RFC 4690

Multilingualization


IDN

Contents

Hardware

Software

Multilingualization

Why is it needed?Why is it needed?Why is it needed?Why is it needed?Why is it needed?Why is it needed?Why is it needed?Why is it needed?Why is it needed?Why is it needed?Why is it needed?Why is it needed?Why is it needed?Why is it needed?Why is it needed?Why is it needed?

� Current ASCII-based DNs are incapable of representing Arabic characters

� Difficulty to reach

Arabic News paperصحيفة الشرق ا[وسط

www.al-sharqalawsat.comwww.asharqalawsat.comwww.asharq-alaowsat.comwww.elsharkelaosat.com

*


� Difficulty to reach Arabic sites using English DNs (pronunciation & spelling problems)

� Full Arabic DNs will encourage Arab users to widely use the Internet

*

E-government Siteيسر

www.yasser.gov.sawww.yaser.gov.sawww.yasir.gov.sawww.yassir.gov.sa

*

IDN is…IDN is…IDN is…IDN is…IDN is…IDN is…IDN is…IDN is…IDN is…IDN is…IDN is…IDN is…IDN is…IDN is…IDN is…IDN is…

� There are many technical challenges standing against accessing the Internet in non-Latin script languages since the Internet was initially deployed to support only ASCII characters– The Domain Name System (DNS) was not built for multilingualism

– Only ASCII characters have been used even by people using non-ASCII characters daily:


ASCII characters daily:• http://www.nic.net.sa

• [email protected]

• Allowed characters (LDH) : ASCII letters [A-Za-z] digits [0-9] hyphen [-]

� Hence, Internationalized Domain Name is a technical challenge to represent a domain name with NON-ASCII characters (i.e., using Unicode-based labels)– السعودية.ا:تصا:ت- ھيئة– السعودية.ا:تصا:ت- ھيئة@الزومان

Technical ConsiderationsTechnical ConsiderationsTechnical ConsiderationsTechnical ConsiderationsTechnical ConsiderationsTechnical ConsiderationsTechnical ConsiderationsTechnical ConsiderationsTechnical ConsiderationsTechnical ConsiderationsTechnical ConsiderationsTechnical ConsiderationsTechnical ConsiderationsTechnical ConsiderationsTechnical ConsiderationsTechnical Considerations

� Key technical issues:

– Representation of non-ASCII codes

– Support location of non-ASCII codes (client side or DNS server side)

– Mapping non-ASCII domain names to current DNS

www.arabic-domains.org 25

– Mapping non-ASCII domain names to current DNS technology

� Basic technical requirements

– Preservation of compatibility with current domain names

– Preservation of uniqueness of domain name space

– The Internet must not be divided into islands

IDNA StandardIDNA StandardIDNA StandardIDNA StandardIDNA StandardIDNA StandardIDNA StandardIDNA StandardIDNA StandardIDNA StandardIDNA StandardIDNA StandardIDNA StandardIDNA StandardIDNA StandardIDNA Standard

� IDNA Standards (2003):– Specifies how the conversion from non-ASCII to ASCII

– At the user/application level (web browsers, email clients)

– RFC 3454 Preparation of Internationalized Strings ("Stringprep") • A generic mechanism (a collection of rules, tables, and operations) for taking a Unicode string and converting it into a canonical format.

– RFC 3490 Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)• IDNA is the base specification in this group which specifies a mechanism for


• IDNA is the base specification in this group which specifies a mechanism for handling non-ASCII labels

– RFC 3491 Nameprep: A Stringprep Profile for Internationalized Domain Names (IDN)• Processing rules that allow end users to enter IDNs into applications.

– RFC 3492 Punycode: A Bootstring encoding of Unicode for Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA) • Punycode is a mechanism for encoding a Unicode string in ASCII characters.

� IDNA is currently under revision (IDNA200x)– RFC4690 and associated internet drafts suggesting revisions and solutions to

some problems

IDN History IDN History IDN History IDN History IDN History IDN History IDN History IDN History IDN History IDN History IDN History IDN History IDN History IDN History IDN History IDN History

� Late 1990s– Multilingual domain names were developed at the National University of Singapore

� 1998-1999– Asia Pacific Networking Group (iDNS, iDomain)– Several Prototypes and testbeds emerged– Several companies began commercialization of the multilingual domain name technology

� 2000-2003– IDN (Internationalized Domain Name) Working Group in IETF– Country/regional organizations

• MINC (Multilingual Domain Names Consortium)• AINC (Arabic Internet Names Consortium)• Arabic Team for Domain names (2003)

www.arabic-domains.org 27

• Arabic Team for Domain names (2003)• CDNC (Chinese Domain Name Consortium )• INFITT (International Forum for IT in Tamil )• JDNA (Japanese Domain Names Association )

– Internationalized Domain Name (IDN) Working Group in ICANN Board– IDNA adopted

� 2005– ICANN President's Advisory Committee for IDNs

� 2007– Eleven IDNA TLDs were added to the root nameservers in order to evaluate their use at the top level of the DNS

� 2008– ICANN successful evaluated .test IDN TLDs– IDN ccTLD Fast-Track Process

السعودية.موقع


xn--4gbrim.xn--mgberp4a5d4ar

IDNA

Part IV: Part IV: Part IV: Part IV: Part IV: Part IV: Part IV: Part IV:


Part IV: Part IV: Part IV: Part IV: Part IV: Part IV: Part IV: Part IV: Contribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution Methodology

Contribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution Methodology

4444

1111

3333

2222 Conducting

Web surveysUnderstanding

PublishingReportspapers Group

Efforts


4444

1111

5555

6666

2222

7777

Web surveysUnderstanding

problems &areas of

contributions Meetinglinguists

(face to face)Disseminateinformation

Efforts

Testing and building local experiences

Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Identifying areas of contributionsIdentifying areas of contributionsIdentifying areas of contributionsIdentifying areas of contributionsIdentifying areas of contributionsIdentifying areas of contributionsIdentifying areas of contributionsIdentifying areas of contributionsContribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Identifying areas of contributionsIdentifying areas of contributionsIdentifying areas of contributionsIdentifying areas of contributionsIdentifying areas of contributionsIdentifying areas of contributionsIdentifying areas of contributionsIdentifying areas of contributions

To define the accepted Arabic character set to be used for writing Arabic domain names1 Linguistic issues

