motivation. ppt
TRANSCRIPT
Presented BySonu, Satish,Rajeev, Ritika, Khushi, Kumar Pankaj & Tarun
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• An example of Negative motivation:
•Negative motivation are those whose purpose is to correct the mistakes or defaults of the employees
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THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
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THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
Maslow’s needs hierarchy theory
Douglas McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory
Clayton Alderfer’s ERG Theory David McClelland’s Theory of Needs John Stacey Adams Equity Theory
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Maslow’s needs hierarchy theory
Abraham Maslow was a leading psychologist
He had developed the “Hierarchy of Needs”
Born in 1908,New York
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Need HierarchyNeed Hierarchy
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Physiological Needs
These needs are:
•Food
•Shelter
•Cloths
•Relief from pain
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Safety and security Needs
These needs are:
•Jobs security
•freedom from threat
•security from
threatening events
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Social and love Needs
These needs are:
• Need for friendship
•Need for interaction
•Need for love
•Need for family
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Esteem Needs
These needs are:
•Need for self-esteem
•Respect from others
•Confidence
•Respect to others
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Self-actualization
These needs are:
•Self satisfaction
•Need for creativity
•Need to fulfill oneself by
maximizing the use of
abilities
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Maslow’s theory rests on a number of basic assumptions:
• Lower-level needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs become motivators
• A need that is satisfied no longer serves as a motivator
• There are more ways to satisfy higher-level than there are ways to satisfy lower-level needs
Assumption of Maslow’s needs hierarchy theory
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Douglas McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
•Taught psychology at MIT.
•At Antioch College, McGregor found that his classroom teaching of human relations did not always work in practice
•From these experiences, his ideas evolve and lead him to recognize the influence of assumptions we make about people and our managerial style.Douglas McGregor (1906-1964)Douglas McGregor (1906-1964)
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Theory X and Theory Y
•Douglas McGregor’s theory of motivation or XY theory proposes that organizations follow one of two approaches in their management of people
•Theory x and y are two sets of assumption about the nature of people
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Theory X
•The average employee does not like work and will attempt to avoid it.
•As employees are lazy they do not want responsibility and have no ambition.
•Individuals prefer to be directed and want security above everything else.
•Individuals need to be closely supervised and controlled.
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Theory Y
•Individuals exercise self control and self-direction to achieve objectives that they are committed to. Threats of punishment are unnecessary
•The rewards of achievement generate commitment from employees.
•If individuals are given freedom there is opportunity to increase productivity.
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Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory
Frederick Herzberg Frederick Herzberg (1923-2000) (1923-2000)
•His research emphasized job enrichment (depth) rather than job enlargement
•The theory argues that: The motivation factors or motivators are the primary causes of motivation and address the question “why work harder”;
The hygiene factors are necessary conditions to achieve a state of neutrality and address the question “why work here”.
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Motivation and Hygiene FactorsMotivation and Hygiene Factors
Policies and Administration
Supervision
Working Conditions
Interpersonal Relations
Money, Status, Security
HYGIENE FACTORSENVIRONMENT
MOTIVATORSWHAT THEY DO
Achievement
Recognition for Accomplishment
Challenging Work
Increased Responsibility
Growth and Development
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Herzberg’s Two-Factor TheoryHerzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
DissatisfiersDissatisfiersHygiene factorsHygiene factors
DissatisfiersDissatisfiersHygiene factorsHygiene factors
Extrinsic factorsExtrinsic factors
Factors within the Factors within the job context:job context:
PayPay
StatusStatus
Working conditionsWorking conditions
SatisfiersSatisfiersMotivatorsMotivatorsSatisfiersSatisfiers
MotivatorsMotivators
Intrinsic factorsIntrinsic factors
Factors within the Factors within the job content:job content:
AchievementAchievement
Increased responsibilityIncreased responsibility
RecognitionRecognition
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THE JOB ITSELFAND THE
MOTIVATORFACTORS
RESPONSIBILITY ACHIEVEMENT
WORK ITSELF RECOGNITION
GROWTH
ADVANCEMENT
THE JOB SURROUNDINGSAND THE
HYGIENE FACTORS
SUPERVISION
BENEFITS
INTER-PERSONALRELATION-
SHIPS
SECURITY
SALARY
STATUS
COMPANYPOLICY AND
ADMINIS-TRATION
WORKINGCONDITIONS
Motivation and Hygiene FactorsMotivation and Hygiene Factors
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Clayton Alderfer’s ERG Theory
•Clayton P Alderfer proposed a hierarchy involving three sets of needs:
•Existence: needs satisfied by such factors as food, air, water, pay, and working conditions.•Relatedness: needs satisfied by meaningful social and interpersonal relationships.•Growth: needs satisfied by an individual making creative or productive contributions.
