multicultural education issues and perspectives seventh edition - chapter 2 review

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© Elizabeth Wood January 2013 Multicultural Education Issues and Perspectives Seventh Edition James A. Banks and Cherry A. McGee Banks Chapter 2 Review: Culture in Society and in Educational Practices 1) The author describes seven conceptions of culture. Form groups in your class or workshop to explore the diverse meanings of culture. Ask one students or workshop participant in each group to become and expert on one conception of culture given by the author. Discuss how the different conceptions of culture are both alike and different. Explain each definition by giving examples. 1) Culture as Cultivation: Art and Fashion a. Classical music, haut cuisine 2) Emerging Understandings of Culture in Social Science a. Ethnic foods and family recipes, folk tales, religion 3) Culture as Information Bits a. How close to stand to someone else, what’s too loud. 4) Culture as Symbol System a. The national flag, the matador 5) Culture as Models for Action and Emotion a. Letting the baby cry, and why you should. Not letting the baby cry, and why you should. Being a man. Being a woman. 6) Culture as Distributed along Lines of Power in Society a. Cultural capital – insider knowledge and insider connections. What the plant manager knows how to do. What the assembly worker knows how to do. 7) Culture as Residing in Local Communities of Practice a. Families fixing cars and learning how to do that as a family member. Teenagers writing and playing popular songs and learning how to do that. Physicians practicing medicine and learning how to do that. 2) What does the author mean by “implicit and invisible aspect of culture?” In what ways are these aspects of culture important? Give some examples of invisible aspects of culture. Implicit and invisible culture is the part of culture that is learned without realizing we are learning it. Often, when we meet people with differences of this invisible culture, we consider the other person to be rude or uncooperative. Some examples of “implicit and invisible” culture are: How late someone can be before it’s impolite How emotional and physical pain is dealt with What topics aren’t appropriate for conversation How one shows interest or attention through listening behaviors How speakers move from one topic to another in conversation 3) In what ways might differences in invisible culture cause conflict? Give specific examples.

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Multicultural Education Issues and Perspectives Seventh Edition - Chapter 2 Review

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Page 1: Multicultural Education Issues and Perspectives Seventh Edition - Chapter 2 Review

©  Elizabeth  Wood            January  2013  

Multicultural  Education  Issues  and  Perspectives  Seventh  Edition  James  A.  Banks  and  Cherry  A.  McGee  Banks    

 Chapter  2  Review:  Culture  in  Society  and  in  Educational  Practices      

1) The  author  describes  seven  conceptions  of  culture.    Form  groups  in  your  class  or  workshop  to  explore  the  diverse  meanings  of  culture.    Ask  one  students  or  workshop  participant  in  each  group  to  become  and  expert  on  one  conception  of  culture  given  by  the  author.    Discuss  how  the  different  conceptions  of  culture  are  both  alike  and  different.    Explain  each  definition  by  giving  examples.        1) Culture  as  Cultivation:  Art  and  Fashion    

a. Classical  music,  haut  cuisine    2) Emerging  Understandings  of  Culture  in  Social  Science  

a. Ethnic  foods  and  family  recipes,  folk  tales,  religion  3)  Culture  as  Information  Bits  

a. How  close  to  stand  to  someone  else,  what’s  too  loud.    4) Culture  as  Symbol  System  

a. The  national  flag,  the  matador  5) Culture  as  Models  for  Action  and  Emotion  

a. Letting  the  baby  cry,  and  why  you  should.    Not  letting  the  baby  cry,  and  why  you  should.    Being  a  man.    Being  a  woman.      

6) Culture  as  Distributed  along  Lines  of  Power  in  Society  a. Cultural  capital  –  insider  knowledge  and  insider  connections.    What  the  plant  manager  

knows  how  to  do.    What  the  assembly  worker  knows  how  to  do.    7) Culture  as  Residing  in  Local  Communities  of  Practice  

a. Families  fixing  cars  and  learning  how  to  do  that  as  a  family  member.    Teenagers  writing  and  playing  popular  songs  and  learning  how  to  do  that.    Physicians  practicing  medicine  and  learning  how  to  do  that.      

 2) What  does  the  author  mean  by  “implicit  and  invisible  aspect  of  culture?”    In  what  ways  are  these  

aspects  of  culture  important?    Give  some  examples  of  invisible  aspects  of  culture.      Implicit  and  invisible  culture  is  the  part  of  culture  that  is  learned  without  realizing  we  are  learning  it.    Often,  when  we  meet  people  with  differences  of  this  invisible  culture,  we  consider  the  other  person  to  be  rude  or  uncooperative.    Some  examples  of  “implicit  and  invisible”  culture  are:    

-­‐ How  late  someone  can  be  before  it’s  impolite  -­‐ How  emotional  and  physical  pain  is  dealt  with  -­‐ What  topics  aren’t  appropriate  for  conversation  -­‐ How  one  shows  interest  or  attention  through  listening  behaviors  -­‐ How  speakers  move  from  one  topic  to  another  in  conversation  

   

3) In  what  ways  might  differences  in  invisible  culture  cause  conflict?    Give  specific  examples.      