� Levels of an A-IDN Solution

1


4 Arabic root servers

3 Technical solutions3 Technical solutions

4 Arabic root servers

To define the top-level domains of the Arabic domain name tree structure (i.e., Arabic gTLDs, and ccTLDs)

2 Arabic TLDs

IETF (IDNA), UNICODE, *

ICANN/IANA, (e.g., IDN ccTLD Fast track)

Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Identifying areas of contributionsIdentifying areas of contributionsIdentifying areas of contributionsIdentifying areas of contributionsIdentifying areas of contributionsIdentifying areas of contributionsIdentifying areas of contributionsIdentifying areas of contributionsContribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Identifying areas of contributionsIdentifying areas of contributionsIdentifying areas of contributionsIdentifying areas of contributionsIdentifying areas of contributionsIdentifying areas of contributionsIdentifying areas of contributionsIdentifying areas of contributions

� Linguistic issues– ISSUE 1.1: Tashkeel

– ISSUE 1.2: Kasheeda

– ISSUE 1.3: Taa-Marbota+Haa

– ISSUE 1.4: Hamzah

– ISSUE 1.5: Alif Maqsura+Ya

– ISSUE 1.6: Numbers

� Arabic TLDs – ISSUE 2.1: Criteria for selecting

an Arabic gTLD

– ISSUE 2.2: Suggested list of Arabic gTLDs

– ISSUE 2.3: Criteria for selecting an Arabic ccTLD

1


– ISSUE 1.6: Numbers

– ISSUE 1.7: dot or Arabic Zero

– ISSUE 1.8: Connecting Multiple Words

– ISSUE 1.9: Space

– ISSUE 1.10: Mixing Latin & Arabic Characters

– ISSUE 1.11: Special Charters

– ISSUE 1.12: Accepted Character Set

an Arabic ccTLD

– ISSUE 2.4: Suggested list of Arabic ccTLDs

Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Groups EffortsGroups EffortsGroups EffortsGroups EffortsGroups EffortsGroups EffortsGroups EffortsGroups EffortsContribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Groups EffortsGroups EffortsGroups EffortsGroups EffortsGroups EffortsGroups EffortsGroups EffortsGroups Efforts

� MINC: Multilingual Internet Names Consortium, 2000– Arabic Working Group

� AINC: Arab Internet Names Consortium, April 2001– Founder and member of the board

– Chairman of the Linguistic Committee

� ADNTF: Arabic Domain Name Task Force, Q2/2003– Formed under the auspices of ESCWA (UN)

2


– Formed under the auspices of ESCWA (UN)

– Issuing an Internet Draft for supporting the Arabic language in domain names

� GCC ccTLDs Group:– Formed under the auspices of ITC committee of GCC

– GCC Arabic domain name pilot project

� Arab Team for Arabic Domain Names, 2005– Formed under the auspices of Arab League

– Arabic domain name pilot project

� ASIWG: Arab Scrip IDN Working Group, 2008

Contribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyPublishing Reports & PapersPublishing Reports & PapersPublishing Reports & PapersPublishing Reports & PapersPublishing Reports & PapersPublishing Reports & PapersPublishing Reports & PapersPublishing Reports & Papers

Contribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyPublishing Reports & PapersPublishing Reports & PapersPublishing Reports & PapersPublishing Reports & PapersPublishing Reports & PapersPublishing Reports & PapersPublishing Reports & PapersPublishing Reports & Papers

� 5 Scientific research papers published in conference proceedings and journals– "Arabic Top-Level Domain Names", International Journal of Computer Processing of

Oriental Languages, Volume 17 Number 3 September 2004, To Appear. – "Linguistic Issues in Arabic Domain Names", In Proceedings of the 17th NCC, KAAU,

Al-Madina Almunawarah, Saudi Arabia, 5-8 April, 2004, pp 235-250 [in Arabic]– "Arabic Top-Level Domain Names", In Proceedings of the 17th NCC, KAAU, Al-

Madina Almunawarah, Saudi Arabia, 5-8 April, 2004, pp 281-296 [in Arabic]– "Using Arabic Language in writing domain names", Arab journal of library and

information science, Vol 22, No. 3, July 2002, pp. 21-38 [in Arabic].– " Using Arabic Language in writing domain names ", In Proceedings of IACIT 2001,

33


– " Using Arabic Language in writing domain names ", In Proceedings of IACIT 2001, JUST, Irbid, Jordan, 13-15 Nov., 2001, pp 264-272 [in Arabic]

� Technical reports– “Supporting the Arabic Language in Domain Names”, submitted to ADNTF-ESCWA,

October 2003• The base for the internet draft

– Status Report of the Arabic Linguistic Committee of AINC-September 2001 – Status Report of the Arabic Linguistic Committee of AINC-April 2002

� Internet drafts– http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-farah-adntf-ling-guidelines-04

Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Conducting Web SurveysConducting Web SurveysConducting Web SurveysConducting Web SurveysConducting Web SurveysConducting Web SurveysConducting Web SurveysConducting Web SurveysContribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Conducting Web SurveysConducting Web SurveysConducting Web SurveysConducting Web SurveysConducting Web SurveysConducting Web SurveysConducting Web SurveysConducting Web Surveys

� 3 On-line web surveys

– cover most of the linguistic issues with more than 550 responses

� Collected information have been analyzed and compared with the

44


analyzed and compared with the recommendations of the AINC linguistic committee

� Results have been published and presented in conferences

Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Meeting Linguistic ExpertsMeeting Linguistic ExpertsMeeting Linguistic ExpertsMeeting Linguistic ExpertsMeeting Linguistic ExpertsMeeting Linguistic ExpertsMeeting Linguistic ExpertsMeeting Linguistic ExpertsContribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Meeting Linguistic ExpertsMeeting Linguistic ExpertsMeeting Linguistic ExpertsMeeting Linguistic ExpertsMeeting Linguistic ExpertsMeeting Linguistic ExpertsMeeting Linguistic ExpertsMeeting Linguistic Experts

� SaudiNIC met with 4 Arabic linguists to get their guidance regarding the Arabic linguistic issues in domain names.

