Ingres 9.3

SQL Reference Guide

ING-93-SQL-06

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Contents

Chapter 1: Introducing the SQL Reference Guide 29

In This Guide ...................................................................................................................... 29 Audience............................................................................................................................ 29 Enterprise Access Compatibility ............................................................................................. 29 System-specific Text in This Guide ......................................................................................... 30 Terminology Used in This Guide............................................................................................. 30 Syntax Conventions Used in This Guide .................................................................................. 31

Chapter 2: Introducing SQL

33

SQL Functionality ................................................................................................................ 33 Types of SQL Statements ..................................................................................................... 33 Interactive and Embedded SQL ............................................................................................. 34 Interactive SQL ............................................................................................................. 34 Embedded SQL .............................................................................................................. 34 SQL Naming and Statement Rules ......................................................................................... 37 Object Naming Rules ...................................................................................................... 37 Regular and Delimited Identifiers ..................................................................................... 39 Statement Terminators ................................................................................................... 43 Correlation Names............................................................................................................... 43 Correlation Name Rules .................................................................................................. 44 Database Procedures ........................................................................................................... 45 Determine Settings for a Database ................................................................................... 46 Object Management Extension .............................................................................................. 46 ANSI Compliance ................................................................................................................ 46 OpenSQL ........................................................................................................................... 46 Security Levels ................................................................................................................... 47

Chapter 3: Understanding SQL Data Types

49

SQL Data Types .................................................................................................................. 49 Character Data Types ..................................................................................................... 50 Unicode Data Types ....................................................................................................... 56 Numeric Data Types ....................................................................................................... 56 Date/Time Data Types .................................................................................................... 60 Abstract Data Types ....................................................................................................... 74 Binary Data Types.......................................................................................................... 78 Storage Formats of Data Types ............................................................................................. 82 Literals .............................................................................................................................. 84

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String Literals................................................................................................................ 84 Numeric Literals ............................................................................................................ 86 Date/Time Literals ......................................................................................................... 87 SQL Constants .................................................................................................................... 90 Nulls ................................................................................................................................. 91 Nulls and Comparisons ................................................................................................... 91 Nulls and Aggregate Functions ......................................................................................... 92 Nulls and Integrity Constraints......................................................................................... 93

Chapter 4: Understanding the Elements of SQL Statements

95

SQL Operators .................................................................................................................... 95 Arithmetic Operators ...................................................................................................... 96 Comparison Operators .................................................................................................... 96 Logical Operators........................................................................................................... 97 SQL Operations ................................................................................................................... 98 String Concatenation Operations ...................................................................................... 98 Assignment Operations ................................................................................................... 99 Arithmetic Operations................................................................................................... 104 SQL Functions................................................................................................................... 113 Scalar Functions .......................................................................................................... 113 Aggregate Functions..................................................................................................... 142 IFNULL Function .......................................................................................................... 147 Universal Unique Identifier (UUID) ................................................................................. 148 Expressions in SQL ............................................................................................................ 152 Case Expressions ......................................................................................................... 152 Cast Expressions.......................................................................................................... 153 Sequence Expressions .................................................................................................. 154 Predicates in SQL .............................................................................................................. 155 Comparison Predicate ................................................................................................... 155 Pattern-matching Predicates .......................................................................................... 156 BETWEEN Predicate...................................................................................................... 163 IN Predicate ................................................................................................................ 164 Any-or-All Predicate ..................................................................................................... 164 EXISTS Predicate ......................................................................................................... 166 IS NULL Predicate ........................................................................................................ 166 IS INTEGER Predicate ................................................................................................... 167 IS DECIMAL Predicate................................................................................................... 168 IS FLOAT Predicate ...................................................................................................... 169 Search Conditions in SQL Statements................................................................................... 169 Subqueries ....................................................................................................................... 170 Subqueries in the WHERE Clause.................................................................................... 171 Subqueries in the FROM Clause (Derived Tables) .............................................................. 172

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Chapter 5: Working with Embedded SQL

