MULTI-SECTOR INITIAL RAPID ASSESSMENT (MIRA)

2013 PAKISTAN

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Assessments in emergency

In designing an initial assessment, a humanitarian actor typically will ask three basic questions:

1. What decisions need to be made?

2. What information is needed to make these decisions?

3. What methods are most suitable to obtain this information?

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Assessments in emergency

• Emergency assistance is based on most immediate needs • Assessments aid in identifying– What service are needed;– What are the priorities;– In what quantity

• Supporting the decision making– Of immediate and appropriate action– To starts implementation quickly– To minimize loss of life, infrastructures and resources in

emergency situations– In formulation more effective response by collecting

quality information

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Type of Assessments• Initial or Rapid Assessment for identification of– Impact– Vulnerable groups– Level of response– Urgent need and methods– Areas for in-depth assessment

• In-depth (detailed) assessment for identification of

– Critical needs to be addresses for

• Medium and longer-term relief

• Rehabilitation assistance

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Disaster Assessment Process

Data collection

Analysis & Interpretation

Reporting

Monitoring

Planning and preparation

Decision making

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Pakistan’s Emergencies and Assessments

• Earthquake 2005

• Sindh, Balochistan Cyclone 2007

• KP/FATA Conflict 2008

• Floods 2010

• Floods 2011

Lessons learned from the above + global experiences

2012 - Coordinated Approach

Lessons learned from 2012

2013 – Revised MIRA Tool

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Coordinated?• Coordinated assessments range from inter and intra cluster/sector joint

assessments to single agency assessments that are harmonized.

– Harmonized Assessment: Data collection processing and analysis is undertaken separately, however the data is sufficiently comparable (due to the use of common operational datasets, key indicators, and geographical and temporal synchronization) to be compiled into a single database, and to serve as the subject of a shared analysis.

– Joint Assessment: Data collection, processing and analysis form one single process among agencies within and between clusters/sectors. This leads to a single report. This is sometimes also referred to as a ‘common assessment’.

• In contrast uncoordinated assessments are those in which data sets are not interoperable, and the results can not be used to inform the overall analysis.

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Coordinated approach• Assessment Working Group (AWG), Assessment Technical

Team (ATT) and Assessment Analysis Team (AAT)• Survey of Surveys (SoS) – Assessment registry• Defined cluster-level indicators are developed to be

monitored all through the emergency and early recovery phase

• Standard Operational Procedures (SOPs) and guidelines for ensuring comparability and consistency in needs data collection

• Monitoring component, including alignment with reporting mechanisms, to track changes of needs

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Har

mon

ized

asse

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MethodologyPartly standardization

IndicatorsFeeding agreed top-level

indicators

ApproachFollowing established

SOPs/guidelines

Field Needs Assessment

Multi-cluster

Cluster Detailed

Assessments

MonitoringProgress and

change of needs

Agency Assessments

4-7 daysInitial appeal

1-2 monthsAppeal revision

> 1 monthsMonitoring

Situation Overview

Secondary data

72 hrsInitial appeal

MIR

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ulti-

sect

or In

itial

Ra

pid

Asse

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Multi-sector Initial Rapid Assessment

MIRA

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MIRA | Joint tool

• Government driven process in any disaster• International humanitarian response is triggered/requested

with Government’s request• MIRA Tool = Government + humanitarian community• ONE common methodology and assessment tool

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Multi-sector Initial Rapid Assessment Objectives

• Designed to identify after the disasters/complex emergencieso Scale, extent and nature of the disastero Priority areas o Gaps in response and rescue

• Support the government on initial decision-making• Feed-in to funding mechanisms- Appeal (Response Plan)

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MIRA Process & Timeframe• Secondary Data – within 72 hours

Situation overview Satellite imagery –UNOSAT, SUPARCO District Profiles available – Govt. Data District Baseline data and MIRA District Checklist – Govt.

