MOTIVATIONWhatever you do will be insignificant, but it is important that

you do it

What is Motivation?

Process which begins with a physiological or psychological need or deficiency which triggers a behaviour or a desire that is aimed at a goal or an incentive. • Needs drives incentives

All the internal conditions that stir up activity and sustain activity of an individual.

• Starts and sustain activities

Process of arousing the action, sustaining the activity in process and regulating the pattern of activity.

• Starts, sustain and regulate.

3 Groups of Motivational Theories

Internal Suggest that variables within the individual give rise to motivation and behavior

Example: Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory

Process Emphasize the nature of the interaction between the individual and the environment.

Example: Expectancy theory

External Focus on environmental elements to explain behavior.

Example: Two-factor theory

HIERARCHY OF NEEDS THEORY

Given by ABRAHAM MASLOW

Needs were categorized as five levels of lower-higher-order needs.

Individual must satisfy lower-level needs before they can satisfy higher order needs.

Satisfied needs will no longer motivate

Motivating a person depends on knowing at what level that a person is on the hierarchy

HIERARCHY OF NEEDS THEORY

PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS

SAFETY NEEDS

SOCIAL NEEDS

ESTEEM NEEDS

SELF-ACTUALIZATION

HIERARCHY OF NEEDS THEORY

HIERARCHY OF NEEDS THEORY

HIERARCHY OF NEEDS THEORY

HIERARCHY OF NEEDS THEORY

HIERARCHY OF NEEDS THEORY

HIERARCHY OF NEEDS THEORY

Relevance of Maslow’s Theory for Managers

Effective managers can anticipate emerging needs based on individual need profiles and provide opportunities for

fulfilment

The esteem level of needs satisfied by jobs and recognition provides managers with the greatest

opportunity to motivate better performance

Expectancy theory

• Expectancy theory is about the mental processes regarding choice, or choosing. It explains the processes that an individual undergoes to make choices. Expectancy theory is a motivation theory first proposed by Victor Vroom.

Expectancy theory

Work required

A level of performance

The final outcome

To reach

Which should lead to

Instrumentality: how confident you are that the goal really will lead to the outcome.

Valence: how much you really want the outcome.

Expectancy: how confident you are that if you put in the effort required you will actually reach the goal.

Expectancy theoryExpectancy• If I try, will I

succeed?

Instrumentality• If I succeed,

what are the

consequences?

Valence

• How do I feel

about the

consequence

s?

Two-factor theory

On the basis of research with engineers and accountants, Frederick Herzberg in the 1950’s developed the Two Factor Model for Motivation• Two factor model

Maintenance & Motivational Factors

Two-factor theory

Two-factor theory

• e.g. status, job security, salary and fringe benefits that do not give positive satisfaction, though dissatisfaction results from their absence

• These are extrinsic to the work itself, and include aspects such as company policies, supervisory practices, or wages/salary.

Hygiene Factor

• challenging work, recognition, responsibility that give positive satisfaction

• arising from intrinsic conditions of the job itself, such as recognition, achievement, or personal growth

Motivation Factor

Two-factor theory

Hygiene factors avoid job dissatisfaction

• Company policy & administration

• Supervision• Interpersonal Relations• Working conditions• Salary• Status• Security

• Achievement• Achievement recognition • Work itself• Responsibility• Advancement• Growth

Motivation factors increase job satisfaction

Two-factor theory• PROBLEMS

It ignores situational variables.

No overall measure of satisfaction was utilized.

The reliability of Herzberg methodology was questioned.

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