175

Embedded SQL Statements................................................................................................. 175 How Embedded SQL Statements Are Processed ..................................................................... 175 General Syntax and Rules of an Embedded SQL Statement...................................................... 176 Syntax Conventions Used in this Chapter......................................................................... 176 Structure of an Embedded SQL Program ............................................................................... 177 Host Language Variables in Embedded SQL ........................................................................... 179 Variable Declaration ..................................................................................................... 180 Include Statement ....................................................................................................... 181 Variable Usage ............................................................................................................ 181 Variable Structures ...................................................................................................... 182 Dclgen UtilityGenerate Structure ................................................................................. 183 Indicator Variables ....................................................................................................... 183 Null Indicator Arrays and Host Structures ........................................................................ 187 Data Manipulation with Cursors ........................................................................................... 188 Example: Cursor Processing .......................................................................................... 189 Cursor Declaration ....................................................................................................... 190 Open Cursors .............................................................................................................. 190 Readonly Cursors......................................................................................................... 191 Open Cursors and Transaction Processing........................................................................ 191 Fetch Data From Cursor ................................................................................................ 192 Fetch Rows Inserted by Other Queries ............................................................................ 193 Using Cursors to Update Data ........................................................................................ 193 Cursor Position for Updates ........................................................................................... 194 Delete Data Using Cursors............................................................................................. 194 Closing Cursors ........................................................................................................... 196 Summary of Cursor Positioning ...................................................................................... 196 Cursors Versus Select Loops .......................................................................................... 199 Dynamic Programming ....................................................................................................... 200 SQLDA ....................................................................................................................... 200 Using Clause ............................................................................................................... 204 Dynamic SQL Statements.............................................................................................. 205 Execute a Dynamic Non-select Statement........................................................................ 208 Execute a Dynamic Select Statement .............................................................................. 211 Select Statement with Execute Immediate....................................................................... 220 Retrieve Results Using Cursors....................................................................................... 221 Data Handlers for Large Objects .......................................................................................... 223 Errors in Data Handlers................................................................................................. 224 Restrictions on Data Handlers ........................................................................................ 224 Large Objects in Dynamic SQL ....................................................................................... 224 Example: PUT DATA Handler ......................................................................................... 226 Example: GET DATA Handler ......................................................................................... 228

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Example: Dynamic SQL Data Handler ............................................................................. 230 Ingres 4GL Interface.......................................................................................................... 233

Chapter 6: Working with Transactions and Handling Errors

235

Transactions ..................................................................................................................... 235 How Transactions Work ................................................................................................ 235 How Consistency is Maintained During Transactions .......................................................... 235 Set Autocommit OnCommit Individual Statement........................................................... 236 Statements Used to Control Transactions ........................................................................ 236 How Effects of a Transaction Are Controlled ..................................................................... 237 Savepoints on Multi-statement Transactions .................................................................... 238 How the Transaction Processing System Handles Interrupts ............................................... 239 Abort Policy for Transactions and Statements................................................................... 240 Two Phase Commit ............................................................................................................ 241 Statements that Support Two Phase Commit ................................................................... 242 Coordinator Applications for a Two Phase Commit............................................................. 243 Manual Termination of a Distributed Transaction .............................................................. 244 Example: Using Two-Phase Commit................................................................................ 245 Ways to Obtain Status Information ...................................................................................... 249 SESSION_PRIV FunctionDetermine If Session Has a Privilege .......................................... 250 DBMSINFO FunctionReturn Information About the Current Session ................................... 251 INQUIRE_SQL Function................................................................................................. 260 SQL Communications Area (SQLCA)................................................................................ 261 SQLCODE and SQLSTATE .............................................................................................. 263 Error Handling .................................................................................................................. 265 Types of Error Codes .................................................................................................... 265 Error Message Format .................................................................................................. 266 Display of Error Messages ............................................................................................. 266 Error Handling in Embedded Applications......................................................................... 267 Set_Sql(Programquit)Specify Whether to Abort on Error ................................................. 273 Handling of Deadlocks .................................................................................................. 273

Chapter 7: Understanding Database Procedures, Sessions, and Events

279

How Database Procedures Are Created, Invoked, and Executed................................................ 279 Benefits of Database Procedures .................................................................................... 280 Contents of Database Procedures ................................................................................... 280 Permissions on Database Procedures .............................................................................. 281 Methods of Executing Procedures ................................................................................... 282 How Parameters Are Passed in Database Procedures ......................................................... 283 Row-Producing Procedures ............................................................................................ 283 Table Procedure........................................................................................................... 286

