motor manual august 1946

August, 1946. THE AUSTRALIAN MONTHLY MOTOR MANUAL.

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August, 1946. 1

ROUTINEOVERHAUL dVo. 5

J

How to set Valve TimingAs most engines are of the 4·cycle type to-day, the opening and closing of the valves at the point of

Ignition Is a deelding factor in a car's perform ance. Every maker has a dltferent valv.t1mlngformula, according to his design. Summed up it means that the power developed and the maximumnumber of revolutions per minute at which the en glne will run are directly dependent upon the aotualmoments at which the valves open and Shut, in relation to the positions of the piston In any of the fourstrokes of the engine's cycle, I.e., Intake, compress lon, explosion, and exhaust.

IN to-day's high speed engines the use made of• of the inertia of the gases, i.e., their lag ingetting up speed, makes it necessary for thevalves to open and close before or after theappropriate dead centres.

Valve timing is normally ensured by markingson the timing wheels when the engine is erected.

Let us more simply explain Timing terms.Top Dead Centre (T.D.C.): Piston at the top

of its stroke.Bottom Dead Centre (D.D.C.): Piston at bot-

tom of stroke.Lead. A valve is said to be given "lead" when

it opens before the Piston has reached top orbottom centre.

Lag. A valve is said to have "lag" when itcloses after the piston has reached bottomcentre, and closes or in some cases opens afterthe piston is at T.O.C. (called ATOC).

Overlap. On most en-gines the inlet valvebegins to open beforethe exhaust valve iscom p l e tel y closed.Therefore there is ashort period d uri n gwhich both valves areopen; this is referred toas overlap. Typical Timing Chart

showing degrees in timing.Note 10 deg. equals 3/64ln.Exhaust Valve Period:

In order to clear theburnt gases from the power stroke, the exhaustvalve is opened before B.O.C. This "lead" givento the exhaust valve may be between 40 deg.and 65 deg., according to design. COnsequently,the valve will open before the power stroke isfinished, but this is done in order tQ give thegases plenty of time to be expelled from the

cylinder. The slight loss of power is more thancompensated for by the more complete scaveng-ing action and avoidance of back pressure whichis effected. Even after the piston has reachedT.O.C. there is still a certain amount of exhaustgas in the combustion chamber, and as much ofthis as is possible must be allowed to escapeunder its own momentum. The exhaust valve,therefore, is not usually closed until after T.D.C.having "lag" up to between 10 and 2Q deg.The exhaust valve may close just after T.b.c.-anything between approximately 'RO.C. and 20deg. after.

Inlet Valve Period. Before the piston hasreached T.O.C. on the exhaust stroke, there willstill be slight pressure in the cylinder, higherthan that in the inlet manifold. Therefore, ifthe inlet valve is opened too early, there wouldbe a possibility of blowing back. On the otherhand, if the inlet valve is opened on or beforeT.O.C. before the exhaust closes, the depressionin the cylinder, caused by the momentum of theout-going exhaust gases, will assist the mixtureinto the cylinder. Also, the incoming mixturewill assist in the final scavenging o~ the cylinderhead which is the chief reason for "overlap."The point where the inlet valve opens is alsolargely governed by the time of closing of theexhaust valve and whether the engine isdesigned for higher R.P.M. American car enginesjust prior to the war had inlets opening from30 deg. before to 6 deg. after T.O.C., although10 deg. to 15 deg. before T.O.C. is a generalaverage.

Some cams may have a "quietening curve," inwhich case the angular measurement is dimcultand the maker's markings must be used.

To induce a large fuel charge into thecylinder it is necessary to ·keep the inlet valveopen as long as possible. Owing to the speedat which the piston travels down the cylinderon the induction stroke, the suction on the inletvalve continues for a short time after the pistonpasses B.D.C. The valve is, therefore, kept open

(COntinued On page 2).

2 THE AUSTRALIAN MONTHLY MOTOR MANUAL. August, 1946.

How to set .Valve Timing -(Continued from page 1)

after B.D.C. and is given "lag" from 30 to 60deg. So it will be seen that the inlet valve mayopen at anything between 10 deg. and 15 deg.betore T.D.C., and close at anything between30 deg. and 60 deg. atter B.D.C., the exact pointsdepending on the design of the engine Atypical valve timing diagram or degrees will befound in most engine data.

The engine is placed on T.D.C. after thetiming has been correctly set, with both valvesclosed on No. 1 cylinder, i.e., at firing point.A line is then scribed across the face of thetiming wheels in such a manner that, if thiswere produced in both directions, it would passthrough the wheel centres. Borne makers use an"0" on adjace~t cogs.

........ ,

. 'C,- ..,..' D

A-Intake. B-Compresslon. C-Exploslon. D-Exhaust.

Re-setting Valve TimingWhen taking down the engine it is merely

necessary to make sure that the timing wheelsor sprockets are properly marked so that theycan be replaced in the same relative positions.

In the case of toothed driving gear, a small 0is usually found stamped on the rims of twointer-engaging wheels, one against a tooth andthe other against a space between two teeth inwhich the first tooth engages. With chaingearing each chain sprocket is usually positionedby a mark on its rim which must coincide with amark on some fixed part of the casing or onanother sprocket.

If there are no marks ot any kind, first findthe dead centre of one of the cranks and makea mark on the fiywheel and a correspondingmark on some fixed part of the fiywheel casing.If the detachable head ot the sump is not in

position this is a simple matter. If, however,the engine has been re-assembled, it is necessaryto flnd the position of the crank when thecorresponding piston is in its highest position;this may be done by inserting a wire througha sparking plug hole so that it rests on the topof the piston and indicates the position of thepiston in the cylinder. When the crankshaftcan be rocked slightly without moving the wire,the dead centre position may be marked.

It is next necessary to note the position atwhich the exhaust valve closes or the inletvalve opens, or both may be done as a checkon one another. The engine should be carefullyturned and the position found when each valveis about to open or close. The points should betaken when the tappet is only just engagingthe valve stem. These two points should bemarked on the fly-wheel and their distancesfrom the dead centre measured. These distancesrepresent certain angles at the centre of theflYWheel,and they should agree with the maker'sinstruction book.

The distances measured on the flYWheel maye converted into angles at the centre by the

tollowing formula: Distance in inches on fiy-wheel corresponding to 1 degree at centre= 12 x .0087 x 14 = 1.46in. In this engine thedead centre and the inlet valve opening markson the flywheel should thus be practically Hin.

August, 1946.

,.

3-. Jtl;;.y;;;;;meIndependent and Informative

Vol. 1. No.5.

M OT()R CAR P'RICES TO-OAYIT is one-way traffic with new car costs today. More and more factory estimates are

being knocked sky-high by a world of rising prices, labor lags and production short-ages. Already the staggering formula of "add about 50 per cent. to the pre-war

price" for a rough estimate on teday's prices Is getting out-dated. This is a big dis-appointment to the motoring public, as Is the manufacturer's other headache-the In-ability to keep up to his anticipated production quota. Shortages of material, and slowerproduction lines are two of the spanners In the works contributing to the higher over-head costs per vehicle.

CATCH A CATCH CA •Cheapest 1946 1) 1'sion A1lt 1'icun sedan is to b

pegg ti about £600. But that is onlu the begin-ning. If the buy l' se ks, say, half the cost downon terms, interest will add a tidlJ SU1n to that wa1··time iniquitlJ of .12t. per cent. Sales Tax.

So don't be surprt ed if £150 goes in extrasyou don't see.

o CARS FOR WORKING MAN.This Is glum news for the working man and

returned serviceman who had earmarked about£400 for his anticipated automobile. The manu-facturers are also not enthusiastic about theprice slugs either as their ideals of a car foreveryone grow more remote by reason of strikesand shortages.

GOVERNMENT'S EXPEN IVE HO~BY.In 1938 Sales Tax rose to 5 per cent. and

more than doubled with the decrease in war-time sales. Now that the order books are fulland the Treasury will make up its leeway Inlost revenue, there's no excuse to fleece the pri-ority and essential buyers today while other war-time Inflated taxes and tariffs still make motor-ing in Australia the most expensive in the world.

The development of the motor coincides withthe development of our outback, and the quick-er the taxing authorities realize that it is anecessity and not a luxury, the quicker will wesettle our rural areas.

'Letting the Cat 'out of the BagCurrent car prices are limited by the number o] chassis available in Australia.

til. foUowing showroom samples in Melbourne M'e indicative, but are subject to 12~ales Tax.

ARMSTRONG-16 Coupe £1,465/-/-.16 Sedan £1,650/-/-.

AUSTIN-8 Roadster £388/10/-.8 Tourer £395/-/-.10 Saloon £560/-/-.10 utility or Van £530/-/-.

LEA-FRANCIS-14 Saloon £1,375/-/-.M.G.-l0 Roadster £586/10/-.MORGAN-I0 Roadster £610/-/-.MORRIS-8 Roadster £383/12/-.

8 Tourer £391/12/-.10 Saloon (English Body) £660/-/-.

• • •Howeverper cent.

;'

NASH-600 Sedan £720/-/-.Ambassador £795/-/-.

(Tentative prices only).STANDARD-8 Roadster £368/-/-.

8 Tourer £375/-/-.14 Saloon £575/-/-.It Litre Jaguar £1075/-/-.

VAUXHALL-I0. Tourer £408/-/-.10 Sedan £460/-/-.Senior Sedan £520/-/-.

WOLSELEY-18 Saloon £895/-/-.

Subscriptions to THE AUSTRALIAN MONTHLY MOTOR MANUAL are post free at 12/· per year from• the Publishers, 1.7 Knox Place, Melbourne, C.I., or from your local newsagent or the .dIstributors, Gordon II

Gotch.BUSINESS MANAGER: MELBOURNE, Douglas Nixon, Phone Central 267.SYDNEY REPRESENTATIVE: John B. Hamilton, Box 599, G.P.O. Sydney.ADELAIDE REPRESENTATIVE: V. T. Brown, 62 Gawler Place, Adelaide.

THE AUSTRALIAN MONTHLY MOTOR MANUAL.

\ It \1 , I It II 'I, 'I 1111 [ I. [ l

A distinguished ancestry for quality IJToductioncontinues with th. new arrivals. Booked by theHawker Siddeley Aircraft C()., Arm trong Whit-worth Aircraft, A. V. Roe and Co., tc., it isnatural that the new l1wdel benefits from theresources behind it.

Thus it is the first of the ? ally n 10 ?nodel toarrive. A clean-t'p of the design is at once appar-ent and the imported saloon is a fine example ofEnglish advanced coachcraft .

August, 1946.

Setting a style •InThird gear also helped in maintaining highaverage speeds, and 50 m.p.h. could normally beattained thereon . On the direct ratio the carran exceedingly smoothly and happily between55 and 60 m.p.h., although well over 70 m.p.h,could be realised on the speedometer and main-tained if the driver wished.

• • •The el~ent 16

h.p, sunshineroof saloon hasbeen namedafter the parentfactory's famous ,

"Lancaster"plane. A luxurycar costing over

£1500.

The engineering aspects of this ArmstrongSiddeley are interesting. Standard gears areavailable, in addition to the famous Wilsonself-changing gear. It bristles with exclusivefeatures, such as-

In-built air conditioning, with dashboard control.Windscreen de-fogging and doe-misting appara-

tus.New independent front suspension.Centrifugal clutch for pre-selective gears.New Girling self-compensating hydro-mechani-

cal brakes.Hydraulic tappets, to take up all valve play.Thermostatic star.ting mixture control.

Most noticeable quality of this car is its ridingease. You sit in it and everything is withinreach. It moves without you being aware of thefact.

A trial spin with the saloon car fitted with thepre-selector gear showed it to be an eminentlysuitable vehicle for long-distance travel. TheNewton centrifugal clutch took up the drive verysmoothly when starting on second gear, and onthis ratio the legal limit could be comfortablyreached-a useful feature in traffic driving.

The I.F.S. system entirely removes road shockfrom the steering wheel, and' the suspensionsystem and weight distribution are such thatalthough neither over- nor under-steer isprominent, the rear end will break .away first ifthe limit of cornering speed is reached. As onemight expect, pitching is entirely absent.

Interesting EngineeringThe six-cylinder engine has a large counter-

weighted crankshaft carried in four steel-backedmain bearings and provided with a torsionalvibration damper. Steel connecting rods, alsowith steel-backed bearings, are coupled to spUt-skirted aluminium alloy pistons having fourrings, of which the lowest is a scraper. Over-head valves are situated in lozenge-shapedcombustion chambers in a detachable cyllnderhead, and are operated from push-rods fromhydraulic self-adjusting tappets. This is aspecial feature of the engine. The tappets aresupplied with oll from the main oil system; inthis, a gear pump draws oll through a floatingIntake and delivers it under nressure througha filter to the main bearings, big-ends, distribu-tion, and overhead valve rockers. Mixture is

August, 1946. THE AUSTRALIAN MONTHLY MOTOR MANUAL. 5

•

English Coachcraftprovided' by a downdraught Stromberg carbur-ettor with an automatic choke, which draws itsair through an AC air cleaner and silencer. It is·fed with fuel by an AC mechanical pump from a12-gallon rear tank, of which one gallon is heldin reserve and controlled from the instrumentpanel by a solenoid switch. The filler cap islarge and designed for quick filling.

Cooling is by centrifugal water pump whichfeeds into the cylinder head and around thevalves, the jacket circulation 'being by thermo-syphon. At the front of the engine a triangu-lated belt drives the , ater pump. fan, and thedynamo.

All Modem Cons.There are several further special features to

be mentioned. The jacking system consists of apair of permanently fitted mechanical jacks, oneon each side close to the centre of the car. Byopening a small trap door in the floor of thedriving compartment the head of a jack isexposed, and a small handle from the wheelchanging kit in the lid of the spare wheel com-partment can be easily applied.

