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MSL Review

Table of Contents

General Science Quick Review…………………..2

Standard 1- Forces and Motion Quick Review…………………..3 Constructed Response………….4 Multiple Choice………………...5

Standard 2- Matter: Properties and Change Quick Review………………….8 Constructed Response…………11 Multiple Choice………………..13

Standard 3- Energy: Conservation and Transfer Quick Review………………….18 Constructed Response…………20 Multiple Choice………………..22

General Science

Quick Review1. Scientific Method

Observation – Hypothesis – Experiment – Conclusion 2. Hypothesis is an educated prediction (educated guess)3. If an experiment disproves a hypothesis, then the hypothesis must be revised4. Scientific Law is a statement of an observation/pattern that is seen in nature5. Scientific Theory is a well test explanation for how something happens6. Don’t forget your common sense when dealing with safety!7. Remember how to read a graph!!!8. Scientific Notation- move decimal until between 1 and 10

Large Number = Positive Small Number = Negative

9. Metric Conversions King-Henry-Died-BY-Drinking-Chocolate-Milk

Standard 1- Forces and Motion

Quick Review1. USE THE REFERENCE TABLE!!!

a. YAY FORMULAS!!!2. Distance = length of the path taken (count every step!)3. Displacement = length between the start and finish (straight line!)4. Motion is Relative = Depends on your “Frame of Reference” (Where are you standing!)

In a car your friend is not moving, man on the street sees both you moving!5. Speed and Velocity are the same (Velocity includes the direction!)6. Acceleration = Changing Speed or Direction 7. Distance vs. Time

a. Horizontal (Flat) Line = No Motionb. Straight Line = Constant Velocityc. Curved Line = Acceleration

8. Velocity vs. Timea. Horizontal (Flat) Line = Constant Velocityb. Straight Line = Acceleration

9. Momentum = mass in motiona. Impulse = Force that changes momentum

10. Friction is a force that opposes motion (slows you down and tries to get you to stop!)a. Static, sliding, rolling, fluid

11. Projectile Motion = moving forward and down (curved path!)12. Weight = Force of Gravity (depends on the acceleration of gravity!)

Weight can change, Mass NEVER changes!!!13. Terminal Velocity: Weight = Air Resistance14. Forces can be Combined

Same Direction = Add; Opposite Directions = Subtract! Balanced (cancel each other out): the object doesn’t move Unbalanced (one is bigger): the object moves in the direction of the bigger force.

15. Newton’s 1st Law (Law of Inertia) An object at rest will stay at rest; An object in motion will stay in motion: UNLESS acted upon Inertia wants an object to keep doing whatever it is doing, and never change

16. Newton’s 2nd Law Force causes an Acceleration Weight!

17. Newton’s 3rd Law (Law of Action/Reaction Forces) Everything has an equal and opposite reaction You push on the wall and the wall pushes back on you These DO NOT cancel each other out!!!

Practice Questions

Constructed Response

1. Fall 2012 #1Describing an object’s movement depends on the frame of reference that is being used.

What is a frame of reference?

Choose one object in the classroom and provide an example of how that object can be used as a frame of reference.

2. How does frame of reference affect how motion is described?

3. Give an example to illustrate the difference between speed and velocity.

4. How is a velocity of zero different from an acceleration of zero?

5. Give an example of conditions when two objects (Object A=1 kg and Object B=10 kg) would have the same momentum.

6. Walking or running would not be possible without friction. Describe how friction is used in this process. Identify the type(s) of friction involved.

Multiple Choice

1. If Bob walks 2 blocks east, 4 blocks south, and 2 blocks west, what is his displacement?a. 2 blocks south

b. 4 blocks southc. 2 blocks south, 2 blocks eastd. 4 blocks south, 2 blocks east

Support your answer with an explanation and reasoning for calculations.