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Effects of Errors in Database Procedures ......................................................................... 292 Messages from Database Procedures .............................................................................. 295 Rules............................................................................................................................... 297 Examples: Database Procedures and Rules............................................................................ 298 AFTER Rule Example: The Audit Procedure and Rule ......................................................... 299 BEFORE Rule Example: The Audit Procedure and Rule ....................................................... 301 Multiple Session Connections .............................................................................................. 302 Multiple Sessions ......................................................................................................... 302 Session Identification ................................................................................................... 302 Session Switching ........................................................................................................ 303 Disconnection of Sessions ............................................................................................. 303 Status Information in Multiple Sessions ........................................................................... 304 What You Should Know When Creating Multiple Sessions ................................................... 304 Example: Two Open Sessions ........................................................................................ 305 Examples: Session Switching......................................................................................... 306 Database Events ............................................................................................................... 307 Example: Database Events in Conjunction with Rules ........................................................ 308 Database Event Statements .......................................................................................... 310

Chapter 8: SQL Statements

321

SQL Release ..................................................................................................................... 323 Context for SQL Statements................................................................................................ 323 Statements for Ingres Star ................................................................................................. 324 Alter Group ...................................................................................................................... 324 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 325 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 325 Permissions................................................................................................................. 326 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 326 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 326 Examples: Alter Group.................................................................................................. 326 Alter Location ................................................................................................................... 326 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 327 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 327 Permissions................................................................................................................. 327 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 327 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 328 Examples: Alter Location............................................................................................... 328 Alter Profile ...................................................................................................................... 328 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 329 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 332 Permissions................................................................................................................. 332 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 332

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Related Statements...................................................................................................... 332 Examples: Alter Profile ................................................................................................. 333 Alter Role ......................................................................................................................... 333 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 334 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 335 Permissions................................................................................................................. 335 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 335 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 335 Examples: Alter Role .................................................................................................... 336 Alter Security_Audit........................................................................................................... 336 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 337 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 337 Permissions................................................................................................................. 338 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 338 Examples: Alter Security_Audit ...................................................................................... 338 Alter Sequence ................................................................................................................. 338 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 339 Permissions................................................................................................................. 339 Locking and Sequences................................................................................................. 339 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 339 Examples: Alter Sequence............................................................................................. 339 Alter Table ....................................................................................................................... 340 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 341 Constraint Specifications ............................................................................................... 343 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 347 Permissions................................................................................................................. 347 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 347 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 348 Examples: Alter Table................................................................................................... 348 Alter User......................................................................................................................... 349 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 350 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 352 Permissions................................................................................................................. 352 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 352 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 352 Examples: Alter User.................................................................................................... 353 Begin Declare ................................................................................................................... 353 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 354 Description ................................................................................................................. 354 Permissions................................................................................................................. 354 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 354 Example: Begin Declare ................................................................................................ 354 Call ................................................................................................................................. 355

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Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 355 Call Description ........................................................................................................... 356 Permissions................................................................................................................. 356 Examples: Call ............................................................................................................ 357 Close ............................................................................................................................... 357 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 357 Description ................................................................................................................. 357 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 358 Usage in OpenAPI, ODBC, JDBC, .NET............................................................................. 358 Permissions................................................................................................................. 358 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 358 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 358 Example: Close ........................................................................................................... 358 Comment On .................................................................................................................... 359 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 359 Description ................................................................................................................. 359 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 359 Permissions................................................................................................................. 359 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 360 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 360 Examples: Comment On ............................................................................................... 360 Commit ........................................................................................................................... 360 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 360 Description ................................................................................................................. 361 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 361 Usage in OpenAPI, ODBC, JDBC, .NET............................................................................. 361 Permissions................................................................................................................. 361 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 362 Performance ............................................................................................................... 362 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 362 Example: Commit ........................................................................................................ 362 Connect ........................................................................................................................... 362 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 363 Description ................................................................................................................. 364 Connecting with Distributed Transactions ........................................................................ 365 Creating Multiple Sessions............................................................................................. 365 Permissions................................................................................................................. 366 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 366 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 366 Examples: Connect ...................................................................................................... 367 Copy ............................................................................................................................... 369 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 369 Binary Copying ............................................................................................................ 370