* * **

Pre-Selective Ge·arsHow they work

The so-called automatic Wilson gears workon the planetary gear system, somewhatremembered in the model T Ford. The pre-selective lever mounted on the steering columngives the driver the choice of gears ratios 1.2.3.4.Neutral and R. He can set the next gear desiredat any time as the lever does not change gearsbut merely selects one in advance. Thus whilstdrlving in top the lever may be moved to thirdgear in anticipation of a sharp turn and at thede81red moment of changing down the driverdepresses the pseudo clutch pedal which causesthe gear to change, the driver having then bothhands free on the wheel or for signalling.

Actually the gear ratios are engaged by thelever selecting a brake-band in the epicyclicgear box, but this will be the subject of a longerarticle.

••Tuio inside views of the new Armstrong Siddeley

A. S. SpecificationsEngine: 15.72 h.p., six cylind I . 65 100 mm , 1.001

e.). 0,· rh ad valves, hydraulic tapp ts, ounterbalnncedcrank haft, pressure lubrication. tromberg down-draught cnrburcttor. Lucas 12·volt coil ignition. Pumpwater ooling.

Transmission: ntrifugal clutch and Iour-sp ed pre-s lective eJ -chnnging g ar box. Ratios: 'fop, 5.1; third,i .24; . cond, 10.67; first, 1 .4 to 1. Or

DIT singl s-plnte clutch and four-speed gear box with. yn hromesh on s ond, third and top. Ratios: Top, 5.1;third. i.24: second. 10.87: first, li.6 to 1.

Op n propellor-shuf't tp hypoid bevel final drive.Suspension: Jndep nd nt front wh I susp nsion with

torsion bar springs. Half-elliptic underslung r ar springs.Luva -Girling' hydraulic dampers.

Brakes: irling llydromecbanical front, and Girlin!;mechanically operated rear, brakes.

Steering: Burman-Douglas worm and nut.Tyres: 5.50 x 17.Dimensions: Wheelba ,9ft. 7ir.. Track (front), t.

6in.; (rear) 4ft. 6!in. Weight of compl t ear, empt ,27 cwt. (approx.).

August, 1946.THE AUSTRALIAN MONTHLY MOTOR MANUAL.6

Steering AdjustmentsThe steering box of the Austin

"Seven" is of the "hour-glass" wormand sector type. Facilities are pro-vided to adjust end play at the worm;end play in the steering cross shaft.and also the mesh of the worm andsector.

To take up end play at the steering shaft, unbendthe lock washer, unscrew the nut (5) and removeone or more shims, as required. Replace the nut,test for end play and turn up the lock washer.

To adjust the mesh of the worm and sector, slight-ly loosen the three nuts (1) and the locknut (4)and turn screw (3) clockwise to take up slack. Tight-en the screws and locknut 'and test for mesh. Thisadjustment sheuld be carried out with the roadwheels in the straight ahead position. On this typeof steering there is the minimum back-lash in thestraight-ahead oositlon, the back lash increasing tothe full lock.

Before dismantling the steering, it is important todisconnect the horn and trafficator control wiresand loosen the clip at the bottom of the steeringcolumn. A special guide is necessary for re-assembly.

•• To take up end play at the worm,AdJustmg remove the end cover by taking out

screws (2). With a knife blade sep-the 8,10,12 arate and .remove one or more of

the thin shims. Replace the end cov-and 14 er and test for end play, removingfurther shims if necessary.

To take up end play at the worm, remove the endcover by taking out screws (2). With a knife bladeseparate and remove one or more of the thin shims.Replace the end cover and test for end play, re-moving more shims if necessary.

To take up end play at the steering cross shaft,remove the shaft and add one or more shims, asrequired.

To adjust the mesh of the worm and sector, slight-iy loosen the three nuts (1) and the lock-nut (4)

and turn screw (3) clockwise to take up slack.Tighten the screws and lock-nuts and test for mesh.This adjustment should be carried out with the roadwheels in the straight ahead position. On this typeof steering there is the minimum back-lash in thestraight-ahead oosttton, the back-lash increasing to-wards the full lock.

Before dismantling the steering it is .irnportant todisconnect the horn and trafficator control wiresand loosen the clip at the bcttom of the steeringcolumn. A snecial guide is necessary for re-assembly.

In the "Big Seven" the mesh adjustment nutsare in a higher position.

For theU Seven"

AUSTIN "SEVEN" STEERING BOX.I, 3 and 4-Mesh Aujustments, 2-End

Cover Nuts. 5- Thrust Button. 6-SIllms.A-Qn Plug.

AUSTIN "EIGHT" AND "TEN"STEERING BOX.

I, 3 and 4-Mesh Adjustments. 2-EndCover Nuts. 5-Cross Shaft Locknut. &-Shims. A-Qn Plug.

OIL I 3

THE TANK AS A TRACTOR.When £5,000 light tanks were offered for disposal at

£25 one farmer bought two-one for spares. After find-ing that both had broken radiators-it took all day toprize the armour off after rigging a makeshift hoist undera tree-it then took three men to operate it. Plough-ing necessitated gear work-giving 2t miles per' gallon,but the monster had to be cooled off every ten minutes.

I

AUSTIN "TWELVE" AND"FOURTEEN" STEERING BOX.

I, 3 and 4-Mesh Adjustment. 2-End CoverNuts. $-Cross Shaft Locknut.


Essential '. ~Information .

1

•1935

Bore and Stroke .. " .. .. .. 3 5/16 x4

Spark Plug Gap

Contact Breaker Gap

Timing Marks

Spark Timing Degrees

Tappet Clearances (Hot)-Intake

Exhaust

Piston Clearance-Top

Bottom

Piston Ring Gap-Oil

Compression

Engine Lubrication-Summer

WinterTransmission-

SummerWinter

Front.End Toe-in

Brake Linings-

Clutch Facings

.032

.018-.024

On fly-5 BTDC

7

1936 19381937 1939 19483 5/16 x 3 1/2 x

4 3 3/4

.032 .040

all models I

wheel au! modelsall models

3 1/2 x3 3/4

All other

3 1/2 x33/4

3 1/2 x3 3/4

as 1937.models

ADJUSTING VALVES.The clearance between the rocker

arm and the valve stem tappetshould be a minimum of .006 in.on the intake valves and a mini.mum of .013 in. on the exhau tvalves. The adjustment should bemade when the engine is HOT, sothat the valve terns and push rodswill be expanded to the limit. Toadjust. 100 en the lock nut onthe rocker arm adju ting screw andturn the screw slightly with acrew driver until the proper clear.

ance is obtained: then tighten thelock nut SO that the adjustmentwill not come loose. Check theclearance after the lock nut Itig.htened. t.o make Sure that theadju truenr I correct.

.006-.008 all models.013-.015 all models

.015 all models.002-.003 all models

.004-.014 all models.004-.014 all models

SAE 20W all models ISAE lOW all models

SAE 160 16090 90

5/64-1/8

16090 90

90 9090 90

90all models

22 5/8 x all models1 3/4x3/16

9 x 6 1/4 x all models to 19401/8 9 1/8 x

61/8 x .1351-5-3 6 - 2 -- 4Firing Order .. .. ..

Follow this chart for tightening down cylind-er bead bolts. Draw down evenly in this order.

Brake Shoe Clearance: Adjust to slight dragand back off 4 notches.

OIL PRES RENominal oil pressures for your Chevrolet should

read: I1935-36 12 pounds at 50 m.p.h,1937-3913 pounds at 50 m.p.h.1MO15 pounds at 43 m.p.h.

1412

10 68

3 7 115 9 13 I15

24

CLUTCH PEDAL ADJUSTMENT.On 1935-1937models adjust clutch pedal stop

so that pedal shank is 1/2 in. from undersideof floor boards. Adjust pedal screw until it bas1 in. free travel before clutch begins to dis-engage.

On 1938-40 models proceed as above to ob-tain 3/4 in. to 1 in. free pedal travel. Clutchfree travel should be checked with fingers.


·THE CITROEN FWDAn Unconventional Success

Since 1934 the light cha is-less constructionof the itroeu Front Wheel Drive car has stoodthe test of time. The placing of the gear boxforward gives balance to the unit, which alsohas one of the best independent, suspension~,·terns devised for giving a constant wheel

track - and parallel motion. Th is makes it idealfor cornering.

The new 1946 models have been announcedby the English subsidiary works, but these havemel' Iy to canyon from their advanced prede-cessors and thcy are still ahea in engineeringachievem nt. The engine unit has the distinc-tion of being demountable at a moment's noticeand thus easily slides out of the "jaws" of thebody and the front suspension cradle. Threemodels were made in the pas the 12, Light 15and 15. Only the Light 15 is in current produc-tion, priced at £450 in England . . . which is£150 more than it cost ten year ag a typicalindication of the trend.

The latest itroen ORY is of 1911 cc. bore 78mm, stroke 100 mm. The 4 cylinders are uniquein that they are merely barrels placed in pairsin the block and dro entit'ely encased by water.Pressure lubrication, Solex down draft carbure-tion, A.C. fuel pump, Lucas 12v ignition. Lock-Heed hydraulic brakes, ewton shock absorbers,:\1' among the standardised equipment.

Th~ front wheel drive motorlifts from .the chassis.

CIT RO N Chassis Lubrication DiagramEvery 1,500 miles the sump oil should be changed. A medium oil (for winter) is replenished

through the filler in the overhead valve gear. An oiler for the lubrication of the clutch ball race is locatedon the top of the clutch bel housing. This needs a few drops of engine oil every 250 miles.

Y: Engine oil filler. A: Upper link arm pins and bearings, D: Track rod ball joints, each 500 m,P: Water pump bush, each 250 m. each 500 m, R: Fan pulley drive shaft bearing,V' Clutch thrust race, each 250 m. each each 500 m.

Fan spindle bear ing, each 500 m. B: Upper swiven link Ball joints, M: Rear hub bearings, each 1000 m.J: Selector lever shaft; each 500 m. 500 m. X: Gear box and diff filler, eachK: Drive shaft aliding ends, each 500 C: Lower swivel link ball joints, each 1000 m,

m. 500 m, G: Steering gear, each 10,000 m.

August, 1946. THE AUSTRALIAN MONTHLY MOTOR MANUAL 9

Great interest is always shownIn the Chrysler Corporation's carsand as none of the chassis haveyet reached these shores the fol-lowing preview of the forthcom-ing DODGE will be welcomed.

It will differ considerably fromthe '42 model. In looks, the elon-gated radiator has been shortenedsomewhat, the parking lights areno longer hidden in the grille. Twomodels will be produced for 1946-one with and one without FluidDrive which is a feature of the119! in. wheelbase chassis.

Latest Dodge equipment has been moved from the en·gine side of the dash and mounted accessibly. This is

true of all Chrysler Corp. cars.

ENGINE.-5ix·cyllnder, L·head type, Floating POWllf'mounted. Bore 3·1/4 In. (82.55 mm). Stroke 4-3/8 In. (111.1mm). PistoQ displacement 217.8 cu. In. (3.57 lltres). Com·pression Ratio 6.8:1. A.M.A. horsepower 25.35. Developedbrake horsepower 95 at 3400 r.p.m. Rib.reinfo!'ced, eam-ground lightweight cast iron pistons with 4 pIston ringseach. 'Four-bearing 'crankshaft with vibration .dampllf'.Precislon·type, high-duty crankshaft and connecting rodbearings. Silent chain driven camshaft. Four camshaftbearings.

ENGINE LUBRICATION.-Force-feed from gear·typeell pump, through rifte-drllled cyllndllf' block passageste front end drive chain and to main, connecting rodan. camshaft bearings. Pressure spray to pistons, piston,lfts, valve stems, cam and tappets. Timing chain driveIlbrlcated by 011 stream from camshaft. Crankcase venti·Iator and 011 filter. Crankcase capacity llve quarts. 011,...sIre Dauge on Instrument panel.

(Continued on page 12)

Chief changes of mechanical interest in theDodge range-and they apply to most of theChrysler prcducts-s-may be summarised as fol-lows:

The front brakes now have individual cyl-inders and pistons located at opposite sidesof the drums. Showing how one thing leadsto another in engineering, the steeringknuckle arms are also new, to match themore powerful braking system. The newbrakes require less pedal pressure.

Water pumps are assembled to the enginesby cap screw instead of studs, permittingeasy removal of the pump without disturbingthe radiator core. Valve spring covers alsohave cap screws instead of studs, makingthem easier to instal and increasing freedomfrom leaks.

A high capacity rotor type .oil pump re-places the gear pump. thus providing moreuniform oil pressure at lower engine speeds.A new design intake manifold will be in-stalled on later production. After experi-ence during the war, the oil filter is of atype containing a replacable paper radialelement, said to produce more effective fil-tration.

To provide a more direct connection withless play, the throttle linkage is simplified,has fewer moving parts. The acceleratorpedal hinge also has been improved.

Front suspension <1etails have been chang-ed to increase service life. The lower con-trol arm bushing is more securely retainedto prevent loosening and seals have been re-designed to keen out dirt and water. Thesway bar is of simpler construction, withfewer parts, eliminating attaching links.

Universal joints have been given longer lifeby the use of self-aligning needle bearingcross for the front joint instead of the form-er ball and trunnion type.

Easier action of the gear shift is prom-ised by a redesigned return spring for theremot econtrol gear shift rod.

The speedometer has been improved to en-able the owner to lubricate it. by the intro-duction of an accessible oU cup.

THE AUSTRALIAN MONTHLY MOTOR MANUAL

Improvements have mountedup during Ford's. war era· ..

FORD is celebrating its 21 years assembling in Australiawith a new V8, 10 and 8 h.p. More improvementsthan seen in anyone model year since it was in-

troduced back in 1932 is promised in the new V8.

Wheelbase has been increased to 114 in. with appropri-ately bigger bodies. In comparison with the 1940 sedan,the V8 has an extra 6 in. across the front compartment,41 in. across the rear. There is more headroom too, yetthe car looks and is lower to the ground.

The bolder styling treatment which begins with mas-sive front bumper and full width three bar grille, givesa sense of greater overall body length and breadth. Fend-er and hood moulding' strips heighten this impression.