• Primary Field Assessment – within 1 week Community level assessment – KI questionnaire and Direct Observation checklist Identify needs Priority areas (affected ) Vulnerable population

• MIRA report – within 2 weeks Inter-sectoral analysis Result dissemination to the decision-makers (government and non-government actors) Funding mechanisms -FLASH appeal (i. e. Rapid Response Plan)

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2013 Approach

Revised Tool – Key Informant and Observation Checklist

Baseline data – Pre Disaster District Checklist

Triangulate information/findings – MIRA Post Disaster District Checklist

Provincial Assessment Working Group

Generic MIRA Tool

Reform JAR – Approach Organizations

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MIRA ScopeExtent and scale Priorities and needs

• Remote Sensing i.e. analysis of satellite imageries• Land scan 2010 for

population density• Verification against

government data and local authorities• Post disaster district

check list

• Community level assessment• Sample based survey• Statistically representative to

districts• Distribution is proportionate

to affected population for Tehsils/Talukas

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MIRA Tool and ApproachTool Approach

Key Informant Interviews (Gender-balanced)1 Male1 Female

• Structured interview• Pre-developed questionnaire

(feeding into analysis framework)• Multi-sector coverage

Direct Observation1 per site

• Pre-developed checklist• Validate KI Interviews

MIRA District Checklist • Pre-disaster district checklist• Post-disaster district checklist

(affected Pop and Damages)

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MIRA Data capture

Tool Advantaged UsagePaper-basedquestionnaire

Require no knowledge of technologyEasily accepted by communities

Government responseJoint response in areas of sensitivity

Digital input(PDA/Smart phone technology)

Direct data (real-time) input – improve quality and effectiveness

Joint response

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Joint Assessment Roster (JAR)

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Joint Assessment Roster (JAR)

• Volunteer-based organizations • Serve the humanitarian community in primary data

collection• Support any assessment carried out within and

following the SOPs of the Assessment and Monitoring Framework such as MIRA

• Maintain competent, reliable and trained assessments enumerators / data collection experts

• Open for International NGOs, local NGOs and CBOs

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JAR | Skills required• Understanding of local situation and community

dynamics• Ability to gather information in an objective and

sensitive way• Effectively convey information in local

language/English• Understand and interpret reactions in a culturally and

gender sensitive way• Expertise to enter, transcribe, record, maintain data• Basic understanding of technology

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JAR | Duty description

• Select appropriate Key Informants for interviews • Conducting interviews using the assessment tools• Handle and fill in questionnaire on paper or through

digital device (PDA/Smart Phone)• Undertake structured/semi-structured observation• Recognize and give an account of problems in

obtaining data as to support evaluation • Report to the team supervisor and discuss

developments daily.

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MIRA Field Assessment Structure 2013Process management

OCHA/NDMA/PDMA through AWG/ATT/ PAWG

Area CoordinatorArea 1

Team 1:1Team Supervisor(Male/female)

EnumeratorFemale

EnumeratorGov rep.

Enumerator(Female if needed)

Team 1:2Team Supervisor(Male/Female)

EnumeratorFemale

EnumeratorGov Rep.

Enumerator(Female if needed)

Team 1: etc

Area CoordinatorArea 2

Area CoordinatorArea etc.

PAWG / Monitoring Team

Data ManagerNational Level

Provincial Level

District Level

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Cross Cutting Issues

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Cross Cutting Themes

• Gender • Age distribution• Disability• Protection• Culture & Mass Communication

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Cross Cutting Issues-Importance

• They are issues that impact in more than one field\sector .• They are everyone’s business but can end up being no one’s

business• They are the specific issues that come with Gender, Age,

Disability, vulnerability for Protection needs- Culture and Mass Communication also added for MIRA

• They get hidden when only Households, Affected People, Individuals, Beneficiaries, Displaced are mentioned

• Cross-cutting issues require action in multiple fields and should be integrated into all areas to guide• Humanitarian community’s emergency response• Government priorities setting• Donors funding priorities • Policy and political dialogue

