mubalig kondang: a sociological overview of religiosity · *correspondingauthor:...

*Correspondingauthor: [email protected]

Mubalig Kondang: A Sociological Overview of Religiosity

Sukarjo Waluyo*¹, Astri Adriani Allien²

¹Student of Doctoral Program of Literature, Faculty of Humanities, Indonesia University, Depok, Indonesia²Faculty of Humanities, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia

Abstract. The approach of literary sociology is one of the literary approaches that specialize in the study ofliterary works taking into account social aspects of society. Mubalig Kondang [1] is interesting to study becauseit tells how the author's expression of the religiosity problem that existed in the society of the Javaneses antri(students of traditional Islamic boarding school in Java) in particular, as well as Indonesia in general. Pengajian(mass teaching of Islam in the village) that becomes the habits and traditions of the santri community as well asthe symbol of the author's heart disclosure. Pengajian is a common religious ritual around us still a kind of ‘thing’that could be questioned. The religious ritualisonly a compensation of some people who are from the complexityof the problem.

Keywords: sociology of literature; santri society; religiosity; religious practice

1 lntroductionLiterature is a social institution created by an author.Within social institutions there is a social order. Socialinstitutions are a system of behaviour and norms tomeet the needs of people's lives, including the life in aharmonious and low carbon society expected byeverybody. In addition, literature displays a picture oflife; and life is a social reality [2].

Literature can be used by authors to tell all theproblems of human life in society. Literature is adescription of the journey of human life when peoplecome into contact with the events that occur in his life.It can be said that literature is a portrait of realitymanifested through language [3]. Therefore, it can besaid that literature is a product of life that contains thesocial and cultural values of human life phenomenon.

In the sociology of literature, literature isunderstood by considering the aspects of society. Inaddition, sought also the relationship of literature withthe community behind it, and found a direct linkbetween the literature with the community [4]. As asocial institution created by the author, in the literaturethere are certain norms and rules that characterize aninstitution. The norms in society are the norms thatgovern the association of life with the aim to achieve

an order. It exists in everysociety regardless ofwhether the society has a simple or modern culture [5].

One of the norms in society is religious norms.Religious norms are present in the midst of societybecause religion is a very important social institutionin a religious society. Once the importance of religion,so that other norms at a later date are usuallyassimilated. It must even be subject to religious normsalthough in some cases it looks ambiguous [6]. Theterm religiosity looks more at the aspect "deep in theheart", the vibration of the private conscience;personal attitudes that are somewhat mysterious toothers because they affirm the intimacy of the soul, ducoeur in the Pascal sense, a taste that includes totality(including the ratio and the sense of humanity) thedepth of the human person [7].

The short story of "Mubalig Kondang", partly asa social criticism [8], was written by Mustofa Bisri, aprominent Islamic, culturist, and author fromRembang, Central Java. His works are very wellknown in Indonesia and a representation of pesantrenliterature. The problem of this research is thereligiosity of santri in short story of "MubaligKondang".

This research used structural and sociologicalapproach. The principle of a structural approach is toexpound carefully the elements and aspects of theliterature that produce the overall meaning [9]. Thesociological approach of literature specializes in

https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201873 , (2018)E3S Web of Conferences 73ICENIS 2018

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© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).


studying literature taking into account social aspects[10]. Literature is an evaluative response to life; as akind of mirror, literature reflects life after judging andfixing it [11]. As an imaginative result, in addition tobeing a fun entertainment, literature is also useful toadd to the inner experience for the reader as well as thecritic's device.

Social problems that are often implicit in manyliterature is responses to social phenomena and thecomplexity of the problems surrounding them.Literature is the product of society in the midst ofsociety because it is formed by members of societybased on emotional or rational urges from theirsociety.

2 Religiosity of Santri Expressed inMubaliq Kondang

Literature is authors processed that is fromreligious communities. It is therefore very relevant todiscuss the relationship between religion andliterature. In the next section then the literature talksmust also talk about religion. The characteristics orcircumstances that reflect the religious values that thenresult the term ‘religiosities’. in their city will be thearrival of famous mubalig (Islamic preacher) fromJakarta. After sunset, wife and villagers with somevehicles started to leave the village to pengajian intheir city.

Character ‘I’ ultimately went to pengajian in thecity by riding an old bicycle. Along the way suddenlyremembered the figure Sudin, his very bad friendwhile still a santri at a pesantren (traditional Islamicboarding school in Java). Sudin, because of hismischief, was sent by his wealthy father from the cityto study at pesantren and to change his character.

Instead of getting better, in the pesantren, Sudinevenbe a 'trouble maker' by inviting character ‘I’ toleave the pesantren at night for the race by ridinga bikeand watching a movie. Sudin was eventually evictedfrom pesantren known to have stolen the cash moneyof pesantren. Arriving at a very crowded pengajian,‘I’ pushed through the crowd to get a closer look at thepreacher who was giving the lecture. ‘I’ shocked, thepreacher who was giving a lecture on stage was afigure he already knew that wasSudin.