55


� Presented the result during the general assembly of the Arabic Language Association

Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Information DisseminationInformation DisseminationInformation DisseminationInformation DisseminationInformation DisseminationInformation DisseminationInformation DisseminationInformation DisseminationContribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Information DisseminationInformation DisseminationInformation DisseminationInformation DisseminationInformation DisseminationInformation DisseminationInformation DisseminationInformation Dissemination

� Web sites (in Arabic and English)– http://www.arabic-domains.org.sa

� Participating in local/regional/international conferences and meetings

�

66


� Publishing scientific research papers

� Publishing articles in newspaper and magazine

� Radio programs

� Seminars to public and interested groups

Contribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyTest ImplementationsTest ImplementationsTest ImplementationsTest ImplementationsTest ImplementationsTest ImplementationsTest ImplementationsTest Implementations

Contribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyTest ImplementationsTest ImplementationsTest ImplementationsTest ImplementationsTest ImplementationsTest ImplementationsTest ImplementationsTest Implementations

� Country level

– Individually done be some Arab countries (ccTLDs)

• Arabic.English , e.g., com.sa.نطاق

• Problem of mixing languages (left-to-right and right-to-left)

• Not accepted (linguistic and socially)

� GCC level

– Implementing a pilot project for Arabic Domain names in the GCC Countries

77


socially) Countries

� Arab world level

– Extend the GCC Pilot Project to include members of the Arab League. Renamed: "Arabic Domain Names Pilot Project”, under the auspices of the Arab League

– 2 committees (Steering and technical) as part of the Arabic Team for Domain Names

� ICANN Arabic example.test( إختبار.مثال )– Moderate the Arabic site for the IDNwiki gateway

– Published a technical report about the test “IDN Top Level Domain Evaluations and Testing Report”

Contribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyADNPP: Participants so farADNPP: Participants so farADNPP: Participants so farADNPP: Participants so far

Contribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyContribution MethodologyADNPP: Participants so farADNPP: Participants so farADNPP: Participants so farADNPP: Participants so far

� Participated Countries:– United Arab Emirates

– Saudi Arabia

– Qatar

– Oman

– Palestine

77


– Palestine

– Egypt

– Tunisia

– Syria

– Jordan

– Morocco

– Libya

� Develop many tools and systems that supports Arabic domain names– Browser plug-in “Arabic.Arabic”

– Simple IDN registry system

– IDN/ASCII convertering tool

• Convert domain names form IDN to ASCII and vice versa.

Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Contribution Methodology Applications and tools …Applications and tools …Applications and tools …Applications and tools …Applications and tools …Applications and tools …Applications and tools …Applications and tools …77


• Convert domain names form IDN to ASCII and vice versa.

– Web-based Whois service.

– DNS checker for Arabic Domains:

• Check if an IDN domain name is hosted on any name servers.

– Host checker for Arabic Domains:

• Resolve IDN domains to the correspondent IP address and vice versa.

– Zone file editor for Arabic domains:

• Create and manage Arabic zone files easily using this zone editor.


Compare with:www.tadawul.com.sa

Part V: Part V: Part V: Part V: Part V: Part V: Part V: Part V: TheTheTheTheTheTheTheThe Arabic LanguageArabic LanguageArabic LanguageArabic LanguageArabic LanguageArabic LanguageArabic LanguageArabic Language


What’s been done so What’s been done so What’s been done so What’s been done so What’s been done so What’s been done so What’s been done so What’s been done so far?far?far?far?far?far?far?far?

Arabic Language CharacteristicsArabic Language CharacteristicsArabic Language CharacteristicsArabic Language CharacteristicsArabic Language CharacteristicsArabic Language CharacteristicsArabic Language CharacteristicsArabic Language CharacteristicsArabic Language CharacteristicsArabic Language CharacteristicsArabic Language CharacteristicsArabic Language CharacteristicsArabic Language CharacteristicsArabic Language CharacteristicsArabic Language CharacteristicsArabic Language Characteristics

1. Written from right to left in a cursive style

2. Most characters have different shapes

– depending on their position (beginning, middle, or end) within a word

– probably conjugated with preceding and succeeding characters.

جـ ـجـ ـج جبـ ـبـ ـب بـا ا

نـ ـنـ ـن ن


succeeding characters.

– These different shapes for a single character do not count as different code points but they are handled using different fonts

– Letters that can be joined are always joined in both hand-written and printedArabic.

ج ب ا ن

نـ ـنـ ـن ن

جبان


3. Tashkeel (diacritic)– A small sing (not a letter) that is usually put on top

or under a character for the purpose of correct pronunciation

– It is not widely used except incase of the possibility of mispronouncing words that have the same letters but with different pronunciations, and hence having

ان ب ج


but with different pronunciations, and hence having different meanings.

4. ◌Abbreviations are not widely used– When an abbreviation is written (in domain name)

characters will be joined together … leads to a different word and pronunciation

5. Two sets of numerals are used:– Arabic : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

– Arabic-Indic : 0 ،1 ،2 ،3 ،4 ،5 ،6 ،7 ،8 ،9– Numerals are written from left to right

ان ب ج جبان


6. Words are separated by spaces– A space character is needed between words to get correct

shaping

– Connecting words without spaces

• not acceptable

• decrease readability


• decrease readability

• Confused with other words

مدارسخيف�خطأدبي�

مدارس خيف�خط أدبي�

space

space

Basic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic Issues

� Identified a number of linguistic issues with respect to domain names:– Usage of Tashkeel (diacritics).

– Usage of Kashidah.

– Character folding.

� Discussed with more than 60 members of the AINC linguistic committee reaching final recommendations

� A number of surveys have been collected from the public

– Received more than 550 responses


– Character folding.

– Which numerical digits should be supported.

– Connecting multiple words.

– Mixing with other languages.

– Usage of special characters.

responses– Collected information have been

analyzed and compared with the recommendations of the AINC linguistic committee

� Discussed with Arabic linguists to get their guidance regarding the Arabic linguistic issues in domain names.

