mortality and' vi,tal statistics...xxxv.-dbatus .fro~l cancer in the united states and in each...
TRANSCRIPT
"'tteferenee ~
DEP AltT11EN'r OF THE INTERIOR,
CENSUS OFFICE.
) I ~1
FRANCIS A. "W AL:KER, Snp'erint,onden.t, Appointed April 1, 1870; re~igned Noveml>1ir 3, l~llL
CI-IAB. -w, SEATON, Superini:enclent, A:ppointc<l November 4, 188L OJilc~ of Rnpmfotellflent
abolished llfarcll 3, 1885.
REPORT
ON 'l'IIB
MORTALITY AND' VI,TAL STATISTICS OF 'l'III~
lJNITED STATES
AS RETURNED AT THE TENTH CENSUS (JUNE 1, 1880),
nY
JOHN S. BILLINGS, SURGEON U. S. ARJ.VIY.
PART TI.
WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFJ!'ICE.
188 6.
Bureau, of the Census l.iAran
PART II.
MORTALITY AND VITAL sri1Ari1ISTICS.
lN'.l'RODUOi'ION: SECTIONS VII '.1.'0 XII. TABLES: XIII TO LXVI. FIGURES: 19 TO 132. MA.PS : 1 TO 20.
PL.A.TES: { I TO XVII} 1 TO 19 IN PORTI~OLIO,
DI.A.GR.A.MS: 1 TO 3& .
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Paµ,e. !INTRODUCTION ....•..•..•..............•••••...•...•...........••.......•..•.......•. - - ... - .•...••............•••.•.......•.. xi-olvii i
SECTION VIL-LOCALITY IN RELA'l'ION TO DEATHS ..••..... - -....•. - ................ -....••......•.....•..•...•.... - .. xi-xx vii Grand Group 1.-:N"ortb Atlantic Coast :regimi...... ..•... .•.... ..••.. ....•. .•..•. .••. ...... .•.••.. xi
2 .. -Midcllo Atlantic Coast ngiun ...... ---·-· .. ..•... ...... ......•.•... .... ..•... .... xii 3.-South Atlantic Coast region. . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . • . . . • . •. . . . . . . . . •• . •. . . • • .. . . . . . . xii 4.-Gulf Coast region ................. _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . .. . . . . . . xiii 5.-Nortbenstern Hills 1111{1 Plateaus ...•..........••...... _................... . . . • . . xiii 6.-Central Appalachian region .............. : . . . .. . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . .. .. . . . xiv 7.-Region of the Great Northern Lakes . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . xi 11
8.-The Interior Plateau ............................................................. xh·, xv 9.-Southern Central A.ppalachian region . . • . . . .. . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . x,-, xvi
10.-The Ohio River Belt...... .•• ••. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . •• . . . . . . . . .. • . . . . . . .. . x\'i 11.-Sonthern Interior Plateau ...................................................... xvi, xvii 12.-South Mississippi River Bc;lt ... . . • .... . . • • . . . . .. . . . . . . • . .• • .. .. ... ... .. . . ... ••• xvii 13.-North Mississi11pi River Belt ................................................... xvii, xviii 14.-Southwest Central region ..................................... __ . .. . . . . . ... .... xnn 15.-Central region, plains and prairies ............................................. xviii, xix 16.-The Prairie region .. : •................ __ ....................... __ .. · ......... __ .. xi:x: 17.-The Missouri River Belt ........................................................ xix, xx 18.-Region of the Western Plains .••. •... .. ••.. ... . . . . . . ... . . .. .. ... . ... .. .. .. .. .... xx 19.-Heavily-timbered region of the Northwest....... . . . . . . . . . . . . • .. . .• . •.. ... . . . . . xxi 20. -Oordilleran region ............................................................... xx i, xxii 21.-Pacifio Coast l'egion . . • • • . . . • . . • . . • . • . . • • • . . • • • . . . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . .. • . . . . . . . .. . . .. xx ii
Urban aud Rural Mortality .............................. ~ ..................................... xxii-xxvii VIII.-CAUSES OF DBATH ............................................. .' •..•.••........••. ; ................ xxvii-exxxvl
Scarlet Fever .•.•............•..••••..•..••...•••••..•.•••••••••••..•.••. ' ..................... :xxix-xxxii Euteric or Typhoid Fever ..................................................................... xxxii-xxxv Malarial fevers ............................................................................. xxxv-xxxviii Diphtheria and Croup .. .'.... . . • . .. . . . . . . . . • . • . . . . . . • . •• • •• . . . . . ... • •••..••••.•.••........... :xxxviii-xlv Diarrl1mal disease·s .••.•..............•.......•...•.....••••.••••....•.... '... . • . . . . . • . . . . . • . . . . . . . xlvi-1 Old Age .. . • . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . • • . • . .. . . . • . • • . . . . . .. • • • • . . • • • • . . • • .. .. • . . • • . . . .. . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . li Hooping-cough ............................................................................. : . . . . li-liv Measles. . . . • . . . . . . . . . . • . . . • • • • • . . . . . . . . • . • • . . . . . .. . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . • • • .. . . . . • . . • • . • . .. . • .. . . • • . . liv-1 vi l\fmnps . . . • • . .. . • • . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . • • . . . . • . • . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . • . . .. . . . . lvii Erysipelas ...................................................................................... l\'ii,lviii Consum1)tion .......• .' ........................................................................... lviii-hdi Pnenmonia ...................................................................................... lxii-lxv Scrofula and Tabcs ................................................ : ............................. lxv,lxvi Alcobolism and Venereal diseases ............................................................... lxvi, lxvii Heart Disease and Dropsy .••.••.. .-............................................................. lx vii-lxix Child-birth, Abortion, Puerpel'al Septiemmia1 and Still-bh'th ................................... lxx-lxxvi Diseases of the Nel'vous System ............................................................... lxxvi, lxxyii Mental diseases ............................................................................. lxxvii, lxxviii .A.p'oplexy and Paralysis ...................................................................... lxxviii-lxxx Tetanus aDll Trismus N11scentium ............................................................. lxxx-lxxxii Disease.s ?f the Respiratory System ..•.....•....•..•. ~--·· ................................. lxxx~i.'.lxxxiii Bronch1t1s ............................................................ _ ..................... lxxxl n-]xxxv Pleurisy .................................................................................... lxxxv, 1xxxvi Diseases of the Digestive System.; .•...... · ................................................ lxxxvi-lxxxviii Peritonitis ....................................................................................... lxxxviii Disi:ases of the Urinary System and of the Male Organs of Generation ........................... lxxxix, :irn
Diseases of tbe Female Organs of Generation ....................................................... xc, xei Diseases of tbe Bones and Joints ................................................................. xci, xeii A.ecideuts ancl Injuries ........................................................................... xcji-xci Y
Suicide ........................................................................................ xt·h·-cviii Cancer ......................................... _ ............................................. cviii-cxxxii Deaths from certain specifiecl causes ....................................................... cxxxii, cxxxiii Hyclropho bia...... .. • • • . . . . . . . . .. . . . . • . . . . . . . . . .......................................... cxxxiii, cxxxi v 'Light,uing .................................... _, __ .......................................... l.'xxxiv, cxxxv
v .
vi TABLE OF CONTEN'rS.
Page. SEOTION IX.-:MonBIDl'fY OR SICK RATES ••••••••••••••••••..•••.••••• : ........................................ cxxxvi-cxxxix:.
X.-BIRTHS, BIRTH RATES, AND LIFE TABLES .............................................. •••••• •••••••••• cxl-cxlii· Life '£ables, Discussion of • • • • • • . • • • •• . • • • • . • • • . • . . . • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . ••••••.•••••••••••••••. cxliii-cl
XL-AGES OF LIVING POPULA:rION ••••••••....•••.•••••••••••••••••...••..•••.••••••..•.•••••••••••••••••••• cl-cl vii· XII.-CONOLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDA'rIONS ..................... - •••••••••••• · ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• cl vii, cl viii·
T.A.nLB XIII.-SUMMARY FOR STATES, STATE GROUPS, CrrIEs, AND FOn COUNTIES OF 10,000 POPULATION AND UPWAHD, SHOWING, WITH DISTINCTION OF SEX AND CERTAIN GROUPS OF AGES1 AND OF COLOR IN EACH STATE GROUP, CITY, AND COUNTY IN WHICII THE COLORED POPULATION IS 20 PER CENT. OR MORE OF TIIE WHOLE, TIIE LIVING POPULATION AT 'l'HE DATE OF TIIE CENSUS1 AND TIIE BIRTHS AND DEATHS DURING TIIE CENSUS YEAR, WITH STATEMENT OF RATIOS, AND ALSO TIIE NUMBER OF DEATHS FROM CERTAIN SPECmIED CAUSES, DURING TIIE CENSUS YEAR ENDING MAY 31, 1880 ...................................................... .
A.-The States and Territories presented together for comparison ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• B.-The Cities presented together for comparison ................................................. .