August, 1946.

v-a ImprovementsCarburetlon has been balanced with a

view to even greater economy. Alr·fuelratio Is stabilised under all operating con·ditlons, four rln, aluminium alloy pistonsand rear main bearing oil 38al are othereconomy features. Longer engine /lfe ispromised by such provisions as replace-able cartridge type 011fllter, new largercapacity oiling system. New •crankcaseventilating system uses manifold vaculmand has special valve which meters een-stant and correct flow of air. Air lIsetiIs drawn through an 011 oleaner on thebreather pipe.

THE EW V8 has 1nany features to asstwe smoothest rid-ing comfort. The cm' itself being iong r and lower has bette,'balance on the road. Springbase is 125 in. Springs are thinner,and more lep,ves are used. Shock absorbers are new. A trackbar at front and rear of chassis preseruee perfect alignmentbetween axle and frame. A t01'sion bar stabiliser at the frontkeeps the car on an ev n ke l.

* * * *Nearly four square feet has been added to the total

safety glass area. Rear window is of one piece curvedglass, door windows are wider, windscreen squarer, widerand deeper, there is little, if any, blind spot for the driver.

Hydraulic brakes on the new Ford V-8 are self centre-ing, with slotted shoes. This means that the brake press-ure applies evenly over the entire brake drum surface,giving smoother, quicker stops, and helping to preventlining wear.

Crankcase has built-in traps tocatch sediment in the oil. Ignitionwiring is covered with neoprenewhich is oil and heat resistant.Distributor is "sealed-dry," pre-venting moisture formation andhand starting.

Such improvements are all in ad-dition to the many Ford featurestried and proved to the public'sliking on previous models.

The price is not yet available.


*AND A TRUNK ON THE PREFECT

~t of the new cars released by Ford Aust-ralia is Prefect 10 H.P., product of Ford-Dagen-ham, England.

The new lugga.fe boot blends with the body1in;'.!S and provide space tha.t is unusuaUy gen-erous for cars of the 10 H.P. class.

INTERIOR APPOI TMENTS.

Front seat back is divided, each section cantin forward independently of the other. Frontseats are on tubular steel frames. This givesextra rootroom for rear seat passengers.

Prefect is particularly well appointed. Pass-engers have individual ash trays, there is aparcels shelf beneath the instrument panel andin the rear compartment.

Treatment of the upholstery gives evidenceof care and attention given to details. Trimdesign for seats gives passengers that neededextra support behind the knees.

DETAILS IN 10 H.P. ENGINE.

During the war the Prefect 10 H.P. enginewas widely chosen for use in fire pumps hoistsmarine units, generating sets. A numbe~ of de~tail improvements have been made arising fromthe experiences of the past six years. Easierstarting has been aimed at by improvements inthe electrical system. Moisture-resisting sparkplua caps are fitted. Dynamo has been increas-ed in size and constant voltage control stand-ardised.

ENG INE: Four cylinder bore 2.5 In. Stroke 3.64 In.R.A.C. rating 10 H.P. Three bearing statically and dy·namlcally balanced crankshaft. Aluminium alloy pistons.Full pressure lubrication. Battery and coli Ignition. Auto·matic advance and retar.d. Downdraft carburetter Incorp.orating easy starting device.

TRANSMISSION.Dry single-plate clutch, spring cushioned. 3

forward speeds. Helically cut constant meshgears, synchro mesh top and intermediate.

REAR AXLE.Ratio 5.5 to 1. Three quarter floating with

radius rod and torque tube drive~piral beveldrive pinion and gear-Roller bearings. fittedthroughout.

CHASSIS FRAME.Double drop type three sturdy cross mem-

bers. Radius rods front and rear.

SHOCK ABSORBERS.Double acting hydraulies on all four wheels.

BRAKES.10 in. in diameter drums all round. Internal

expanding. fully automatically compensated.Hand brake on rear wheels, trigger type hand-brake lever mounted beneath dash.

WHEELBASE.7 ft. 10 in.

- •.¥::--•••.,.,.....~------

12 THE AUSTRALIAN MONTHLY MOTOR MANUAL August, 1946.

This new feature of Motor Manual will beginwith the practical use of tools as applied to auto-motive engineering. As a consequence this pagebegins with the elementarlJ handling of tools as

ElementarySocket, box-end, and open-end wrenches are

classified according to the measurement of theopening of the wrench which goes over thenut. For instance, a 5/8 in. socket wrenchmeans that the opening of the socket wrenchmeasures 5/8 in. or the nut to be tightenednieasures 5/8 in. across the top. This may: besomewhat confusing to the beginner if in select-ing a 5/8 in. wrench he believes it will fit anut on a 5/8 in. bolt. This is wrong, becauseif the beginner did select a 5/8 in. wrench itwould fit the nut on a 3/8 in. bolt, providedit is a standard bolt.

Crescent, pipe, and monkey wrenches areclassified according to size by the approximateoverall length of the wrench. The size is givenin inches, regardless of whether the wrenchmeasures slightly over or under the inch. There-tore a type measuring 8-1/4 in. overall wouldbe called an 8 in. wrench.

nothing is tnot'e odious to the skilled mechafticthan finding ~urred nuts, stripped threads, aM afine engine genet'ally bashed by til, improper use~took •

EngineeringC6 ~CRI::SCENT wRENCH MONKEY WRENCH

a::e====::

J"50CKET SPANNERS

~-------'---~~~BOX 5PANNEIt STILLSON PIPE

~ ~"PoUBLE HEAD 'S' SPANN R. .'R OPE.N END SPANNe.R i

~::::::::~ ~~:N~j . ~ =.

DODGE DETAILS- (Continued fro~ page 9)FUEL SYSTEM.-Plain·tube down·draft carburetter

wltll Idle adjustment and adjustable ac'celeratlng pump.Automatic manifold heat control. Manual choke control.011 bath air c_ner and silencer. Mechanical diaphragmfael pump driven from camshaft. Electric fuel gauge onInstrument panel.

COOLING SYSTEM.-Centrlfugal water pump. Dired·lonal circulation, uniform to all cylinders and valve as-semblies. FIIII·length water jackets. Restriction type ther-mostat.

CLUTCH AND TRANSMISSION.-Dry, slngle·plate9-1/4 In. diameter clutch with cushion centre. Asbestos tae-Ings woven and compressed. Ball-thrust release bearingwith hlbrlcants sealed in. Oillte pilot bearing. Trunnion-type shifting mechanism. Forced ventilation. AII·SllentAuto·Mesh transmission with helical gears of carburlzedAmola steel. Blocker·type synchronizer. Seven antl-trle-tlon bearings.

REAR AXLE.-Seml.f1oatlng Hypoid rear axle. Pressed·steel, banjo-type housing. Hypold gears and axle shaftsof Amola steel. Tapered roller bearings. Standard ratio3.9:1. Hotchkiss drive through springs.

SUSPENSION.-Independent front wheel springingwith coli springs of Amola steel. Grooven, 7·leaf, softutln" SemI·Elllptlc rear springs, length 53-5/8 In. width

1-3/4 In. No. 2 and No. 3 leaves tapered ends. R.bbercored bushings at front. Rubber cushioned shackles atrear. Metal spring covers. Alrplan&-type shock absorbersfront and rear. Individual steering ti&-rods hinged t.eliminate road shock. Steering gear ratio 18.2:I. Frontend sway eliminator.

CHASSIS FRAME.-Improved, super·rlgld, doublechannel frame.

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM.-6-volt ignition. Fully aato·matlc spark advance, speed and vacuum control. Shant·type generator with voltage and current control. Genera·tor ventilated by centrifugal fan. Pedal operated positivestarter. Special high tension coli. I5-Plate battery, eap-acity 95 ampere hours, located under hood In left fendershield. Headlights sealed-beam type with foot control.Dual air borns. Horn button on steering wheel. Dualtallights. Stop light.

BRAKES.-Hydraullc, 4-wheel internal expanding. SteP-ped brake cylinders.1 Stell I backed, cast iron surface brakedrums. Drum diameter 10 In. Molded asbestos brake lin-ing 2 In. wide. Separate, external contracting hand IIftkefor parking, mounted at rear of transmission.

WHEELS AND TYRES.-Demountable steel dbtwheels with Safeguard rims. 16 x 6.00, 4 ply, A••.••••• Ityres.

"

August, 1946.

I

THE AUSTRALIAN MONTHLY MOTQR MANUAL.

A few hundred JEEPS will be declared sur-plus after all, though police will not permitthem to be driven on the road because oftheir ban on left hand drives. Their priceis causing some comment from readers whoay they are elling second hand, well over

their original price .

• • • •Extensive expansion of the Ford plant at Geelong

is under way to make way for the Australian models.The new sedan is expected to sell at a little morethan £400. ••

. .I \ '" .-T

:\., !lI •

..

I

JUST SPONGE SURFACE AND FLUSHWITH HOSE-NO CHAMOISING REQUIRED-LEAVES NO STREAKS OR SPOTS,A concentrated cleaning agent containing nosoap, acids, or harmful alkalies,

ECONOMI CAL!Only 2 ozs, required to a bucket of water-sufficient for one' car,

OBTAINABLE FROM YOUR USUALAUTOMOTIVE SUPPLIER,

The current petrol cration is:-H.P. Group New Ration

2A ,,' 7 Gals,2B 8 ••2C & D 11 ••2E 122F 15 ••2G .. 16 ,2Y " 72Z .. 82Z0 8 ••

* * * •The COntroller of Rubber hassaid that there will be a shortageof tyres until the end of the year,New vehicles arriving had to beshod. There are 360,000 private carsand cycles which have had no tyrepriority since 1941.

* * * •More rumours from Ford's Americanfactory: The research section is workln.on a model as radical as the lIrst V-8,The car is due In a year or two and maybe an hydraulically driven design, whichwill eliminate the conventional transmls·sion, axle shafts and differential.

• * • *Complete re-tooling of the new

General Motors Australian Four isnot expected to be completed un-til next year, New buildings arenot likely to be ready in time sothat it looks like a year before itwill be available,* * .• ,.,

The B,'itish Government 'has askedth enti1'e British Motor Industry toeXp01't HALF of its ca1' production,

o wonder a British freighter arriv-ed in Melbounte last montb: with 400("hassis aboard-Austin, Morris andHillman,• * •

Police are sea1'ching for conjiden»men who ar t1'icking car buyer .Theil apnear in the oar or truckthell wish to sell 01' phone f01' an(1)pointment beforelumd. Already tMIIhave sold their vehicle everal tim.efor £30O-but always drive off in itagain!,., ,., ,., *

Car registrations which were re-duced duringfthe war are expect-ed to rise again soon and car in-surance-now 40 per cent, belowpre-war rates-are likely to keepun with the rising costs of motor-ing'

If THE AUSTRALIANMONTHLYMOTOR MANUAL August, 1946.

FRE are two schools of thought in this coun-try about the ideal preference for a private

car-the big American job or the smallerEnglish car, and the odds are now about 50/50of average car sales. It could possibly revolveinto an argument of economy-but let's overlookthis bogey for a while as car prices are sounsettled these days-even the agents have toget the Prices Commissioner'sveto before a pricetag can be put on any new model.

Actually there are no American cars in the cityshowroonUJ yet, so I had better play fair andconfi:ne my rumblings to the few new Britishbreeds now the C1J1WSttreof all eyes.

The new VAUXHALL Wyvern Caleche-afancier nom-de-plume for the 10 h.p. tourer-bas come to Ught not much different from itsold family tree. The radiator grilles now runhorizontally like its big brothers. This littlebus is in competition with the Morris and Austin88, and of course the Standards. I enjoyspeculating which one of these four I woulddecide upon if my priority came good. The

. OB.V. motor has a lot in its favour, giving agreater output, theoretically, anyway, than theside valve, and apart from the Singer 9, is theonly representative of this type in the lowerpriced field. 40 m. p. g. is'promised from its Zenith 6phase carburetion. Somehowor other the VAUXHALLgivesme the impression of being alighter car than the Austinor Morris, though it has more .horses. Of course it will costmore - the English price isabout £50 more than thosepopular 8s, but it will runout less.than the Singer 9.

SINGERS are wonder carsas far as I am concerned. Ihad one for years and being in

----~'CI1~ 2011110/ Sf f{/K.

the trade didn't feel like dickering with theworks at week-ends-and I didn't have to. Itnever needed a spanner on it all the years Ihad it-except that I had to fit a new universal.Apropos to same I may have had trouble fossick-ing a spare fabric joint, but one off a BabyAustin filled the bill economically too. I wish Ihad it to-day; 40 miles per gallon without arebore at 40,000was its effort around the hillsof Lane Cove where I lived at the time. Theeditor gave some details of the new Singer Tenin issue No. 1.

If my choice were to lay between the threeEights-sTANDARD, AUSTIN or MORR~Iwould probably scratch my head and have topull out some splinters. Firstly, let's sort outtheir differences mechanically. The Standard'schief assets are its independent front wheelspringing, longer stroke, safety glass side cur-tains. The Morris 8 has Lockheed hydrauUcbrakes. The Austin is a sturdy bus for itssize; the chassis and floor Is one completewelded unit. I was told it costs about £12morethan the Standard and this has evidently beenput into the flnish. The lightest lightweights,I think, are the FORDS. Both the 8 and the 10are spritely for their size-and they cost less too.Maybe I'll leave the selection to the wife afterall!

* * *

"Don't leave it there-s-Someone is apt to fall over it."


FIFTEEN YEARS AGO there were two kinds of cars-the luxury sixes and the economical fours. One couldsee the difference in price, as well as looks. But publicdemand wanted luxury refinements so all the cars werelifted out of the utility class to the luxury models, andthey all looked somewhat alike.Now, however, many makers are •finding production costs out-stripping the popular marketprice. Eventually we shall seeagain less luxurious fittings anda return to less c linders-suchas General Motor s new Aust-ralian car which will be a"Four."

COACHWORK P 50 PER CE T.