� Discussed and agreed by the Arab Team fro Domain Names (under Arab League)

Basic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesTashkeel (diacritics)Tashkeel (diacritics)Tashkeel (diacritics)Tashkeel (diacritics)Tashkeel (diacritics)Tashkeel (diacritics)Tashkeel (diacritics)Tashkeel (diacritics)Basic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesTashkeel (diacritics)Tashkeel (diacritics)Tashkeel (diacritics)Tashkeel (diacritics)Tashkeel (diacritics)Tashkeel (diacritics)Tashkeel (diacritics)Tashkeel (diacritics)

��ق��و��–�� א +*�،�F%&'�Wא"�!� ��

��7�6د�E��23�4א0… א /�.�،�א -,��،� �א;:89<��K

�>�?�@'W–��A<Bو -��9و��אCD��F< �%<-G� א

��Hא"�و!��.��'�I�J�A

44%

36%

17%3% No ال تدعم

No effect دعم فيالواجهــة

Yes دعـم كامــل

لم يحدد


� Recommendation

– Tashkeel should not be allowed. However, if there is a need to allowed users to entered Tashkeel as part of a domain name then it should be stripped off before IDNA processing

��Hא"�و!��.��'�I�J�A –��*9<��9<:'�>K��L�K3��&-Dم�IN�,��K

�>�*A��OD�PAQع��Sو��'�!�N��L�TA�U��- و�VB� א�W<��'��XD�G�'

H�9 א��K�>�<��W

–�V�و -��3ن��X'אIN�B�D�Z�*, م�אI��Z�*, א�V�<��%<-G� אم�אIN�Bא]'��'��אB�D�INא'I �P��X[�وא\��Xא;,�INم�و��Q�]I ��X?/��%�S��X�Cد'�<��_�^��

>�S��9 א

36% لم يحدد

Basic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesTashkeel (diacritics)Tashkeel (diacritics)Tashkeel (diacritics)Tashkeel (diacritics)Tashkeel (diacritics)Tashkeel (diacritics)Tashkeel (diacritics)Tashkeel (diacritics)Basic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesTashkeel (diacritics)Tashkeel (diacritics)Tashkeel (diacritics)Tashkeel (diacritics)Tashkeel (diacritics)Tashkeel (diacritics)Tashkeel (diacritics)Tashkeel (diacritics)

� From user point view, he/she does not know– Whether the label is with or without tashkeel

– Whether the label is totally (i.e., all characters) use tashkeel

– The correct pronunciations to put

السعودية.الحاسبات-جمعية�السعودية.الحاسبات-جمعية�السعودية.الحاسبات-جمعية�السعودية.الحاسبات-جمعية�السعودية.الحاسبات-جمعية�


– The correct pronunciations to put the correct taskeel

– There are many different pronunciations depending on the local dialogue

� There will be huge number of combinations when registering a single label– good playground for phishing

السعودية.الحاسبات-جمعية�سورية.التربية- وزارة�سورية.التربية- وزارة �سورية.التربية- وزارة �سورية.التربية- وزارة�سورية.التربية- وزارة�

Basic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesKashidahKashidahKashidahKashidahKashidahKashidahKashidahKashidah (Tatweel)(Tatweel)(Tatweel)(Tatweel)(Tatweel)(Tatweel)(Tatweel)(Tatweel)Basic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesKashidahKashidahKashidahKashidahKashidahKashidahKashidahKashidah (Tatweel)(Tatweel)(Tatweel)(Tatweel)(Tatweel)(Tatweel)(Tatweel)(Tatweel)

–��<A-`��<��Aو��ab��Ac�;א"�و!�א�OD�PD�A م�IN�,�

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�>�?�@'Wא ��%� >CD��Fא��و -��–

35%30%

6% No ال تدعم

Yes دعـم كامــل



� Recommendation

– It should not be allowed.

א ��%� >CD��Fא��و -��–�>�\�e�O,��L�Pم��IN�,�

Kא ��>�<��W

–�L�%��Iم�א ,*�B�D�Z�INאم�א ��K_�^�א ��9ق

29%


لم يحدد

Basic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesCharacter FoldingCharacter FoldingCharacter FoldingCharacter FoldingCharacter FoldingCharacter FoldingCharacter FoldingCharacter FoldingBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesCharacter FoldingCharacter FoldingCharacter FoldingCharacter FoldingCharacter FoldingCharacter FoldingCharacter FoldingCharacter Folding

��>�Iא"�و!��%�g>��`-�ل��F!א"�و�E%&'�،P��I�23`-%�وא�

–��D�;^�א��وא ��*A- א��X��L�^�hאF��،i�E��<g�،�T [ل�א�-`�Fj،3،�،אE��*A- א��X��L�^�< א�،Fk،]،4�E��،

Eو،Fmא �אو�وא �אو�א;X*�ز��>�?�@'W

–��/A�e�!و��ab�!א"�و�iCbن��?�@'�noP��VB� א�L��D�G��K

–��J��aא;qج��iCb�ODא]��!��د��Lא -��Dא >Iو�%��IS�s��B[12%�-�ن��-�B@��و�:/r@'3��>��و -��

كيف تعامل الحروف

ة+ ه )ا أ إ آ+ (ا ئ+ ي + ى ؤ+ و

%29.2%41.3%30.6%28.4مختلفة

%47.3%35.2%48%50نفس الحرف

%23.5%22.5%21.4%21.6لم يحدد


� Recommendation– Folding should not be allowed.

��J��aא;qج��iCb�ODא]��!��د��Lא -��Dא >Iو�%��]�IS�s��B�-�ن��-�B@��و�:/r@'3��>��و -��

Kذ �L�tא;��<–��P,DJD�%wא ��א��Iאr@'v>��وא 9.�–��!�U��bא]_�^�و��D�G��'��U��xI.�,'��<A*�

�Ay� z�LK�6د�23�4د��V��وא�I��'��א -A*�<�א }��4–

�]�Q[א��c א�n|و��I��;�4��8'��א"�و!�אA��/A�e�89:;�8و3ن��ن�א��K

–��}�v�8אA��<D�: א��A א�V�I �!Ihא��8��9'��>�<��W

–�Kن��noو��%��,'�!��8A��!��%��%'�:��,*~�D��I<א"�و!��L_�^�א ��9ق

53%35%

12%

No ال يدعم

Yes دعم

لم يحدد

Basic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesDigitsDigitsDigitsDigitsDigitsDigitsDigitsDigitsBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesDigitsDigitsDigitsDigitsDigitsDigitsDigitsDigits

–��<D��;א��<D�: م�א�S�[אم�אIN�B�D�Zא}S��9אbF0, 1, 2, 3, …, 9�E��<S�G;א��<D�: م�א�S�[א��'�KIDF1 0��،2�،3�،…�،9�E

>�S��9 א�^�_��L��K�>�?�@'W

–��/c א�OD� ��!@�Q��9אbF0�E��9 و�א�EKF��L��Qא;��<

�:�>��9א"�L�Hא ��S��'��AN'��9وא }�–�K��D�G� و\�د�א>�S��9 א�^�_��L�8��X< 3��\و��&-D��X'IN�,��K