'XIV.-DEATIIS FOR THE UNITED STATES, FROM CERTAIN SPECIFIED DISEASES .AND CLASSES OF DISEASES, RY GRAND GROUPS, WITH DISTINCTION OF MONTII OF DEATH, SEX, AND CERTAIN GROUPS OF AGES, FOR '.l'IIE CENSUS
1-183. 174-179 180-183
YEAR ENDING MAY 311 1880 .• • •• • • • • • • . . • • • • • • • • • • • . . • . • • • • • • • . . • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • . • • . . . . . . . . . . • . • • • • • • • • 183-345· Grand Group 1.-North Atlantic Coast regiou .••••....•••••......•••••..••••.••.••..•...••..••••••• lSG-193
2.-Middle Atlantic Coast region .•.•.. .' •••...•.••..•••••..•••••••........•..••••••••• 192-201 3.-Sonth Atlantic Coast region ..••.•••..••••••..•••..••••.••.•.••••••••.•....••••••• 200-20&· 4.-Gulf Coast regiou .................. _ ................. ~ •••.••••••...•...•..••••.• 208-217 5.-Northeastern Hills and Plateaus .................................................. 216-22~l: 6.-Centrnl A:ppalachiau region • • • . . • • • • • . • . • • • • . • • • . • • • • • • • . • • . • • • • • • . . . . • . . • • • • • • • • 224-231 7.-Region of the Great Northern Lakes ............................................. , 230-23C.· 8.-The Iutel'ior Plateau .••••••• ; ••..••••••••••••••..•••••••••..•.••••••••..••••••••• 238-247 9.-Southern Central .Appalachiau region ••••....••••...•..•••••••••••••.•••.....•••.. 246-255
10.-The Ohio River Belt ............................................................. 254-26;l. 11.-Southern Interior Plateau...... • • • • . . . • . . . • . • • . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • . . . . • •• • • 262-271 12.-South Mississippi River Belt • • • • • • • • • • .. • • • • • • • • • • • . . • • • • • • • • . • • • • . . • • • . . • • • • • • • • 270-277 13.-NorthMississippi River Belt ••••••..•••..••••.••••..•••••••.•••••.•••••••••.•••• 278-2!:(; 14.-S~uthwest Central region ........................................................ 284-293· 15.-Central region, plains and pmiries • • • • • . • . . • • .. • ••....•••..• ·..••. . • • • . . . • • • • • • • • 292-301 16.-The Prairie region • • •• . • . • • . . • . • • . • • • • • • .. • . . • • • • . • • • • • • • • • . . . • • • • . . • . . . . . • • • • • • • 300-:109-· 17.-Missouri River Belt .............................................................. 308-315 18.-Region of the Western Plains •••••••••••••••••••.•••••• : • ••••••••.••••...•••••••• 316-323· 19.-Heavily-timberecl region of the Northwest .•••.....•....•.•..••••....••••••••• , ••• 322-329• 20.-Cordilleran region • • • • •• • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • . • • • . • • • • • . . • • • .. • • • • • . . • • • • . • • . . • • • • • • . • 330-337 21.-Pacifio Coast region •••••••••••..••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 336-345
XV.-DEATIIS FROM EACH CAUSE IN 1000 DEATIIB OF WHICH THE CAUSES ARE KNOWN, WITII DISTINCTION OF SEX. 3·17-363· XVI,-DEATHS AT CERTAIN AGES AND GllOUPS OF AGES IN 1000 DEATIIS FROM TIIE STATED CAUSE OJJ' WHICH THE
AGES ARE KNOWN, WITH DISTlNO'l;ION OF SEX, AND SPECIFICATION OF CAUSE ............................. 365-373'. XVII.-DEATHS AT CERTAIN AGES AND GROUPS OF AGES IN 1000 DEATHS OF WIIICII THE AGES AllE KNOWN, WITH
DISTINCTION OF SEX, BY STATES AND STATE GROUPS ................................................... 375-38;'; XVIII.-NUMBER OF DJ<JATHS FROM EACH llEPORTED CAUSE OF DE.&.TH1 BY STATES, STATE GROUPS, AND SELECTED
CITIJ<JS ••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••.••••••••••• - ..•••••••••••••. - • • . • . • . . . . • 387 -427" X!X.-DEATIIS REPORTED AS DUE TO CERTAIN SPECIFIED DISEASES AND CLASSES OF DISEASES, AND NUMBER OF
DEATHS FROM lMCII DAUSE IN 100,000 DEATHS FR011I .ALL CAUSES .AT TIIE CENSUSES OF 18801 18701 1860, AND 1850 • • • • • • • • • . • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 429-432'
:XX.-NUMBER OF DEAT:f!S FOR CER'rAIN GRAND GROUPS, AND THE BUM THEREOF, WITH DISTINCTION OF SEX AND IRISH AND GEHMAN PARENTAGE, AT EACH AGE AND GROUP OF AGES IN 1000 DEATHS OF WHIOH TIIE AGES ARE KNOWN . • . • . • . • • • . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • 433-435·
XXI.-NUIIIBER OF DEATHS FOR CERTAIN GRAND GROUPS, AND THE BUii! THEREOF, WITH DISTINCTION OF SEX AND COLOR1 .AT EAOH AGE AND GROUP OF AGES IN 1000 DEATHS OF WIDCH TIIE AGES ARE KNOWN • • • . • • • • • . 437-439•
:XXII.-TOTAL NUMBER 011' DEATHS FROM ALL CAUSES REGISTERED IN 31 LARGE CITIES OF THE. UNITED STATES DURING THE CENSUS YEAR, WITH DISTINCTION OF SEX, .AGE1 COLOR, AND MONTH 01~ DEATH, AND, IN SOME CASES, OF PARENTAGE ....•...•..••...•.•.•••••..•.•..•• : ••.••••••••••••••••.••••••••••.•••••••••• 441-473'
Baltimore,Maryl11ucl .•.••..•.....•.••••• ..... : ••.••...••.••••..•.....•.....••••••••••••••••.•••••• 442,443: Boston, Massachusetts ...•........•....•..•..•....•...••••.••••••••••..•••••..••••••••••••••••••••• 442, 443. Brooklyn, New York .............................................................................. 444,445· Cambridge, Massachusetts .................................................................. ; •••••• 444, 445. Camden, New Jersey ......... ; •... : ............................................................... 446,447 Charleston, South Carolina ........................................................................ 446,447 Chicago, Illinois • . • . . . • • . • . . • • .. . • . . • . . . . . . . . . • • • . . • • • • . . • • . • • . • . . • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • . • • . .. • • • • • • • • • • 448, 449· Cincinnati, Ohio ........................................................ '··-·· .••••••••••••••••••• 448,449· Clevelancl,Ohio ................................................................................ · ••• 450,451 Fall River, Massachusetts .•••............•..•.•••.•.••. ,. ••..•••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 450, 451 Indianapolis, Indiarnt ............................................................................... 452, 453, Je1·sey City, New JC'rsey .................... --· ..•••..•.•..••.•••••••..•••..••••••••••••••••••••••• 452, 453-La.wrence, Massachns;.otts ................................ - •..•• - ................................... 454, Miki·
Louisville, Kentuckr ................................................ - .............................. 454,.451» Lowell, Massacbns<'lts ..•... ~· •••.•••••••• ; •••••.•••••• - •• - ••••••..••••.•••••••••••••••••••.••••••• 456, 457' Lynn, l\Iassn.cbusetrn ............................................ · ••.••••••••• · •••••••••••••••••••••• 456,457;
TABLE
TABLE OF pONTENTS. Vll
XXII.-TOTAL NUMBER OF DEATHS FROM ALL CAUSES, ETO.-Continued. Page.
Milwaukee, Wisconsin ••••••.•••.••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 458, 459 Nashville, Tennessee ••••••.•••••••••••••.•.•.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 458, 459 Newark, New Jersey ••••••••••••••••••••.••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 460,461 New Orleans, Louisiamt .••.•.••••. ·•••••. • • • • . • . • • • • • . • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 460, 461 New York city ••••••••••••••.•••••.•••••••••.••..•••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 462, 463 Paterson, New Jersey... • • . • • • • • • • • • . • • • . • . • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • . • • • • • •.• • • 462, 463 Philadelpliia, Pennsylvania •.••••••.•.••••••••••••.••••••••••••. ••• •••••••••••••••.••••••••••••.•••• 464, 465 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ••••••••..••••••••••••.••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•.••••••.••••• 464, 465 Providence, Rhode Island •••••••.•••••••.••..•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••.••••• 466, 467 Richmon cl, Virginia • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • •••••••••••••.••••••••••••••.•• ~.. • • • • • • . • 466, 467 Sau Praucisco, 0alifornia ............................................................................ 468, 469 Saint Louis, Missouri. •••••••••••••.•.•••••••••••• : •••••••••.••••.••••.••••••••••••••••.•••••..••.• 46tl, 469 Washington, District of Columbia .••.•.••••..• : •••..••••.•.•••••••••••••••.•••••.••••.••..••••••••• 470, 4il "\Vilm.iugton, Delaware • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • . • . • • • • • . • • • • • • .. • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • 470, 471 Worcester, Massachusetts ••••••.....•••.•••••••••.••.•••••••••••••••..•••• ,. • • • • . • • . • • . • • • • • • . . • • • • 472, 473
X:X:Il!.-DEATHS :FROM CIIOLERA !NFANTUM I!EGISTERED IN 31 LARGE CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES (FOR LIST OF
CIT.ms SEE TABLE XXII) DURING THE C1rnsus YEAR, WITH DISTINCTION OF SEX, AGE, COLOR, p ARENTAGE,
A..'\'D MONTH OF DI,ATII •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• -·································-·········· 475-·177 XXIV.-DEATHS llROM CONVULSIONS REGISTERED IN 31 J,ARGE crrrns OF THE UNI'rED STATES (FOR LIST OF CITIES
. SEE TABLE XXU) DURµiG THE CENSUS YEAI!, WITH DISTINCTION OF AGE1 SEX, COLOR, PARENTAGE, AND
:l>IONTJI OF DEATH ••••••••••••••.••••••••••• - •••••.•••••••••••• - •••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• - •• 475-477 XXV.-DEATIIS FHmr CROUP REGISTERED IN 31 LARGE CITIES 01' 'l'IIE UNITED S'l'ATES (FOR LIS'l' OF CITIES SEE
TADLIU XXII) DUIUNG THE CENSUS YEAR, WITII DISTINCTION OF .AGE, SEX, COLOR, PARENTAGE, AND
:MC>NTII OF DEATH •••••••••••••••••.• • •••.•••••••••••••••••••••••• - •••••••••••••••••.••••••• - •••••••••••• 479-481 XXVI.-DEATHS 1mmr DIPHTHERIA REGISTERim IN 31 LA.RGI~ CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES (FOR LIST OF CITIES
SEE TABLI" XXII) DURING Tim CENSUS YEAH, WITH DISTINCTION 011' AGE, SEX1 COLOR, PARENTAGE1 AND
llIONTll OF DEATH...... • • • • • . • • • • • . . • • • • . • • • • • . . • • • • • • • • • • . .. • • • • • • • • • • . • • • . • • • . • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • 479-181 XXVII.-DBATHS };'HOM ENTimIC FBVEH REGISTERl>D IN :n LARGJ~ CITms OF THE UNITED STATES (FOR LIST OJ• CITIES
SEE TABLE XXll) DURING TIIE. CENSUS Yl~AR, WITII DISTINCTION OF AGE1 SEX1 COLOR, PARENTAGE, AND
~IONTH 01!' DEATH...... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • . • • • • • . . • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • 483-•J85 XXVIII.-DEATIIS irnoM HOOPING·COUGII HEGlSTEREI> IN 31 LARGE ciTrns Oil' 'l'l-IE UNITED STATES ("FOR J,IST OF CITIES
Sim T,UH,I~ XXI!) DURING TRIG CENSUS YEAR, WITH Dlfl'l'!NCTION Oli' .A.GIG, SEX, COLOl\ 1 PARENTAGE, AND
MONTH OF DEATH . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • . . • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 488-485 XXIX.-DEA.THS immr :MEASLES UEGIS'l'ERED m 31 LARGE CITrnS OF TlIE UNITED STA.TES (!!'OR LIST OF CITIES SEJn
T.Al!LE XXII) DUI!ING TIIE CENSUS YEAR, WITH DIS'rINCl'ION 01•' AGE, S1~x, COLOR, PARENTAGE, A..."ID -
MONTI! OF DEATH •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••..••••••••••••• - • . . • • • • • • • • 487-489 '.XXX.-DEATHS 1mm1 PNEUMONIA REGISTEHED IN :n J,A.RGB CITIES OJ~ THE UNITED STATES (~'OR LIST OF CITIES
SEE TAllLJ" XXII) DURlNG THE CENSUS YEAR, WITir DISTINCTION OF AGE, Sn;x, OOJ,OR, PARENTAGE, AND .