2. If Bob walks 2 blocks east, 4 blocks south, and 2 blocks west, what distance has he traveled? a. 2 blocksb. 4 blocksc. 6 blocksd. 8 blocks

Support your answer with an explanation and reasoning for calculations.

3. What is the motion that is represented in the graphs below?

a. The object is changing velocity during the entire time.b. The object is moving at constant velocity during the entire time.c. The object is changing velocity initially then moving at a constant velocity. d. The object is not moving during any time interval.

Support your answer with an explanation and reasoning for those choices you view as incorrect.

4. Which statement is true about an object in freefall? Assume negligible air resistance. a. The object has a constant velocity.b. The object has a constant acceleration.c. The acceleration of the object increases as it falls.d. The velocity decreases as the acceleration decreases as it falls.

Support your answer with an explanation involving gravity and reasoning for those choices you view as incorrect.

5. How much does a 125.0 kg object weigh on Earth?a. 784.0 Nb. 12.76 Nc. 1113 N

d. 1225 NSupport your answer with an explanation and reasoning for your calculations.

6. Brakes on a car are designed to use friction to slow or stop a vehicle. Brake shoes and pads are lined with a heat-resistant material that presses against rotating disks or drums. Which type of frictional force causes a car to slow when the brakes are applied?

a. Fluidb. Rollingc. Slidingd. Static


7. When a driver applies brakes quickly which of the following best explains why a book on the seat keeps moving forward?

a. Gravity pushes the book forward.b. There is no frictional force acting on the book.c. The brakes apply a force to the car, but not to the book.d. The book accelerates in the direction of the applied force.

Support you answer with an explanation and reasoning for those choices you view as incorrect.

The graph below shows data for various amounts of force and mass.

8. Which statement is true about the relationship shown?a. There is an inverse relationship between force and mass.b. The acceleration is equal to the slope of the line.c. Acceleration increases as the mass increases.d. The mass of the object is not related to force.


9. If you push a book across a table, which of the following describes the reaction force?a. The book pushes on the table.b. The book pushes on you.c. The table pushes on the book.

d. You push on the table.Support your answer with an explanation and reasoning for those choices you view as incorrect.

10. A hockey stick applies a force to a puck that results in an acceleration of 3.0 m/s/s. What would be the effect on the acceleration of the hockey puck if the force is tripled?

a. The acceleration would remain the same.b. The acceleration would be reduced to 1.0 m/s/s.c. The acceleration would be increased to 6.0 m/s/s.d. The acceleration would be increased to 9.0 m/s/s.


Standard 2- Matter: Properties and Change

Quick Review

1. USE THE REFERENCE TABLE!!! PERIODIC TABLE and POLYATOMIC IONS!!!

2. Homogeneous- All looks the same Solutions

3. Heterogeneous- Can see different parts Suspension Colloid

4. Pure Substance- always exactly the same5. Mixture- can change concentrations of substances6. Element- 1 kind of atom7. Compound- atoms chemically bonded together8. Metals- Left of the stair-step line9. Nonmetals- Right of the stair-step line10. Metalloids- On the stair-step line11. Physical Property- observed/measured without changing the substance

Density, Melting Point, Boiling Point, Solubility, Viscosity, Conductivity12. Physical Change- a change that does not change the composition of the substance13. Phase Changes are Physical Changes

melting, boiling, vaporization, and condensation During a phase change the temperature stays the same (when ice melts the temp. is 0 °C until it is

all liquid) Evaporation- vaporization without boiling

14. Chemical Change- creates new substances Flammability and Reactivity Evidence of a chemical change: Formation of a solid (precipitate), a gas, or light. Change in

temperature or color.15. Basic Atomic Structure

Nucleus:i. Protons and Neutrons

ii. Small, Dense, and Positiveiii. 99% of atom’s mass

Electron Areai. Mostly Empty Space

ii. 99% of atom’s volume16. 3 subatomic particles:

Proton (+1 charge, mass = 1, found in nucleus) Neutron (0 charge, mass = 1, found in nucleus) Electron (-1 charge, mass = 0, found outside of the nucleus)

17. Niels Bohr Solar System Model Protons and Neutrons in the nucleus Electrons in Energy Levels (EL) EL1: 2 electrons; EL2: 8 electrons; EL3: 18 electrons; EL4: 32 electrons 1st energy level is closest to the nucleus Must gain energy in order to go up in energy levels

18. Electron Cloud Model Current model of an atom Same nucleus and energy levels as the Bohr model Cannot know the exact position of the electrons Orbitals show the most likely area to find an electron

19. Atomic Number = Number of Protons (THIS DETERMINES THE ELEMENT!!!)

20. Number of Protons = Number of Electrons (Must have the same number of “+’s” as “–‘s”21. Isotopes are atoms of the same element (same # of protons) with different #’s of neutrons22. Mass Number = (Number of Protons) + (Number of Neutrons)23. Periodic Table

Period = side-to-side Increasing Atomic Number (Number of Protons) from Left-to-Right

Group (or Family) = up-and-down Same Group = Same Chemical Properties = Same # of Valence Electrons

Group # Group Name # of Valence Electrons Oxidation State (Charge)1 Alkali Metals 1 +12 Alkaline Earth Metals 2 +213 3 +314 4 ±415 5 -316 6 -217 Halogens 7 -118 Noble Gases 8 (except He) 0

24. Valence Electrons determine the chemical properties!!!25. Largest Atomic Radius: Fr26. Smallest Atomic Radius: He27. Most Reactive Metal: Fr28. Most Reactive Nonmetal: F29. Ionic Bonds

Metal (positive) and Nonmetal (negative) Form a Crystal Lattice Transfer electrons from metal to nonmetal To write a formula: Figure out the Oxidation State (charge) of each element, then Cross the

Charges to make subscripts o Put ( ) around Polyatomic Ions Before you cross the charges!!!

30. Covalent Bonds Nonmetal and Nonmetal Sharing of electrons To write a formula: Write the elements, and then look at the prefixes the number

31. Metallic Bonds A “sea of electrons” Valence electrons are allowed to move anywhere in the object

32. Law of Conservation of Matter Matter cannot be created or destroyed You must balance chemical equations Steps: Count the number of each element on each side, use coefficients to make the number

balance out (Remember: you can only multiply!!!)33. Types of Chemical Reactions

Synthesis: A + B AB Decomposition: AB A + B Single Replacement: A + BC B + AC Double Replacement (and Neutralization): AB + CD AD + CB

34. Exothermic Reaction- releases heat, temp. goes up, reactants have more energy35. Endothermic Reaction- absorbs heat, temp. goes down, reactants have less energy36. Dissolving

Solute attracted to Solvent

37. Solute- what is being dissolved (salt)38. Solvent- what is doing the dissolving (water)39. Polarity

Polar Molecule- a positive side and a negative side (WATER) Nonpolar Molecule- even charges (CARBON DIOXIDE) “Like Dissolves Like”: Polar molecules dissolved other polar molecules

40. Solutions with ions (ionic compounds, acid, or bases) conduct electricity41. To increase the rate of dissolving: Increase the concentration, stirring, temperature, surface area (grid it

into a power)42. Unsaturated- less than the maximum amount of solute (below the solubility curve)43. Saturated- maximum amount of solute (on the solubility curve)44. Supersaturated- more than the maximum amount of solute (above the solubility curve)45. Acid

Formulas start with “H” Form H+ or H3O+ ions Taste sour React with metals to form hydrogen gas React with carbonates to form carbon dioxide gas 0 – 6 pH Litmus turns Red Phenolphthalein turns Clear/Colorless

46. Base Formulas end with “OH” Form OH- ions Taste bitter Feels slippery

i. Reacts with fats/oils to make soap 8 – 14 pH Litmus turns blue Phenolphthalein turns Pink

47. Neutralization Reaction: Acid + Base Salt + Water Salt = ionic compound

48. Chemical Reactions = Valence Electrons; Nuclear Reactions = the Nucleus49. 3 types of Radiation:

Alpha Particle (α or 42He) a helium nucleus with 2 proton and 2 neutrons, can be blocked by

paper Beta Particle (β or 1

-1e) an electron, can be blocked by metal foil Gamma Ray (γ) high energy light, blocked by concrete and lead, the most dangerous!