��Iن��9b��OD��D�Gא"�!�–q<A�vא��A א�LFO�Eو��/c אF0�E�!�"א�OD��+�وCbא��6د�F1�Eوא :Iد�وא�Fl�E�Iو�

]�Q��>�� '��Qj�%�ID��W.� وא��X��23K�ن�א �/��OD�H��D�Gא"�و!��J�y��'�a��[��و�':�89א �9

27%

15%46%

12% 0,1,2,3,…,9

األرقـام9،...،3،2،1،0

both كل المجموعتين


� Recommendation– If it is technically possible, it is

preferred to support both (Latin and Arabic) sets with folding to one set. Otherwise, Latin set is sufficient

]�Q��>�� '��Qj�%�ID��W.� وא��X��23K�ن�א �/��OD�H��D�Gא"�و!��J�y��'�a��[��و�':�89א �9––��<S�G;א��<D�: ��9א'�S��F0�،1�،2�،3�،4�، …�E��Ir�B

�<'@Bvوא��<D�: אن�אIA� א�Lאم�IN�BKא–��z�<c א�aDو��JG9 א�aD��Ic;�4אI9b��א ��VSא]\9

>@�Vrא"�!�א @�>��/��I ��وא��*�^�23�iא"�!�aD�: א

–��K3��Ic;�4אI9bو3ن��ن��X��aS�G;א�aD�: א�VS� א��'��aD�: �23א"�!�א�a*�9��aDא JG9��وא ��وא]��

�<D�<,�Kא��cr�cQ�Vr@��Kو�>�<��W

�-��ن��Vد��Vא]��Sم�א;S�G>��وא;��L��<Dوא\��Xא;,�INم�–�^�_��TA'�Lم��S�[א��'�Iوא��/��V��*9<D�P��

>�S��9 א�K�<�9\[م�א�S�[אم�אIN�Bא��-*<��t ذ��C:�و3ن�

15%46%لم يحدد

Basic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesConnecting WordsConnecting WordsConnecting WordsConnecting WordsConnecting WordsConnecting WordsConnecting WordsConnecting WordsBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesBasic Linguistic IssuesConnecting WordsConnecting WordsConnecting WordsConnecting WordsConnecting WordsConnecting WordsConnecting WordsConnecting Words

��-�ن�–��'I9��>�*A- א�PD� ��B�9;א��'��abא ��א�VBא ��9ق�'��A��I*�<؟

�>�?�@'W�,�INم�א /�אغ��Lא :�د�� g�OD�%c/A%��وא'��–

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�%&'?� J��?>�*A- א�PD� ��G א�K–�F-:D�>�*A- א�PD� م�א /�אغ�IN�,��<D�: א��A א�L

��G א /�אغ��و�א��X<م��IN�,��وא }�q<A�vא��A א

33%

46%

6%3%

12%Dash شــرطة

Space فـــراغ

Joined دمج

Other أخــرى

لم يحدد


� Recommendation– Let technologies serve the

language. Spaces should be supported to be part of a domain name.

– It is recommended that multiple words are separated by the character "-".

��G א /�אغ��و�א��X<م��IN�,��وא }�q<A�vא��A אF� J��E�Iوא��*A��Lن��*A- א��'I��]�Q��Kو��>�

–��[��<D�: א��A א�Lل��'� z�VX�ID�>�*A- א�PD�ar@'3�J�QK

�,�nא"�و!� ��PDא -A*�<�و�:�'%�–��bא /�אغ��~*,��Kن��noو�،I>��/�אغ�وא� ��א;�>�zא /�א

��א�VBא ��9ق�X�B�DK�INאم�א /�אغ�ID�Lא��و��>�<��W

–�،F-: א�F< و��A א��'I��<9�� ع�א��ن��Z}��C Kא��noد��Vא /�אغ��KE_�^�א;A/�<�א ��F�A'&�ل�

–��G אم�אIN�Bאم�א /�אغ��-��אIN�Bא�� .�Bא�I9�[� J�Y>�*A- א�PD� K

46%لم يحدد

Arabic Team for Domain Names Arabic Team for Domain Names Arabic Team for Domain Names Arabic Team for Domain Names Arabic Team for Domain Names Arabic Team for Domain Names Arabic Team for Domain Names Arabic Team for Domain Names RecommendationsRecommendationsRecommendationsRecommendationsRecommendationsRecommendationsRecommendationsRecommendationsArabic Team for Domain Names Arabic Team for Domain Names Arabic Team for Domain Names Arabic Team for Domain Names Arabic Team for Domain Names Arabic Team for Domain Names Arabic Team for Domain Names Arabic Team for Domain Names RecommendationsRecommendationsRecommendationsRecommendationsRecommendationsRecommendationsRecommendationsRecommendations

Tashkeel should not be allowed.

However, if there is a need to allowed users to entered it as part of a domain name then it should be stripped off by nameprep

Tashkeel (Diacritics)

Kasheeda should be disallowedKasheeda

Folding should not be allowed

Character folding:

Teh Marbuta + Heh

different forms of Hamzah


Alif Maqsura+YaNumbers

If it is technically possible, it is preferred to support both (Latin and Arabic) sets with folding to one set. Otherwise, Latin set is sufficient

Numbers (numerical digits)

It is recommended that multiple words are separated by the character "-".

Connecting Multiple Words

It is recommended that Arabic domain names be pure Arabic and they should not be mixed with other languages.

Mixing Latin and Arabic Characters

It is recommended that Arabic domain names should follow the standard with respect to the use of special characters.

Special Characters (e.g., @, #, $, %, ...)

Accepted Character Set TableAccepted Character Set TableAccepted Character Set TableAccepted Character Set TableAccepted Character Set TableAccepted Character Set TableAccepted Character Set TableAccepted Character Set TableAccepted Character Set TableAccepted Character Set TableAccepted Character Set TableAccepted Character Set TableAccepted Character Set TableAccepted Character Set TableAccepted Character Set TableAccepted Character Set Table

� Development Principles– Study and discuss the linguistic issues

• extensively (more than 3 years) by a team who work under the umbrella of Arab League

– Adhere to LDH convention

– Follow the inclusion mode recommended by the new IDNA standards


Follow the inclusion mode recommended by the new IDNA standards

• Many characters are disallowed: symbols , punctuations, diacritics (tashkeel), Koranic annotation signs, honorifics, etc are not allowed.