MOl\Tl{ OF DEA'l'H •••••••••.•••••••••••••• •••••• •••••• ·••••• •••••••••••••••• ·••••• •••••• •••••• ••••• _ ••••. 457-489 X:X:XI.-DEATIIS FR0~1 SCAHLET Pl~VER HEGISTERED IN 31 LAHGE CITIES 01!' •rrrn UNITED S'l'ATES (:rmu LIST OF
CITIES SEE '!'ABLE XXII) DURING THE C1rnsus YEAR, WITH Dl81'INC'l'lON OJ!' AGE, SEX, COLOR, PAJtE:>'rA.GE,
AND M<ONTII OF DEATH •••••••••••..••.••••••••••••••••••••••.•••...••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••• 491-49::1. XXXII.-DEATHS l•'HOM 'l'E'l'ANUS AND Tms~rus NASCJCNTIU!ll UEGISTEl!ED IN 31 LARGE CITIES OF THE UNl'rED •
STATES (Fon LIST OF crrms SEB TAllLE XXII) DUIUNG TIIE CENSUS Yl,AR, WlTII DISTINCTION OF AGl~, SEX, COLOR, PARENTAGE, AND MONTH Ol!' DEATH ...................................................... 401-493
X...'\'.XIII.-DEA'fllS FROl\I DII'Jl'l'HEltIA IN THE UNITED STATES mnPOltTED DUIUNG THE CENSUS YEAR, Wl'l'll EXCLUSION
OF 50 SELECTED CITIES (FOR NAl\IES OF CITms SEE INTROD., PAitT II, P, CYI), WI'.I'II DISTINCTION OF GHAND
GROUPS, SEX, AG!~, COLOR, PARENTAGE, AND MONTH OF DEATH ••••••••••••••..••••••••••••••••••••••• 495-517 XXXIV.-DEATUS FROM DIPHTHERIA l'OR 50 SELECTED CITIES (FOR NAMJ~S OF CJ:TIES SEE lNTUOD., PAR'l' II, P. CVI)
REPOHTED DURING. TrlE CENSUS YEAR, WITH DISTINCTION OF GHAND GHOUI'S AND OF SEX, AGE, COLOR,
p AltEXTAllE, AND :MONTH OF DEATH .......................................................... ·• • • • • • • • • • • 519-535 XXXV.-DBATUS .FRO~l CANCER IN THE UNITED STATES AND IN EACH GltAND Gnoup, WITU DISTINO'l'lo.N 0.F AGE
A.."\D SEX • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • 537-541 XXXVI.-DEATIIS l'HO~I CANCER IN CERTAIN GRAND GROUPS, WI'l'H DISTINCTION OF Cor.on, SEX, AND AGE •••••••• 54:~-545
XXXVII.-DEATIIS AT EACH AGE AN.D GROUP OF AGES L'\' 1000 DEATHS 01<' EACH SEX FllO~l °CANCER, .OF WHICH TlIE
AGES A.l\ln KNOWN, IN THE UNITED STATES AND I~ EACH GRAND GROCP, WI"l'll DISTINCTION OF COLOR IN
CERTAIN GUAND GROUPS •••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••• : ••• · •••••.••••••••••••• , ••••••••••••••• 547-549 XXXVII!.-DEATHS FROU CANCER iN THE UNITJW STA'mS AND IN EACH GRAND GROUP1 WITH DISTINCTION 01!' NATIVITY,
SEX, A:ND AGE.............. • •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••• 551-559 XXXIX.-DEATHS ll'llOM CANCER IN THE UNI'l"ED STATES AND IJS' JO::ACH GRAND GROUP 01" CERTAL."I Sl'ECII<'lED
NATIVITIES, AT EACH AGE AND GROUP OF AGES IN 1000 DEATHS Fl\OM CANCER OlJ' WHICH THE AGES
A.RE KNOWN .•••••.••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••.••.•••• ··"···'· •••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 561-fi65 XL.-DEATHS FROM CANCER IN TilE UNITED STA.TI'S AND IN EACH GRAND GROUP, WITH DISTINCTION OF AGE,
SEX, AND CIVIL CONDITION·······-··· ••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••.•••••• : ••••••••• ·••••••••• •••••• 567-573 XLI.-DEA.THS FROM CANCER IN THE UNITED STATES1 WITH DISTINCTION 011' 8EX1 AGE, AND SPECIFICATION OF
OCCUPATION •••••••••••••••••••••••• - • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 575-577 XL!!.-DJo:ATHS FROM CANCER OF THE STOJ\IACH IN 'l'lill UNITED STA'.rES AND IN EACH GllAND GROUP, WITH
DISTIXCTION OF AGE, SEX1 AND NATIVITY1 AND OF COLOR IN CERTAIN GRAND GROUPS •• ···• ••••••••••• 579-587 XLIII.-DEATHS FROM CANCJm OF TIIE BREAST IN THE UNITED STATES AND IN EACH GR.U'D Gnour, WITH
DISTINCTION OF AGE, SEX, AND NATIVITY, AND OL' COLOR IN CERTAIN GRAND GROUPS ••••••.•••••••••• 580-597
viii
TABU::
TABLE OF., CONTENTS.
1•age. XLIV.-DEATIIS FRO<VI CANOE!~ OF TIIE LIV.ER IN TIIJiJ UNITED ST.A.TES AND IN EACH GRAND GROUP, WITH DISTINC'l'lON
OF AGE1 SEX, AND NATIVITY, AND OF COLOR IN OER'l'AIN GRAND GROUPS •••••••••••••••••.•.••••.••••• 599-607 XLV.-DEATHS FROllf 0.A.NCER OF THE UTERUS IN TIIE UNITED STATES AND IN EACH GR.A.ND GROUP, WI.TH
DISTINCTlON OF .AGE AND NA'l'IVITY1 AND OF COLOR IN CERTAIN GnAND GROUPS •.••••••.••••••••• ; ••••••• 609-615 XL VJ.-DEATHS FROllf CANCER OF HEAD1 FACE AND NECK, ABDOllfEN1 MOUTH, TONGUE L'<D THROAT, RECTUl\!1 UPPER
EXTUEl\UTIES, LOWER EXTREMITIES, AND OTHER LOCALITIES, WITH ll!STINCTION OF Cor.oR AND SEX, AND
CITIES AND RURAL DISTRICTS ........................ - •.••••.•••.••••..••••••••••.•• - •••••••••••• - •.••.• 617-621~
XLVII.-DEATHS FHOM CANCER 01!' THE STOMACH IN 'l'HE UNITED STATES AND IN CltR1'AIN GRAND GROUPS, WITH
DISTINCTION OF Am:, SEX, AND SELECTED NA'l'IVITIES1 A.ND OF COLOR, L.'< 1000 DEA1'HS OL' CANCER 01•' 1'HE
STOMACH OF PERSONS OF AU, J{NOWN AGES , •••••••••••••••••••..•••••• , ...... - - •• ••• - - ••• --·· ............ 62'.i-627 XL V!Il.-DEATIIS FROM CANCER OF 'l'IIE BREAST IN TIIE UNITED STATES AND IN CERTAIN GRAND GHOUPS, WITH
DISTINC'l'ION OF AGE, SEX, AND SEi,EOTED NATIVITIES, AND OF COLORjlN 1000 DEATllS OF CANCER OF THE
nm~AST OF PEHSONS OF ALL J{NOWN AGES .• - ·-· •••••••• ·-·- •••••••• - -· •••••••.••••.•••••.••• --· •••••• ·-·· 625-627 XLJX.-DEATilS FROllf CANClllli OF THE LIVER. IN THE UNITED STATES AND IN CEHTAIN GRAND GROUPS, WITH
DISTINCTION OF AGE, SEX, AND sm.EC'l'ED NATIVITIES, AND OF COLOR, IN 1000 DEATHS OF CANCER OF THE
LIVER OF PEUSONS OL' ALL KNOWN AGES .............................................. -·--· •••••.•••••••• 029-631 L.-DEATHS FRO~I CANC!llll Ol!' THE UTERUS IN THE UNITED STATES AND IN CERTAIN GRAND GROUPS, WITH
DISTINCTION Oii AGE, SEI,ECTED NATIVITIES, AND COLOR IN 1000 DEA1'HS FFOM CANCER OF 'l'HE UTERUS OF
PERSONS OF ALL KNOWN AGES .................................................. - •••• - • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • 629-G::!l LI.-BIRTHS, AND DEATHS IN 1Nl.'ANCY, WITH STATEMENT 01' RATIOS IN TIIE UNITED STATES AND L.'< GRAND GnouPs,
ALSO IN STA.TES AND STA.TE GROUPS, WITH DH:i'l'INCTION OF RURAL AND CITIES, AND, IN UJDRTAIN' GRAND
GHOUL'S, OF WRITE AND COLORED.··-- ......... --· ••• - •••• - • - ................................. - ·- ••••••• 633-647 LIL-DEATHS IN MASSACHUSETTS, EXCLUSIV1' OF BOSTON, REPORTED BY 'l'HE HEGISTRA.TION SYSTEM OF THE STATE,
ALSO TllOSE REPORTED BY THE CENSUS ENUMERATORS, WI1'I1 DISTINCTION OF SEX, AGE, AND MONTH OF
DEATH •••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ·-····: ••••• ·-···· .......... ·-·--·····-·-········· •• ····-· 649-651 LIII.-DEATHS IN NEW JERSEY BY THE l!EGISTRA'l'ION SYSTEM OF THE STATE, ALSO THOSE REPORTED BY TIIE C1rnsus
ENUMEHA'rons, WITH ms·tINCTION 01' Si;x, Am~, AND MONTH 01" DEATH . - • - •••• - • - .•• - •••••• - •••••••••••• 653-655 LIV.-POPULATION, Brnn1s, A~m NU;\!BER 01' Wo<VJEN I"l!O~I 15 TO 49 YEARS m· AGE, IN THE UNITED STATES AND
IN EACH GI~AND GUOUP, WITII DISTINCTION OF SEX AND, L.YCERTAIN CASES, OF COLOR i RATIOS OF BIRTHS
TO POPULATION, AND ALSO OF WOMl~N TO THE AGES SPECIFIED .. ··:· .............................. ---- •••• 657-6''>9
LV.-POPULATION 1 IlrnTIIB, AND NUMBER OF \VO<V!EN !o'RO<Vf 15 TO 49 YEAHS Ob' AGE, IN THE UNITED ST.\TES A.ND
• IN EACH STATl~ AND STATE GROUP, Wl'!'H DISTINCTION OF SEX .AND, IN CEUT.A.IN CASES, OF COLORj RATIOS 01"
BIRTHS TO POPULATION, .AND ALSO TO wmrnN OF TIIE AGI~S SPECIFIED .•• ' ••••• - .•••• - - •••• - •• ' - - • - .•••••• 661-668 LVI.-AGES 1 WITH S.ux l!'Olt EACH PERIOD. 011 LIFE, OF THE POPULA'l'ION OI!' THE UNITED STATES; AT THE CENSUS OF
1880, IN 'l'Jm AGGREGATE, WITH NATIVITY AND RACE, WITH 'fIIE NUMBJmS OF CERTAIN AGES AND GROUPS 01"
AGES JN 100,000 OF ALI, AGES AND OF EACJI'RA.CI, •.•••• .' •••••••••.••••••.••• - ••••••.••••• - • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 669-671 LV!l.-AGES, WITH SEX FOR EACH PERIOD OF LIFE, OF THE AGGREGATE POPULATION OF THE UNITED ST.ATES, AT THE
CENSUS 01'' 1880, WITH THE NUMBER OF CERTAIN AGES AND GROUPS Ol!' AGES IN 100,000 OF ALL AGES, BY
STATES AND TERRITOUIES •••••.••• _ ....................... _ --· ......... --- .............................. 67:1-689 LY!ll.-AGES, WITH SEX AT EACH Pl~RIOD OF Lll'E1 OL' TilB WHITE POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, AT THE
CENSUS OF 1880, WITH THE NUMBim OF CEllTAIN AGES AND GROUPS OF AGES IN 100,000 Ol!' ALL AGES1 BY
STATES AND TERIUTORIES •. - ...................................... -· •••••••••••••• - ••••••••••• ~ •••.••••• 691-707 LIX.-AGES, WITH SEX AT EACH PERIOD Ol!' LIFE, Ol!' THE NATIVE \VfilTE POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, AT
THE CENSUS OF 18801 WITH 'l'll!C NUMBER Ol!' CERTAL."! AGES AND GROUPS Ol!' AGES IN 100,000 OF ALL AGES, BY
STATES AND TERlllTOHIES ••• - • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • .. • • • •. . • ••••••••••••••••• - •••••••••••• - - • 709-725 LX.-AGES1 WITH SEX A'l' EACII PERIOD Ol!' LIFE, 01~ THE FOREIGN-BORN WHITE POPULATION .Ol!' 'l'HE UNITED
ST.ATES, AT THE CE~SUS OF 1880, WITH NUMBER OF CER1'AIN AGES AND GROUPS OF AG.ES IN J.00,000 01<' ALL
AGES 1 BY STATES AND TERRITORIES ................................ :.··---· .•••.••••••••••..•••••••.••••• 727-741 LXl.-AGES1 WITH SEX A'.l' EACH PERIOD OF LIFE, OL' THE COLORJm POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, AT THE
CENSUS OF 1880, Wl'l'.il TIIE NU:>IBER OF CEHTAIN AGES AND GHOUPS OF AGES IN 100,000 OF ALL AGES, BY
STATES AND TERRITOll!ES .............................................. , ••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••• 743-757 LXII.-POPULATION OF GRAND GROUPS SPECIFIED BY AGE1 S~JX, AND COLOR •••••••••••••••••••••.•. ·----· •••••••.• 759-763
LXII!.-POPULA'l'ION' OF THE UNITED STATES AND OF EACH S'l'ATE AND TERRITORY BY SEX1 WITH TII1" NU.llfBEH PEI~
1000 01" EACH SEX .AT CERTAIN .AGES AND GUO UPS OF AGES .••••••••••• , ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• - • • • • • • • 765-769 LXIV.-.APPROXIlli.A.TE LIFE TABLES !o'OR MASSACHUSETTS, NEW JEUSEY, 'l'lIE. DISTRICT OF COLUMBiA, AND FOR THE
CITIES OF BALTIMORin, BOSTON, BROOKLYN, CHARLESTON, CHIC.AGO, CINCINNATI, NEW 0RLEA:-lS, NEW
Yo1m, PHILADELPHIA, SAINT Loms, AND SAN FHANCISCO ·-· ••••.••• , ......... -··· ··-- •••• ··---· ••••••••• 771-788 LXV.-APPROXIlll.A.TE TADLE sm1WING NU:\!DERS SURVIVING AT EACH AGE '(l x) FOR ENGLAND AND .WALES,
MASSACHUSETTS, .AND NEW JERSEY, AS COMPUTED BY Mn. HUMPHiiEY'S METHOD, WITH DISTINCTION
OF SEX •••••• ··-··· •• - ••• ·- ---· ·---- • - •• -· -··- ··-··· ·-. -- • -· •••••• - -·· .• - ··-. ·-··· •• - ••••••• - •••••••••• 789-791 LXYI.-llIE.AN AFTER-LIFE Tr;vm (EXPECTATION OF LIFE) .AT VAHIOUS AGES, BASED UPON TI:Il!l MORTALITY OF ENGLA.""11
.AND WALES IN 1876-'80, .A.o.'<D OF MASSACHUSETTS AND NEW JERSEY DURING TliJ~ CENSUS YEAR ............ 789-791
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
MAP No. 1.-MAP O~' THJ~ UNITED STATES SHOWING THE 21 GnAND GROUPS ••••••••••• -~· ••••••••••••• - ••••••• ·- ••••••••••••••••
~.-SHOWING THE DISTIUBUTION OF DEA'£HS FR.01\1 SCARLET PEYER, AS CO:<\fPARED WlTH TOTAL DEATHS FROM KNOWN
CAUSES ••. - • • . . • • • • • ••••••••• - • • • • •. - •••.••••••• - - •••. - - - - •• - - • - •• - - .•••••••. - •• - ••••••••••••••••• - •• ·- •••••••
3.-SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION 01' DEATHS JJ'HOM DIPHTHERIA, Al:l COMPAHED WITH TO'l'AL DEA'l'HS FROJII KNOWN CAUSES •.
