Semester Review Earth Space Science – Spring, 2013

Part 1 – Early Earth, Oceans and Atmosphere

1.Early life on Earth was restricted to the oceans because:

· U V radiation killed anything that tried to crawl onto land.

· ocean water offered the only protection from deadly U V radiation.

· the ozone layer hadn’t developed to protect the dry continents from UV.

2.A lot of extra CO2 is “swallowed up” by Earth’s vast oceans: some is dissolved into

sea water & some of it is tied up in lime seashells and in rocks like limestone.

3.Why was the variety of life so limited until 2.5 billion years ago?

· There wasn’t enough molecular oxygen (O2) and ozone (O3) until then.

4.During earlier times, the surface of Earth was a “magma ocean.” During this stage, the

heaviest elements (iron) sank while the lightest elements (silicon) rose to surface

5.After a big planetesimal slammed into Earth 4.5 billion years ago, a big blob of molten

material was ejected to form the moon.

Part 2 – Why Water?

6.The “habitable zone” for life around a distant star would be the range of distance from

the star in which water would be in the liquid state.

7.Water’s abilities to: [ a) dissolve other chemicals and b) stick to itself and to other materials ] are due to the fact that water is a polar molecule.

C 8. One of these planets is too hot. One of these planets is too cold. Which of these planets is “just right”? (has just the right balance of CO2 in its atmosphere to keep water liquid)

a)Mercuryb)Venusc)Earthd)Mars

Part 2 – Atmospheric Structure, Ozone Hole and Clouds

F 9.The major “ozone-eater” is the chlorine in CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons).

10.This is the layer of the atmosphere where most of our weather (storms, rain, etc.) occurs

Fluffy cumulus and low-lying gray stratus clouds form here. It is the troposphere.

11.This layer merges with outer space; Hydrogen and Helium are the dominant gases up

here.It is the exosphere.

12.This is the calm, still layer; the ozone layer forms here. High, icy cirrus clouds and thetops of cumulonimbus clouds are here. Iridescent nacreous clouds (the PSCs that help

break down ozone) are here, too. It is the stratosphere.

13.This is the middle layer of the atmosphere, where meteorites burn up. Noctilucent

clouds (PMCs) form way up here, too. It is the mesosphere.

Part 6 – Name these Major Cloud Types

14. These high-level clouds are made of ice crystals being blown apart by high-level winds.

If they are followed by cirrostratus and cirrocumulus clouds, a change in the weather

may be coming! - cirrus

15. These medium-altitude, puffy clouds indicate a warm front with slow, steady rain is

coming in the next few hours – altocumulus

16. These towering clouds are associated with thunderstorms and have flat “anvil” tops –

cumulonimbus

17.These fluffy low-level clouds often form on a warm sunny day and may not lead to any

rain or snow at all. They are puffy and made of wet water droplets - cumulus

18. On a clear cool day, you see wispy cirrus clouds moving in from

the southwest. Later in the afternoon, a gray blanket of stratus

clouds moves in, to be replaced by ugly lower-lying

nimbostratus clouds and fog. A steady rain starts to

fall and lasts for several days. A warm front

has passed through.

19. It’s warm and humid with southeast winds. You can see

tall cumulonimbus clouds off to the northwest.

During the night, a terrific thunderstorm with a

tremendous lightning displays passes through in just

a few hours. The next day, it’s cool, dry and

sunny with brisk northerly breezes. A cold

front has passed through in the past 24 hours.

Part 3 – Earth’s Interior and Magnetic Field

20.The magnetic field originates in the outer core, which has currents of liquid iron

creating an electromagnetic effect.

21.What evidence do scientists have to support the idea that the outer core is liquid?

blocking of seismic S waves, which do not travel through liquids.

22.Seismic waves show a sudden increase in speed between the crust and the mantle.