MIRA has specific questions that focus on these cross cutting issues

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Gender Specific Needs of Men Women Boys and Girls

• Vulnerability of Female Headed Households• Young boys and girls can be trafficked/ abducted • Young Girls and Women have distinct hygiene and sanitary needs• Men have to leave their families alone and unprotected for

breadwinning • Women care for food and care in a HH – what is their burden if

they are also agriculture laborer and gathering water ?• Lactating mother’s need purdah privacy to continue

breastfeeding• Coping of women and girls is that they eat last and eat less while

giving priority to the men in the HH• Women may not have CNIC and can be excluded in

documentation of aid recipients

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•Child-headed households/Orphan Headed Households•Elderly persons headed HH, •Age related disability especially if they are without support•Underage but needing documentation to become recipients of Government /Relief assistance•Children ( boys and girls) have a difference in ability to access education, nutrition, information given their cultural context • Girls stay home to care for siblings• Young girl marriages in disaster settings • Boys drop out of school for breadwinning• Women of child bearing age have specific needs• Women who are alone ( divorced/widowed/

unaccompanied) may need to become breadwinners

Age Distribution

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DisabilityAge related, Mental and Physical

• Age related disability for men and women can mean• Not being counted, consulted and/or included

• HHs with mentally or physically disabled persons have to devote more time, human and financial resource for their protection for basic survival

• People with disability may have specific health needs • Elderly cannot access food collection as aid recipients• Elderly dietary needs are different- cannot chew normal food• Disabled needs require provision of aids like wheel chair,

crutches hearing aids etc

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Protection• The overall objective of protection is to make sure that the

displaced communities are enjoying a dignified living.• For a dignified living there certain minimum things which

needs to be address i.e. shelter, food, education, health• In time of a disaster, there is a need to scale up efforts to

address protection including child protection, GBV prevention and response, mental health, psycho-social support.

• Psycho-social support is crucial for children and women after a disaster hits.

• Establishment of child friendly spaces that are safe and child-friendly and are learner centred.

• Medical and Legal support to SGBV survivors• Monitoring to detect violations and abuses

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Culture & Mass Communication Culture • Culture can be an enabler or a barrier- women’s mobility and

access to Aid and Information, • Culture of inclusion or exclusion- are women consulted• Conservative- Enumerators may be facilitated or resistedMass Communication• How many households have an active cell phone. • Is SMS as a means of passing on information ? • Word of mouth as a way most people receive information.• The MIRA questionnaire seeks to assess also the main sources of

primary information for the community and the most urgent information needs of the community.

• Services have been developed to reinforce the importance of communication during disasters (on essential services, processes, hazards etc.)

www.hcomms.org

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Orientation of the MIRA Tool (Key Informant Questionnaire)

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Code of Conduct

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Code of Conduct AgreementMain elements

Respect for dignity of the respondents Informed consent of the respondent Responsibilities with respect to use of data and confidentiality Commitment to agreed Standards, including measures against

Sexual Abuse /ExploitationSG Bulletin 2003 and implementation guidelines; IASC six core principles relating to sexual exploitation and

abuse (2002); Specific Codes of Conduct of UN agencies and NGOs;Standard of respect and protection in CRC, Cedaw

Commitment to Measures in case of breach

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Informed Consent• CONSENT approval by the participant to be part of the exercise• INFORMED the informant should receive the following information in

simple, jargon-free language: Introduction/ identity of the information collector;

Brief explanation of the assessment exercise;

Purpose of the information collection, method, and intended use of the information (managing expectations);

The principle of confidentiality

i.e. persons interviewed can request any information that may reveal their identity to be kept confidential;

A reminder that the informant can cease participating at any time;

The informed consent implies a dialogue not only a form for participants to read and sign

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Code of Conduct AgreementWhy it matters for the MIRA?

For the interviewers Provide basic standards of interviewing

(e.g. respect, obtaining INFORMED consent) Safeguard best interest of the respondent

(confidentiality, respect for dignity) Confirm commitment to agreed standards Uphold humanitarian and “Do no Harm” principles

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Code of Conduct AgreementWhy it matters for the MIRA?