4.-SIIOWING THE DISTRIBUTION 0])' DEATHS 1!'1!0:11 CnouP, .AS C0:11PARim WITH TO'l'AL Dl~ATIIS ]J'ROJ\1 KNOWN CAUSES. - •.••
5.-SHOWING BY COUNTIES Tim PI!OPOltl'ION OF DI~ATHS Film! DIPHTHEl\IA TO TOTAL NUMDim OF DEATHS FHOM KNOWN
CAUSES IN A PART OF THE UNITED STATES (MAINE, NEW HAMPSHIHE, Vmtl\ION'L', J\IASSACHUSETTS, Ruorm ISLAND,
CONNECTICU'l', Nmv YORK, NEW JEHSEY, AND l'I'-NNSYLVANIA) ..•• ···--· .•••.••.•••• ···-·· -··· ·-··-·· ····-· ··-··· 6.-SHOWING IlY COUNTIES THE PROPORTION OF DEATHS FRO:.VI DIPJ-ITUERIA TO TO'l'AI, NUMillm OF DlCATUS FllOn l{NOWN
CAUSES IN A PART OF THE UNITED ST.ATES (DELA.WARE, .MARYLAND, VIRGINIA, WEl:l'l' VIHGINIA, NORTH lJAROLINA,
SOUTH CAHOLINA, TJnNNESSirn, KENTUCKY, OHIO, INDIANA, AND ILLINOIS) ••...••• ·······--· ·--··- ••••••••••.••• 7.-Srrownm BY COUNTIES THE PROPORTION OF DEATHS ll'RO~I DIPIITHEUIA TO TOT.AI, NUMBER OF DEATHS FRO~! KNOWN
CAUSES IN A PART OF TIIE UNITED RT.ATES (MICHIGAN, 'WISCONSIN, MINNESOTA, AND IOWA) •••••••.••••.••••.•••.
8.-SHOWlNG DY COUNTIES '.!'HE PROPORTION OF DEATHS FROM DIPHTHERIA TO TOTAL NUMillm OF DEATHS FROIII J{NOWN
CAUSES IN A PART OF THE UNITED STATES (MISSOURI AND KANSAS) .••••.••••••••.•••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••.
9.-SHOW!NG THE DISTRIBUTION OF DEATHS FROM ENTElUC l>'EVER1 AS COMPARED WITH '.l'OTAL DEATHS FHOM KNOWN
Pag~.
xi
xx xi xii
xlii
xliv
xlv
xlv
CAUSl~S ••••·· ··•••••••• ···--· ·-·-·· ·--··· ••••••.••••• ··--·· .•••.••• ·-·-·· •••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••• ·--- ·--· xxxh' 10.-SIIOWING Tlm DISTHIBUTION OF DEATHS FROM DIARRH<EAL DISEASES, AS COl\IPARED WlTH 'l'O'rAL DEA1'IIS FHOl\I ICNOWN
CA USES .•......•••.•....••• - ••••••• - •••• - •••••••••••••.••••••••....•.•.•••••••.••••••••••••••••••.•••• - • • • • • • . . xl vii 11.-SIIOWING Tllj, DISTRIBUTION OF DEATHS FUOM MALARIAL. FEYims, AS CO.MPAimD WITH 'l'OTAL DEATHS I•RmI KNOWN
CAUSES .•• - .•.•.•.••••.••.•••••••..•• ·-· ••••••••••• -· --- . -· •.• ••••• •. -· •••••.•••• ·--· •••••• ·- - • --- ••• - •••••••.• xxxvii 12.- SHOWING THE DISTHIBUTION OF DEA'l'llS JJ'ROM CONSUMPTION, AS COMPARED WITH TO'l'ALDEATHSFROJII KNOWN CAUSES.. Jx 13.-SHOWINGTIIE DISTRIBU'l'ION O~'DE.ATHS FROMPNEUJ\fONIA1 AS COMPARED Wl'l;H TOTAL DEATHS FROJII KNOWN CAUSES.... lxiv
14.-SIIOWING THE DISTRIBUTION 01' DEA'.l'IIS FROM CANCER, AS COll!PARED WITH TOT.AI, DEATHS FROM JCNOWN CAUSES •••• cxxix 15.-SHOWING 'l'HIC DISTRIBUTION OF DEATIIS l!'ROlll HEART DISEASE AND DROPSY, .AS COMPARED WITH TOT.AL DEATHS
FRO;\f KNOWN CAUSES·----····-····--····-- •••••••• .; ••• ·-·· •••••.••••••••• -··· ---- ··•••••· ··-·-· •••.•• ·-·- •••• lxviii 16.-SliOWING '£HE DISTRIBU'l'ION Ol!' DEATHS FROM OLD AGB, AS COMI'.AHED WITII 'TOT.AL DEATHS FltOM l!:NOWN
CAUSES........................................................................................................ Ji 17.-SHOWING TUE DISTHIBUTION OJ!' DEATHS l'ROM CHILD·DIR'l'II 1 AS CO;\IPARED WITII 'l'O'l'AL DEATHS I•ROJ\1 ICNOWN
CAUSES ••• - ••.•••..••. - ....•• - - •• - - ••••••• - ••••••• - •••••••••••••• - •• - - •••• • - · • · • • •• • • • · - • • • • • • - • · • • • • - • • • • • '. • - • 18.-SHOWING '£IIE DISTHIBUTION OF STILL· BIRTHS .••••. - ..••••••••.••• - •.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••.••
19.-SHOWING THE BIRTH RATE PER 1000 OF UVING POPULATION ··--······-· •••••.•••••...••••••••••••••••••••••••••
20.-SIIOWING THE Bmnr HA'l'E Pirn 1000 \Vo~rnN HWl'WEEN 15 AND 50 YEAHS OF .A.GE •••.•••• ····-· ···- •••• ---- ••••
lxx: lx:xiv
c:xl ex!
DIAGRAMS SHOWING THE NUMBERS SURVIVING AT EACH .AGE (lx), TO ILLUSTRATE T.ABLES LXIV .AND LXV, BEING
.A.PPROXI.M.A.TE LIFE TABLES :FOR CERTAIN ST.ATES AND CITIES.
f Plales on hoavy paper.]
PLATE !.-DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 'VHITB AND CoLomm, WITH DISTINCTION 0]!' SEx •• : ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ;. 773
I!.-MASSACHUSETTS, WHITES, WI'l'll DISTINCTION Ol!' SEX ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••...••.••.....••..•..••• - • • • • • • • • 774
Ill.-MASSACIIUSETTS, WHITE AND COLORED, WITH DISTINC'XION OF SEX ••.•• ·--·............. •• •••••• .••. •••• •.•••• 775
IV.-NEW JERS!ff, \VIIITllS1 WITH DISTINCTION OF SEX ••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••.••••••••..••.•• _................. 776
V,-CITY Ol' BALTI1110RE, WH!'l'l~ AND COLORED, WITH DISTINCTION OF SEX •••.••••••• ····-··--·.................... 777
YI.-CITY OF Bos·roN, 'VHITES, WITH DISTINCTION OF SEX ••.•• ; ••••••.••• - • - ••••...••.••••••••••••.••••••••• - •••• - • 778
VIL-CITY OF BROOKLYN, WHITES, Wl'l'II DISTINCTiON OF SEX ...••••••.••••• ··-·-·.................................. 779
VII!.-CITY 01'' CHARLESTON, WHITE AND COLOHED, WITH DISTINC'.l'ION OF SI<~X •••• --···· •••••••••••••••••••.•••••••. ., 780
IX.-CITY OF CmcAGO, WmTES, WITH DIS'l'INCTION OF SEX .••••.•••• -·· ••••••••••••.•••••• --·· ....... ,.............. 781
X. -CITY OF CINCI'l\'NATI, WHITES, WITH DISTIN CT ION Ol!' SEX .•..•.••••.•.•••••• - •.•.••••• _ •••••••••••••••.• - • . • . . • • 782
XL-CITY Ol!' NEW ORLEANS, WHITE AND COLORED, WITH DISTINCTION OF SEX...................................... 71:3
XII.-CITY Oll' NEW Yomc, WHITE AND COLOilED, WITH DIS'l'INCTIO:N OF SEX···-······-·····-·· •••••••••• ··-···...... 78(;
XIlI.-CrrY OF PHILADELPHIA, 'VHITES, WITH DISTINCTION OF SEX.................................................... 78()
XIV.-CITY OF SAINT Lours, WHITES, WITH Dlil'l'INCTION 01" SEX ••.•.•.•••.••••••••• ·-·-········ •••• ~ ••••• ···-····---- 787 XV.-CITY OF SAN FRANCISCO, WHITES, WITH DISTINC'l'IO.N OF SEX................................................... 788
XVL-ENGLAND AND WALES, MASSACHUSETTS, AND NEW .JJrnSEY (1-IUlltPHREY's METHOD), MALES •.•• ···-··--·· ••.• ··-· 701 XVII.-ENGJ,AND AND WALES, MASSACHUSET'l'S, AND Nrnw JERSEY (HUllfPHllEY'S METHOD), FE~fALES...... •••.•• •••• .•• • 791
ix
•
x LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
[Plates on transparent paper.] PLATE l.-DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, \VHITl<J AND COLORED .................................................................. ••••
Pa.go 77:\ 774
775
776
777 778
779 780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
791
791
791
2.-~fASSACHUSETTS1 :vVHITJl!S ..••••••••••••••.•.••••..•••••••• •.••••· ................................................... .
3.-~JASSACIIUSI,TTS, WHITE Al-."D COLORED ............................................................................ .
4.-NEW JERSEY, Wnrnis ............................................................................................. .
5.-CITY OF BALTIMORE, WHITE AND COLORED ....................................................... :.······ ........ ..
6.-CITY 0I'· BOSTON, WHITES ..•••••••••••....•••.•.••••••••...••....•..• • : •••• ........................................