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Column Formats for COPY ............................................................................................. 372 Filename Specification for COPY ..................................................................................... 379 With Clause Options for COPY ........................................................................................ 380 Permissions................................................................................................................. 382 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 382 Restrictions and Considerations...................................................................................... 383 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 383 Example: Copy ............................................................................................................ 384 Copy From | Into Program .................................................................................................. 386 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 387 Bulk Copying............................................................................................................... 388 Row Formats ............................................................................................................... 389 Fixed-length Formats.................................................................................................... 389 Variable-length Formats................................................................................................ 390 COPY Arguments ......................................................................................................... 390 Handler Code Examples ................................................................................................ 392 Create Dbevent................................................................................................................. 398 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 398 Description ................................................................................................................. 399 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 399 Usage in OpenAPI, ODBC, JDBC, .NET............................................................................. 399 Permissions................................................................................................................. 399 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 399 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 399 Create Group .................................................................................................................... 400 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 400 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 400 Permissions................................................................................................................. 401 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 401 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 401 Examples: Create Group ............................................................................................... 401 Create Index .................................................................................................................... 401 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 402 Description ................................................................................................................. 405 Index Storage Structure ............................................................................................... 406 Unique Indexes ........................................................................................................... 406 Effect of the Unique_Scope Option on Updates ................................................................. 406 Index Location............................................................................................................. 407 Parallel Index Building .................................................................................................. 407 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 407 Permissions................................................................................................................. 407 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 408 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 408

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Examples: Create Index................................................................................................ 408 Create Integrity ................................................................................................................ 409 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 410 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 410 Performance ............................................................................................................... 410 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 411 Permissions................................................................................................................. 411 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 411 Examples: Create Integrity............................................................................................ 411 Create Location................................................................................................................. 411 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 412 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 412 Permissions................................................................................................................. 413 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 413 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 413 Examples: Create Location ............................................................................................ 414 Create Procedure .............................................................................................................. 414 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 415 Description ................................................................................................................. 417 Parameter Modes ......................................................................................................... 419 Nullability and Default Values for Parameters ................................................................... 420 SET OF Parameters ...................................................................................................... 421 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 422 Permissions................................................................................................................. 422 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 423 Examples: Create Procedure.......................................................................................... 423 Create Profile.................................................................................................................... 425 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 426 Description ................................................................................................................. 428 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 428 Permissions................................................................................................................. 428 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 428 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 429 Examples: Create Profile ............................................................................................... 429 Create Role ...................................................................................................................... 429 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 430 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 431 Permissions................................................................................................................. 431 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 432 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 432 Examples: Create Role.................................................................................................. 432 Create Rule ...................................................................................................................... 433 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 434

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Row and Statement Level Rules ..................................................................................... 435 Table_Condition........................................................................................................... 437 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 439 Permissions................................................................................................................. 439 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 439 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 439 Examples: Create Rule ................................................................................................. 440 Create Schema ................................................................................................................. 441 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 441 Description ................................................................................................................. 442 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 443 Permissions................................................................................................................. 443 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 443 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 443 Example: Create Schema .............................................................................................. 444 Create Security_Alarm ....................................................................................................... 444 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 445 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 445 Permissions................................................................................................................. 446 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 446 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 446 Examples: Create Security_Alarm .................................................................................. 446 Create Sequence ............................................................................................................... 447 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 447 Permissions................................................................................................................. 450 Locking and Sequences................................................................................................. 450 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 450 Examples: Create Sequence .......................................................................................... 451 Create Synonym ............................................................................................................... 451 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 451 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 452 Permissions................................................................................................................. 452 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 452 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 452 Examples: Create Synonym........................................................................................... 452 Create Table ..................................................................................................................... 452 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 453 Description ................................................................................................................. 454 Column SpecificationDefine Column Characteristics ........................................................ 457 Using Create Table...As Select ....................................................................................... 465 Constraints ................................................................................................................. 467 Constraint With_ClauseDefine Constraint Index Options .................................................. 475 Constraints and Integrities ............................................................................................ 477