The biggest reason for today'shigher prices is the price ofsedan bodies .. In the U.S.A. to-day the body can cost as muchas the complete chassis! Thelocal duty on imported bodiesricochets this price further sothe pressing need now is cheap-er Australian bodies, and noSales Tax, if we are to approachthe £250 car we had in 1929.

* * *E GLISH CO "PARI ONS.

The following price list hasbeen published in England anddoes not include tax. All arefor saloons.

liard .. .. .. . !>25Armstrong idderlej £775Alvis 14 h.p. 69Austin h.p. 4 c.•.1. 255Austin 10 h.p, 4 evl. .. .. £310

ustin 12 h.p. 4 .) I. .. '415Austin 16 h.p. 4 cvl. .. .. 445B ntley 4·1/4 [itr 30 h.p. 6 cyl. -

itro n Light Fifl en .. .. 44Daimler 2-1/2 lilr

1 .02 h.p, 6 evl. .. .. .. £925Ford Anglin h.p, 4 cyl. .. 229Ford Pref t 10 h.p, 4 cvl. .. £275Hillman Iinx 10 h.p. 4 yl, 310Uumber Hawk 14 h.p, £535Humber nip 1 h.p. .. £675Humber ut I' nip

27 h.p. 6 (')'1. .. .. .... 695number Pullman 27 h.p.

6 cyl. .. .. . 1250,Jaguar 1·1/2 litre 14 h.".

4 eyl. .. .. .. .. .... 535Jaguar 2-1/2 litr 20 h.p.

6 eyl, .. .. .. .. .. .. £695Jaguar 3·1/2 Iitre 2,j h.p.

6 cyl. .. .. .. .. .. . .. 775La.nchcster 10 h.p, 4 eyl. .. 525Lea-Francis 14 h.p. 4 ~'1. .. 750M.G. {idg t T 10 h.".

4 eyl. Two ealel'.. .. .. 37,j

The Problem

of Price1 • OVERSEAS TRENDS

VVILL OPERATE HERE

While awaiting local prices for the new cars, we mayromance with the current ruling prices overseas, as ap-proved by the U.S. Prices Administration. However, sincethese prices were announced there has been a 15 per cent.wage increase and costs otherwise have risen. Prices arealso at factory, for sedansChrysler Saratoga 1529 Dol.Hudson 51 series 1270 Dol.Plymouth 1013 Dol.--

Dodg.e Custom 1136 Dol.Lincoln coupe 3394 Dol.De oto 1236 Dol.

The new Wolseleys travelled first class from England.This cost £87 each. Then there was £100 duty and another

£90 Sales Tax ... nearly £300 without registration and In-surance-s-tand I stlll haven't got the car ... so how canI augment my income tax and pay that l1~d. gallon pet-rol tax? -Ed.).

The new 18 h.p. Wolseley is one of England's qualitycars with many refinements. Australian price is £895,plus tax.

Morgan 10 h.p, 4 cyl.Two eater .

::I[orris 10 h.p. 4 cyl, .. . .Riley 1-1/2 litre 12 h.p.

4 evl. .. .. .. .. .... 555Rolls-Roy e ilver \\'railh

29.4 h.p. .. .. .. .. .. .. £3100Rover Ten 4 eyl. . . .. . . £460Rov I' Twelve 4 crt. .. .. .. £505Rov I' Fourteen 6 cyl. .. .. £580

ing I' uper Ten 4 eyl. .. £397tnndard h.p. 4·cyl. .. .. £245

tandard 12 h.p. 4 C)'!. .. ..uubeam-Talbot 10 h.p.4 eyl , .. .. .. .. .. ..

Triumph 1 14 h.p, 4 cyl.Yauxhall 10 h.p, 4 cyl.

auxhall 12 h.p. 4 eyl, .. ..Vauxhall 14 h.p. 6 eyl. ..Wolseley h.p. 4 eyl, ..\\"01 eley 10 h.p. 4 .\'1. ..Wolselev 12 h.p. 4 cyl,\\'01. el r 14·60 h.p. 6 cvl."'olseley 1 -85 11.Il. 6 eyl.

395

485£650£290

290£375£325£370£44."£480£-

:.

18 THE AUSTRALIAN MONTHLY MOTOR MANUAL August, 1946.

EXPERT ADVICE ON CAR INSURANCE.In this, the second and final article, the Editor covers some 11tOre

itnpo-rtant questions and answers in his int rview tvith the lIwnager 01 auiell-kmoum.Insurance Company. This article covers the '1ItOstim]Jortantpoints a 1/tOtoristshould remembe1' when an accident happ ns.

YOUR RESPONSIBILITIES

CONCERNING

CarInsurance

* *GENERAL PROCEDURE

Many car owners' do not read their insurancepolicies, with the result that when accidentsoccur there is failure in many instances toobtain particulars of the' kind required by theInsuring company. I

On reporting an accident to the company, theowner is met with inquiries regarding the ques-tion of negligence, the number of the other car(if any) involved, whether the police were in-formed, the names and addresses of witnesses,etc, Unfortunately, the replies are often of novalue; the motorist usually remarks that heforgot all about the necessity of taking particu-lars. '

Lack of such information is a disadvantagewhere it is desirable to proceed against anyother' parjy who may be liable. Motor carowners should not merely rely on the protectiongiven by their insurance policies, but take suchaction as would be deemed necessary if theywere not insured,

If you collide with another motor, take thename and address of the other driver, as well asthe number of the car, and the number of anypoliceman who attends at the scene of theaccident.

It is essential that the names and addressesof all witnesses be obtained immediately, andif any person injured in the accident is takento a hospital, the motorist should attend there,and ascertain the extent of the injuries beforeleaving.

It is necessary to report the facts to the insur-ance company at once. If you are away fromhome. notify the company either by telegramor telephone, and make an absolutely full dis-closure of the facts, even though some of, themshould appear unfavourable to you..

MOTORI G TERMS ILL STRATED"Alter bing too tight, there was too much play

on a corner" . . . . From a fitt. r',~ 1'eport.

Offers of compensation settlements should notbe made without the authority of the company.

In case of fire or accident, it is well to remem-ber that the salvage of the car is at the motor-ist's risk; it is necessar for him to protect hisproperty.

If my car is a complete wreck, will l,fet thefull value of my policy?

Yes; unless the amount insured is in excessof the real value of the car.

If, after giving a hiker a lift. I have an acci-dent and he or she is injured, where do I stand?

The Compulsory Third Party Insurance wouldcare for any negligence on your behalf and alsothe expenses of defending any legal action whichthe hiker may undertake against you.

It a thief steals the tyre , do I get a new set?No; unless they are a practically new set, The

usual method of settling is on the estimatedvalue of the life left in each tYre. This is ascer-tained by arriving at the mileage still left asa!;:ainst the estimated total mileage the tyreshould give.

If I smash the front gates of my home whenbacking out the car, can I claim for the costof repairtnz them?

This would depend largely on the ownershipof the dwelling. A comprehensive policy doesnot compensate the Insured for dama e to hisown gates, but if negligence can be proved inthe case of a rented property, the policy wouldindemnify the car owner for any claim sustainedagainst him .


ACCESS TO BRAKE-SHOES.

Jack the wheel and remove it from the hub.This will reveal two large countersunk screwsspaced between the six wheel studs. Withdrawalof these two screws will permit the brake-drumto be drawn off quite easily. Removal of thebrake-drum reveals the entire brake-shoeassembly, and the brake-shoes can now bedetached for cleaning in the following way:

In the case of the front shoes unhook thebrake return springs from their anchorage tothe brake-shoes. A piece of stout string or wirepassed through the spring eye will greatlyfacilitate this. Remove also the split pins andwashers from the guide pins passing throughthe brake-shoe webs. The shoes are releasedfrom the pivot pin by removing the circlipretaining the shoes on the pivot pin. This willallow the shoes to come away .

August, 1946.

The'BrakesHow they work:

These are .self-equalising hydraulic, actuatedby a master cylinder operated from the brakepedal. Pressure is equally distributed to eachindividual wheel brake.

The wheel brake cylinders are each equippedwith two opposed pistons with cup washers andpush rods for connection to brake shoes. De-pression of the brake pedal forces fluid betweenthese opposed pistons, thus applying the brakes.

17

. Servicing the 8/40Servicing is quite simpl. The sU'pply tank filler

cap (on the master cylind r) should be ?'emovedevery 1,000 mil s anet lev l of fluid checked. Tankshould be always a/;out three-quarters full andnever less than half When filling be certain touse con' ct fluid.

No equalisation adjustment is required, sincethe pressure applied to the shoes will always beprecisely equal. However, the presence of oil,grease, or similar foreign matter on the brakingsurfaces will seriously affect one or all of thebrakes. In such cases it is necessary thoroughlyto clean the brake lining with petrol, andslightly roughen Its surface With a file .. The only adjustment required is for the wearof the brake-shoe linings, and the frequencyfor such adjustment is, of course, dependentupon the character of the service to which thebrakes have been submitted. During the nrst500 miles after relining, however, the maximumbraking power may not be available, and adjust-ments may have to be carried out by the ownerin order to take up the natural surface wearinevitable with new brake. linings,

When the linings have worn so far that thebrake pedal is in danger of coming into contactwith the floorboards, it is necessary to bring thebrake-shoes in closer relation to the brake-drums. It is advisable to have at least It in.clearance between the head of the pedal andthe floorboard when the brake is fUlly applied.Adjustment is effected by jacking each wheel inturn, spinning the wheel and partly rotating thehexagon adjustment bolts which are to be foundon either side of the wheel cylinder until thebrake-shoes just come into contact with thedrums, then slackening back this adjustmentuntil the wheel just rotates freely and withoutdrag.BRAKE LI I G .

It is of Importance l.hat the brake ltnings ofall brakes be of the same kind, or equalisationof the braking will not be achieved.

Brakes

Here are hown the brake adjusting bolts on'37 to '40 model, which, when rotated away fromthe centre of the wheel, as indicated by thearrows, bring' the she;" closer to the drum, and, hen rotated in the opposite direction bring the

shoes farther from the drum.In the case of the rear shoes the brake return

spring remains in position, and the shoes arereleased by removi'ng the split pins and washersfrom the guide pins and releasing the pivot pincirclip. It is then a fairly simple matter towithdraw the shoes and then unhook theoperating cable from the expanding lever.

Do not interfere with the wheel brake cylin-ders unless they are found to be leaking, andobviously need attention, and do not operatethe brake pedal while the drums are removed,or the wheel cylinder pistons may be forcedout of their cylinders.BLEEDI G THE Y TEM

The process of. bleeding is necessar only whena portion of the system has been disconnected,

(Continued on page 40)

18 THE AUSTRALIAN MONTHLY MOTOR MANUAL. August, ID46.

The First-.Merry Olds • •

IIn 1887, R. E. Olds produced a three-wheeled

steam vehicle and operated this in the streetsof America and, in 1891, he produced anothersteam carriage and sold this in India-the firstrecorded sale of an American road vehicle.

The first recorded American petrol vehicle wasbuilt by Frank and Charles Duryea at Spring-field, Mass., in 1891, and was successfully usedin Sept. 1892. It weighed 700 lbs., of whichweight the engine took 120 lbs.

Olds, in 1895 changed over to petrol fromsteam, and produced the still fam,ous curveddash model which was steered with a tiller. Thiswas also the first American car to be producedin any quantity. In the same year, Henry Fordis said to have commenced with his first four-wheeler, driven by a twin cylinder petrol engine.America's total car output for this year was 300vehicles.

The opening years of the present century sawa spurt in the development of the American car.In 1900, the Columbia was turned out as the firstcar with a front-mounted engine. In 1902, theCadillac was produced, David D. Buick adaptedhis marine engine to the car, and chrome,nickel and tungsten steel were introduced asnew materials. 1903 saw the formation of theBuick and Ford Motor Companies and Packardtook up its new quarters at Detroit. Cadillacproduced 1,895 vehicles this year, and Oldsmobileproduced 4,000. In 1904, Oldsmobile's figureswere 5,508, and in 1905 Buick produced 750 cars.1905 also saw the production of the CadillacThirty, which ran to 68,000 vehicles in severalyears.

In 1910 the majority of motor-cars were ofthe open or touring type, the saloon car, nowso popular, being still a thing of the future.There were, however, many rather weird-look-Ing enclosed cars, but in the design of almostall these the builders had apparently beenunable to divorce their idea of a motor-car fromthat of a hansom cab. In spite of this initialdrawback, it must be agreed that, mechanicallyspeaking the cars were of a high order consid-ering the limitations of the period. A letterdated 1910 in the possession of the Humbercompany, for instance, from the owner of oneof their 16-h.p. 'cars, states that it had thenrun 51,000 miles with only hold-ups.

The equipment of these early cars was meagrein the extreme. When sold, the car would bedllvered minus windscreen, lamps, horn, sparewheel, and shock absorbers, without any un-toward comment on the part of the buyer, all

CHAPTER 2

these being listed as "extras," and oosting asmuch as £50 on top .ot the price of the car.One famous model could be. fitted as an ex-treme refinement with "rounded corners," fora sum of £25 extra!

•The 2 eyl.

SINGERa pride of theroad in 1904

•..£ookil29 -::Ifh£ad . . .

Car production increased steadily until 1921,when the introduction of the electric self-startermade itself felt in a greatly increased interestin the motor car from the public. Since thenthe yearly increase in car sales and productionhas steadily been maintained, except for theunavoidable lag since America entered the warni December 1941.

During these five years, however, developmentshave been such that, whether wisely or not,great things are expected from the manufactur-ers when they have had sufficient time to re-tool their factories and settle down to thesteady production of modernised vehicles.

In other directions, the motoring publJc (andwould-be motoring public - when they cansecure a car) is awaiting startling developmentswhich seem not entirely impossible. "Will it befound feasible to adopt jet propulsion to roadvehicles?" and "Can nuclear fission, or atomicenergy, be harnessed for vehicular use?" are onlytwo of the questions being asked. Others ofequal interest concern the possiblllty of Radarbeing used as a safety fitting for driving instorms. and fogs, and of the adaption of self-lubricated bearings and graphite impregnatedmetal for the simplification of chassis mainten-ance and elimination of the most frequentlyfound "squeaks and groans."