7.-CITY OF BROOKLYN, WHITES .••••.••.•...•••••••.•.•••..••••.•••••.••••..•••....•••.••••.••••••.••..•••••••••..••••
8.-CITY OF CHAltLESTON, WHITE AND COLORED ............................. · ••••••••..•••.. ·••••• .•••••.••.•••••• ·•••·•
9. ·-CrrY OP CHICAGO, WHITES ......................................................................................... .
10.-CITY OF CINCINNATI, \VIIITES ...................................................................................... .
11.-CITY OF NEW ORLEANS, WHITE AND COLORED .................................................................. ·•••
• 12.-CrrY OF NEW Yomr, vVIIl'fES .••.•..•..•..•••..•.•••..•••.••.•..•••....••••••••.•. " .............................. .
13.-CITY OF NEW YORK, \VfUTE AND CO LOH ED ........................................................................ .
14.-CITY OF PTIILADELPIIIA, WRITES ................................................................................... .
15.-CITY OF SAIN'.I.' Lours, IV HITES .•.•... : ............................................................................ .
16.-CITY OF SAN FRANCISCO, WHITES .................................................................................. .
17.-ENGL!SII LIFE TABLT~ (Hm1PH1mY's METHOD), PERSONS ........................................................... .
18.-i\IASSACHUSETTS (HU~IPIIREY1S METHOD), WHITES .................................................................. .
10.-NEW JERSEY (H1.:MPIIREY1S l\IETHOD), \VHITES ..................................................................... .
DIAGRA~lS SHOWING EXPECTATION 01'' LIFE AT VARIOUS AGES, TO ILLUSTRATE TABLES LXIV AND :j:,XVI, BEING APPROXDfATE LIFE TABLES FOR CERTAIN STATES AND CITIES.
[On transparent paper.]
DIAGTIA:\I 1.-DISTIUC'l' 0111 COLG;\lllIA, \VHITE AND CoLora;nJ 'VI'l'II DISTINCTIOX 011, F!EX - - ... - - - .. - - - . - . - - - - - .. - .. - - - . - - - - .. - - .. 77:~ 2.-DISTRICT OF COLU~IBIA., "\VIII'rn AND COLORED ..................................... _.. . . . • . • .. • ••. . .. . . . • . . . •• • . 773
!3.-11ASSACIIUSETTS, \VHITW:l1 WITH DISTINCTION OF SEX............................................................ 774
4.-1fASSACIIUSETTS, \VIII'.l'ES ........................................................... ............ .••.......•••.•. 774
:..-~IASSAC!IUSETTS, WHITE AN]) CoLCmJm, WITH DISTINCTIO:N OF 8EX...... . ...... - - . . • . . • . . • . • . . . . • • . • . . • . . . . • • . 775
(i -~IASSACHUSETTS, \Vurrn AND COLORED .•••••.••.•••.•........••..........•....•....... , . • • . • . . . . .. • • . . . . . . . . • • • • 775
7.-llIASSACHUSETTS (HU:liPHHEY's :1mTUOD), WmTE AND CoLOHED, WI'l'H DISTI:NCTION OF. SEX...................... 791
8.-llfASSACJIUSETT8 (Hu:1IPHRJ~Y's )mTHOD), WmTE Axil CoLOHED . .•. •.. .. . . . . •.. . . .. . . . . . ••. . . . . . •. . . . . . . . . •. . •• . 791
!J.-NEW .TmlSEY, Wurrns, WITH DISTJXCTION OP SEX ........................................ : . . . . . . . . • • . . • . . . . .. • . 776
10.-NEW JrmSEY, vVIIITES .•••.••••• ~--·-· ..• -,,........ ...•.. .•.. .... .... ..••.. .... .•.... ...... •••.. •.•... ...... •••• 776
11.-NEW JEHSEY (HUMPHREY'S METHOD), \VHlTE AND COLORED, WITH DISTINCTION OJ!' SEX......................... 791
1:-!.-NEW JERSEY (HUMPIIREY's l\IETHOD), WRITE AND CoLOltED. .. . . . . . .. ... . ... . .. .... ... ... •. • ••• •• • ••. ••• ... . .• • 791
1:,.-BAI.'l'I~!Oim, 'VHITE AND COLORED, WI'l'II DISTINCTION OF 11i-:x . • . • • . .•. ... •••••• ••• • •• •• •• •• •••• •• • ••• •• •• •• •••• 777
14.-l!ALTBfORE, "\VHITE A.ND COLORED ................... :............................. .•.. .••..• ••.• ...... ..•. •••• 777
15.-BOSTON1 WHITES, WITH DISTINCTION o~· SEX.................................................................... 778
16.-BosTON, WHITES ••.••.••••.••••.••••.•.••••....•.....•.•...... ···--·............................................ 778
17.-llROOl(LYN1 WIIITES, WITH DISTINCTION OF i:EX ..................................................... ,.......... •• ·779
18.-BllOOKLYN, WHITES .•.•....•••••.••••••••..... _·_ .••. - •.• - - ............ - ...•.•.•. - . • . . • • • • . • • . • . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 779
19.-CIIARLESTON, WHITE AND COLORED, WITH DIST!;\"CTIOX OF SEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. •. . • . • . . • • . • . • • • • • • . • . • . . . • • • . . • 780
20.-CHARLESTON1 WHITJ~ AND COLORED............................................................................. 780
21.-CHICAGO, WHITES, WITII DISTINCTION OF SEX....... . . . . . .. . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . • . . . . . • • • • . . . • • • . . • • . • . • • • • • • .. • • • • • • 781
22.-0HICAG01 vVUITI~S ••••.••.••••.•••••..••••.... - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • . . . . • • . . . . . • . • • . • . . • • • . • • • • • . • • • . . . . . . • . . • • • • • 781
23,--CIXCINNATI, \VRITES1 WITH DISTlNCTION 01,• SEX ••••••••••• , •••.•••••••••••• _ ••••••••••••••• ,... •• • • • • • • • • .. • • • • 782
24.-CINCINNATI, WHITI~S ...••••.•••••••..•••••. - ............... - ................................... - •. - • . . . • . . . . . . 782
25.-NEW ORI.EANS, \VIIITE AND COLORED, WITH DI\lTINCTJON OF S1•:X • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 783
21j,-Nnw GnLEANB, "\VI-IITE AND COLORED - .•.•.....•....•..•. - ............. - .•..•. - . • . . . • • • . • . • • • •• • • • • . • . . • . • .. • • • • 783
2i.-NE\V YORJC CITY, vVHITES, WITH DIHTINCTION OF SEX........................................................... 784
28.-NEW Yomc CITY, vVHITES .•••••..•.••.. ••••·· ··---· ......... · ... ·--··· -·-······· ...... ·••••· •••••• ·••••• •••• •••• 784 29.-NEW Yomc CITY, WHITE ~'\"D CoLOHED, WITH DISTINCTIO:X Ol' SEX. - . • • • . . . • • .. . • . • • • • . • . • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • . • • • • • 785
30.-NEW YonK CITY, "\VHITE ,µ<D CoLonED •••.••. _ ................................................ _..... .. • ••• • • • • 785
31.-PHILADELPlIIA, 'VIIITES, Wl'l'II DISTINCTION O!o' SEX . • . . . .. . • . . . • • . . . . . . • • • . . • . • • • • • . • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • . . • • • • . •• • • 786
32.-PIIILADELPHIA, 'VHITES ............................................................................ _..... •• . • • • • 786
33.-SAINT Lours, WHITES, WITH DISTINCTION OF SEX....... . • . • . • . •. • • • • • • • . . . . • • . • • • • • . • • • •. • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • ••• •• • • 787
34.-SAINT Lours, \V1nTES •••••• •••••. ••.• ..•• •.•••. .... .••••• .••••• ••••.• •••• ...... ...• •... ...• .••••. •••• •••••. •••• 787
35.-SAN FRANCISCO, vVHITES, WITH DISTINCTION OF SEX .••.•. .•• ... •. .••• ........ •••• .• •••• •••••• •••••• ...... .•. ••• 788
3tl.-SAN Fn.L'i'crsco, WHITES ••••••••••.•.••••••••••..•. _ • • • • .. . • .. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . • • • . • . • • • • • • .. • • • • • • • • . • • • • • 788
<l7.-ENGLAND AND WA.LES (ffU;>.IPIIRE1;1S ~IETUOD), PERSONS, WITH DIS'.l'INCTIO:t{ OF SEX............................ 791
38,-E:XGLAND AND \VALBS (HUMPHREY'S METHOD) PERSONS......................................................... 791
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. Sheet
t No. i. TENTH CENSUS OF THE UNI'I'ED SL'P.TES
--------~--.-------~--------··--·----
North Atlantic
Middle "
South " Coasts
Lake Region
N. Eastern} Hills, Plateaus,
Interior and Table
Lands.
Atla11tic Appalachi-Central )
an Region, S. Central
S. Mi~sissippi River
"'
93
SI'
Belts. 2"
Plains and
Prairies
Cordilleran Region.
76'
[Con tinned from page xlvii of Part I.]
SECTION VII-LOCALITY IN RELATION TQ DEATHS.
In order to study the influence upon the health of the inhabititnts exerted by peculiarities of to1)ograpl1yr drainage, climate, etc., the country has been divjcled into regions, the physical characteristics of which nrc more or less distinct. This division was made by Mr. Gmmett, the geogmplrnr of the Oensus OlTice, nrnl in tlrn followil1g account of these grand groups bis descriptions of each of them are included, together with notes on pecnliaritieH of climate, ·density of popnlation, etc., and references t.o some of the causes of' dea.th which are eitlrnr mnu;m1ll;r frequent, or the reverse, for each locality.
The ~livision of the country into grand groups is shown in l\fap No. 1. JTiach graml group is mncln np of a number of state groups, as exphtinell on pages xiv, xv, arnl xvi of the intl'o<lnct01·y remarks to Part I, aml the tl1e list of' the counties composing each state group, arrang;ecl by states in alphabetical order, is given 011 1mgos. 1i to ]xiii of the same volume. ·
The first four of these regions, which comprise the whole Atlantic and Gulf cooRts, possess primarily ai sea. climate. In this region, to a greater or less extent, tlle extremes of' beat and cold are lessened arnl mitigated by the pr('sence of that great balunce·wheel of temperature, the ocean. 'fhe 1itmm1phcre is moister and, as :i rnle, the rainfall is greater tlrnn tlrnt of the country farther inlam1. Tllis region, howeYer, varies in its clifforcnt imrts Ycry greatly in respect to temperature and surface, in such a manner as to produce very decided difforencos in its relations to certain causes of disease. . '
. GR.A.ND GROUP 1.-NORTH ATLANTIC .COAST REGION.
This comprises a strip of land from 50 to 75 miles wicle along tlle coast of Main(I, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. The surface is ma,inly undulating and hil1y, becoming less varied toward the south. The coast is bold and rocky in Maine, but mostly sandy and low in Mnssnchnsetts, m1ollo Island, and Oonnecticnt. There is compamtively little swamp or umlrni11e<l ~ancl. Tlic mean annual temperature is from 400 to 500 F. The mean annual rainfall is from 40 to 50 hrnl1es. '.l'lle mea11 elevation is from 100 to 500 feet, sloping toward the shore. The density of population is over 4,5 persons to tho sqnare mile, and over 00 in Massachusetts and Rhode Island. The colored population forms less tlum 7 per cent. of the wholo. The foreign population is from 20 to 35 per cent. of the whole, except on the coast of l\faine, where it is below 5 per cent.
The principal causes of death which are reported as causing more 1lrnn the average number of deaths out of the wbolenumberreported arP, for this group: Scarlet fever, cholera infa.ntmn, old age, consumption, 11yc1roce.plrnlnst canrer, diseases of the nervous system, especially apoplexy and paralysis, cliseases oi' the circulatory system, especially diseases of' the heart, bronchitis, Bright's disease, drowning, and suicides.
