m.tech ppt

DISSERTATIONM.Tech

PRESENTATION ON “EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION, ON HIGH EXPENSIVE

BLACK COTTON SOIL BY USING PHOSPHOGYPSUM, LIME AND FLY ASH”

Submitted ByShelendra Kumar

(12MUMFCTD001)

Guided By: Mr. Abhijeet kishore

Contents: IntroductionObjectiveMaterial and Experimental InvestigationData Analysis And DiscussionConclusionFuture WorkReferences

Introduction:Roads are having different layers which provide strength

for sustaining the heavy loads due to vehicular movement. Among these, Sub-grade is the most important one as it provides support to all the above layers. Sub-grade is nothing but the natural soil and different types of soil are having different properties. If Sub-grade soil has poor properties, it needs modification or stabilization to improve its properties.

Soil stabilization is a process of treating a soil in such a manner as to maintain, alter or improve the performance of the soil as a construction material.

Potential uses of waste materials.Fly ash –use for bulk filler Lime-use for Widening material Phosphogypsum-Use for reduce the quantity of lime

Objective:To study behaviour of Fly ash, Lime & Phosphogyspum with

Black cotton soil,samples are collected from surrounding area of Uttar Pradesh region (Jhansi,Mahoba, Hamirpur,Lalitpur) and experimental works carried out for evaluation of Fly ash, Lime & Phosphogyspum. The study for soil characteristics, Free Swell Index, Standard Proctor Test, Specific Gravity, CBR and UCS are conducted for natural and treated soil samples.

To improve the Soak CBR for CH type of soil earlier is 3.1% which improves about 16.5% With Fly ash, Lime & Phosphogyspum Treatment. UCS Value with CH type of soil earlier is 1.5 Mpa which improves to 5.1 Mpa with Fly ash, Lime & Phosphogyspum Treatment

Need of the study: The property of volumetric changes with the change of

atmospheric conditions makes black cotton soil dangerous to be founded Pavements & buildings. It swells excessively when wet and shrinks excessively when dry resulting terrible cracks in soil without any warning. It has a great affinity to water. This tendency of soil is on account of the presence of fine clay particles. Cracks are formed due to movement of the ground on account of alternate swelling and shrinkage. The cracks thus formed are sometimes 15 to 20 cm wide and 2.5 to 4 m deep.

In addition to that total production of their waste materials are as 2000-2200 thousand metric tonne, 1200-1400 metric tonne & 1800-2200 metric tonne for fly ash, lime, Phosphogyspum respectively. The Research work done on copper slag by Anish shah but not any research work done yet on fly ash, lime & Phosphogyspum as an alternative in pavement Sub-grade layer construction. So, the study needs to done.

Study area:

Uattar pradesh

Study Objectives:To Study the different properties of Soil in south Uttar

Pradesh Region.(Black Cotton soil)To Study the proportion mix of material (Phosphogyspum)

for soil stabilization. To Study Different mix proportion at different moisture

content with types of soil available. (Black Cotton soil)To optimize cement proportion with replacement of waste

material (Phosphogyspum). Study approach: Step 1:Identification of the study area and definition in

which the area of interest or study is selected.Step 2: Objectives and scope of work are defined..Step 3: Various literatures like books, research papers,

thesis reports etc. regarding the study are referred.Step 4: Collection of soil samples from the study area is

carried out and various tests are performed.

Continue…Step 5: Laboratory tests are carried out on collected soil

samples from the study area (Uttar Pradesh region). The tests are performed to evaluate physical and engineering properties of the soil.

Step 6The samples are tested for Sieve Analysis, Specific gravity, Free swell index, Atterberg’s Limit, Standard Proctor Test, CBR and Unconfined compressive strength without treatment Soil and Modified Proctor, CBR and Unconfined compressive Strength test carried out for treated soil.

Step 7: On the basis of Laboratory test results analysis carried out and improvement in various engineering properties of the soil due to material of soil stabilization is identified.

Step 8: Finally the summary of the study carried out and the inferences drawn with respect to the study objectives are contained in the conclusions.