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ERG Theory Relationships Among Frustration, ERG Theory Relationships Among Frustration, Importance, and Satisfaction of NeedsImportance, and Satisfaction of Needs
FrustrationFrustrationof growth needsof growth needs
FrustrationFrustrationof growth needsof growth needs
ImportanceImportanceof growth needsof growth needs
ImportanceImportanceof growth needsof growth needs
SatisfactionSatisfactionof growth needsof growth needs
Frustration ofFrustration ofrelatedness needsrelatedness needs
Frustration ofFrustration ofrelatedness needsrelatedness needs
Importance of Importance of relatedness needsrelatedness needs
Importance of Importance of relatedness needsrelatedness needs
Satisfaction ofSatisfaction ofrelatedness needsrelatedness needs
FrustrationFrustrationof existence needsof existence needs
FrustrationFrustrationof existence needsof existence needs
ImportanceImportanceof existence needsof existence needs
ImportanceImportanceof existence needsof existence needs
Satisfaction ofSatisfaction ofexistence needsexistence needs
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Comparison between Maslow’s, Herzberg’s and Alderfer’s ERG Theory
David McClelland’s Theory of Needs
Proposed Theory of Needs
•Need for Achievement (nAch) – drive to excel, to achieve in relation to a set of standards
•Need for Affiliation (nAff) – the desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships•Need for Power (nPow) – need to make others behave in a way in which they would not have behaved otherwise (to have power over them)
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McClelland’s Learned Needs TheoryMcClelland’s Learned Needs Theory
AchievementAchievement
(n Ach)(n Ach)
AffiliationAffiliation
(n Aff)(n Aff)
PowerPower
(n Pow)(n Pow)
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Need for Achievement
The need for achievement is characterized by the wish to take responsibility for finding solutions to problems, master complex tasks, set goals, get feedback on level of success
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Need for Affiliation
The need for affiliation is characterized by a desire to belong, an enjoyment of teamwork, a concern about interpersonal relationships, and a need reduce uncertainty
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Need for Power
The need for power is characterized by a drive to control and influence others, a need to win arguments, a need to persuade and prevail
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A Comparison of the Content TheoriesA Comparison of the Content Theories
MaslowMaslow(need hierarchy)(need hierarchy)
Self-actualizationSelf-actualization
EsteemEsteem
Belongingness,Belongingness,social, and lovesocial, and love
Safety and securitySafety and security
PhysiologicalPhysiological
MaslowMaslow(need hierarchy)(need hierarchy)
Self-actualizationSelf-actualization
EsteemEsteem
Belongingness,Belongingness,social, and lovesocial, and love
Safety and securitySafety and security
PhysiologicalPhysiological
HerzbergHerzberg(two-factor theory)(two-factor theory)
The work itselfThe work itself•ResponsibilityResponsibility•AdvancementAdvancement•GrowthGrowth
AchievementAchievementRecognitionRecognition
Quality of inter-Quality of inter-personal relationspersonal relationsamong peers, withamong peers, withsupervisors, withsupervisors, withsubordinatessubordinates
Job securityJob security
Working conditionsWorking conditionsSalarySalary
HerzbergHerzberg(two-factor theory)(two-factor theory)
The work itselfThe work itself•ResponsibilityResponsibility•AdvancementAdvancement•GrowthGrowth
AchievementAchievementRecognitionRecognition
Quality of inter-Quality of inter-personal relationspersonal relationsamong peers, withamong peers, withsupervisors, withsupervisors, withsubordinatessubordinates
Job securityJob security
Working conditionsWorking conditionsSalarySalary
AlderferAlderfer
GrowthGrowth
RelatednessRelatedness
ExistenceExistence
AlderferAlderfer
GrowthGrowth
RelatednessRelatedness
ExistenceExistence
MotivatorsMotivators
HygieneHygieneconditionsconditions
HigherHigherorderorderneedsneeds
BasicBasicneedsneeds
McClellandMcClelland
Need forNeed forachievementachievement
Need forNeed forpowerpower
Need forNeed foraffiliationaffiliation
McClellandMcClelland
Need forNeed forachievementachievement
Need forNeed forpowerpower
Need forNeed foraffiliationaffiliation
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John Stacey Adams Equity Theory
•Equity theory is not a new one but focuses on how individuals perceive their reward or pay compared to what others are receiving.
•Individuals compare their job inputs and outcomes with those of others and then respond so as to eliminate any inequities.
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The Equity Theory of Motivation
A person (P) with certain inputs (I) and receiving certain outcomes (O)
Compares his/her input/outcome ratio to reference person’s (RP) inputs (I) and outcomes (O)
OP ORP IP
IRP
equity
OP ORP IP
IRP
OP ORP IP
IRP
==
<
>
or
or
inequity
inequity
and perceivesand perceives
IP: Inputs of the personIP: Inputs of the person
OP: Outcomes of the personOP: Outcomes of the person
IRP: Inputs of reference personIRP: Inputs of reference person
ORP: Outcomes of reference personORP: Outcomes of reference person
The Equity Theory of Motivation
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conclusion
Motivation means to motivate or encourage people so that they work with full zeal and can give their 100% to the organization.
Maslow put the human needs in a hierarchy and gives the theory of Need Hierarchy.
A/c to Douglas McGregor there are two types of people- X-type and Y-type.
Herzberg has given two factors for Motivation- motivation factors and hygiene factors
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In general life motivation play a key role to live a better life.
Motivation is the reason to do an action and we know action is the origin of innovation.
Motivation give us a hope, and the whole world revolve on a single hope.
Today we are living in a independent country only because of the reason that our freedom fighters were motivated towards our freedom and if we want to live a life with peace and happiness than we need motivation on each and every phase of our life.
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Be A Good Motivator
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