The proportion of deaths reported as due to dipl1theria is a little less than for the whole of tlie United States. It is lower in the southern portion of Connecticut than farther north. Scarlet fever was most prevalent as an epidemic during the year in Rhode Island.
The causes of death in which the proportion is decidedly lower in this grand group th au for the a•\'erage of the United States are: Measles, hooping.cough, enteric fever, dia,rrhma and dysentery, malarial fovers, puerperal septic:.emia, scrofula and tabes, dropsy, pneurnonfa., abortion, child·birth, diseases of the spleen, burns ancl scalds.
The proportion of death.s from consumption is high on the Maine coast, diminishing somewhat ns we go south. The proportion of deaths from croup is very low, except in Oonnecticut, where it is low. The proportion of deaths from entel'ic fever is low throughout the whole group. The proportion of still· births in this region is comparatively high, especially in Massachusetts aJHl Rboae Island, being much lower in Maine and New Hampshire. A partiul explanation at least of the unusual prevalence of certain causes of death in this rf'gion, as well as in Omnd Group 51 is: the greater proportion of persons of advanced age in the living population, and the conscqneut greate.r proportion of deaths from those diseases, sneb ns cancer, irnralysis an cl apoplexy, and 11eart (l isease, wbicll increase i 11 freqneney in atl rnuceu life.
xi
.. xn MORTALITY AND VY.PAL STATISTICS .
GR.A.ND GROUP 2.-MIDDLE ATLANTIC COAST REGION.
This includes a strip of land comprising the coast counties of New York, New Jersey, Dela.ware, Mar~'laml, and Virginia. The climate is somewhat milder than that of Grand Group 1. The surface is low and sandy, and along the New Jersey coast we find characteristic sandy reefs, shoreward from which are lagoons, succe~ded by extensive areas of swamr). Farther inland the country is low, nowhere risiug more than 100 feet above the level of the sea. The mean annual temperature is from 450 to 500 F. in the northern portion, and 55° to 60° in the soutllern portion. The mean annual rainfall is from 45 to 55 inches. The average density of population is over 45 to the square mile. In New York and northern New Jersey it is over 90 to the square mile. In the northern part the colored popnlation is below 7 r)er cent. of the whole, while in the southern part it forms from 35 to 60 per cent. of the population. The foreign population is below 5 per cent., except in New York and northern New Jersey, wher~ it is from 20 to 34 per cent.
'.l'he following are the causes to which are attributed a decidedly greater proportion of deaths out of all those reported than is the case for the average of the United States: Diarrhrea, cholem infantum, inanition, premature birth, still-birth, debility, consumption, hydroceplialus, apoplexy, cJirvulsions, diseases of the heart, bronchitis, dentition, Bright's disease, and peritonitis.
The proportion of deaths from the following-named. causes is below the average: Measles, diphtheria, hoopingeougll, enteric· fever, malarial fever, erysipelas, drorlSY, diseases of the brain, croup, pneumonia, abortion and childbirth, and accidents and injuries.
Diphtheria is low throughout the group, especially so in the southern portion. The proportion of'cleaths from scarlet fever is very low in Virginia, and low in New York and Dela ware. The proportion of deaths from malarial fever is low in the northern parts. The proportion from cliarrhreal diseases is very high in the southern half of this group. The proportion of deaths from consumption is comparatively high in Delaware, lower in New Jersey, New York, aml Maryland, and lowest on the Virginia coast. The proportion of deaths from typhoid fever througl10ut tlle group is comparatiYe1y low.
Tlie proportion of deaths from different causes in this grand group is influenced to a great extent by the presence iu it of the large cities of Brooklyn, New York, Baltimore, and Washington.
GRAND GROUP 3.-SOUTH ATLANTIO COAST REGION.
This includes the coast counties of North Carolinn,, South Carolina, and Georgia, with extensive reefs inclosing lnrge ba.ys and sounds. A la:(ge proportion of the area is lo·w aud swampy. It includes that portion of the states abuvc mentioned which lies below what is called the "fall line", that is, the line which forms the boundary of the metamorphic region. The mean annual temperature is from 600 to 650 F. The mean annual rainfall is from 50 to 60 inches: The density of population on tlle coast of North Carolina and the northern portion of South Carolina is from 6 to 18 to the square mile. For the rest of the group it varies from 18 to 45 per square mile. The average elevation above the sea is Jess than 100 feet. The pro1iortion of foreign population is less than 5 per cent. of the total population. Tile colored population is over 50 per cent.
The following causes of death are giyen as causing a greater proportion of' the whole number of' deaths reported tllau the average for the United States, m\mely: Measles, hooping-cough, diarrhrea, worms (in the rural districts), dropsy, tetanus, trismus uasc<mtium, dentition, urinary calculus, child-birtl1, burns and scalds, exposure and neglect, and gunshot wounds.
The following arc the causes from which the proportion of deaths is reported as being less than the average, namely: Scarlet fever, cholera infanturn, erysipelas, imerperal septicremia, old age, consumption, hyd1;ocephalus, cancer, diseases of the nervous system, diseases of the circulator.)' system, croup, bronchitis, pneumonia., Bright's disease and other diseases of the kidneys, and cliseases of the bones and joints. The proportion of still-births is in {\.X:cess in this region, and the number of deaths from abortion is below, the average. Diphtheria was somewhat more prevalent in South Carolina and Georgia than in North Carolina. The proportion of deaths from malarial · fever is es1Jecially high in the coast region of North Carolina, Cl'he mortality from pneumonia is low throughout this region. The proportion of deaths from consumption is low on the Carolina coast, and slig·htly higher on the Georgia coast. The proportion of deaths from heart disease ancl dropsy is very high in the Carolinas, and somewhat less, but still high, in Georgia. The proportion of deaths from enteric fever increases from south to north, being low in Georgia and somewhat higher in the Carolinas. The proportion of deaths from child-birth is lowest in North Carolina and increases as we go south. The proportion of still-born is very high in South Carolina and. Georgia. In this region the larg·e pl'Oportiou which the coloretl element forms of the population accounts for many of the peculiarities in the proportions of deaths due to various causes.
LOOALI'rY IN RELATION TO DEA'fHS. xiii
GR.A.ND GROUP 4.-GULF CO.A.ST REGION.
This region includes the entire state of Florida and the coast cotmties of Ah1bama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. In Florida and Louisiana 11 large portion is uninhabited swamp laud. The mean annual temperatnre is from 700 to 750 F.-; the mean annual rainfall is over 55 inches. The density of the population is nowhere above 45 to the square mile, and over a large portion of this region it is below G to the square mile. The elevation above tlrn sea iR lPss t.hnn 100 feet, with the exception of a small part of interior northern Florida, where it is from 100 to 500 feet. The colored }Jopnlation of this group forms from 35 to 60 i1er cent. of' the whole; the foreign population is below 5 per cent., except on the Texas coast, where it rises to 30 per cent. and over.
The causes of' death in this region to which are attributed more than t~e average iwoportion of deaths are chiefly: Hoopi11g-cougl1, diarrhce.a and d,rsentery, malarial fever, delJility, consumption, dropsy, tetanus and trismus nascentium, dentition, diseases of the liver, Bright's disease, child-birth, n,ml gunshot wounds.
The proportion of deaths from malarial feyer is high in Florida and Alabama, slightly lower iu Louisiana and Texas, and is low in the small portion of Mississippi belonging to this gro\1p.- '.rl10 proportion of deaths from diarrhroal diseases is high in Louisiana aud 'l'exas, slightly lower in Florida and .A.labanrn. The proportion of tleaths from heart. disease and dropsy is very high in li'lorida and Alabama, high iu Mississippi, and somewltat lower in Louisiana and Texas, decreasing as it passes from east to west. The proportionate number of still-births is lligh in .Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas, lower in Mississippi and in Florida.
Tim canses of death to which in this region the proportion of deaths attributel1 is below the average are as follows, namely: Measles, scarlet fever, cliphthe1fa, enteric fever, cholera infanturn, er;ysi1)elas, puerperal se1)ticremia, o1d age, croup, pneumonia and cliseases of' the respiratory system in general, and diseases of tlrn bones and joints.
GR.A.ND GIWUP 5.-NORTHEASTERN BILLS .AND PIJ.ATEAUS.
Grand Groups 5, G, aml !) include the area of high lands stretching from northeast to southwest which has generally received the·name of the Appalachian region. It comprises the broken, hilly country of Maine, the White mountains of New Hampshire, and the Green mountains of Vermont, the hills of central Massachusetts am1 of northern Connecticut, the Adirondacks and Oatskills of }Tew York, the multitudinous ri<lgcs and ranges of Pennsylvania, Virginia, West VirginiaJ the Oaro1iuas, Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia, ancl .Afobmna.
The northeastern Appalachian region, or Grand Group 5, inclmles all that portion of' Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Oonnecticut not comprised in the coast strip, with all of' Vermont, and the northern portion, including the .Adirondacks, of New York. The area is by no means all strictly motwtainous country. It includes a large amount of' hilly, broken country. It was Ol'.igimtlly covered with dense forests, which Imve in the settled portions been largely cut away. The climate is severe, being affected comparatively little by the sen, and the mean annual temperature over most of this area is less than 450 F. In some parts, although not the most thickly settled ones, ib falls below 400 F. The annual l'ainfa11 is from 35 to 45 inches. The mean density of' population is below 45 per square mile. The elevation is mostly aboYc 500 feet, and in considerable parts rises to mountains from 3,000 to 5,000 or even 6,000 feet in height. The colored population is below 7 per cent. of' the wholo, and the foreign population below 10 per cent.
The causes of death in this region to which are attributed more than an average proportion of the deaths reported, are as follows: Diphtheria, old age, consumption, hydrocephalus, cancer, tnmors, glycosuria, apoplexy and pamlysis, diseases of the lieart, ancl Bright's disease and diseases of the kidney and bladder.
The proportion of deaths from diphtheria is very high in the northern and western l)Ortiou, Maine ancl New York, aml is lower in Vermont, Connecticut, and l\fat::sachusetts. 'rho rate for consumption is very high in Maine, and is also high in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut; it is somewllat lower in New Hampshire and New York, The proportion of deaths from heart disease and dropsy is very high throughout the whole region, but is somewhat less in Massachusetts. The proportion of still-births is very high in Massachusetts, and is also high in Vermont and Connecticut. The proportion of deaths re11orte(l as clue to old a.ge is very high throughont this group, am1 the remark made, in speaking of Group I, in regar<l to the inflnence exercised by the large proportion of persons of' advancecl age in tbe living population, applies to this group_ with even greater force.
The causes of death in Grand Group 5 to which are attributed less than an average proportion of the deaths r~ported are mainly as follows: l\Ieasles, scarlet fever, hooping-cough, enteric fever, diarrhrea, dysentery, cholera. inf'antum, malarial feve1·, puerperal septicrnmia, premature birth, scrqfula. and tabes, convulsions, cronp, bronchitis, dentition, child-Nrth, abortfon, and accidents and injuries.
The proportion of deaths from malarial fever is very low throughout the entire region, with the exception of . Oonnecticut, where it is low. The proportion of deaths from imeumouia is especially low in Maine, New Hampshire, am1 New York. -The propol'tion of deaths from consumption is very high in J\faine, and continues comparaitively bigh throughout the group, diminishing somewhat a~ it passes to the sonthwest. The proportion of deaths due to rnteric fe,er is comparatively low t1Honghont this region.
xiv MORrrALITY AND vrrrAL STATISTICS.
GRAND GROUP 6.-THE CENTRAL APP ALACHlAN REGION.
This comprises the Catskill region of southeasteru New York, the central portion of Pennsylvania, and the .vcstern part of Maryland, an<l chiefly consists of narrow parallel ridges, with singularly uniform crests, broken by few ga1)s, and i-ising from 1,000 to 21000 feet above the narrow valleys separating them, which, in their turn, are
. frow 500to1,000 feet above the sea. The mean annual temperature is from 40° to 45° F. The mean annual rainfall is from 35 to 40 inches. The density of the population is below 45 persons per square mile. The proportion of the .colored population is below 7 per cent. The proportion of the foreign l)Opnlation is between 10 and 20 per cent.