Material and Experimental Investigation: Fly Ash Fly ash is a waste by product from Thermal power plants which

use coal as fuel. Generally, fly ash can be classified as Class-C fly ash and Class-F fly ash. This classification is based on the percentage of calcium oxide available in fly ash. At present about 100 Thermal power plants in India produce about 130million tonnes of fly . Table no 1 and 2 represent the chemical and physical properties of fly ash

Table No 1 Table No.2

Sr. No. Parameters Percentage

(%)

1 Silicon oxide 32 - 35

2 Aluminium

oxide

17 - 21

3 Iron oxide 5 - 6.5

4 Sulphur

trioxide

1.5 - 2

5 Calcium oxide 26 - 29

6 Loss on

Ignition

0.2 - 0.80


(%)

1 Finesse 12 - 20

2 Soundness(Au

toclave

Expansion)

0.04 - 0.17

3 Drying

shrinkage(at

28 days)

0.01- 0.02

4 Density 2- 2.70

Phosphogypsum: Phosphogypsum is the by-product of phosphoric acid industry,

consists of CaSO4.2 H2O and contains some impurities such as Phosphorus pent oxide (P2O5), F and organic substances. These impurities seriously restrict the industrial use of Phosphogyspum in cement industry as a retarder.Table no 1 and table no 2 give the chemical and physical properties .

Table No. 1 Table No.2


(%)

1 Calcium oxide

(Cao)

40 – 43

2 Silica(sio2) 1 - 3

3 Alumina

(Al2o3)

1.5 – 3

4 Fe2O3 0.05 – 1.0

5 Magnesium

oxide Mgo

1. 0.

05

6 Sulphate

trioxide So3

48 - 51


1 Hardness 2

2 Density 2.30 -2.45

3 Specific gravity 31. -

2.33

Lime:A General term for burned limestone, also known as

quicklime, hydrated lime and unslaked or slaked lime. Its predominant usage (90%) is as a basic industrial chemical. It still enjoys its traditional building use .

Table no.1 Table no.2

Sr. No. Parameters Percentage (%)

1 Calcium oxide

(Cao)

38 – 42

2 Silica(sio2) 20 – 25

3 Alumina

(Al2O3)

2 – 4

4 Other oxides

(Na, Mg)

1.5 – 2.5

5 Loss on ignition 30 – 32

Sr.No. Parameters Percentage

1 Hardness 3 - 4

2 Density 2.5 - 2.65(%)

3 Compressive

Strength

1800-2100

kg/sq.cm

4 Water

absorption

>1%

Experimental Investigations:

Specific Gravity

Free Swell Index

Atterberg Limits

Modified Proctor test

Unconfined Compressive Strength(UCS)

California Bearing Ratio (CBR)

TEST MIX PROPORTIONS: TEST MIX PROPORTIONS SHOWN IN THE NEXT SLIDE

Mix PROPORTIONSSr. No Mix proportions

1 SOIL+25% FA+ 0%L + 0%PG

2 SOIL+25% FA+ 3%L + 0%PG

3 SOIL+25% FA+ 6%L + 0%PG

4 SOIL+25% FA+ 9%L + 0%PG

5 SOIL+25% FA+ 0%L + 0.3%PG

6 SOIL+25% FA+ 3%L + 0.3%PG

7 SOIL+25% FA+ 6%L + 0.3%PG

8 SOIL+25% FA+ 9%L + 0.3%PG

9 SOIL+25% FA+ 0%L + 0.6%PG

10 SOIL+25% FA+ 3%L + 0.6%PG

11 SOIL+25% FA+ 6%L + 0.6%PG

12 SOIL+25% FA+ 9%L + 0.6%PG

13 SOIL+25% FA+ 0%L + 1.0%PG

14 SOIL+25% FA+ 3%L + 1.0%PG

15 SOIL+25% FA+ 6%L + 1.0%PG

16 SOIL+25% FA+ 9%L + 1.0%PG

Data Analysis and Discussion: Specific Gravity Specific gravity G is defined as the ratio of the weight of an

equal volume of distilled water at that temperature both weights taken in air Gs=Ps/Pw. This test is useful in determining the specific gravity of the materials and is carried out according to IS: 2720 (part 3, section I).

Result of specific gravity Test:

Sr. No Specific Gravity test

1 Jhansi (Uttar Pradesh ) 2.58

2 Fly Ash 2.42

3 Phosphogyspum 2.33

Compression of Different Experimental Results1.Free swell index Test

Continue…..

CBR Value:

Continue…..

Unconfined Compressive Strength:

Atterberg Limits:

Continue….

Modified Procter Test :

Continue……

Observations On Material CharacteristicsThe following observations are made for the various

materials that are tried for different combinations. Observations are solely dependent on the laboratory investigations discussed earlier.

From the laboratory experiment it is clearly identify that the treatment improves CBR and UCS Values.

The literature clearly shows that the treatment of a soil with the Fly ash, Lime, Phosphogyspum improve the properties of the soil.