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With_Clause for Create Table......................................................................................... 478 With_Clause for Create Table...As Select ......................................................................... 482 Partitioned Tables ........................................................................................................ 483 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 488 Permissions................................................................................................................. 488 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 488 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 488 Examples: Create Table ................................................................................................ 489 Create User ...................................................................................................................... 494 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 495 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 497 Permissions................................................................................................................. 497 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 497 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 498 Examples: Create User ................................................................................................. 499 Create View...................................................................................................................... 499 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 500 Description ................................................................................................................. 500 With Check Option Clause ............................................................................................. 501 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 501 Permissions................................................................................................................. 501 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 501 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 502 Examples: Create View ................................................................................................. 502 Declare ............................................................................................................................ 503 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 504 Permissions................................................................................................................. 504 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 504 Example: Declare......................................................................................................... 504 Declare Cursor .................................................................................................................. 505 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 505 Description ................................................................................................................. 506 Cursor Updates............................................................................................................ 507 Cursor Modes .............................................................................................................. 509 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 510 Usage in OpenAPI ........................................................................................................ 511 Permissions................................................................................................................. 511 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 511 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 511 Examples: Declare Cursor ............................................................................................. 512 Declare Global Temporary Table .......................................................................................... 515 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 516 Description ................................................................................................................. 518

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SESSION Schema Qualifier............................................................................................ 519 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 519 Permissions................................................................................................................. 519 Restrictions................................................................................................................. 520 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 521 Examples: Declare Global Temporary Table ..................................................................... 521 Declare Statement............................................................................................................. 522 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 522 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 522 Example: Declare Statement ......................................................................................... 522 Declare Table.................................................................................................................... 523 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 523 Description ................................................................................................................. 523 Permissions................................................................................................................. 523 Example: Declare Table ................................................................................................ 524 Delete ............................................................................................................................. 524 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 525 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 525 Permissions................................................................................................................. 528 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 528 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 528 Example: Delete .......................................................................................................... 528 Describe .......................................................................................................................... 528 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 529 Description ................................................................................................................. 529 Usage in OpenAPI, ODBC, JDBC, .NET............................................................................. 530 Permissions................................................................................................................. 530 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 530 Describe Input .................................................................................................................. 530 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 531 Disable Security_Audit ....................................................................................................... 531 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 532 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 533 Permissions................................................................................................................. 533 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 533 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 533 Example: Disable Security_Audit .................................................................................... 534 Disconnect ....................................................................................................................... 534 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 534 Usage in OpenAPI, ODBC, JDBC, .NET............................................................................. 535 Permissions................................................................................................................. 535 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 535 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 535

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Examples: Disconnect .................................................................................................. 535 Drop................................................................................................................................ 536 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 536 Description ................................................................................................................. 537 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 537 Permissions................................................................................................................. 537 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 537 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 538 Examples: Drop ........................................................................................................... 538 Drop Dbevent ................................................................................................................... 538 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 538 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 538 Permissions................................................................................................................. 539 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 539 Example: Drop Location ................................................................................................ 539 Drop Group ...................................................................................................................... 539 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 540 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 540 Permissions................................................................................................................. 540 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 540 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 540 Examples: Drop Group ................................................................................................. 540 Drop Integrity................................................................................................................... 541 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 541 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 541 Permissions................................................................................................................. 541 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 542 Examples: Drop Integrity .............................................................................................. 542 Drop Location ................................................................................................................... 542 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 542 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 542 Permissions................................................................................................................. 542 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 543 Related Statements: Drop Location ................................................................................ 543 Drop Procedure ................................................................................................................. 543 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 543 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 543 Permissions................................................................................................................. 543 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 544 Example: Drop Procedure.............................................................................................. 544 Drop Profile ...................................................................................................................... 544 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 544 Permissions................................................................................................................. 545

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Locking ...................................................................................................................... 545 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 545 Example: Drop Profile................................................................................................... 545 Drop Role......................................................................................................................... 545 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 545 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 546 Permissions................................................................................................................. 546 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 546 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 546 Example: Drop Role ..................................................................................................... 546 Drop Rule......................................................................................................................... 546 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 546 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 547 Permissions................................................................................................................. 547 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 547 Example: Drop Rule ..................................................................................................... 547 Drop Security_Alarm.......................................................................................................... 547 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 548 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 548 Permissions................................................................................................................. 548 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 548 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 548 Examples: Drop Security_Alarm..................................................................................... 549 Drop Sequence ................................................................................................................. 549 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 549 Permissions................................................................................................................. 549 Locking and Sequences................................................................................................. 549 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 550 Examples: Drop Sequence............................................................................................. 550 Drop Synonym.................................................................................................................. 550 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 550 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 550 Permissions................................................................................................................. 550 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 551 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 551 Example: Drop Synonym .............................................................................................. 551 Drop User ........................................................................................................................ 551 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 551 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 551 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 552 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 552 Example: Drop User ..................................................................................................... 552 Enable Security_Audit ........................................................................................................ 552