The causes of death in tbis region, to which are attributed more. than an average proportion of the deatbs reported, are as follows: Scarlet fever, diphtheria, old age, cancer, diseases of the nervous system, more especially apoplexy, pa.ralysis and convulsions·, diseases of the heart, and railroad accidents.
The proportion of deaths from diphtheria is very lligh in l'ennsylvania and comparatively low in Maryland. Searlet fever is also ver.v bigh in Pennsylvania, bigh ill New York, aud low in Maryland. The i)roportion of deaths from beart disease and di·opsy is yery high in New York, aml somewhat lowel' iu Peunsylvania and Maryland. Tbe ii1·oportion of still-births reported is very high in Maryland, moderately high iu Pcum;yl rnuia, and low in New York.: The Jiroportion of deaths from old age is ver,y higll iu New York, high in l\faryland, and slightly lower in J>em1sylvania.
The causes of clea,th in this region to which are attl'i.bntell let>s than the average proportion of the deaths reported are as fo1lows: l\foasles, hooping-cough, enteric fever, tliarrhcea, dysenter;y, malarial fever, erysipelas, puerperal septicmmia, premature birth, still· birth, scrofula and tabes, dentition: and child-birth and abortion.
The proportion of deaths from malarial fever and from child-birth is very low through tbis l'egion. Pneumonia b also cowparatively low throughout. The proportion of deaths from enteric foyer is low in New York and l\·11usylvauia, and slightly higher in Maryland.
GR.A.ND GROUP 7.-REGION OF THE GREAT NORTHERN LAKES.
This comprises those parts of New York, Obio, Indiana,.Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin wbich border on the great lakes, and it partakes to a certain extent of the cbaracteristics of the Atlantic coast region. These large lioclies of fresh water undoubtedly exert a very considerable influence upon the climate in moderating its extremes. The mean annual temperature in the southern part of this region is from 450 to 500 F., and in the northern portion from ,100 to 450 F. The mean annual rainfall is from 30 to 40 inches, except in northern Michigan, where it is only from 20 to 25 inches. The elevation is nowhere above 500 feet. The colored population is below 7.per cent. and tbe foreign population is over 30 per cent. of the whole.
~.'be causes of death in this region to which are attributed more tllan an average proportion of the deatbs reported are as follows: Measles, scarlet fever, diphtheria, still-births, old age, cancer, convulsions, diseases of the heart, croup, peritonitis, and railroad accidents.
'fhe proportion of deaths from diphtheria is very high 011 the western lakes, Michigan and Huron, somewhat lower in Ohfo and New York bordering on lakes Erie and Ontario. The proportion of deatbs from scarlet fever fa wry high in that part of Obio bordering on lake Erie. The proportion of deaths from diarrhmal diseases is ver.r high in Ohicago, and is also high on the lake shores of Ohio, Indiana, and Wisconsin; it is somewhat lower in Mieltigau and New York. The proportion of deaths from heart disease antl dropsy is high in New York along lnlrn Ontario, is i:;ornewhat lower in Ollio, and is still lower in Michigan, Indiana, IIJinois, and Wisconsin. The 11l'oportiou of still-births is very high through the entire belt, with the exception of a small portion of Indiana lionleriug on lake Michigan. Tlle proportion of deaths reported as dne to old age is high in New York, diminishing
. stPrHlily as we pass to the west in this region. · The causes of death in this region to which are attributed less than the average proportion of the deaths
rnpor'ted are as follows: Hooping-cough, enteric fever, dysentery, malarial fever, scrofula and tabes, consumption, 1Jro1rny, puenmonia, and diseases of the respi.ratory system generally, dentition, diseases of the liver, urinary -calculus, child-birth, and diseases of the bones and joints.
The proportion of deaths reported as due to pneumonia is low tbroughout the entire region, with the exception of tbe Imliaua shore of lake Michigan, where it is somewhat higher. The proportion of deaths reported as due to -0ousurnptlon is low on the western shore of lake Michigan in Wisconsin, and increases as we pass eastward. The proportion of deaths reported as clue to enteric fever is low on the lake shores of New York, Illinois, and Wisconsin, and slightly higher in Michigan and Ohio.
GRAND GROU"P 8.-THE INTERIOR PLATEAU.
Thir> comprises that portion of the plain stretching from the base of the Appalachians eastward which include& :irnrtti of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and North Oarolina, and also, on the west side of the Appalachians, the plateau eunuir,y of central New York and western Pennsylvania. It consists of three regions, which are not contiguous, viz~
LOCALITY IN RELATION TO DEATHS. xv
(1) western parts of New York and Pennsylvania, (2} the southeastern corner of Pennsylvania, and (3) central portions of Virginia and North Oarolina. The characteristics of the second of these regions, so far as returns of deaths are concerned, are largely due to the fact that it contains the cities of Philadelphia and Reading. These regions havo little that is characteristic in climate· or surface; lying, as they do, between the Appalachians and the Atlantic coast region on one hand and the lake region on the other, they partake to a certain extent of the climate of both. The surface is broken and hilly, but nowhere rises into mountains. The group is an upland country originally covered with forests, which have been in great part cut away. It contains comparatively little water-surface or swamp-land. Tlrn mean annual tempE>.rature is from 450 to 500 F. The annual rainfall is from 40 to 45 incbes in that part east of the Appalachians; from 30 to 35 inches in the northern portion. The density of population varies from 45 to 90 per square mile. The proportion of the cqloretl population i.s below 7 per cent. in Pennsylvania, and about 35 per cent. i.n Virginia and North Carolina. The foreign population is about 10 per cent. of the who]e in Pennsylvania, and is below 1 per cent. in Virginia, and North Carolina.
The causes of death in this region to which are attributed more than an average proportion of tlle deaths reportell are aH follows: Diphtheria, debility, old age, consumption, cancer, tumor, dropsy, a110plexy, paralysis, convulsious, diseases of the heart, and Bright's disease and diseases of the kidney.
'l'he vroportion of deaths reported as due to diphtheria is highest in Pennsylvania, somewhat lower in New York an cl North Carolina, and comparatively low in Virginia. The proportion of deaths from diarrhmal diseases fa high iu Nortll Carolina and Virginia, and also in the northern portion of tllis gronp. The proportion of deaths from consumption is high in New York, somewhat lower in Pennsylmnia and Virginia, aml lowest in North Oarolina. Tho proportion of deaths from heart diseasC\ and uropsy is very high in New York, and is high in the remafoing portion of tbis region. The proportion of still-births is very high in Virginia., North O~Lrolina, anu Pennsylvania, aml considerably lower in New York. The proportion of (leaths from old age is hi~h iu New York, somewhat lower in Pennsylvania ancl Virginia, and still less in North Oarolina.
The causes of death in this region to which nre attribnted less than an average pro1)ortion of tho de11tlls i'eported are as follows: Measles, hoo.ping-congh, dysentery, malarial fever, croup, pneumonia,, and diseases of tlle respiratory system generally, child-birth, and al!ortion.
Tile proportion of deaths from scarlet fever is very low in Virginia antl Nor th Oarolina. The proportion of deaths from malarial fever is very low in tbe nortllern part, inci·easing as we pass to the sou.th. The pro1)Qrtion of cleaths from pneumonia is low in Pennsylvania. aucl North Oarolina, antl a, little higller in New York and Virginia. Oronp is low tbrougbont the entfre region. Enteric fever is low in Virginia, New York, and Pennsylvania, and considerably higher in North Carolina. The mortality from chilcl-birth is very low in New York aml Po1msylvania, and somewhat higher in Virginia and North Carolina. ·
The effect of the increase in the proportion of the colored population in the southern part of this group is shown in the increase of certain causes of death.
GRAND GROUP 9.-SOUTHERN OENTRAL APP ALAOHIAN REGION.
This region is a continuation of Grand Groups 5 and 6, passing to the southwest. It includes portions of Virginia, West Virginia, the Carolinas, Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia, ancl AhibELlll!"t. In Virginia and West Virginia the character of the couutrj' is very simHar to that of Grand Group O, 1mt as we proceed soutlmard there is a gradual rise in tho ridges, and a tendency to break up into peaks, wllich in North Oarolina develops to the highest degree, presenting in the western part of tllat state a complex of monnta.ins, rising without much apparent system to heights of from 6,.000 to 6,700 feet. In Virginin. ancl fort;her southward the feature which was outlined in Pennsylvania becomes very characteristic, viz, the g·reat valley occupied in northern Virginia by tllo Sllenandoah, farther south by the branches of the New river and the heads of the Tennessee, and in Tennessee by the river of that name. This forms a great depression wllich, throughout the whole r<>gion, is traversed by nun1berless minor ranges and ridges, while it is limited on either side by higher ranges, representecl in North Oarolina by the mountains of the western part of that state, while the western boundary of -the belt is the Cmnbel'land range or plateau. In Georgia a.ud Alabama these ranges gr~idually fade out and disappear. 'l'he mountains of this region rise from 1,000 to 6, 700 feet above the sea, and the valleyA are at elevations varying from 500 to 2,000 feet. The temperature of the habitable portions of th.is region varies· with the altitude and the latitude, hut nowhere is the mean annual temperatnre much higher than 550 F., and it falls below 400 in tbe higher country. This region is covered with heavy forests of pine and hard wood. The mean annual rainfall is from 35 to 45 inches in the northern half, and from 50 to GO inches in the southern half. The density of population is below 45 persons to the square mile. The colored population is below 17 per cent. of the whole. The foreign population is below 1 per cent., except in a few localities, and is nowhere above 5 per cent.
The causes of death in this region to which are attributed more than an average proportion of the deaths reported are as follows, viz: Measles, hooping-cough, enteric fever, diarrhrea, dysentery, still-births, i·heumatism, scrofula and tabes, dropsy, croup, pleurisy, urinary' calculus, diseases of the bones and joints, and gunsllot wounds.
XVl MORTALITY AND VITAL STATISTICS.
The proportion of deatlls reuorted as due to diarrhreal diseases is very high in North Carolina and Georg·in, and also high in Tl•nnessee. It is somewhat lower in West Virginia, Virginia, South Carolina, Alabama, and Kentucky. The proriortion of deaths from heart disease and dropsy is ve_ry high in North Carolina, and is also high in Virginia, South Carolina, and Georgia. It is somewlmt lowei' in West Virginia., Tennessee, and Alabama. The proportion of lleaths from croup is very high in Kentucky and the Cai;olinas. It is also high in Georgia and 'rennessee. Enteric fever is high in the southern portion in Georgia and Alabama, and is somewhat lower in the remaining portion. The proportion of still-births is high throughout., being a little lower in Alabama than in the rest of the group.
The causes of death in this region to which are attributed less than an average proportion of tlle cle::tthR reported, are as follows: Scarlet fe\'er, diphtheria, cholera infantum, :r;nalarial fever, erysipelas, debility, 01<1 agf', consulllption, llyllrocepbalus, cancer, diseases of the nervous system, especially convulsions, diseases of the uenrt, pnenmonia, bronchitis, Bright's disease ancl diseases of the kidney, and child-birth.
GRAND GRAND 10 -THE OHIO RIVER BELT.
This group iI~clndes those parts of Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and West Virginia which border on the Ohio river. It is an ai;ea of brqken country, becoming more and more diversified in the upper part of' the rive.r. For the most part the rivers flow in deep, narrow valleys, bordered by high bluffs and broken hills. The area of bottom-land is limited. The mean annual temperature is from 450 to 550 F. The annual raiufall is from 45 to 50 inches. The cle11sity of population is from 45 to 90 per square mile. The elevation is less than 500 feet from the mouth of the Ohio river to Cincinnati, and above this point it is from 500 to 1,000 feet. The colored population is below 7 per ceut. north of the Ohio river, and from 17 to 35 per cent. south of thitt stream. Tbe foreign population is from 5 to 20 per cent. north of the Ohio river and from 1 to 5 per cent. south of it.