This sudden increase in wave speed marks a sharp boundary called the:

Mohorovičić Discontinuity (or Moho for short)

23.Label the iron filing patterns below formed over two magnets as like poles or unlike

poles facing each other: B)B)

A)______ poles

Like

________ poles

Unlike

24.Draw a star where would you find the strongest magnetic

field strength on the diagram at the right:

Part 4 - Specific Gravity and Mineral Properties

25 – 26: Magnetite (SG = 5.2) and olivine (SG = 3.3) are common minerals in mantle.

Quartz (SG = 2.65), Feldspar (SG = 2.6), Halite (SG = 2.2) & Calcite (SG = 2.7)

are common minerals in the crust.

Granite has an S.G. of about 2.6. Basalt has an S.G. of about 3.0.

25.The S.G. of the mantle rocks is higher than with the S.G. of the crustal rocks.

26.On the diagram below, basalt (ocean crust) and granite (continental crust):

basalt

granite

27 – 29: You weigh a mineral in air and it weighs 360.0 g. In water, it only weighs 310.0 g.

310.0 g in Water

27. The buoyant force is 50 g.

360.0 g in air

28.The mineral’s specific gravity is 7.2

29. Mineral Name (See Specific Gravity Table.):

a) Galena b) Pyritec) Quartzd) Gypsum

???? g

30 – 31: A mineral weighs 612.0 g in air. When it is lowered into the overflow bucket, 120.0 g

of water collects in the catch bucket.

612.0 g in air

30.What is the specific gravity for this mineral?

5.1

31. Calculate the buoyant force:

120 g

120 g

Mohs’ Hardness Scale

Talc Gypsum Calcite Fluorite Apatite Orthoclase Quartz Topaz Corundum Diamond

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

B 32.A mineral will scratch quartz, but will not scratch corundum. It could be:

a) Turquoise b) Topaz c) Tungsten d) Talc

33.You have a mineral that will scratch apatite, but will not

scratch quartz. Its hardness number is 6 .

34.You are holding a mineral that will scratch a penny, but

will not scratch glass. Which of these minerals could it be?

a) talcb) gypsum c) fluorite d) quartz

35.Shiny, transparent minerals such as quartz and calcite are said to have glassy luster.

36.Shiny, opaque minerals (coated with a “sea of electrons”) reflect all light to create

metallic luster.

C 37.Muscovite Mica has the chemical formula K Al3 Si3 O10 (OH)2 . It contains all of the following elements except one. Name the exception:

a) Siliconb) Aluminumc) Magnesiumd) Oxygen

C 38.Which of the following minerals would make a good copper ore mineral?

a) Hematite (Fe2O3)b) Sphalerite (ZnS)

c) Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2)d) Pyrite (Fe2S3)

39.You have a mineral which is sub-metallic gray and has perfect basal cleavage (“1”). You

can scratch it easily with your fingernail, causing your fingertips to become smudged

with black marks. You can use it to write its name on your paper! It is graphite.

40.You are looking at two crystal faces from different parts

of the same mineral. Both are brassy yellow with

metallic luster. The mineral is most likely pyrite.

41.You are looking at a glassy silicate mineral. It is a mottled mixture of olive green

and dark green granules. It is hard enough to scratch glass, but the small grains

crumble and fall out when you test it. It must be olivine.

42.A hydrothermal vein contains pyrite (Fe2S3), galena (PbS) and sphalerite (ZnS).

Their chemical formulas help explain why, because they all contain the element sulfur.

43. Pretty blue minerals such as turquoise, chrysacolla and azurite get their colors from

the metal copper.

44.Drill core samples from the Mediterranean Sea show thick layers of gypsum dating

back to 6 million years ago. This indicates that, 6 million years ago, the Mediterranean:

had completely dried up.

45. This oxide mineral can be made of glittery silver flakes or hexagonal flat plates that look

like metal mica; polished samples look like liquid metal. There is also a powdery, reddish-brown massive form. All forms have a maroon-colored streak. It is hematite.