Page 2: Multicultural Education Issues and Perspectives Seventh Edition - Chapter 2 Review

©  Elizabeth  Wood            January  2013  

When  invisible  cultural  differences  occur,  people  tend  to  fail  to  see  the  differences  as  cultural  and  instead  blame  the  individual  person.    Often  when  these  differences  arise,  people  view  the  other  person  as  rude  or  uncooperative,  making  it  a  personal  rather  than  a  cultural  issue.      Modern  times  highlight  these  moments,  in  places  like  hospitals,  workplaces,  the  legal  system  and  schools.  

 4) How  does  the  author  distinguish  between  a  cultural  boundary  and  a  cultural  border?    Why  is  the  

distinction  important?    Is  a  cultural  boundary  always  a  cultural  border?    Explain.      According  to  the  author,  a  cultural  boundary  is  the  “presence  of  some  kind  of  cultural  difference”  while  a  cultural  border  is  “a  social  construct  that  is  political  in  origin.”    Knowing  the  difference  between  the  two  is  important;  because  when  a  boundary  is  treated  as  a  border  there  are  often  times  powerful  rights  or  obligations  attached.    A  cultural  boundary  is  not  always  a  border  as  well.        The  best  example  is  the  Mexico  and  USA  cultures.    On  both  sides  of  the  border  (a  cultural  border),  both  English  and  Spanish  are  spoken.    However,  speaking  Spanish  in  Mexico  is  a  positive  thing  while  speaking  it  in  the  USA  often  carries  a  negative  stigma  (a  cultural  boundary).    It’s  the  cultural  differences  that  are  seen  as  a  resource  for  conflict,  instead  of  being  a  cause  of  conflict.      

5) According  to  the  author,  does  cultural  change  necessarily  mean  cultural  loss?    Explain  why  or  why  not?    

Cultural  change  does  not  mean  cultural  loss.    According  to  the  author,  these  changes  are  vital  to  maintenance  of  ethnic  groups.    The  ethnicity  is  more  important  almost  because  the  group  counts  economically  and  politically,  according  to  larger  society.    The  ethnic  group  may  have  to  adapt,  but  they  are  still  a  group.        

 6) The  author  states  that  we  sometimes  “essentialize”  culture.    What  does  he  mean?    What  problems  

result,  in  his  view,  when  culture  is  essentialized?        The  term  “essentializing  culture”  means  that  we  tend  to  highlight  only  certain  stereotypes.    When  it  comes  to  teaching,  this  manner  of  instruction  is  called  “piñata  curriculum”  or  “holidays  and  heroes,”  and  mostly  focuses  on  facts.    Focusing  mainly  on  visible  culture  can  be  misleading.    It  is  better  to  teach  the  idea  that  there  is  variability  within  cultural  groups  and  that  there  is  a  continual  presence  of  cultural  change.      

 7) The  author  states  “our  conceptions  of  culture  in  multicultural  education  need  to  become  more  

constructivist  and  less  essentialist.”    Explain  what  he  means  by  this  statement  and  its  implications  for  educational  practice.        This  statement  is  referring  to  the  idea  the  teachers  need  to  KNOW  their  students,  inside  and  outside  the  classroom,  so  that  they  are  able  to  help  make  direct  connections  between  students’  lives  and  what  they  are  learning  in  class.    This  is  a  strong  contrast  from  the  idea  that  “teachers  need  to  teach  students  what  they  need  to  know.”        

Page 3: Multicultural Education Issues and Perspectives Seventh Edition - Chapter 2 Review

©  Elizabeth  Wood            January  2013  

What  this  means  to  the  teacher  is  that  the  teacher  (if  s/he  is  doing  what  the  author  suggests),  will  have  a  continually  changing  curriculum.    This  is  because  the  teacher  will  always  be  adapting  their  lessons  and  content  to  match  the  students  that  s/he  has.        

8) The  author  states  that  “multicultural  education  has  an  opportunity  and  a  challenge  to  be  counter-­‐hegemonic.”    Explain  the  meaning  of  this  statement  and  give  examples  of  how  this  might  be  done  by  classroom  teachers.        The  author  is  saying  that  multicultural  education  has  the  opportunity  to  go  against  what  is  considered  the  norm  by  the  macroculture.    Often  issues  such  as  race,  class  privilege,  and  sexism  are  not  discussed  in  the  classroom.  Students  that  are  already  marginalized  in  the  community  outside  of  school  will  continue  to  feel  oppressed  when  learning  about  the  White  man  and  how  the  White  man  conquered  all.        But,  multicultural  education  should  name  and  acknowledge  these  tough  social  issues,  and  this  will  make  learning  possible  for  students  because  they  will  be  able  to  affiliate  with  the  teacher.    One  way  for  teachers  to  achieve  this  is  to  make  use  of  the  language  and  speech  styles  that  students’  use  at  home  and  hear  in  popular  culture.