"Looking back at the Britisl: Cars" will befeatured in this juurnal at a later date.

August, 1948. THE AUSTRALIANMONTHLYMOTOR MANUAL. 19

MOTOR MA UAL'SDirectory of Car Agencie

BUICKN.s.W.-Boyded Pty. Ltd., 109-119Phillip St.,

Sydney.VIC.-Preston Motors Pty. Ltd., Russel se.,

Melbourne, C.1.Q'LAND.-E. G. Eager & Son Ltd., Break-

fast Creek Rd., Newstead, Brisbane.S.A.-City Motors Pty. Ltd., 120 Flinders St.,

Adelaide.W.A.-Sydney Atkinson Motors Pty Ltd.,

Temple Court, Perth.TAS.-Robert Nettlefold Pty. Ltd., 115 Mac-

quarie st., Hobart.

CHEVROLET,N.s.W.-Stack & Co. Pty. Ltd., 105 York se.,

Sydney.VIC.-Preston Motors Pty Ltd., Russell st.,



Adelaide.W.A.-Sydney Atkinson Pty Ltd., Temple

Court, Perth.TAS.-Motors Pty. Ltd., 165 Brisbane se.,

Launceston.

CADILLAC. LA SALLE.N.S.W.-W. H. Lober & Co. Ltd., 80-92 Mc-

Elhone St., Wooloomooloo,SydneyVIC.-Rhodes Motor Co., 401 Elizabeth se.,


fast Creek Rd., Newstead, Brisbane.S.A.-City Motor Pty. Ltd., 120 Flinders St.,

Adelaide.W.A.r-Sydney Atkinson Motors Pty. Ltd.,

Temple Court, Perth.TAS.-Robert Nettlefold Pty. Ltd., 115 Mac-

quarie St., Hobart.

* * **

OLDSMOBILEN.S.W.-W. H. Lober & Co. Ltd., 80-92 Mc-

Elhone st., Wooloomooloo,Sydney.VIC,-Rhodes Motor Co., 401 Elizabeth St.,



Adelaide.W.A.-Attwood Motors (934) Ltd., 22-32

Stirling St., Perth.TAS.~Robert Nettlefold Pty. Ltd., 11.5 Mac-

quarie st., Hobart.

PONTIACN.S.W.-Stack & Co. Pty. Ltd., 105 York St.,

Sydney.VIC.-Southern Motors Pty. Ltd., 131 Lons-

dale St., Melbourne, C.1.Q'LAND.-E. G. Eager & Son Ltd., Break-

fast Creek Rd., Newstead, Brisbane.S.A.-United Motors Ltd., 252 Pirie se., Ade-

laide.W.A.-Sydney Atkinson Ltd., Temple Court,

Perth.TAS.-Motors Pty. Ltd., 165 Brisbane se.,

Launceston.

VAUXHALLN.S.W.-Boyded Pty. Ltd., 109 Phillip St.,

Sydney.VIC.-S. A. Cheney Pty. Ltd., 22 Flinders St.,


fast Creek Rd., Newstead, Brisban",.S.A.-United Motors Pty. Ltd., 252 Pirie St.,

Adelaide.W.A.-Attwood Motors (1934) Ltd., 22 Stirl-

ing St., Perth.TA8.-Robert Nettlefold Pty. Ltd., 115 Mac-

quarie St., Hobart.

• * **SPARE PARTS FOR THE ABOVE MENTIONED CARS CAN BE OBTAINED FROM THESEAGENTS. OWING TO NUMEROUSENQUIRIES THIS PARrS DIRECTORY WILL BECOMEA MONTHLYFEATURE IN "MOTOR MANUAL." WATCH FOR YOUR CARl

,

THE AUSTRALIAN MONTHLY MOTOR MANUAL. August, 1~. August, 194

NAROOMA, 236. miles from Sydney, and 130 miles fromthe Victorian Border is a modern township on a famous fish-ing ground. This photo shows the entrance about a milefrom the township. Population 600l.

*

SkiRunat

MountDonnaBuang

Heal winter Spot tnre to be so n hereabout 17 mil from

Hal ville.

• • enlarqe••

. ~ .•....~t'1e)

]JJ

Mountain sceneryat its best can be gotat Glenbrook-if youwander of! the beat-en track to the rail-way tation then turnleft and cross the

way bridge andthe car. Theremerry half mile

through a rocky de-le to the Causeway.ere boulders strewn

acros the creek bedwill enable you torock-hop across andyou'll find pools forgood summer swim-

CAR. mingo GloriousI mountain panoramas

'!IQ~'waC/t. and deep ravines are"jlunne waiting to fill your

thoughts at this BlueMountain gem within50 miles of Sydney.

South Austral"ezvous

With more petrol available the tourist will be ableto dally around the more pleaslirabl'e approaches toVictor Harbor. Of such interes wUl be Yankalillaand its old world atmosphere n tUng on the south-ern slopes of the Mount Lofty ranges. It is ruralhere. But for variety to see e of the grandestseascapes a trip of 3 miles furt r wUl land you at

Normanvillewith its jettiesand beaches.Take a fishingline, too!

*

August 1~. August, 1946.\

THE AUSTItALIAN MONTHLY MOTOR MANUAL. 21

• • enlarges: =your g:J.ancnama.••

~~- ,''''r .•.'~~~ ~"...~

, CAUSEWAY

Mountain sceneryat its best can be gotat Glenbrook-if youwander ofT the beat-en track to the rail-way station then turnleft and cross the

way bridge andthe car. Theremerry half mile

through a rocky de-file to the Causeway.

ere boulders strewnacross the creek bedwill enable you torock-hop across andyou'll find pools forgood summer swim-ming. G lor i 0 u smountain panoramasand deep ravines arewaiting to fill yourthoughts at this BlueMountain gem within50 miles of Sydney.

th Austral"ezvous

more petrol available the tourist will be able, around the more pleasurable approaches toHarbor. Of such interes will be Yankallllaold world atmosphere n lng on the south-

pes of the Mount Lofty anges. It is ruralBut fo~ variety ~ see e of the grandeste a trip of 3 miles furt r will land you atanvllles jettiesbeaches.

, fishing)!

*

*A VictorianVista fromMount Worth

11 miles south .of Warragul, onthe Grand Ridge Road will befound Seaview. This road isfollowed east for about 3 milesand the road along the Strz-lecki Range to Mount Worthlookout followed for about amile. Here, from the cutting onemay take in a long-range viewof the Latrobe Rfver Valley. Farbelow can be traced PrincesHighway linking up Warragul,Darnum, Yarragon, Trafalgarand Moe, while Yallourn is alsoin the picture. The horizon islandmarked by Mount Baw Baw.

In QueenslandSOOn we will be able to skip

into Maryborough from Bris-bane, 168 miles, on our touringexcursions to go to Pialba andthose other beaches about 25miles out of town. Along theHervey Bay you will. hear talltales of big fish and fishy talesof tall trees!

,.' ~

22 THE AUSTRALIAN MONTHLY MOTOR MANUAL.

•THE

EWAMERICAN

TREND

•

William Stout, maker of revolutionary auto-mobiles has now produced a costly car of flbre-glass plastic, claimed to be stronger than steelbut costing $10,000. The bumpers wrap rightalong the sides. Electric push buttons open thedoors. The rear end houses a Mercury V-8 motorand seating is of movable stainless steel indi-vidual chairs so that the front chair may beabout-turned for friendly confab with those inthe rear seats.

August, 1946.

More Petrol and the~ 0U 'l-itlfj~£al,On [1, onPlaces off th beaten tmck will

be visited during a 10,000 milestom' of outback w outh Wal sand Queensland by Mr. FrankCourtis, Ct Melbotwn journalist.H is checking over final detailsof his rOttte with h II of iicereM,'. R. H. Mm'phy (centre), andMr. R. G. Cmttend n (f'ight) be-fore setting ofl on the long trilJ.Mr. Cmttenden is to write month-ly tours for "Motor Manual."

The car has no chassis. the floor being ofsufficient strength. A roomier body ensuresfrom the engine being at the rear.One advantage of the plastic body is that iteliminates painting. However we do not knowhow this model would fare if embroiled in aserious accident-and new bodies are boundto be costly.

The frontal design reflects a sanity in sim-plicity which looks like being a forerunner ofthings to come. Do you like it?


In this preview the principle improvements for1946 are briefly highlighted. The overall new-ness of the Olds "Ace" is evident, and that thecar is longer, lower, and wider is at once ap-parent.

• • • belongs to thisnew age . . .'.

1946 Oldsmobile engines, designed specially toteam up with the new aluminium pistons.

Another improvement is the Durex "100"heavy-duty main and connecting rod bearing.Durex is the result 0 fwar development.

On top of the cylinder head the water outletis longer and is not tapered, so tliat vibrationwill not loosen the hose and cause leakage.

The 1946 engines haye new synthetic rubberrountings that are coated with a material whichwill not be affected by oil. For this reason theyare superior to natural rubber.

A new higher rating thermostat in the n:ani-fold is provided to step up the heat. With ahotter manifold, better performance is assur-ed from the low octane petrol that is, in pros-pect for some time to come.

BODY DE IGNew body styling includes many interesting

features. The radiator grill is strikingly new,tying in with the design of the entire car.

The front bumper is of the "wrap round" typeand protects the fenders as well as the grill.The new parking lights are set into the bump-er guards. Their lenses are of lucite, whichflying stones will not break.

I TERIOR.The instrument panel is a solid one-piece die

casting which makes it rattle proof. The bon-net latch handle is now "T" shaped, so thereis no possibility of mistaking it for the lightswitch when driving. The light switch governsboth the headlights and the dimmer for theinstrument panel lights, with a directional ar-row on the switch. Right alongside these ac-cessory switches i a new type ash tray.

E GI E I 1PROVEME TS.The 100 h.p, six-cylinder engine has electro-

hardened aluminium pistons.New connecting rods, too, are found in the

The car illustrated is the American 2-doorcoupe. The Australian models will be all 4-door sedans.SPECIFICATIO

Engine-6 cylinders, side valve L head, bore3! stroke 4-1/8, R.A.C. rating 29.4 developing100 B.H.P. at 3,400. Compression ratio 6.5 to 1.

Transmi ion - Helical synchro-mesh gearswith 3 forward speeds. Lever on steering column.(Fluid drive on de luxe models).

Clutch-Borg and Beck, single plate dry drivetype.

Suspen ion-Independent suspension with coilsprings on all four wheels. Torque arms andDelco shock absorbers.

Brakes-Bendix due servo internal expandinghydraulic brakes.

Electrical ystem-6-volt Delco-Remy.Tyre 6 x 16.Dimensions-Wheelbase 1184 in. Height 66 in.

Length 203 in. Width 74-7/8 in.

THE AUSTRALIAN MONTm..Y MOTOR MANUAL.

Introducing the 1946August, 1946.

PACKARD CLIPPER

Packard cars will soon be available a gain, and will still retain that characterthat is essentially Pac~rd.

;

For close to half a century, Packard has beenfamous for fine cars, combined with good looks.During the war the engines have powered NavyP.T. boats, and the 1946 Clipper combines goodlooks and refinement, with the experiencegained on war service.

The bodies are purely streamlined with thefront fenders fading into the coachwork. Newhori2Jontal grille work, protected by sldeguardbumpers, still retain the traditional Packardlines.

Here is a brief outline of its specifications: -agioe..-Straight Eight, L. Head, Bore 3t inch,

stroke 4t inches. Compression ratio, 6.85to 1. B.H.P. 125 at 3500, 5 main bearings.Three point rubber engine mountings. Fullpressure lubrication, Duplex carburettors,automatic choke, automatic heat control·.

Vlatch--semi-centrifugal, single dry plate type.'l'rMasmission.-Synchronized vertically cut gears

with electrically operated overdrive.8rhe.-Through two roller bearing universal

joints and 3-inch. propeller shaft to hypoidrear axle.

~n.-Front: Independent suspension,'do.ble acting shock absorbers. Roll controlliar.&ear: 8emi-eUptic springs, 54in. x 2, withrabber shackle inserts.

Brakes.-Packard Servo-Hydraulic, self energiz-ing type service brakes, mechanical hand-brake.

Steering~Worm and roller type, 21ft. turningradius.

WbeeJs~Disc wheels, with individual chain slots.Tyres, 6.50 x 15in.

WheeJbase.-120 inches.Overall Length.-208 inches.Bodies~AlI steel, insulated against heat, c~

and sound. Safety glass throughout. 17.2cubic ft. luggage space.

Instruments and Control .-Modern instrumentpanel, with indirect lighting and rheostatcontrol switch. Provision is made for radioequipment. .

* * * *The Packard de luxe Clipper for 1946 lacks

nothing in either design or craftsmanship andthese coupled with superb road performancemake this car outstanding in its class. 1946Clipp rs are expected in Australia shortly, butso far no prices are available.

August, 1946. THE AUSTRALIAN MONTHLY MOTOR MANUAL 25""

Decarbonising SequenceGenerally speaking your Riley will need

decarbonizing at between 7,000 and 10,000 miles.The symptoms are revealed when the engine isinclined to "pink" and be rather sluggish.

•],1. thiIB artie! w have a sU/ned that til, p l'son

acHi:ng tJ job is conv,' ant with the 9 n ralcl taw of d carbonizing an ngin, but may findthis se{JlIW'Itce of valu ,

(1)

(2)

sure you have all n e s. ry tools and material

o bonn t f r asy ae s,

(3) Dram r diator,

(4) R move radiator ho ..3) Hemo rock r box coyer and oil pip if fitted.

16) Lift out pu h rod -k p in equ nc .

Ii) Diecouo t p trol pipe and plug wir

I ) RelDOT cylind r head.

(9) Remove arbon from h ad and pi tons.

(10) Clean plug and r t .01 in. for magneto and.025 in. for coil ignition.

(11) Grind valv I au carbon from xhau t part.