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Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 553 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 554 Permissions................................................................................................................. 554 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 554 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 554 Example: Enable Security_Audit..................................................................................... 555 Enddata ........................................................................................................................... 555 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 555 Permissions................................................................................................................. 555 Examples: Enddata ...................................................................................................... 555 End Declare Section........................................................................................................... 555 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 555 Permissions................................................................................................................. 556 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 556 Endselect ......................................................................................................................... 556 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 556 Description ................................................................................................................. 556 Permissions................................................................................................................. 557 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 557 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 557 Example: Endselect...................................................................................................... 557 Execute ........................................................................................................................... 557 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 558 Description ................................................................................................................. 559 Usage in OpenAPI, ODBC, JDBC, .NET............................................................................. 560 Permissions................................................................................................................. 561 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 561 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 561 Examples: Execute....................................................................................................... 562 Execute Immediate............................................................................................................ 562 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 563 Description ................................................................................................................. 563 Usage in OpenAPI, ODBC, JDBC, .NET............................................................................. 565 Permissions................................................................................................................. 565 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 566 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 566 Examples: Execute Immediate....................................................................................... 566 Execute Procedure............................................................................................................. 567 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 567 Description ................................................................................................................. 568 Passing Parameters - Non-Dynamic Version ..................................................................... 568 Passing Parameters - Dynamic Version............................................................................ 569 Positional Parameters Sample Syntax ............................................................................. 571

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Temporary Table Parameter .......................................................................................... 571 Execute Procedure Loops .............................................................................................. 572 Usage in OpenAPI, ODBC, JDBC, .NET............................................................................. 573 Permissions................................................................................................................. 573 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 573 Performance ............................................................................................................... 573 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 573 Examples: Execute Procedure ........................................................................................ 574 Fetch ............................................................................................................................... 575 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 576 Description ................................................................................................................. 577 Readonly Cursors and Performance ................................................................................ 577 Usage in OpenAPI, ODBC, JDBC, .NET............................................................................. 577 Permissions................................................................................................................. 578 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 578 Examples: Fetch .......................................................................................................... 579 For-EndFor ....................................................................................................................... 579 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 580 Description ................................................................................................................. 580 Permissions................................................................................................................. 581 Example: For-EndFor.................................................................................................... 582 Get Data .......................................................................................................................... 582 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 583 Permissions................................................................................................................. 583 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 583 Get Dbevent ..................................................................................................................... 584 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 584 Usage in OpenAPI ........................................................................................................ 584 Permissions................................................................................................................. 584 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 585 Grant (privilege) ............................................................................................................... 585 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 586 Types of Privileges ....................................................................................................... 587 Privilege Defaults ......................................................................................................... 594 Grant All Privileges Option............................................................................................. 595 Grant Option Clause ..................................................................................................... 598 Embedded Usage ......................................................................................................... 598 Permissions................................................................................................................. 599 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 599 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 599 Examples: Grant (privilege)........................................................................................... 600 Grant (role) ...................................................................................................................... 601 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 601

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Permissions................................................................................................................. 601 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 601 Example: Grant (role) .................................................................................................. 601 Help ................................................................................................................................ 602 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 603 Wildcards in Help Statement.......................................................................................... 605 Permissions................................................................................................................. 606 Locking ...................................................................................................................... 606 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 606 Examples: Help ........................................................................................................... 607 If-Then-Else ..................................................................................................................... 607 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 607 Description ................................................................................................................. 608 Permissions................................................................................................................. 610 Example: If-Then-Else .................................................................................................. 610 Include ............................................................................................................................ 611 Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 611 Description ................................................................................................................. 612 Permissions................................................................................................................. 612 Related Statements...................................................................................................... 612 Examples: Include ...........................................................