50. Fission- splitting of a nucleus into smaller pieces51. Fusion- combining nuclei 52. Half-Life- time it takes for half of a sample to decay (break down)53. Good Things- Helps in medicine, provides a lot of energy for electricity54. Bad Things- Waste must be stored for 10,000 years, very expensive

Practice Questions


1. Fall 2012 #2Matter changes from one state to another state during a phase change.

Explain how the processes of evaporation and boiling are similar.

Explain how the processes of evaporation and boiling are different.

2. At one atmosphere pressure water boils at 100 °C, but evaporation occurs at all temperatures.(a) Explain the process of evaporation of water.

(b) Why does water evaporate but oil does not?

The following table shows the solubility in 100 g of water of two compounds containing potassium ions.

3. Compare the solubility of the two compounds at 20 °C. What explanation would account for the difference in solubility?

4. Identity the type of chemical bond found in each compound. Justify your answers.(a) NaCl

(b) CO

(c) KI

(d) SiF4

5. Two properties of metals are ductility and malleability. Explain how these properties are related to metallic bonding.

6. Give the chemical formula and name for the following combinations. Explain your reasoning. Sodium and sulfur

Carbon and oxygen

7. Explain the laboratory observations that could be used to determine if a substance is an acid or base.

8. Describe what happens when a solution of hydrochloric acid is mixed with a solution of sodium hydroxide.

9. Compare nuclear fission and fusion reactions.

Multiple Choice

1. Which material would be classified as homogeneous?a. Stainless steel boltb. Granite rockc. Soda popd. Apple


2. Which of the elements listed is a metalloid?a. Carbonb. Antimonyc. Sulfurd. Helium


3. What classification would best describe a material with the following characteristics? White liquid Not separated by filtration Scatters light

a. Elementb. Solution c. Colloidd. Suspension


The graph below shows a heating curve for a pure substance at normal atmospheric pressure. Use the graph to answer the questions that follow.

4. What happens to the molecules during segment II?a. Energy of the molecules forms chemical bonds.b. Energy of the molecules breaks chemical bonds.c. Energy of the molecules overcomes intermolecular attractions.d. Energy of the molecules strengthens intermolecular attractions.


5. What phase change occurs during segment IV of the graph?a. Solid to liquidb. Solid to gasc. Liquid to gasd. Liquid to solid


6. What process occurs during segment III?a. Increase in temperature of the solidb. Increase in temperature of the liquidc. Melting of the solidd. Boiling of the liquid


7. Which is a characteristic property of aluminum?a. Reacts with oxygen to form rustb. Reacts with waterc. Dissolves in alcohold. Forms into a wire


8. One characteristic that can be used to identify pure metals is density. The table below provides the density of some common metals.

A ring is determined to have a density of 15.3 g/cm3. What would be the best conclusion concerning the composition of the ring?

a. The ring does not contain any of the metals listed.b. The ring contains a mixture of metals.c. The ring must be made of pure gold.d. The ring must be made of pure lead.

Support you answer with an explanation.

9. Which element is represented by the diagram below?

a. Magnesiumb. Sodium

c. Titaniumd. Vanadium


10. Which element could have the dot diagram shown below?:X

a. Carbon b. Heliumc. Magnesiumd. Potassium


11. A recently discovered element would be placed in Group I, Period 8 of the periodic table. Which statement would best describe this element?

a. This element has a -1 oxidation number.b. This element will form an ion with +1 charge.c. This element has two valence elections.d. This element is a gas.