12) Rilla eylind r head and tighten in thi sequenc

7 3 95 1

10 84- 2 6

(13) R place wiring and p trol line .

(14) Adju t v Iv according to mod L

(15) onnect ho e, fill radiator.

BEFORE TART! YER Y I J B!HE K

S p' ARKPLUG S

FOR YOUR CAR TRUCK, OR TRACTOR

I TWO RIBBED DESIGN.,. lengthensinsulator surface - liminates currentleakage.

2 INSULATOR SHOULDER. •• ofgreater mec anical strength to elim-inate breakages.

:I GROUND SEATS .•• ,. to ensurecomplete gas seal.

4 ELECTRODE .. the Manganes NickelAlloy as pecified by the British AirMinistry. Screwed and cemented toinsulator-sealing against leakage.

S HEAT RA ••••GE ... Thermal propertiesgive wider heat dispersion.

•• 4 Anthony St. and at 61.64 Little Bourke St .• Melbourne. 'hone: F3116.


A. C. Petrol PumpsThe Heart ofthe Engine

FUEL PUMPOperation of the Com-·bination Fuel and Vac-cuum Pump.t

\The rotation of the camshaft eccentric actu-

ates rocker arm (A) pivoted at (B), which pullsthe link (0) and diaphragm (0) upward againstspring pressure (E) which creates a vacuum inthe pump chamber (F).

On the suction" stroke of the pump, fuel fromthe rear tank enters through the inlet (G) intothe sediment bowl (H) and passes through thestrainer (I) and then through the inlet valveinto the pump chamber (F).

On the return stroke, spring pressure (E)pushes the diaphragm (D) downward forcinzfuel from the chamber (F) through the outletvalve (J) and out through (K) to the carbur-etter.

When the carburetter bowl is filled the floatin the carburetter will shut off the float valve,thus creating a pressure in the pump chamber(F). This pressure will hold the diaphragm(D) upward against spring pressure (E) whereIt will remain inoperative in the upward posi-tion until the carburetter requires further fueland the float valve opens. The spring (L) ismerely for the purpose of keeping the rockerarm in constant contact with the camshaft ec-centric.

OPERATION OF VACUUM SECTION.The rotation of the camshaft eccentric actu-

ates the rocker arm (A) pivoted at (B) whichpushes the link (M) and in turn the diaphragm

MISBEHAVIOUR OF PETROL PUMPCAUSES OF PETROL

BLOCKAGE.

(N) upward, expelling the air. In the chamber(0) through the exhaust valve (P) and out theopening (Q) to the intake manifold. -

On the return stroke of the rocker arm (Al,the spring (R) moves the diaphragm (N) down-ward, creating a suction in the chamber (0opening the intake valve, and drawing airthrough the inlet passage (S) from the wind-shield wiper.

When the windshield wiper Is-not being used,the manifold vacuum holds the diaphragm (N\upward against spring pressure (R) so that thediaphragm does not make a complete strokefor every stroke of the rocker arm (A).

On 1938 models the spring (R) is conical. Thelargest diameter of the cone seats in the cover.. When the manifold vacuum Is greater thanthe vacuum created by the pump, the air willflow from the windshield wiper through bothvalves of the pump, and the operation of thewiper w1ll be the same as If the pump werenot installed.

However, when the intake manifold vacuumis low-tha tis, waen the car is acceleratingor operating at high speed-the vacuum cre-ated by the pump will be the greater and willoperate the wiper.

• VACUUM PUMP TROUBLESAs fuel lJUmps are not adjust-

able, only a test will lind the de-fective part lor 1·elJlacement. Di -connect the carburetter line, stepon starter and see i] petroi spurtsout of IJump outlet. You can testfor suction by holding the fingersover the inlet and .outlet of theJJUmp then manipulate the rockerarm. When replacing the pumpwatch for pressure bll the primingaction of refilling the bowl, whichshould be done in about 20 sec-onds with the starter nmning.

Float needle passage clogged.Loose bowl, sucking air instead.Dirty strainer in pump.Loose or warped valves.Worn out diaphragm.Broken or clogged fuel pipeline.Broken diaphragm spring.sticky valves caused by gum.Rocker arm bent on shaft.Dirt in fuel piping.

IF THE PUMP WILL NOTOPERATE.

Defective windscreen wiper.Faulty pump valves.Defective pump diaphragm.Pump and rocker arm pit worn.Insufficient clearance for pump

parts.Failui'e of the Vacuum Boosting

Diaphragm mall be t sted by di -connecting the pipe between thepump and manifold at the pumpand holding a piece o] paper at thePU1ll1Jopening, with engine run-ning, and checking lor tell-tale oil-spray.


SPORTS C"'~S

•

The Sp01·tlliT of this newAustralianody brings

abTiolet feat-ee in the

owest p ri c erield. The 8.P. Ford An-

~lia will be~vailable with2 body styles.rt was fullll~escrib d in is-ue o. 1 ofotor Manual .

•

Ford's new ANGLIA

Brief specifications are as follows: "Anglia": e.e., 933;ore, 56.6 m.m.; stroke, 92.5 m.m.; compression ratio,.3 to I; b.h.p., 23.4 at 4,0410 r.p.m.: pump, A.C. mech·nleal; tear ratios (3), 18.72, 10.76 and 5.5, reverse,

14.48; brakes, Glrllng 10 in. mechanical; steering, Bur-

man worm and nut; wheelbase, 7 ft. 6 in.; track, 3 ft.9 in.; overall length, 12 ft. 8 in.; overall Width, 4 ft.9 In.; overall height, 5 ft. 3 In.; turning circle, 34 ft .9 In.; weight (dry),' 14.72 cwt.; tyres, 4.50 x 17; fuel,7 gals.; 011, 4~ pints; water, I~ gals.

This 1946 light 8 h.p. Ford is the latest addition to the company's roster and wasintroduced at the English Dagenham factory in 1939 but few were produced. It is verysimilar in specifications to the Prefect. See page 11.

THE AUSTRALIAN MONTHLY MOTOR MANUAL. AUguat, 1846.

Servicing the Zenith V

pROVIDING the correct oil level is employedand in addition, a suitable grade of lubricant

used, there should be no question of oil leakage.Where leakage does occur due to faulty oil sealsit will usually either be from around the bevelpinion shaft or past the oil seals in the axlesleeves to the brake linings. The followingprocedure should be adopted to deal with thespecified leakages:-Oil leaka.fe around bevelpinion shalt.(1) Disconnect rear end of/ ~propeller shaft by

withdrawal of boltssec uri n g the twoflanged faces together.

(2) Remove castellated nutsecuring flanged jointto pinion shaft andwithdraw coupling.

(3) Remove locking plate from adjuster andunscrew this latter together with the oilseal.

(4) Soak new oil seal for a quarter of an hourin warm oil.

Petrol enters the carburettorat union (A), passing throughthe filter and the needle seatinginto the float chamber. Thefloat rises and will push theneedle on to its seating, thusregulating the petrol flow.

The float chamber containsthe main jet, compensating jet,compensating well, slow-runningjet, and starter jet G. Thepetrol flows through the mainand compensating jets and risesin the compensating well.

From the jets the petrol flowsalong two separate channels in-to a common channel in theemulsion block which 1s attach-ed to the float chamber. Thepetrol in the compensation

cavity is open with the air and with theemulsion block, all the-petrol from the jet and canty iscentred in one channel in the emulsion block, and thischannel leads to a nozzle projecting into the choke tube.

A special slow running jet channel leads to the engineside of the throttle. The petrol is atomized immediatelyon leaving the jet by air entering the carburettor at thebase of the adjusting screw F.

An automatic starting device is operated by a controlon the dashboard in the same way as an ordinary strang-ler. This control moves a starting valve off its seatingand puts a distributor valve in direct connection to theupper side of the throttle. As the throttl is practicallyshut, the smallest movement of the pistons creates a verystrong suction above the throttle which is immediatelycommunicated through the starting valve and the connect-ing passage N to the starting jet G which leads directlyinto the float chamber and petrol is immediately drawnthrough the passage N.' When this petrol reaches theorifice C it is diluted with the ail' that is admitted at thispoint, so that an atomized rich mixture of air and petrol isdelivered into the inlet pipe above the throttle, whieb -isthe ideal condition for easy starting.

The mixture of air and petrol is maintained at itsproper strength by means of the air valve L in the dis-tributor K, because, as soon as the speed of the engineincreases, this valve opens and admits a certain quantityof air. This also gives the necessary increase. in thequantity of mixture to enable the engine to run at asufficiently high speed for the purpose of warming up andmanoeuvring when the engine is cold.

As soon as the engine has warmed slightly, release thedash control to cut out the operation of the auto-startingdevice. In no circumstances must the throttle be openedor the accelerator touched when starting. The efllciencyof the auto-starter depends entirely on the throttle beingkept shut. It is recommended to drive the car out of thegarage without touching the accelerator, and possible todrive the car on the road on the starting device only.

l5) Place a sheet of well greased brown paperaround pinion shaft and thread oil seat andouter adjuster over this.

Fit oil seal with protruding lip towards centreof axle.

Stopping Oil' Leakagesfrom Rear Axle I

To remov,e and refit oil seals on axIesJ_aland those in axle sleeves.(1) Jack up rear of car and remove rear wheel8'

and brake drums.

,THE AUSTRALIAN MONTHLY MOTOR MANUAL

topping. Leaksin Rear Axles

(Continued (rom previous page)

(2) Remove brake back plate relating to theaxle side affected' by withdrawal of sixsecuring bolts.

(3) Extract oil seal from mouth or each axlesleeve and remove the hub from axle shaft,afterwards withdrawing bearing housingwith outer race of taper roller bearIng andoll seal (with 8 H.P. models remove two ringnuts, afterwards withdrawing bearing hous-ing complete with ball bearing and oil seal.Remove ball race and oil seal).

(4) Remove oIl seal from bearIng housing,(5) SOak the new 011 seals in warm oll for a

quarter of an hour.6) Fit new oil seal in bearing housing (in the

case of the 8 h.p. model fit ball race), Re-assemble housing, outer race and oil seal onaxle shaft, avoidIng damage to oil seal. (Inthe case of 8 h.p. model thread housingcomplete with bearing and oil seal on toshaft protecting the oil seal from damagewith a sheath of well greased paper wrappedaround the axle shaft. Replace ring nuts).Refit rear hub to axle shaft.

(7) Remove oll seals in axle sleeves as necessaryensuring that those fitted are a tight fit inthe casing and cannot rotate relative tothis.

(8) Refit axle shaft complete with hub andbearing housings to axle casing avoidingdamage to oil seals in axle sleeves.

(9) Complete re-assembly of axle in the oppos-ite order to that employed to dismantle,

Oil leabce round nosepiece assembly flange.au leakage may be caused either by the con-

dition of the flnage packing, or be due to loosesecunng nuts. A further possible explanationfor 011leakage around this flange might be theabeenee of lead wire packing between the washerand flange on each of the 10 securing studs.

* * *THIEF-PROOFING IDEA.

ONe fUgkt rec ntly 20 cars were taken in Sydney.TItU brings to mind the necessity of irnprCYVingt1It loclctng devices, especially on small EnglisheGrll. The failure of -most a the" methods at thief-JWOO/iag tJu car leaves one unexplored avenue open,. de . gextous oumer . . . suffocate the car.tId I'" • lock on the exhaust!

•

ProvenBe t ellers l

LEGGETTSRED DIAMOND

PRODUCTS

* GASKET CEMENT.Seals leaky gaskets.

* GASKET PUTTY.Forms-a-gasket. .* VALVE GRINDINGCOM POU N D. Greaseor water mixed.* RUST NUT. Loosensrusted nuts.

* 'mid on Leggeus

MOTORPRODUCTS.,

LEGGETT PRODUCTSPTV, LTD.

AUSTRALIA ...THE LARCEST ORCAIlIIATION OF ITIKIIIO III TNE IOUTHIRIl HI.IIPHIRE

30 THE AUSTRALIAN MONTHLY MOTOR MANUAL. August, lHe.

The exact nature of electricity is not known. However, its effects, thelaws governing its action, and the methods of controlling and turing it arewell understood.

All matter is thought to be composed of positive and negative charge••A eharge, either positive 01' negative, i the keynote of all electrical pM1l-O'mena.

Bodies can be excited to bear opposite charges of electricity not only toeach other but to the earth. One body cannot be charged with a quantittlof positive electricity without an equal charge of negative electricity beingestablished sO'mewhereelse, or vice versa.

•PART 2

Princip'les• ••

FORMS OF ELECTRICITY.Forms of e~tricity.-Electricity, according to

trre nature of its effect, is found in three forms:static, dynamic, and electromagnetic wave.

a, Static.-Static electricity is the result ofcharges being held upon bodies and dischargedintermittently. These charges are generated byfriction between certain materials; for example,glass and silk. T,he electricity thus producednormally remains at rest but it will readilydissipate its energy when allowed to discharge tosome other body or to the ground. The dissipa-tion of static electricity can be illustrated bybringing a finger close to a rapidly movingleather belt running over a pulley.. A moment-ary spark of considerable intensity will jumpfrom the belt to the finger.

The static charges which accumulate on avehicle must be considered when filling a petroltank or when hauling petrol. The nozzle on apetrol hose should be in contact with the fiileropening on a vehicle before petrol is pumpedinto the tank in order to ground the accumulatedstatic charges. A chain dragging from petroltruck permits accumulated charges to passsafely to the ground without sparking. Sparksfrom such accumulated charges have resulted indisastrous accidents.

b. Dynamic.-Dynamic electricity is the resultof charges continuously supplied and discharged.It is electricity in motion, or current electricitygenerated by chemical cells, generators, andmagnetos. It is capable of doing work and isused in the operation of automotive electricalequlpment, such as the starting motor, lights, etc.

c. Electromagnetic wa\\~.-An electromagneticwave or ether disturbance, commonly knownas a radio wave, is a radiated form of electricalenergy. This form of electricity is used inwireless telegraphy, and to some extent inmedicine. It has not yet been used in motorvehicles except in vehicle radios. It is possiblethat further research will develop uses for it inthe automotive field.

