ms. darlene tempelton january, 2010. ferdinand and isabella of spain henry viii of england
TRANSCRIPT
Population increases following the Black Death of the 15th century
Increased urban population Increasing number of people in the
“Middle Class” More people, both male and female,
who are literate in the vernacular
Rule of celibacy largely ignored No standardized education for
priests Simony common Pluralism and absenteeism
After the Fall of the Roman Empire in the West, the popes had taken on increased political and civil responsibilities
The Papal states were established in 756, giving the popes political control over central Italy
The height of Papal power and authority had taken place in the early 13th century with the pontificate of Pope Innocent III
Born 1483 in Eisleben, Germany
Studied law at University of Erfurt
Enters the Augustinian monastery at Erfurt in 1505
Ordained a priest in 1507
Received a PhD in theology in 1513 at Wittenberg University
Becomes a professor of theology at Wittenberg
“Sola Fidei” – salvation comes from faith alone
“Sola Scriptura” – religious authority rests in the Bible alone
“Sola Gratia” – salvation comes from God’s grace
“Sola Christus” – Christ alone is the mediator between God and humanity
“Priesthood of all Believers” – all are equal by virtue of their baptism
Only two sacraments have been divinely founded – baptism and Lord’s Supper
All vocations have equal value
Luther as Junker Jorge
Luther’s hidden room at Wartburg where he translated the New Testament to German
The Small Catechism (1529) The Large Catechism (1529) Luther’s German Bible (1534) The Augsburg Confession (1530)
Philip Melanchthon The Augsburg Confession
The Catholic Church was in need of reform The Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, was
more concerned with the threat of a Turkish invasion than with dealing with heresy
Luther had the support of local German princes, such as the Elector of Saxony
German princes wished to have authority over their local church and were resentful of paying taxes to Rome
The emphasis on Scripture reading and a more democratic style of church government appealed to the educated laity
Catholic priest Pastor at
Grossmunster Church, Zurich
Influenced by the writings of Erasmus and Luther
Awesome preacher who studied the Bible texts in their ancient languages
Zwingli
Baptism is a sign of God’s Covenant, but does not take away Original Sin
Denies the Real Presence in the Eucharist (memorialism)
The State governs with Divine sanction – both Church and State are governed by God
Born in Noyon, France in 1509
Studied law at Orleans Studied theology at
Bourges Had a conversion
experience and became a Protestant
Fled France for Switzerland Settled in Geneva, where
he became the leader of the Reformed community there
T Total Depravity
U Unconditional election
L Limited atonement
I Irresistible Grace
P Perseverance of the saints
Christ is spiritually present in the Eucharist
Scripture as authoritative Democratic church government –
presbyters Church should be purified of all non-
Biblical elements No separation of Church and State –
establishment of the City of God on earth
Calvin’s writings had a greater impact on the
future of Protestant thought
than did the writings of any other reformer, including Luther
PuritansPuritans in England Presbyterians Presbyterians in Scotland HuguenotsHuguenots in France The Dutch ReformedThe Dutch Reformed in the Netherlands German ReformedGerman Reformed in the Holy Roman
Empire
The Anglican Church of England and, later, the Methodist and Baptist Churches were also strongly influenced by Calvinist thought
The Reformation in England The Reformation in England was different from the was different from the Reformation on the Continent Reformation on the Continent in that it took place over in that it took place over politicalpolitical, not , not theologicaltheological, , issuesissues
The pope refused to make a decision concerning Henry’s request for an annulment
Thomas Cranmer suggested asking theologians and university professors about the legitimacy of Henry’s marriage
They agree that the pope does not have the right to interfere in political matters Thomas Cranmer
First Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury
The monarch was the Supreme head of the church
Some parts of the Mass were in English
An English translation of the Bible was placed in all parishes
Henry married four more times in an attempt to find love, to have a male heir and to make alliances with Protestant Europe
Jane Seymour
Anne of Cleves
Catherine Howard
Katherine Parr
Henry’s son by Jane Seymour
Strongly Protestant
During his reign the English church was influenced by the teachings of Calvin and Zwingli
Act of Uniformity of 1549 Book of Common Prayer Forty-Two Articles of Faith
Mass replaced with Protestant Service Two sacraments Denied transubstantiation Adopted much of Calvin’s theology
Edward died of tuberculosis before much of this could be implemented
The Catholic daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon
Reinstated Catholic Church as official church in England
Married Philip II of Spain
Inquisition
Act of Supremacy of 1559 Monarch is “Supreme Governor” of
the Church Act of Uniformity Thirty-nine Articles of Faith
Established the Anglican Church as the “via media” between Catholicism
and Protestantism
Conrad Grebel and Felix Manz were followers of Zwingli who broke away over the issue of infant baptism
They were the first to be “rebaptized” as adults
Conrad Grebel
“Believers baptism” Separation of Church and State Love of neighbor – which resulted in
pacifism Strong church discipline – a sinner who
does not repent is cast out
These beliefs – especially separation of Church and State – were extremely radical for the 16th century and led to intense persecution of Anabaptists by both Catholics and Protestants
Catholic priest from Friesland
Joined Anabaptists in 1536
Became leader of Anabaptists in Holland and by the time of his death in 1561 the Dutch Anabaptists were being referred to an “Mennonites”
Menno Simons
Split from the Mennonites over the issue of shunning
Most of his followers would emigrate to Pennsylvania
Jacob Amman
PROTESTANTPROTESTANT CATHOLICCATHOLIC
Justification by faith alone
2 sacraments instituted by Christ
Scripture alone as source of doctrine
No hierarchy
No Real Presence (except Lutherans)
Justification by faith and works
7 sacraments instituted by Christ
Scripture and Tradition as source of doctrine
Hierarchy divinely instituted
Real Presence
PROTESTANTPROTESTANT CATHOLICCATHOLIC
Clergy – teachers and leaders
Clergy non-celibate Christ alone
mediates between humanity and God – no reliance on saints and Mary
Clergy – necessary for sacraments
Clergy celibate Saints and Mary as
mediators between humans and God
In addition, Protestant churches who follow Calvin believe in predestination and limited atonement.Some Protestant churches also read Scripture literally