For the respondents/key informants Better engagement based on TRUST Reliability and credibility in response through

confidentiality Protection and safeguards against any pressure or

abuse

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In sum…

The Code of Conduct sets key elements for EFFICIENTSUCCESSFULTRUSTEDCREDIBLEPRINCIPLEDMIRA PROCESS

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Annex 1. Code of conduct agreement This code of conduct provides basic standards in relation to interviewing and documenting information as part of the Multi -cluster Initial Rapid Assessment (MIRA) of the areas where disaster occurs in Pakistan. The principles laid down in this code of conduct are to safeguard the best interests of respondents for their immediate and long term safety, security and development.

Signatories of this Code of Conduct are committed to abide by standards included in the Constitution of Pakistan (Fundamental Rights and Policies), in several international instruments ratified also by the government of Pakistan (CRC and Optional Protocols, CEDA W, ICCPR, IESCR, UNCRPD etc.) as well as various UN Security Council Resolutions on child and women protection (e.g. 1612 (2005), 1882 (2009) 1888 (2009) on sexual violence in armed conflict). Law of Pakistan will apply as well.

The CoC is inspired by the following Guiding principles Respect and dignity Staff undertaking any monitoring and reporting activities will respect individuals, implying that each person is regarded as an autonomous individual, independent and free to make his or her own choices based on all necessary information received. Respect also inc ludes the understanding of cultural and social norms and the involvement of the individual as well as the community in the process of assessment, with no discrimination as regard to gender, age, diversity, ethnicity, religious and political beliefs, social status etc..

Confidentiality and informed consent The publication or disclosure of a respondent’s location, history and personal details, photographs, information related to t he respondent’s situation, family details and source of information is prohibited except with the respondent’s informed consent and only where such disclosure or publication would have a direct, immediate and positive effect on the person’s protection and a risk/benefit analysis has been conducted with the person’s participation.

Staff undertaking the assessment will obtain the informed consent of the key informant to participate in the MIRA exercise. The informed consent is the approval by the participant for the information to be used as explained by the MIRA enumerator in simple, jarg on-free language: the identity of the enumerator; the purpose of the information collection; its scope and method and use of the information co llected; the confidentiality and the possibility for the respondent to request that certain information may be kept confidential (e.g. name of the informant); the possibility for the respondent to cease the participation at any time.

Provisions for assessment team members Sexual Abuse and Exploitation All organisations and staff engaged in the rapid needs assessment also fully commit to the principles included in the UNSG Bulletin Secretary-General’s Bulletin on the “Special measures for protection from sexual exploitation and sexual abuse” (ST/SGB/2003/13), the 2 002 IASC Six Core Principles Relating to Sexual Exploitation and Abuse, on the Code of Conduct pertaining to the MIRA assessment and to any other internal Code of Conduct adopted by the respective organisations. Responsibilities with respect to use of data and confidentiality All discussions taking place during meetings and interactions related to the assessment are considered as strictly confidential and intended solely for the humanitarian purposes of the MIRA.

The parties to this Code of Conduct obligate themselves to ensure that this agreement and the data shared as a r esult of this agreement remains confidential, unless a prior written consent has been given. All confidentiality clauses in this agreement remain valid even after the agreement terminates or expires.

The AWG reserves the right to use the shared data to inform relevant stakeholders in professional way maintaining the confidentiality of informants.

Breach of the Code of Conduct Any breach of the Code of Conduct or reports of wrong-doing related to the process are to be reported to the Assessment Working Group. The AWG will look into the issue and where necessary refer cases to the HCT for consideration.

I undersigned hereby endorse and commit to respect the MIRA in Pakistan Code of Conduct.

Name:________________________________ Position/Organisation:____________________ Date and place:________________________

Signature: ______________________________

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Feedback and Questions/answer session

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http://pakresponse.info/Assessments.aspx

Thank you