12. How many valence electrons does a phosphorus atom contain?a. 5b. 7c. 9d. 15


13. Which of the following metals is more reactive than magnesium?a. Aluminumb. Calciumc. Copperd. Zinc


14. Which combinations of elements will form an ionic bond?a. Carbon and hydrogenb. Chlorine and magnesiumc. Chlorine and fluorined. Hydrogen and oxygen


15. What is the correct chemical formula for magnesium phosphate?a. Mg3Pb. MgPO4 c. Mg3PO4 d. Mg3(PO4)2

16. What is the coefficient of iron (Fe) when the following chemical equation is balanced?Fe + Cl2 FeCl3

a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4

Justify your answer with an explanation of how you balanced the equation.

17. Which is a synthesis reaction?a. 2H2O 2H2 + O2 b. Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2 c. 2Cu + O2 2CuOd. HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O


18. Which pH would indicate the most acidic substance?a. 2b. 4c. 10d. 14


Use the chart below to answer the questions that follow.

19. Which type of naturally occurring radioactivity results in an increase in atomic number of an atom?a. Fusionb. Alpha decayc. Beta decayd. Gamma rays


20. What particles are the products of the natural radioactive decay of an atom of uranium-238?a. Thorium-234 and an alpha particleb. Radium-226 and an alpha particlec. Uranium-234 and a beta particled. Polonium-218 and a beta particle


21. A radioactive isotope of iodine has a half-life of 8 days. What amount of an 80 gram sample would remain unchanged after 24 days?

a. 10 gramsb. 20 gramsc. 30 gramsd. 40 grams

Support your answer with an explanation of your thinking through the process of each half-life.

Standard 3- Energy: Conservation and Transfer

Quick Review

1. USE THE REFERENCE TABLE!!! FORMULAS and ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM!!!

2. Kinetic Energy is the energy of motion More Speed = More Kinetic Energy

3. Potential Energy is stored energy Gravitational Potential Energy is energy stored in height

Higher Up = More Energy Thermal (Heat), Electrical (Electric Charges), Nuclear (Atom’s Nucleus), Chemical (Chemical

Bonds)4. Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can be transformed into other types. What you start with, you must end with!

5. To do Work an object must move in the same direction as the force! No Movement = No Work (Carrying an object = No Work!)

6. Power = how fast you do work7. IMA- Perfect World. (NO FRICTION!)

Always larger8. AMA- Real World. (FRICTION!)9. Nothing is every 100% efficient

More work in than out! Friction!

10. Simple Machines Inclined Plane- Wedge and Screw Lever- Pulley and Wheel & Axle

11. Heat Flows from HOT TO COLD!!! High Specific Heat (Heat Capacity) = Lot of energy to increase the temperature.

12. 3 Ways to transfer heat: Conduction (Things touch, touch a hot stove) Convection (a fluid or gas moves hot particles around, the A/C in your house), Radiation (transfer using electromagnetic waves, heat from a fire)

13. Nothing is every 100% efficient. (You put more energy in than you get out) Friction slows things down and causes heat

14. Energy can be transferred by a wave. Transverse (Goes up and down while moving forward) Longitudinal/Compressional (Goes in the same direction it is moving)

15. Waves move the fastest in solids and the slowest in gases16. Wavelength is the distance between 2 crests17. Amplitude is the height of the wave from the rest position

More Amplitude = More Energy18. Frequency is the number of waves in 1 second19. All Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light, 3.0 x 108 m/s

As Frequency goes up, Wavelength goes down! Higher Frequency = Higher Energy

20. Reflection- wave bounces back21. Refraction- wave bends22. Interference

Constructive- add

Destructive- subtract23. Opposite Charges Attract24. Gaining Electrons = Negative25. Static Electricity is when a charge builds up, but does not move26. 3 Ways to charge an object:

Conduction (objects touch) Friction (objects rub together) Induction (objects come close but do not touch)

27. Ohm’s Law (V = IR)28. Open Circuit (break in the line) = Power Off29. Closed Circuit (no breaks) = Power On30. Series Circuit (1 path for electrons, 1 resistor breaks = everything stops, current is the same everywhere)31. Parallel Circuit (many paths for electrons, 1 resistor breaks = rest keep working, voltage is the same

everywhere)32. Groups of atoms with aligned magnet fields form a magnetic domain33. Electromagnets have 3 parts: battery, wire, and core34. 3 ways to make them stronger:

more current wrap the wire more times around the core use an easily magnetized core

35. Motors use electrical energy to create mechanical energy36. Generators use mechanical energy to create electrical energy

Practice Questions


1. Fall 2012 #3A student is holding a stack of books.

Is the student doing any work on the books? Explain your answer.

2. Fall 2012 #4A man wants to move a 200 N box a height of 4 meters, using a ramp that is 5 meters long.

What type of simple machine is the ramp?

Describe what happens to the input force now as a result of using the ramp to move the box.

Calculate the Ideal Mechanical Advantage (IMA) of the ramp. Show your work.

3. Fall 2012 #5A wave has a frequency of 55 Hz and a speed of 35 m/s.

What is the wavelength of the wave? Show your work.

If the frequency of the wave increases, what will happen to the wavelength?

4. Fall 2012 #6A girl drops a penny in the shallow end of a swimming pool. As she bends down to pick up the penny, she realizes that the penny is farther away in the pool than it appears.

Identify the wave behavior that is taking place.

How does the wave behavior cause the penny to appear closer than it actually is?

5. In order to measure its temperature, a thermometer is placed in a cup of hot water. Explain what happens as to the liquid in the thermometer and how you know when it has reached an accurate temperature reading.

6. A roller coaster car has gravitational potential energy at the top of a hill. Explain the change in energy of the car as it reaches the bottom of the hill. Consider conditions with and without friction.

7. An upward force is applied to a box in order to lift it. Holding the box in place, the lifter walks across the room to place the box on a shelf of the same height. Compare the work done on the box in lifting and carrying. Justify your answer.

8. Compare the mechanical advantage of the two pulley systems shown below.

9. Compare conduction of electric charge with prior knowledge of conduction of heat.

10. If a compass is placed in a magnetic field caused b a current-carrying wire, what will happen to the compass needle?

11. How can the strength of an electromagnet in a generator be increased?

12. Explain how the magnetic strip on the back of an ATM or credit card works to identify the user.

Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following occurs as a pot of soup on a hot burner begins to boil?a. Thermal energy is not transferred.b. Thermal energy is transferred from the burner to the air to the soup.c. Thermal energy is transferred from the burner to the pot to the soup.d. Thermal energy is transferred from the soup to the burner.


2. Why does a metal spoon feel colder to the touch than a wooden spoon at the same temperature?a. Metals have a lower boiling point than wood.b. Metals transfer more thermal energy.c. Wood is a better reflector of radiant energy.d. Wood has less mass than metal.


Use the diagram below to answer the questions that follow.Two students play catch with a baseball. It moves along the path A to B to C.

3. Which statement best describes the energy of the ball as it moves from position A to position B?a. The total mechanical energy of the object increases.b. The total energy of the object is constant neglecting air resistance.c. The kinetic energy of the object is at a maximum at point B.d. The potential energy of the object is constant.


4. What happens to the mechanical energy that the ball possesses after John catches the ball?a. It remains mechanical energy but is transferred from the ball to John.b. Kinetic energy of the ball is transformed into heat.c. Potential energy of the ball is transformed into chemical energy.d. The energy no longer exists.