46 – 51: Silicate Structural Groups Matching (Pictures match with A – D as well.)

B 46.Weak bonds between layers cause these minerals to splitA. Chain Structure

into flat layers ( one direction cleavage ); 3 oxygens sharedB. Sheet Structure

A 47.These minerals tend to be stringy or fibrous; 2 oxygens sharedC. Independent

D 48.These have strong bonds in all directions; as a result, they Tetrahedra

are hard and tend to break with fracture; all 4 oxygens sharedD. 3 – D Framework

C 49. These minerals crumble when linking iron atoms “rust” out; no oxygens shared

C 50. B 51.

52.How many oxygen atoms are being shared by the silicon atom at position X? 2

Part 5 – Igneous Rocks and Bowen’s Reaction Series

53.Circle the mineral that is not likely to be found in the same igneous rock with the

other 3 :OlivinePyroxeneCa-sparK-spar

54 – 55:Matching - Fill in A for Sialic or B for Mafic:

B 54.Low in Silica; Pyroxene, Olivine and Ca-Spar; Dark-colored; Basalt and Gabbro

A 55.Lots of Silica, Quartz and K-spar; Light-colored; Granite and Rhyolite

Multiple Choice – Bowen’s Chart and Ig Rx I.D. Chart

56.Circle the mineral that you would be most likely to find in granite?

a) Olivineb) Ca-sparc) Biotited) Pyroxene

57. All of these minerals are found in granite except one. Circle the exception:

a) Quartzb) K-sparc) Na-spard) Olivine

B 58.The chunky black mineral in granite is probably:

a) Biotiteb) Amphibolec) Pyroxened) Magnetite

59.Circle the name of the light-colored, vesicular igneous rock:

a) Rhyoliteb) Granitec) Pumiced) Scoria

60.Circle the name of the dark-colored, phaneritic igneous rock:

a) Gabbrob) Granitec) Basaltd) Diorite

Part 6 – Earthquakes and Faulting

61.

C 61. Stress that is caused by rocks a) shear

being pushed together is called:

62..

B 62. Stress that is caused by rocks b) tension

being pulled apart is called:

A 63. Stress that is caused by rocks sliding c) compression

63..

past each other sideways is called:

Point A

64.Label the focus and epicenter on the diagram at

right:

65.What kind of fault is pictured in the diagram?

Strike - slip

Point B

66.Circle the normal fault:

A) B)

C)

A 67.The San Andreas Fault (at right) is a _______ - lateral

strike-slip fault.

a)right-b)left-c)forward

B 68.Horsts, Grabens & fault blocks (below) form when rocks layers undergo:

a)shear b)tensionc)compression

69. Use this distance and amplitude data to draw

3 lines on the nomogram at right:

DistanceAmplitude

800 km16 mm

600 km60 mm

440 km200 mm

70. The magnitude of this quake was M = 6.8 .

Part 7 - Geologic Time and Geologic Sequences

Diag. 3

71.Fill in the correct geologic

3 .

1 .

6 .

_ A_

B .

2 .

5 .

4 .

sequence for the circled

structures on diagram 3:

72.If Intrusion 2 has a

U-238 radio-dated age of

2.4 by and Intrusion 3

has a K-40 radio-dated

2

age of 1.7 by, then

unconformity A might

74

have formed 2 bya.

75

73.Unconformity A is an angular

unconformity over layers 4 & 5, but is

a non-conformity over intrusion 2.

Part 8 – Fossils and Fossil Range Charts

77

76

74 - 77:Name these fossils:

74.Trilobite

75.Brachiopod

76. Ammonite

77.Fish

78 – 79: Use the fossil range chart below to answer the following questions:

78.A shale layer contains: Ammonites, Ceratites and Nautiloids – formed Triassic Period.

79.A limestone layer: Goniatites, Nautiloids and Orthocones – formed Mississippian Period or Pennsylvanian Period.

64.

64.