– Arabic labels are not intended to write sentences or phrases

� The goal is to develop:– A simple character set table that includes ONLY needed letters and digits

Linguistic Guidelines for the Use of the Arabic Language in Internet Domainshttp://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-farah-adntf-ling-guidelines-04


� 0621 Arabic Letter HAMZA (ء)� 0622 (آ) Arabic Letter ALEF with MADDA above� 0623 Arabic Letter ALEF with HAMZA above (أ)� 0624 Arabic Letter WAW with HAMZA above (ؤ)� 0625 Arabic Letter ALEF with HAMZA below (إ)� 0626 (ئ) Arabic Letter YEH with HAMZA above� 0627 Arabic Letter ALEF (ا)� 0628 Arabic Letter BEH (ب)� 0629 (ة) Arabic Letter TEH MARBUTA

� 0638 Arabic Letter ZAH (ظ)� 0639 Arabic Letter AIN (ع)� 063A Arabic Letter GHAIN (غ)� 0641 Arabic Letter FEH (ف)� 0642 Arabic Letter QAF (ق)� 0643 Arabic Letter KAF (ك)� 0644 Arabic Letter LAM (ل)� 0645 Arabic Letter MEEM (م)� 0646 Arabic Letter NOON (ن)

� Characters from Unicode Arabic Table (0600–06FF)


� 0629 (ة) Arabic Letter TEH MARBUTA� 062A Arabic Letter TEH (ت)� 062B Arabic Letter THEH (ث)� 062C Arabic Letter JEEM (ج)� 062D Arabic Letter HAH (ح)� 062E Arabic Letter KHAH (خ)� 062F Arabic Letter DAL (د)� 0630 Arabic Letter THAL (ذ)� 0631 Arabic Letter REH (ر)� 0632 Arabic Letter ZAIN (ز)� 0633 Arabic Letter SEEN (س)� 0634 Arabic Letter SHEEN (ش)� 0635 (ص) Arabic Letter SAD� 0636 (ض) Arabic Letter DAD� 0637 Arabic Letter TAH (ط)

� 0646 Arabic Letter NOON (ن)� 0647 Arabic Letter HEH (ھـ)� 0648 Arabic Letter WAW (و)� 0649 Arabic Letter ALEF MAKSURA (ى)� 064A Arabic Letter YEH (ي)� 0660 (0) Arabic-Indic Digit Zero� 0661 (1) Arabic-Indic Digit One� 0662 (2) Arabic-Indic Digit Two� 0663 (3) Arabic-Indic Digit Three� 0664 (4) Arabic-Indic Digit Four� 0665 (5) Arabic-Indic Digit Five� 0666 (6) Arabic-Indic Digit Six� 0667 (7) Arabic-Indic Digit Seven� 0668 (8) Arabic-Indic Digit Eight� 0669 (9) Arabic-Indic Digit Nine


� 0030 (0) Digit Zero

� 0031 (1) Digit One

� 0032 (2) Digit Two

� 0033 (3) Digit Three

� 0034 (4) Digit Four

� 0035 (5) Digit Five

� 0036 (6) Digit Six

� Characters from Unicode Basic Latin Table (0000–007F):


� 0036 (6) Digit Six

� 0037 (7) Digit Seven

� 0038 (8) Digit Eight

� 0039 (9) Digit Nine

� 002D (-) Hyphen-Minus

� 002E (.) Full Stop (Dot)

Part VI: Part VI: Part VI: Part VI: Part VI: Part VI: Part VI: Part VI: Let us expand and look at Let us expand and look at Let us expand and look at Let us expand and look at Let us expand and look at Let us expand and look at Let us expand and look at Let us expand and look at

the whole script.the whole script.the whole script.the whole script.the whole script.the whole script.the whole script.the whole script.


the whole script.the whole script.the whole script.the whole script.the whole script.the whole script.the whole script.the whole script.

What are the issues?What are the issues?What are the issues?What are the issues?What are the issues?What are the issues?What are the issues?What are the issues?

About Arabic ScriptAbout Arabic ScriptAbout Arabic ScriptAbout Arabic ScriptAbout Arabic ScriptAbout Arabic ScriptAbout Arabic ScriptAbout Arabic ScriptAbout Arabic ScriptAbout Arabic ScriptAbout Arabic ScriptAbout Arabic ScriptAbout Arabic ScriptAbout Arabic ScriptAbout Arabic ScriptAbout Arabic Script

� The 2nd most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world

� Used by many languages such as:

– Persian, Urdu, Turkish, Kurdish, Pashto, Jawi, …

� It is widely used by more than 43 countries


� It is widely used by more than 43 countries

– more than one billion potential users could be concerned in using Arabic script domain names.

Accepted characters for Arabic, Persian, Urdu, Pashto, Jawi


Arabic Script IDN Arabic Script IDN Arabic Script IDN Arabic Script IDN Arabic Script IDN Arabic Script IDN Arabic Script IDN Arabic Script IDN -------- Major IssuesMajor IssuesMajor IssuesMajor IssuesMajor IssuesMajor IssuesMajor IssuesMajor IssuesArabic Script IDN Arabic Script IDN Arabic Script IDN Arabic Script IDN Arabic Script IDN Arabic Script IDN Arabic Script IDN Arabic Script IDN -------- Major IssuesMajor IssuesMajor IssuesMajor IssuesMajor IssuesMajor IssuesMajor IssuesMajor Issues

1. Acceptable/disallowed characters

– IDNA200x table (Pvalid /Disallowed /ContextO)