Fig, I,-Flow ofcurrent.

BATUIIY

;frfJ·I ctric

DYNAMICELECTRICITY. £L£CTII'CAL. PRESSUII[ t

Dynamic electricityfiows in a stream orcurrent similar to thefiow of water. An electriccurrent fiowing through a wire may be comparedto water fiowing through a pipe. Water flowsthrough a pipe if there is a difference in pres-sure between the two ends. In the same man-ner, electric current will fiow through a wireif there is a difference in potential (electricalpressure) between the two ends, as there Isbetween A and B term als of the batteryillustrated.

The A terminal of the battery is assumed tohave a positive charge of electricity and theterminal a negative charge of electricity. Uslnpositive and negative for the potential values ofthe charges gives a convention for flxlng thedirection of electric curr-ent. An electric currentis assumed to be a discharge from positive tonegative just as water fiows from high to lowlevels. The greater the difference in water levelthe greater will be the tendency of the waterto seek the same level. The same applies to theelectric charge . This difference in charge istermed difference in potential, or potential dif-ference, and the terms high or low potentialindicate a large or small difference of charge.

Water will continue to flow through the pipeuntil there is no longer any difference in pres-sure. Likewise, electric current will continueto flow through the wire until the battery runsdown and no longer produces electrical pressure.Before this pressure is lost, the flow of electriccurrent can be stopped by opening the switchjust as the flow of water can be stopped byclosing the valve. (ContinUed on ••••• 33.)

- ---SWlTClt

August, 1946. TIm AUSTRALIAN MONTHLY MOTOR MANUAL. 31

MOTOR MANUAL'S SPECIAL PAGE for TRUCK OWNERS

The carrying capacity of a vehicle is dependent upon many elements ofits design and construction. It is the combination of the carrying capacitiesof the various units and their component parts. Any change in the capacityof a single unit would affect the capacity of the vehicle as a whole. Forexample, should the vehicle be equipped with tyres having a lower load carry-ing capacity than required, the maximum rated gross allowance of the vehiclemust also be reduced in the same proportion. Conversely ,tyres over and abovethe sizes authorised for a given vehicle will usually result in overloading be-yond the carrying capaclty which has been provided in some or all of theother units such as the wheels, bearings, axles, springs, brakes, frame, etc.

Maximum Allowable WeightThe maximum allowable gross weight includ-

es the weight of the chassis, cab, body ,and thepay-load of the conventional truck. To thoseweights must be added the weight of the trail-er and fifth wheel in the case of a tractor-trailer combination. Assuming that the grossrating -is reasonably observed, the distributionof the load on the chassis becomes one of themost important factors in the lifetime perform-ance of the vehicle.

Weight DistributionBy weight distribution is meant that pro-

portion of the gross vehicle weight on the frontand rear tyres at the ground. It may be ex-pressed in either pe cent. of the total weightor in pounds. The most accurate method of de-termining the distribution of the weight is toweigh the front and the rear of the fUlly load-ed vehicle separately on a standard scale.

As a general rule the gross vehicle weightof a conventional four wheel truck should bedistributed on the basis of 22 to 24 per cent. onthe front axle and 76 to 78 per cent. on therear axle. In the case of a cab-over-enginetruck, the proportion of weight on the frontaxle may be slightly higher. The weight of thebody and the payload should be distributed ona conventional four wheel chassis on the basisof 3 to 10 per cent. on the front axle and 90to 97 per cent. on the rear axle. For cab-over- .engine trucks the distribution of body and pay-load should be on the basis of 4 to 13 per cent.on the front axle and 87 to 96 per cent. on therear axle. I

In the distribution of I weight On a tractorand semi-trailer combination, it is importantthat the centre of the king pin for the fifth

•wheel be located no less than four inches aheadof the centre line of the rear axle. This dis-tance may be increased to accommodate theWidth and shape of the front end of the trail-

er body and provide for turning at extremeangles. The additional trailer load can, how-ever, be shifted to the front axle up to thecapacity of that axle but not above, as an ex-cess load will cause diIDculty in steering. Inno case should the king pin of the fifth wheelbe located back of the rear axle centre line.To do so would result in a reduction of weighton the front axle which would cause d1ffi.cultyin steering as well as overloading of the rearaxle. For the same reason the centre of theking pin should not be located directly overthe centre line of the rear axle. For all practi-cal purposes 30 per cent. of the weight of asemi-trailer or 45 per cent. of the gross weightof the body and pay load may be concentratedat the fifth wheel king pin.

Centre ~f GravityThe payload should be distributed as uni-

formly as possible so as to obtain the correctper cent. of weight on the front and rear axles.The most practical method of distribution isto place the load so that its centre of gravityis located at the proper point ahead of the rearaxle. For example, in order to place 3 to 10per cent. combined weight of the body and pay-load on the front axle of a truck having an133 inch wheel base, the centre of the bodyand payload should be placed the some pro-portionate distance ahead of the centre of therear axle. With a wheel base of 133 inches, 3to 10 per cent. of the weight is equivalent to ap-proximately 4 to 13 inches. Therefore, the cen-tre of gravity of the payload will be 4 to 13inches ahead of the centre of the rear axle.This formula can be applied to any given lengthof wheelbase except the cab-over-engine trucks.On those trucks having the same 133 inch wheelbase 4 to 13 per cent. of the body and pay-load should be placed on the front axle andthe centre of gravity should be 5' to 17 inchesahead of the rear axle.


•

rolo outbTOAGEINGENGINES'!

~If you want to keep your car "young for its age"here's a tip. Switch to war-tested Atlantic MotorOil next refill. This is the oil with the outstandinglyHigh Viscosity Index*-the oil that stays "good oil"at any engine temperature. Therefore, parts stayprotected-and the engine stays fit. Switch toAtlantic next refill.

• Under the universally occepled Viscosit~ Index Test.Atlantic shows maximum resistance to thinning out under heat.If is therefore rated as 0 High Viscosity Index Oil. WARNING:Do not confuse Viscosity Index, which refers to the qualify ofoil, with S.A.E. roling. S.A.E. numbers distinguish grades only.They have no relation to quality whatever.

T1J\~TII. PURE PARAFFIN BASE

MOTOR OilhTLANTIC UNION OIL CO ••••PANY L1 ••••ITED. Incorporehdin Austrelie .•••• 0.2.

THE AUSTRALIAN MONTHLY MOTOR MANUALAugust, 1946. S3

A COURSE OF AUTO-ELECTRICITYconductor by means of pressure developed by anelectric generator (Fig. 2).

The total pressure that makes water flow ismeasured in pounds and the rate of flow in

gallons per unit of time;whereas, in an electricalcircuit the pressure ofelectromotive force ismeasured in volts and therate of flow in coulombsper unit of time. A coul-omb is the unit ,of electri-cal Quantity similar to thegallon. Since electricalmeasurements are usuallymade 01 the rate of flowand not of the Quantity,the ampere (which is 1coulomb per second) is theunit commonly used.

(Continued (rom previous page)

Water can be forced to flow through a pipeby means of pressure developed by a pump andelectric current can be forced to flow through a

•Faulty plugs arepower thieves - they

eat petrol, reduce per.formance and rob your

engine of pep .

.~ Have all your plugs checked"I) regularly, and when you ne•.d

JI new ones specify Edison.Splitdorf. for every kind of engine.

Install Edisons, and be sure of thecorrect heat type, for there is an Edison

for every temperature range.JACKED ,r THE GREATEST NAME IN ELECTRICITY-

fAJibOJL.SPARK ~ PLUGS

NEW PLUGS SAVE ONE GALLON IN EVERY TEN!Manufactured by

mISON-SPLITDORF SPARK PLUG MANUFACTURERS PTY. LTD.SYDNEY, N.S.W.

AVAILABLE FROM ALL LEADING MOTOR AND MOTOR-CYCLEACCESSORY HOUSES AND GARAGES.

t. (tTRIC CURRENT

Figure 2.-EI ctrical pr urefrom generator causes current to

flow in circuit (wires).

YOU WILL BE GLADLATER ON • • • • •

IF YOU SUBSCRIBE NOWOrder from your news-

agent or have your .copyposted direct from thepublishers at 12/- per an-num.AUSTRALIAN MONTHLY

MOTOR MANUAL.1-7 KNOX PLACE, MELB.

please post this maga-zine to me monthly begin-ning with issue No .I enclose .. .. .. ..

Name ....Address ..

THE AUSTRALIAN MONTHLY MOTOR MANUAL

DRIVING· AsAugust, 1946.

AN ART-No

Clutching A JviceHere's a good rule to remember: Always keep

your foot off the clutch pedal until you're readyto use it!

One of the worst habits some drivers 'have is"riding" the clutch-in other words, keeping tpefoot on the clutch pedal while rolling along thestreet or highway. This causes some slippage,even though it may not be noticeable to thedriver. The result is that the clutch lining israpidly worn away. and has to be replaced atconsiderable expense.

Another bad practice indulged in by somedrivers is to slip the clutch-that is, let thepedal up part way to keep the car from rollingbackward on a slight up-grade. This may seemto be the easiest thing to do at the time, but itcan be a cause of rapid clutch wear.

Gear Sh.iftingDriving at high engine speeds in low or sec-

ond gear can easily double the amount of pet-rol used in getting under way. Most driversagree, as do automotive engineers, that it is agood plan to shift into high gear before a speedof 25 miles per hour is reached.

Normally, a car should be started in low gear-although some cars can be started satisfactor-ily in second gear on a level road. If you startin low, it is not necessary to make a long runin that gear before shifting to second-s-once ortwice the length of the car is usually sufficient,unless you are starting up a hill. With the carin second and still picking up speed, it is bestto shift into high at about 20 to 25 miles perhour.

Many motorists seldom use second gear at allwhen starting on a level road. After the car ismoving fast-around 15 miles per hour-theyshift directly from low to high. While pick-upmay not be Quite as good this way, it is aperfectly satisfactory method if you want toeliminate one shifting operation.

2

THIS practical series ondriving and s rvicing your

car has b n W'/'itten for titexpert as well as for peoplwho ar ju t leanting todrive.

AccelerationPetrol can be saved, and tyre and engine life

prolonged, by avoiding unnecessarily rapidacceleration. Modern automobiles are designedto give quick pick-up and get-away. But thereis not much excuse for using this speed just tobeat another car away from a traffic light.

When the accelerator pedal is depressed, acharge of raw gasoline is squirted into the in-take manifold, just as though you had squeezedthe bulb of an atomizer. Incidentally, this iswhy it is a bad habit to "pump" the acceleratorpedal after starting the engine, or while waitingfor the traffic light to change. And On thehighway, the driver who frequently calls on theengine for extra bursts of speed. only to slowdown a 'moment or so later, uses a lot moregas than one who maintains a steady cruisingspeed whenever possible. Usually the steadydriver will get to his destination just as soonas the one who drives by "fits and starts." Tryit!

SpeedIn many casest fast driving is really nothing

but habit-we get; used to driving fast and keepon doing it whether we are in a hurry or not.Sometimes, too, in modern cars, we may findourselves going a lot faster than we realized,so it's a good idea to glance at the speedometerfrequently.

When driving cross-country, take special careto slow down to the legal limit when approach-ing a town. You may have been drtving fasterthan you realized.•. and while holding the cardown to the legal speed may seem absurdlyslow, it's a lot better than getting a returnticket to the local courthouse.

As has already been pointed out, fast drivingcosts money in extra petrol used, excessive tyrewear, etc. So take it easy. Your car will lastlonger, and incidentally save a lot of wear andtear on your nervous system!


df DREAM HOMEof the road

BRITAIN'S most lavish stock caravanIs tills Coventry Phantem 46, made

of aluminium and perspex and costing£I--'wlthout tax. The makers hopedto produoe 200 such models thissummer. Size is 19ft. x 7ft., a 4·berth with a continuous band ofcoloared translucent Perspex.

•

A self·contalned Bed-SIUing Room.

• • •

•

Good lighting is assured by three large sky-lights moulded in translucent Perspex, colouredto soften overhead sun rays. These open in anydirection, and may be left open in the horizontalposition when it is raining. Note the threelight bumper bars at each end, serving also ashand ralls and the "scraper bars" protecting theside panelling at fioor level.

All furniture is In unit form, and can bescrewed into place to give two alternative lay-outs. With one exception the beds are designedfunctionally, and are not intended for daytimeuse. The double bed at the forward end, asshown in the two illustrations, folds into arecess to form a simple oak cabinet fitted witAa mirror and shelves, the latter acting as sup-ports for the bed when closed. Bedclothes maybe left in position during the day.

AIR CONDITIONINGNight and day settings for the front end. The

folding bed makes way for the dining setting inthis de luxe caravan, lined with walnut veneer.

• •

There are three heaters incorporating Aladdinoil burners fitted with carbon elements andreflectors, which have the appearance of electricfires. These radiators are supplemented, to giveincreased comfort and to defeat condensation,by a novel form of air conditioning. Fresh airdrawn from below the fioor is carried by a seriesof tubes to the top of the heaters. from wherethe air, now warmed, is passed into the vaninterior.

The door into the kitchen compartment swingseither .way on spring-loaded hinges. A com-pletely new idea is the fitting of a water-cooledlarder built of transparent Perspex. The larderis double-walled, and contains in the cavityapproximately 15 gallons of water. The trans-parent walls make It possible to see the level ofthe stored supply.

Windows are drop-fitting, as in all COventrybuilt caravans, with louvres so that they canbe opened for ventilation even in rain, and allare constructed in frameless Perspex, which islighter than glass.

, .


A New Kind of 0U I Z 1

/Prizes In Motor ' Manuar s

Safety TestHOW MUCH DO YOU KNOW ABOUT SAFE

DRIVING? ANYWAY, HERE'S A TEST FORYOUR OPTIMISM. TEN PARCELS 'OF AUTOACCESSORIES WILL BE POSTED TO THEWINNERS. SIMPLY STATE THE QUESTIONNUMBER AND THE CORRECT LETTER ANDPOST TO MOTOR MANUAL, 1·7 KNOX PLACE,MELBOURNE, CI, BEFORE SEPT. 7.