5. A force of 50 newtons is applied to a rock for one hour. How much work is done on the rock if it does not move?

a. 3000 joulesb. 400 joulesc. 50 joulesd. 0 joules


6. How much work is done when 25 joules of energy is used to move a talbe 2.5 meters across a frictionless surface?

a. 0 Jb. 20 Jc. 25 Jd. 30 J


7. How much power is required to lift a 2.00 kg object 5.00 meters in 4.5 seconds?a. 0.45 wattsb. 2.22 wattsc. 21.8 wattsd. 45.0 watts

Support your answer with an explanation of calculations you used.

8. A string is tied around a balance beam and hung so the balance beam is perfectly balanced. One cup is placed at the right end of the beam. Another cup is placed on the left side of the beam closer to the middle than the right cup. Two cubes are placed in the cup on the right.

How many cubes should be placed in the left sup in order to balance the beam?a. 2 cubesb. 4 cubesc. 6 cubesd. 8 cubes

9. What is the effect on frequency of a wave when the wavelength is doubled?a. Frequency is also doubled.b. Frequency remains the same.c. Frequency is reduced to one-fourth.d. Frequency is reduced to one-half.


10. A sound wave with a frequency of 240 hertz travels through a material at a speed of 340 meters per second. Which statement is true about a sound wave with a frequency of 300 hertz traveling in the same material.

a. It would travel at the same speed.b. It would have the same wavelength.c. It would have the same period.d. It would have the same frequency.


11. Which statement is true for all types of waves?a. Wave speed is determined by the frequency.b. Wave speed increases as the wavelength of the wave increases.c. Wave motion transports particles of matter.d. Wave motion transfers energy from one place to another.


12. Which type of wave can travel in a vacuum?a. Soundb. Mechanicalc. Surfaced. Electromagnetic


13. Which type of wave would be classified as compressional?a. Visible lightb. Ultrasoundc. X-raysd. Radio waves


14. Which wave interaction best explains glare on the windshield of a car?a. Diffractionb. Interferencec. Reflectiond. Refraction


15. What wave interaction best explains the production of an image on a glass window as you walk by a store front?

a. Diffractionb. Interferencec. Reflectiond. Refraction


16. The bending and change in speed of water waves as they approach a shoreline is explained by what process?

a. Diffractionb. Interferencec. Reflectiond. Refraction


17. A student noticed that a woolen sweater was clinging to a silk scarf. Why would these pieces of clothing be clinging together?

a. The static charge of both pieces of clothing is the same.b. The static charge of both pieces is positive.c. The static charge of both pieces is negative.d. The static charge of one piece of clothing is positive and the other is negative.


18. The leaves of a neutral electroscope move apart when a negatively charged object is brought near. Which statement explains why this occurs?

a. Electrons moved downward to the leaves of the electroscope.b. Electrons move to the top of the electroscope.c. Protons moved toward the top of the electroscope.d. Protons moved downward to the leaves of the electroscope.


19. What is the current in a circuit that has a potential difference of 120 volts and a resistance of 2 ohms?a. 240 ampsb. 60 ampsc. 40 ampsd. 0 amps


20. Given that the voltages and individual resistances in the diagrams below are equal, which statement would be true?

a. The current is greater in the circuit on the left.b. The current is greater in the circuit on the right.c. The total resistance is greater in the circuit on the right.d. The total resistance is the same in both circuits.


21. A section of copper wire has a set resistance. Which of the following changes would provide less resistance?

a. A longer copper wire of the same thicknessb. A thinner copper wire of the same lengthc. A thicker copper wire of the same lengthd. Increase in temperature of the wire


22. Which statement best describes the magnetic orientation of the two magnets shown in the diagram below?

a. B and C are both north-seeking poles.b. B and C are both south-seeking polesc. A and C are both north-seeking poles.d. A and C are both south-seeking poles.


23. What is the purpose of a transformer?a. Change the voltage of alternating currentb. Change the resistance of direct currentc. Convert potential to kinetic energyd. Convert mechanical energy to electrical energy


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