– Language tables

2. Combining Marks

3. Diacritics


3. Diacritics

4. World/label separators (space, ZWNJ, ZWJ, hyphen)

5. Digits

6. Confusing similar characters (e.g. variant tables)

7. Bidirectional

Issues Need Further Investigations Issues Need Further Investigations Issues Need Further Investigations Issues Need Further Investigations Issues Need Further Investigations Issues Need Further Investigations Issues Need Further Investigations Issues Need Further Investigations 11111111. . . . . . . . Valid Unicode Codepoints Valid Unicode Codepoints Valid Unicode Codepoints Valid Unicode Codepoints Valid Unicode Codepoints Valid Unicode Codepoints Valid Unicode Codepoints Valid Unicode Codepoints Issues Need Further Investigations Issues Need Further Investigations Issues Need Further Investigations Issues Need Further Investigations Issues Need Further Investigations Issues Need Further Investigations Issues Need Further Investigations Issues Need Further Investigations 11111111. . . . . . . . Valid Unicode Codepoints Valid Unicode Codepoints Valid Unicode Codepoints Valid Unicode Codepoints Valid Unicode Codepoints Valid Unicode Codepoints Valid Unicode Codepoints Valid Unicode Codepoints � 0600..0603 ; CONTEXTO # ARABIC NUMBER SIGN..ARABIC SIGN SAFHA� 0604..060A ; UNASSIGNED # <reserved>..<reserved>� 060B..060F ; DISALLOWED # AFGHANI SIGN..ARABIC SIGN MISRA� 0610..0615 ; PVALID # ARABIC SIGN SALLALLAHOU ALAYHE WASSALLAM..AR� 0616..061A ; UNASSIGNED # <reserved>..<reserved>� 061B ; DISALLOWED # ARABIC SEMICOLON� 061C..061D ; UNASSIGNED # <reserved>..<reserved>� 061E..061F ; DISALLOWED # ARABIC TRIPLE DOT PUNCTUATION MARK..ARABIC Q� 0620 ; UNASSIGNED # <reserved>� 0621..063A ; PVALID # ARABIC LETTER HAMZA..ARABIC LETTER GHAIN� 063B..063F ; UNASSIGNED # <reserved>..<reserved>� 0640..065E ; PVALID # ARABIC TATWEEL..ARABIC FATHA WITH TWO DOTS


� 0640..065E ; PVALID # ARABIC TATWEEL..ARABIC FATHA WITH TWO DOTS� 065F ; UNASSIGNED # <reserved>� 0660..0669 ; PVALID # ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ZERO..ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT� 066A..066D ; DISALLOWED # ARABIC PERCENT SIGN..ARABIC FIVE POINTED STA� 066E..0674 ; PVALID # ARABIC LETTER DOTLESS BEH..ARABIC LETTER HIG� 0675..0678 ; DISALLOWED # ARABIC LETTER HIGH HAMZA ALEF..ARABIC LETTER� 0679..06D3 ; PVALID # ARABIC LETTER TTEH..ARABIC LETTER YEH BARREE� 06D4 ; DISALLOWED # ARABIC FULL STOP� 06D5..06DC; PVALID # ARABIC LETTER AE..ARABIC SMALL HIGH SEEN� 06DD ; CONTEXTO # ARABIC END OF AYAH� 06DE ; DISALLOWED # ARABIC START OF RUB EL HIZB� 06DF..06E8 ; PVALID # ARABIC SMALL HIGH ROUNDED ZERO..ARABIC SMALL� 06E9 ; DISALLOWED # ARABIC PLACE OF SAJDAH� 06EA..06FC ; PVALID # ARABIC EMPTY CENTRE LOW STOP..ARABIC LETTER� 06FD..06FE ; DISALLOWED # ARABIC SIGN SINDHI AMPERSAND..ARABIC SIGN SI� 06FF ; PVALID # ARABIC LETTER HEH WITH INVERTED V

Source: draft-faltstrom-idnbis-tables-05.txt

Disallowed characters by IDNA200X


Recommended Disallowed characters


Issues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further Investigations22222222. . . . . . . . Combining MarksCombining MarksCombining MarksCombining MarksCombining MarksCombining MarksCombining MarksCombining MarksIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further Investigations22222222. . . . . . . . Combining MarksCombining MarksCombining MarksCombining MarksCombining MarksCombining MarksCombining MarksCombining Marks

� The use of combining marks with some base characters would confuse with other character.– Combining maddah and hamza 0653-0655

– Other combining marks 0656-065E

ا ◌ ا ا ا ا ا ا ا ا


≠

ځځځځis confusing with

ح ++++ ◌ ==== ح ح ح ح U+0681U+062d U+0654U+0654U+062d

ا ا ا ا is confusing with

ا ++++ ◌ ==== ا ا ا ا U+0623U+0627 U+0654U+0654U+0627

Issues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further Investigations33333333. . . . . . . . Diacritics (Tashkeel)Diacritics (Tashkeel)Diacritics (Tashkeel)Diacritics (Tashkeel)Diacritics (Tashkeel)Diacritics (Tashkeel)Diacritics (Tashkeel)Diacritics (Tashkeel)Issues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further Investigations33333333. . . . . . . . Diacritics (Tashkeel)Diacritics (Tashkeel)Diacritics (Tashkeel)Diacritics (Tashkeel)Diacritics (Tashkeel)Diacritics (Tashkeel)Diacritics (Tashkeel)Diacritics (Tashkeel)

� Tashkeel Points: about 9– 064B-0652, 0670

� From user point view, he/she does not know– Whether the label is with or without tashkeel

– Whether the label is totally (i.e., all characters) use tashkeel

جمعية�جمعية�جمعية�جمعية�جمعية�


tashkeel

– The correct pronunciations to put the correct taskeel

– There are many different pronunciations depending on the local dialogue

� There will be huge number of combinations when registering a single label– good playground for phishing

جمعيةجمعية�جمعية �جمعية �جمعية �جمعية�جمعية�

Issues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further Investigations44444444. . . . . . . . ZWNJ & ZWJ Control CharactersZWNJ & ZWJ Control CharactersZWNJ & ZWJ Control CharactersZWNJ & ZWJ Control CharactersZWNJ & ZWJ Control CharactersZWNJ & ZWJ Control CharactersZWNJ & ZWJ Control CharactersZWNJ & ZWJ Control CharactersIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further Investigations44444444. . . . . . . . ZWNJ & ZWJ Control CharactersZWNJ & ZWJ Control CharactersZWNJ & ZWJ Control CharactersZWNJ & ZWJ Control CharactersZWNJ & ZWJ Control CharactersZWNJ & ZWJ Control CharactersZWNJ & ZWJ Control CharactersZWNJ & ZWJ Control Characters

� The support of ZWJ and ZWNJ in domain names would result in some confusions

� Their use and concepts are not known to regular users



� ZWNJ: Visually noticed

ح بل حبل


ح بلinput[0] = U+062dinput[1] = U+200cinput[2] = U+0628input[3] = U+0644

حبلinput[0] = U+062d input[1] = U+0628 input[2] = U+0644


� ZWNJ: Visually Unnoticed

ط بل طبل


ط بلinput[0] = U+0637input[1] = U+200cinput[2] = U+0628input[3] = U+0644

طبلinput[0] = U+0637 input[1] = U+0628 input[2] = U+0644

≠


الدولي- الرباط- مجمعinput[0] = U+0645 input[1] = U+062c input[2] = U+0645 input[3] = U+0639

input[4] = U+200d input[5] = U+002d input[6] = U+0627

الدولي-الرباط-مجمعinput[0] = U+0645 input[1] = U+062c input[2] = U+0645 input[3] = U+0639 input[4] = U+002d input[5] = U+0627