The Fly ash, Lime, Phosphogyspum treated soils shrinks after treatment which slightly increase the density and results shows that there is no considerable effect on OMC.

The use of Fly ash, Lime, Phosphogyspum provide a clear advantage of improvement of the engineering performance of the sub grade soil.

Conclusion:

• The study has focussed on finding the suitable application of Phosphogyspum, Fly ash & Lime in the non-bituminous layers of the flexible pavement based on the geotechnical characterization of mix comprising Phosphogyspum, Fly ash & Lime and soils. Black cotton soil was considered for the study purpose.

• The most probable laboratory investigations required to be performed and material specifications needed in order to explore its suitability were identified via a thorough literature review and available technical know-how.

Recommendations For Future work:

Although this work successfully covered a wide area of research on the potentiality of Phosphogyspum as a road construction material, there are still some important areas to be covered in future research studies. The most important research points are summarized as following:

The current work is limited to study the feasibility of Fly ash, Lime, Phosphogyspum in non-bituminous layers of flexible pavement. Further investigations should be carried out to study its feasibility in rigid pavements as well as in bituminous layers of flexible pavement.

REFERENCES [1] Ambaries Ghosh and Chillara Subbarao “Strength

Characteristics of Class F Fly Ash Modified with Lime and Gypsum”. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,Vol.133,No.7,July2007,pp.757-7662007,

[2] R. Sathish Kumar “Experimental Investigation on the Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil using Cement, Fly Ash and Lime” 2007.

[3] Vijay Kumar Sureban “Improving CBR Characteristics of Black Cotton Subgrade For Better Pavement Performance”, 2009.

[4] Dr. Robert m. Brooks “Soil Stabilization with Fly ash and Rice husk ash international journal of research and reiew in appliedscience 2009,ISNN-209-217

[5]D K Soni, geotechnical engineering jounral “Effect of Freezing-Thawing and Wetting-Drying on Tensile Strength of Lime-Fly ash Stabilized Black Cotton Soil.” .ISNN-00465-8828,2008

[6] M. Jayakumar and Lau Chee Sing “Experimental Studies on Treated Sub-Base Soil with Fly Ash and Cement For Sustainable Design Recommendations”, 3rd international conference cotse nov.8-9 2006.

[7] M. Anjan Kumar, D. S.V. Prasad and G. V. R. Prasada Raju, “Performance Evaluation of Stabilized Fly Ash Sub bases” IOSRTEN 2011.ISNN 2250-3021

[8] V G. Havanagi, A.K. Sinha, V.K. Arora, S. Mathur “Waste Materials for Construction of Road Embankment and Pavement Layers”, ISOR journal mechnical and civil engineering IOSR 2009,ISNN-2320-334X

[9] Ravin M. Tailor, Dr M.D. Desai “Application of Lime-Fly ash Stabilization for Standardization of Urban Road Construction at Surat, South Gujarat”, international conference on infrastructure development in India 2009,IN-635109

[10] M. Jayakumar and Lau Chee Sing ‘Experimental Studies on Treated Sub-Base Soil with Fly Ash and Cement For Sustainable Design Recommendations” ,world academy of science engineering and technolgy 2012.vol.-6

Continue:

Codes: IRC: 37-2001, “Guidelines for the Design of Flexible

Pavement”. IS: 2720-1983, “Methods of Tests for Soil”Books:“Highway Engineering” by S.k.Khnna and C.E.G.JusteoPunamia B.C., “Soil Mechanics and Foundations,” Laxmi

Publications, New DelhiKadiyali L.R. “Principles and Practices of Highway

Engineering, Khanna Publishers Delhi-2006. Soil Mechanics And Foundation Engineering “by

Dr.K.R.Arora

Publication :

International Journal :[1] shelendra kumar “A study on high Expansive black cotton

soil to find out the properties with the help of mixing other soil stabilising material”International journal research in technological studies Volume-2,Issue-4 March 2015 ISSN:2348-1439,2014

[2] Shelendra Kumar“Experimental investigation, on High Expansive black cotton soil by using phosphogypsum,lime”Fly ash , International journal research and science, Industrial Science Volume-1,Issue-7 Oct 2014 ISSN:2347-5420,2014

Conference:[1] Shelendra Kumar“Experimental Analysis on High

Expansive soil with the help of fly ash for Flexible pavement Design’” International conference on Innovative Advancement in Engineering And Technology ,Jaipur National University, Jaipur ,7-8 March 2014

THANK YOU