Based on the results of the writer's reading, itappears that there are some religiosity values thatappear in the short story of "Mubalig Kondang" byMustofa Bisrithatis: first, the spirit of studying. Itshows from character his wife and villagers who werevery eager to study by attending various pengajianfrom village to village, as well as when there weremany pengajian by famous mubalig in their city. Interms of background story, this short story shows thehabits of Muslims in the area of santri, especially thesantri community as expressed by the character ‘I’.This isseenfrom the followingquote.

“Lo, Sampeyan ini bagaimana sih; kan nantimalam ada pengajian akbar?!” dia jatuhkanpantatnya yang tambun ke lincak bambu hingga

menimbulkan suara berderak; aku sedikit bergesersambil berdoa mudah-mudahan lincak kesayangankutakambrol. “Orang sedesa upyek membicarakan daikondang Ibu Kota yang akan mengisi pengajian nantimalam, kok Sampeyan tenang-tenangs aja. MakanyaSampeyan jadi orang mbok kumpul-kumpul. Janganmengurung diri di rumah saja, seperti katak dalamtempurung!” [1] p.19

Pengajian from one place to anotherbecomes a part of the routine and form of worship andfriendship in santri community. In a socio-culturalperspective may be seen as a form in order to buildpublic space or also the means of catharsis. Even canalso form actual and existence both personal andgroup. Sometimes in rural santri societies pengajianhas the same function with the arts performances ofthe people. (Remember: how art functions in ruralcommunities where art performances serve as a publicspace for communicating and gathering, means ofeducation, the delivery of the intentions of certaingroups, even find a mate, and economic motives). Theexcitedvillagers of ‘I’ also reflected by the followingquotation.“Ustaz bikin rombongan nyewa colt. Ibu-ibu jugabikin rombongan sendiri. Bu Lurah menyiapkan busmini dan truk. Tadi saya sudah daftar dua orang.Kalau Sampeyan tidak pergi, biar nanti saya samasimbok. Ini pengajian akbar, mubalignya dariJakarta. Kita mesti datang agak gasik supaya dapattempat.” [1) p. 19.

Pengajian is related to the problem of religiosity,also very much in accordance with the suggestion ofIslamic religion such as: "God will raise the degree ofthose who studies", "God will pave the way for theaffairs of people who study", "angels will flap theirwings to seekers" , "The Messenger of Allah (maypeace be upon him) once privileged the wise men bynot fighting", "the command of knowledge from thecradle to the grave", and "the command to study eventhough it must go to the land of China".

Second, berkhusnudzon (prejudiced both againstothers). In Islam there is the term 'khusnudzon' whichmeans always prejudiced both on the fate that happens


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to us (which comes from God) and against others. Thisis represented by ‘I’ when assessing Sudin, his verybad friend during the boarding school. The famousMubalig isSudin, his old friend who behaves verynaughty when being a santri eventually able tobecome a mubalig. This is seen in thefollowingquotation.

Apa tadi itu firasat? Baru di lamun, tiba-tibaketemu! Sudin yang nakal. Sudin yang di pesantrenlangganan takzir. Sudin yang diusir karena mencuriuang kas pesantren. Ah, siapa mengira kini jadimubalig kondang seperti itu. Bagaimana ceritanyaSudin sampai mempunyai karamah begitubesar? [1]

Relating to the problem of religiosity, it is alsovery much in accordance with the suggestion of thereligion of Islam for example: "God'scues to notunderestimate a people because may be people whoare underestimatedeven more noble" and "manystories of Islamic teachings about bad people in theend be good because repentance, also vice versa ".

Third, the concept of repentance. The amazementof ‘I’ who saw the figure of Sudin while speaking onthe stage he connected with the repetance. Islamicteachings recognize that no leaf falls without the willof God. Nothing is impossible withGod, includinghuman life. Many stories that show people who seemto deserve to go to hell, just go to heaven in the eyesof God. Relating to the problem of religiosity, alsovery appropriate with the suggestion of Islam religionfor example: "a bitch who goes to heaven for givingdrinking a dog thirsty", "the story of the murderer ofone hundred people wholater repent", "people who areguaranteed by the Prophet Muhammad into heavenwhen he was ordinary people "(the person who doesgood to his mother, the one who always forgives thefaults of others).

3 Conclusion

Mubalig Kondang is an interesting literature becauseit expresses the values of religiosity typical ofJavanese and Indonesian santri. The author discussesthe issue of religious practice in the community. Thestudy is used as a symbol of the author's expression ofhearts on religious issues, religious practices, and thesubstance of religious practice

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