ZWJVisually noticed


input[6] = U+0627 input[7] = U+0644 input[8] = U+0631 input[9] = U+0628

input[10] = U+0627 input[11] = U+0637

input[12] = U+200d input[13] = U+002d input[14] = U+0627 input[15] = U+0644 input[16] = U+062f input[17] = U+0648 input[18] = U+0644 input[19] = U+064a

input[5] = U+0627 input[6] = U+0644 input[7] = U+0631 input[8] = U+0628 input[9] = U+0637 input[10] = U+002d input[11] = U+0627 input[12] = U+0644 input[13] = U+062f input[14] = U+0648 input[15] = U+0644 input[16] = U+064a

ZWJVisually Unnoticed

Issues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further Investigations55555555. . . . . . . . DigitsDigitsDigitsDigitsDigitsDigitsDigitsDigitsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further Investigations55555555. . . . . . . . DigitsDigitsDigitsDigitsDigitsDigitsDigitsDigits

� Arabic-Indic VS. Eastern Arabic-Indic digits

– 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

– ٩ ٨ ٧ ۶ ۵ ۴ ٣ ٢ ١ ٠

۱۲۳۷۸۹۰ ١٢٣٧٨٩٠


۱۲۳۷۸۹۰input[0] = U+06f1input[1] = U+06f2input[2] = U+06f3input[3] = U+06f7input[4] = U+06f8input[5] = U+06f9input[6] = U+06f0

١٢٣٧٨٩٠input[0] = U+0661input[1] = U+0662input[2] = U+0663input[3] = U+0667input[4] = U+0668input[5] = U+0669input[6] = U+0660

≠

Issues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further Investigations55555555. . . . . . . . DigitsDigitsDigitsDigitsDigitsDigitsDigitsDigitsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further Investigations55555555. . . . . . . . DigitsDigitsDigitsDigitsDigitsDigitsDigitsDigits� Arabic-Indic vs. European-Arabic digits

– 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9– 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

� “Windows has supported number substitution by allowing the representation of different cultural shapes for the same digits while keeping the internal storage of these digits unified among different locales, for example numbers are stored in their well known hexadecimal values, 0x40, 0x41, but displayed according to the selected language.


values, 0x40, 0x41, but displayed according to the selected language. Source: http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa350685(VS.85).aspx?PHPSESSID=o1fb21liejulfgrptbmi9dec92

م12مinput[0] = U+0645input[1] = U+0031input[2] = U+0032input[3] = U+0645

م١٢مinput[0] = U+0645input[1] = U+0661input[2] = U+0662input[3] = U+0645

≠

Issues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further Investigations66666666. . . . . . . . Similar Shape CharactersSimilar Shape CharactersSimilar Shape CharactersSimilar Shape CharactersSimilar Shape CharactersSimilar Shape CharactersSimilar Shape CharactersSimilar Shape CharactersIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further Investigations66666666. . . . . . . . Similar Shape CharactersSimilar Shape CharactersSimilar Shape CharactersSimilar Shape CharactersSimilar Shape CharactersSimilar Shape CharactersSimilar Shape CharactersSimilar Shape Characters

� There are a number of groups of characters that have the same shapes,

– eg. Kaf, Heh, Yeh, Alef, … groups



ېلمنکلمنيکكلمني

input[0] = U+0643 input[1] = U+0644

input[0] = U+06a9 input[1] = U+0644

input[0] = U+06a9 input[1] = U+0644

کلمنېکلمنيكلمني


input[1] = U+0644 input[2] = U+0645 input[3] = U+0646 input[4] = U+064a

input[1] = U+0644 input[2] = U+0645 input[3] = U+0646 input[4] = U+064a

input[1] = U+0644 input[2] = U+0645 input[3] = U+0646 input[4] = U+06d0


ۍلکیلکكلى

input[0] = U+06a9 input[0] = U+06a9 input[0] = U+0643


input[0] = U+06a9 input[1] = U+0644 input[2] = U+06cd

input[0] = U+06a9 input[1] = U+0644 input[2] = U+06cc

input[0] = U+0643 input[1] = U+0644 input[2] = U+0649

Issues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further Investigations77777777. . . . . . . . Bidirectional BehaviorBidirectional BehaviorBidirectional BehaviorBidirectional BehaviorBidirectional BehaviorBidirectional BehaviorBidirectional BehaviorBidirectional BehaviorIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further InvestigationsIssues Need Further Investigations77777777. . . . . . . . Bidirectional BehaviorBidirectional BehaviorBidirectional BehaviorBidirectional BehaviorBidirectional BehaviorBidirectional BehaviorBidirectional BehaviorBidirectional Behavior

� Arabic script domains will include characters that are LTR (e.g., dash, dot, AE digits)

� Exiting IDNA2003 (stringprep) assumes that the first and last characters of the label must be RandALCat characters.


characters.

We have long journey to reach We have long journey to reach We have long journey to reach We have long journey to reach We have long journey to reach We have long journey to reach We have long journey to reach We have long journey to reach user satisfaction!user satisfaction!user satisfaction!user satisfaction!user satisfaction!user satisfaction!user satisfaction!user satisfaction!


““““““““The Internet must support the large The Internet must support the large The Internet must support the large The Internet must support the large

number of number of number of number of languageslanguageslanguageslanguages in the world at all in the world at all in the world at all in the world at all levels, including levels, including levels, including levels, including contentcontentcontentcontent, , , , hardwarehardwarehardwarehardware, , , ,

softwaresoftwaresoftwaresoftware, and , and , and , and IDNIDNIDNIDN if it is to reach the next if it is to reach the next if it is to reach the next if it is to reach the next

billion people”billion people”billion people”billion people” £ according to IGF speakers

Thank youThank youThank youThank youThank youThank youThank youThank you

راراراراككككشششش راراراراککککشششش


xnxn----mgbtimgbti44d d

input[0] = U+0634 input[1] = U+0643 input[2] = U+0631 input[3] = U+0627

xnxn----mgbtimgbti2828bb

input[0] = U+0634 input[1] = U+06a9 input[2] = U+0631 input[3] = U+0627

راراراراككككشششش راراراراککککشششش

multilingual internet arabic idn · 2019-03-21 · should encourage collaborative participatory...

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