1. The most common factor in fatal auto acci-dents is:

(A) skidding; (B) speed excessive for condi-tions; (C) defective brakes; (D) defectiveroads.

2. "Riding the clutch" will result in:(A) better control of the car while descend-ing hills; (B) excessive clutch wear; (C)easier gear shifting; (D) greater momentum.

3. When meeting approaching vehicles at night,use: .

(A) the lower headlight beam; (B) the upperheadlight beam; (C) the parking lights;(D) the upper and lower beams alternately.

4. To bring a car out of a skid, the driver should:(A) pump the brake pedal lightly; (B) turnthe steering wheel in the direction in whichthe rear end of the ear is skidding; (C) racethe motor; (D) push the clutch pedal down.

5. When parking on the right, parallel to thecurb on a downgrade, it is best to:

(A) turn steering wheel to th right untilthe right front tyre touches the curb; (B)turn steering wheel to the left until thefront tyre touches the curb; (C) keep frontwheels parallel to the curb; (D) place gearsin neutral.

S. Spinning of the rear wheels, or loss of tractionwhen starting on slippery roads, is lessened by:

(A) starting the car in second gear; (B)starting abruptly in any gear; (C) startingthe car in first gear; (D) engaging theclutch quickly.

7. When meeting or passing a car with glaringheadlights, a driver should:

(A) watch the centre line of the highway;(B) turn on bright lights; (C) shield eyeswith hand or sun visor; (D) watch the leftside of the road.

S· The primary function of the hand-brake is to:(A) stop the car quickly in an emergency;(B) save the foot-brake when descendinghills; (C) momentarily check speed whenslowing the car; (D) hold a parked car in astationary position.

9. You should depend primarily on tyre chainsto:(A) prevent skidding; (B) increase traction;(C) make possible quick stops on slipperysurfaces; (D) reduce tyre wear caused byspinning wheels.

10. If you are driving at the speed limit and adriver behind you sounds his horn to pass, youshould:

(A) decrease speed slightly and give way tohim; (B) block him to let him know he isalready driving at the speed limit; (C) speedup and get out of his way; (D) let him passand overtake him..· .

11. Most traffic accidents are the result of:(A) mechanical defects in automobiles; (B)defects in the road; (C) errors in judgmentof drivers; (D) adverse weather conditions.

12· When driving any car for the first time,you should:

(A) examine the clutch for possible wear;(B) lock the door from the inside; (C) backup to see if the reverse works; (D) try thebrakes to see if they work.

13. If you are involved in an accident causingipjury to persons, you should first:

(A) notify the police; (B) assist the injured;(C) check your car; (D) notify insurancecompany. .

14. Night traffic on the roads is much less thanday traffic, but night accidents in proportion tothe traffic are far more numerous than dayaccidents. The main reason is:

(A) poor visibility; (B) drunken drivers aremore numerous; (C) pedestrians walk onthe wrong side of dark roads; (D) peopledrive faster at night.

15. In preparing !Dr a left turn, the most impor-tant thing to do is:

(A) drive on the extreme left; (B) checkyour mirror for conditions in the rear;\C) blow your horn lightly; (D) signal withyour stop light. \

16. In bringing a car to a complete non- emer-gency stop from a, speed in excess of 30 milesper hour:

(A) depress the Clutch and brake pedals atthe same time; (B) depress tfie clutch pedalfirst, then depress the brake pedal; (C)depress the clutch and brake pedals to-gether, then place the gear-shift lever inneutral; (D) depress the brake pedal firstand de12ressthe clutch pedal later.

THE AUSTRALIAN MONTHLY MOTOR MANUAL. 37

THE ROAD IS GETTING UNSAFEThe coming increase in motors

on the roads brings with it thebogey of more deaths . . . to castthe motorist into disrepute.

We can protect our esteemedplace in the community if we re-member one simple word-eourtesyon the road-and we're sure tohalve this sad death roll of 153New South Welshmen, over 100Victorians, etc., being kllled eachquarter.

50 PER CENT. INCR~ASE IN FATAL ACCIDE TS.

SYDNEY.-Compared with 104 deaths in the first quarterin 1945, this year's figures show 153 killed and 2432 maimed.Will this rise with the lifting of rationing?

ADELAIDE.-Royal Adelaide Hospital had its busiest dayfor 7 years on June 15 when it was called upon to handle15 car accidents between 4.20 and 10 p.m.

·MELBOURNE.-The first three months of this year show-ed over 100 persons kllled on the road this year-a record.

Now is the time for the driver to pledge not to take achance-and P.ut courtesy first.

The Causes and some Cures:NIGHT DRIVING gives three times more ac-

cidents than the day-when more vehicles areon the road.

SO many drivers do not realize the risk theytake. DRIVING COURSES AT SCHOOL wouldput youth on the right start and would be ofmore value protecting their future than swat-ting on past history. The art of teaching driv-ing is one of our most neglected sciences. (SeeMotor Manual's editorial in issue No.2).

ADULT TRAINING. One comes across somany dumb-cluck drivers at the wheel of apowerful car that we wonder there are not re-tests, not only in starting and stopping but inroad sense. All drivers are not safe driversso Motor Manual suggests we should have moreregular tests-to keep motoring in the com-munity's good graces-and to keep our famll1esintact.

UNSAFE SPEEDS cause two out of every fiveaccidents.

INTOXICATION causes one in five accidents.This applies to pedestrians too where an av-erage of 20 per cent. killed had been drinking.

FATIGUE AT THE WHEEL is the cause ofone in every 20 deaths.

TEEN-AGE DRIVERS are more reckless thanother age groups.

Thomas EvansPTY. LTD.

"The House for Canvas"U5-U9 BOURKE STREET,

MELBOURNE.Manufacturers of the famous'"M 0 n s 0 0 n" Brand Square

Motor Tents.Easily the most popular tent

with motorists.Consult us for all your camp-

ing needs.Telephone: M 1401 (4 lines).

38 THE AUSTRALIAN MONTHLY MOTOR MANlJAL.

1938

1939

1940

1941

YEAR.

1933

1934

1935

1936

1937

(jUIO( TO U&(O CAR8Each month MOTOR MA UAL will publish a Recognition Tabu outlining thesalient differentiating features of one make (If car, year by year. It will be invaluablewhen you desire readily to identify the vintage.

DI~TINtiUI&nINti ffATURf&/

peggedPrice'

sedan

Willy 77, 4-cyI. Spare wheel set into back of body, headlamps infont mudguards. Engine Nos. from 1001 up. 17 x 5.00 tyres .. £105

Identical with 1933 model. Chassis numbers from 13821 up .. .. £97

Willys 77, featuring headlamps mounted as integral part betweenguards and radiator 'grille . Wire wheels. Circular bonnet louvres.Engine os. 27447--39735 , , .. £129

Willys 77, with vacuum ignition control, U-shaped shackles. Sedanhas luggage trunk. Engine Nos. preceeded by os. 37- . £176

Series 37. New front end, synchro-mesh gears, standard trackchassis, 16 x 5.50 tyres. Bonnet hinged at cowl. Engine Nos 2174to 62063 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .., £192

Series 38. New design radiator. 0 draught ventilation and twinrear windows on sedan; 16 x 5.50 tyres. Engine Nos. preceded byNos. 38- ., .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ., .. £235

Willys Overland. Overland written on side of bonnet. Shark typefront end. Hydraulic brakes, twin belted tail-lights. Engine Nos.preceded by Nos. 39- .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. £275

.Willys Overland. Straightfront end of bonnet, with chrome strips.Gear lever on steering column. Engine Nos. preceded by Nos. 40- £321,

Willys Overland. Wheelbase extended to 104 ins. Heavy chromebar down centre of bonnet. Engine Nos. preceded by Nos. 41 -.. £371

.,THE AUSTRALIAN MONTHLY MOTOR MANUAL 39

CTSG.U.D.RADIATORCLEANINGCOMPOU D,s a Quick andefficient clean.er for CarRadiator andWater Jack-ets. It leavesRadiator and WaterJ a c k e t • perfectlyclean, and preventsoverheating, thus In-creasing engine effici-ency. G. .D. RADIA .•TOR CLEA ER i.highly recommended forflu hlDg Water-coolingSystem. of all types ofengines after overhaul.Obtainable in 1 pinttins.

HEl\f·I-WELD - i.liquid metallic preparation.which forms a permanentand efficient cure in therepair 01 cracks and theelimination of water seep-age in the Internal Com-bustion Engine.

G.. 0. T E· POIL (J ed in thesump. or through theearburetter, Irees gummed.upPiston Rings and alves andhelps to keep engine perform-ance at its peak.Obtainable in lG oz. Tin •.

G .. 0. DRIP EAL - A NON-LIFTING A TO TO PADROOF xro LDlNG £MENT,which conforms to the practicalneeds I. trimmers, body repair-men and the motorist who doeshis own work. Tt will adhere toany surface, and thus has a widerange 01 u es such a :-Sealing' Openings.Repair ing' I Ioles.

aliner Leakv Drip-moulding ••Stonping' Body Squeaks.Sealinll' Leaky Wind hields,

ealing' Cracked In ulation.ealing rack in Battery Casu.

2 oz. Tube s,

OBTAINABLE FROM YOUR USUAL

AUTOMOTIVE SUPPLIER.

·.


IlVLE PIPING

A 5&"/-1/,/>,11'An adjustable measuring gaul'e for checking

the front wheels of a car can be made from acompression-type coil spring and two lengths oftubing, one piece being of a size to telescopeinside the other. The lengths of the spring andtubing, pieces should be such that, whenassembled, the overall extended length of thegauge will be a few inches greater than the dis-tance between the inner surfaces of the front-wheel tyres. Short bushings are pressed tightlyinto one end of the large tube>, and over oneend of the small tube, the latter bushing beinga sllding fit inside the large tube. To calibratethe gauge, start with it fully extended and markoft the smaller tube in divisions of 1/8in., be-ginning at the point where it enters the largertube. To check the toe-in, place the gaugebetween the tyres at the front as indicated, andtake the reading at the point where the smalltube enters the larger one.

HELPFUL HINTSGetting new compression rings com-

pressed to fit into the cylinders is facilitatedby, using spring steel or your bicycletrousers clips.

If installing newrings on a piston thatmust be removed fromthe bottom of theblock. just pu h thepiston far enoughthough the top of theblock so that a rodcan be ins e r t dthrough the wriat-pinbushing as shown.

I

~- : ~ ~• • l ".

CYliNDER ••.•. -' .•._ 'CVUHOlaI~ ~.•: <t~..~::, ~~ /

~

A Silent Tool Boxcan" be inad from anold inner tube.

Inner-tub s cti n.haying slits cut inthem and nailed to thesides of a box, as in-dicat d. provide handypock ts Ior toring8111all tool.

MORRIS 8/40 Brake Attention-(from page 17)

or when the level in the supply tank has beenallowed to fall below the half mark, thus per-mitting air to enter the fiuid circuit. It consistsof removing any air which may have found itsway into the system.

First check that master cylinder is well filledwith fiuid, then remove bleeder screw andattach bleeder tube which must hang submergedin a clean receptacle containing brake fiuid.Open bleeder valve and slowly depress brakepedal, allow to return slOWlyand continue untilfiuid entering jar is a solld stream free of airbubbles. Close bleeder valve, replace screw andcheck level again of fluid in master cyllnder.THE BRAKE FLUID

The Lockheed fluid used in the Morris Eightbraking system is specially prepared for thepurpose and It is important that no other fluid

be introduced into' the system for replenish-ment or serious trouble will ensue.

THE HAND BRAKEThe hand brake on the Morris Eight is cen-

trally situated next to the gear lever and oper-ates the shoes in the rear brake-drums by cablemechanism. Equalisation adjustment is providedat their junction to the brake cross shaft leversbelow the floorboards.

A service adjustment, whereby both the handbrake-shoe controls are adjusted in unison, isprovided at the junction of the brake lever pullrod with the hand lever, and it takes the formof a spring-loaded self-locking wing nut.

This instantaneous adjustment is easily oper-ated from the driving seat.

Other than a free use of the oilcan on alljoints, the hand brake mechanism requires llt~leattention.

THE AUSTRALIAN MONTHLY MOTOR MANUAL. August. 1946.

flight

•p.aneered.,'88 octane"

THE greatest problem in making air transporteconomical was the fight against "dead weight" in aeroplane engines.In 1918, for example, 2.5 lbs. of engine weight were needed for everyone-horsepower of power produced. But that figure of 2.5 lbs. has nowbeen so reduced that the ratio is 1 HP of power produced to every 1 lb.of engine weight. All the weight thus saved has become available forextra "pay load."This revolutionary increase in efficiencycould not have taken place with-out extraordinary work by petroleum scientists.The story of this success is the story of the search for 100-octane aviationspirit-e--a search that took place, not among the oil wells of the world,'but'in the'brains of scientists, who strove to split molecules and rearrangethem in a better pattern •..It was Shell that, in 1934, wrote "Solved!" to this problem by deliveringthe first comercial quantities of 100·octane aviation spirit. 100-octane'fed the fleets of the air throughout the war and feeds them now.Shell scientists showed how it could be done. Soon, Shell will providefiner fuels and lubricants for your car. G 46 8F

THE SHELL COMPA Y OF AUSTRAUA UIIDTED (I CORPORATED IN GT. BRITAIN).,:O.,.""" •.••~"!"~,.~"' •.:":".•• '.'"

You can·'I"tsur~of'" ..~~'. ."-:.~.:~.::'~..l-~ .

The Australian Monthly Motor Manual.

Tanual

ORALL A ES

,Ii.~::

Obtainabt»from

and many otherswith new features too I• TOURING• CARAV ANING• LATEST NEWS

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WHOLESALERS

motor manual august 1946

Documents

exhaust valve period

valve timingas

exhaust stroke

inlet valve period

power stroke

afterthe piston

piston hasreached

valves open