The causes of death in this region to which are attributed more than an average proportion of the deaths reported nre as follows: Scarlet fever, enteric fever, cholera infantnm, inanition, still-births, scrofula and ta bes, consumption, diseases of the nervous system, and cliseasrs of the bones and joints.
Tbc proportion of tleaths from scarlet fever is especially high in Indiana, and somewhat lower in Kentucky aucl West Virginia. The proportion of deaths from diarrhmal diseases is high along the entire northern bank, in Indiana and Ohio, an cl somewhat lower in Kentucky an cl West Virginia. The proportion of' deaths from consumption is comparatirnly high in Ohio, and somewhat lower in the rest of the group. The proportion of still-births is very high throughout the wboie region. .
The canses of death in this region to which 1tre attributed less than an average proportion of the deaths reported are as .follows: Diphtheria, malarial fever, debility, diseases of the hettrt, di8eases of the respiratory system, more especially croup, pneumonia and pleurisy, clismtses of the digestive system, Bright's disease, child-birth, and accidents and injnries. ·
The proportion of deaths from dipl1theria is very low in Kentucky and Indiana, and considerably higher in West Virginia. The proportion of deaths from malarial fever is very low in Ohio and West Virginia; it is low in Kentucky, and somewhat higher in the southern part of Indiana. The proportion of deaths from pneumonia is Yery low in the eastern part of this group, and slightly higher ill Indiana and Kentucky. The proportion of cleatlls repo1'ted as clue to croup is very low on the northern bank of the Ohio, and considerably higher on the south bank. The proportion of deaths from enteric fever is low throughout, being slightly higher in West Virginia than in the otber states. The proportion of deaths reported a,s llne to child-birth is very low throughout.
GR.A.ND GROUP 11.-SOUTHERN INTERIOI't Pfo\ .. TEAU.
This includes the section of the Atlantic plain which extends 3.Cross South Carolina and Georgia., with the re.gion in central Alabama and Mississippi lying between the Appalachhtn region and tlle Gnlf coast belt. It is for the most part level and heavily timbered, principally with pine, a hwge extent of the surface being what is popularly known as "pine barrens". It has a warm climate, and llnring summer the temperature rises mnch higher thi:m on the coast. The mean annual temperature i~ from 600 to 700 F. The annual rainfall is heavy-from 50 to 60 inches. The density of population is from 18 to 45 persons per square mile. The elevation is for the most part bel-Ow 1,000 feet. The colored population forms about 60 per cent. of the whole. The foreign population is below 1 per cent., except in a few small localities.
The causes of death in this region to which are attributed more than an average proportion of the deaths reported are as follows: Measles, hooping-cougb, enteric fever and fever unspecified, cliarrhrea, dysentery and enteritis, malarial fever, puerperal septicremia, worms, scrofula ancl tabes, dropsy, diseases of the respiratory system, aucl especially croup, pneumonia and pleurisy, urinary calculus, dentition, ohild-birth, accidents and injuries, more especially burns ancl scalds, exposure ancl neglect, and gunshot wounds.
The pl'Oportion of deaths from malarial fever is very high in Alabama, ancl somewhat lower in the rest of the group. The proportion of deaths from 1ieart disease ancl dropsy is very high in South Carolina and Alabama, high in Georgia, and Rlight]y lower in l\1ississippi.
..
LOCALITY IN RELATION TO DEA'I1HS. xvii
'l'he causes of death in this region to wliich are attrilmtecl less than an average proportion of the deathfl reported are as follows: Scarlet fever, diphtheria, clwlera infautum, er;ysipelas, debility, old age, consumption, h;r<1roceplialns, cancer, .tumor, diseases of the i1erYons system, diseases of the heart, bronchitis, Bright's disease, ~rncl diseases of tlie kidney and of the bones antl joi11ts.
The pro1l0rtion of deatlls from dipl!theria and scarlet fever is very low. From pneumonia it is very low in South Carolina, low in Georgia, and 8lightly higher in Alabama and Mississi})pi. From consumption the proportion is Yer.)' low in Georgia and Alabama, and slightly l1igher in South Carolina and Mississippi. From croup, child-birth, and old age it is low thronglwnL
GnAND Gnoup 12.-SOU'fEI MISSISSIPPI RIVER BELT .
.Along the Missilosip11i and Missouri riyers lie narrow belts characterized by a considerable extent oi 1ow bottom-land with rich, deep, moist soil. .All this region th~tt borders tlie lower Mississippi from the neighbr1rhoocl of the coast to the month of the Ohio is iucluded in this group, and has very cbaranteristfo features. It 'i11clucles tlie river counties of Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, Arkansas, l\'I.hrnissippi, and Louisiana. It is an alhwial J1ottomlnnd, lying very low with relation to the riwr, and :-mhject to overflow. The drainage is po )r, and there arn large ~reas of swamp-land and stagnant water. Vegetation is Yery rank, 1.:Jeiug almost tropical iu its luxuriance. The meau annual temperature is from ooo to 700 F. 'l'he annual I'ainfall is from 50 to 55 inches. The drmsity of population is from 18 to 45 persons per square mile. 'l'he elevation is 1.Jetween 100 aml 500 feet. The colored popnlation is about GO per cent. of the whole. The foreign popuhltion is from 1 to 5 per cent.
The causes of death in this region to which are attl'i1.Juted more than an average proportion of the deaths ;reported are as follows: Hoopi11g-congh, malarial feyer and feyer unspecified, diarrhma, dysentery, worms, dropsy, pneumonia, dentition, chikl-hirtl.t and abortiou, and accidents aucl iujuries, especially gunshot wounds. T·he proportion of deaths reported as due to malarial fever is very high througqont this group. From diarrhooal diseases it is somewhat high throughout, and very high in Kentucky. The proportion of deaths from consumption is low in this group, with the exception of that part of Kentucky bordering on the river. From heart disease and dropsy it is high in the northeru portion, near the moutll of the Ohio, somewhat lowel' in Tennessee and Arkansas, .and again higher in the south. The proportion of deaths from child-birth is low in Tennessee, higher in Arkansas, i[Jouisiana, and Mississippi, and quite lligb in Kentucky. The proport.ion from still-birth is very high on the eastern bank of the river, and considerably lower on the western ba11k.
The causes· of death in this region to' which are att,ributed 1011s than an average proportion of the deaths reported are as follows: Measles, scarlet fever, diphtheria, enteric fever, cholera irif'antum, premature birth, .debility, old age, consumption, cancer, tumor, apoplexy and paralysis, diseases of the circulatory system, and .espPcially diseases of the heart, croup, bronchitis, Bright's disease and diseases of the kidney, diseases of the bones .and joints, and suicides.
The proportion of deaths from diphtheria and from scarlet fever is very low throughout, with the exception of .the west bank of the river in Arkansas, where it is quite ldgh from scarlet fever. From .pneumonia it is low on the ,eastern bank of the river in Tennessee, Mississippi, and Kentucky, while on the opposite bank it is consideriibly )ligher. From consumption the proportion is very low in ~rkansas, low in Louisimrn, Mississippi, and Tennessee, .ancl considerably higher near the month of the Ohio river in Kentucky. The proportion of <lenths from croup is ·Very low throughout the entire belt except iu the Kentucky portion. The same is true for enteric fever.
GRAND GROUP 13.-NORTH MISSISSIPPI RIVER BELT.
This extends from the month of the Ohio to the heacl of the Mississippi river, including portions of Missouri, Iowa, and Minnesota on the western, and of Illinois and Wisconsin on the eastern ba11k. The mean annual ·temperature is from 400 to 450 F. in the northem portion, and from 500 to 550 F. in the southern portion. The _annual rainfall is from 30 to 40 inches .in the northern part and from 40 to 50 inches in the southern part. The density of population is from 18 to 45 persons per square mile, except in the extrem·e north, where it is from .6 to 18 per square mile. The eleyation in the southern portion is less than 500 feet, a11d rises toward the north to .points from 500 to 1,000 feet. The proportion of the colored popu1ation in the southern portion is from 7 to 17 per cent., decreasing toward the north, in the extreme part of which it is below 1 per cent. The foreign population ·varies from 10 to 35 per cent.
The causes of death in this region to which are attributed more than an average proportion of the deaths reported are as follows: Enteric fever, diarrhrna and dysentery, cholera infantum, malarial fever, erysipelas, _septicremia and puerperal septicremia, inanition, still-births, debility, convulsions, tetanus and trismus rnii:icentiumt .~nd diseases of the respiratory system, especially pneumonia.
MOR-VOL II-II
xvm MORTALITY AND VITAL STATISTI08.
Diphtheria is 1ow in the southern part of thfa group, gradual1y increasing tow:ard t,he north, becoming very high in the Wisconsin coui1ties. The proportion of stiU-births is decidedly higher on the western bank than.it is on the eastern. · The fo1lowing are the causes of death in tl.J.is region to which are attributed less than an average proportion of
the number of deaths: Scarlet fever, diphtheria and hooping-cough, old age, scr.ofula and tabes, consumption, b;yclrocephalus, cancer, dropsy, diseases of the heart, Bright's disease, urinary ca.Jcnlus and diseases of the kidney, diseases of the bones and joints, aud acciclenti:; aucl injuricA.
The ·proriortion of deaths from malarial fe,-e1· is very low in the northern part of this region. The same is true for pneumonia, both gradua1ly iii.creasing toward the sonth. The proportion of deaths from enteric fever is low in Iowa and Missouri, nml slightly higher in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Illinois. The proportion of deaths from chiltl-birth is very low in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Missouri.
GRAND GROUP 14.-,SOUTHWEST CENTRAL REGION.
This includes tbe northwestern part of Louisiana, the southern part of Missouri, all of Arkansas except such portions of these states as belo.ng to the South Mississippi river belt, and central Texas. It is mainly upland, and, with the exception of parts of Texas, is heavily timbered. In Lonisiaua it is traversed by a narrow strip of bottornland along the Hed river. A con::;ider .. ble part of this region in :Missouri and Arkansas is occupied by the Ozark hills, which rise to 1,000 feet or more above sei1-lcvel, or 400 to 500 feet above the surrounding country. The mean annual temperature is from 00° to 700 F. The immrn 1 rainfall is from 85 to 50 inches. The density of the population is . from G to 18 persons per square mile, rising to f'l'Oill 18 to 45 in some small districts. The elevation is from 100 to 500 feet, with some peaks rising to 1,000 feet. The coloi·ed population forms from 17 to GO per cent. of the whole. The foreign })Opulation is below 5 per cent., except in southern Texas, where it rises to from 20 to 30 per cent. and over.
The causes of death in this region to which more than au average proportion of the deaths reported are attributed are as follows: Small•pox, measles, hooping-cough, entcric fever, diarrhooa and dysentery, malarial fever, erysipelas, puerperal septicremia, worms, diseases of the respiratory organs, more especially croup and pneumonia, diseases of the digestive organs, child-birth. and abortion, and gunshot wounds.
The proportion of cleath.s from malarial fever is very high in Arkansas, and also large throughout the gronp. The proportion from cliarl'l1real diseases is Yery high in.Texas and Missouri, ancl somewhat lower in Lonisiana. The proportion of deaths from pneumonia is very higl_i in the northern part of Lo'nisiaua, and lower in the rest of the group. The propol'tion of deaths from cuterhi fever is high in l\iisstmri, somewhat lower in Texas, and low in Arkansas and Louisiana. The proportion of still-births is very high in Texas, high in Misso.uri, aml somewhat lower in Arlnmsas and Louisiana. .
. The causes of death in tbis region to which arc attributed less than an average proportion of the deaths reported are as follows: Scarlet fever, diphtheria, cholera infantum, debility, old age, consumption, cancer, tumors, paralysis, convulsions, diseases of the heart, broncl1itis, Bright's disease and cliseases of the kidney, diseases of the bones and joints, and suicides ..
The proportion of deaths from dii1htheria, Acarlet ±ever, a1)(l consumption is very low throughout this region. The" proportion of deaths from beart disease an cl dropsy is bigh in Louisiana, but low e1sewhere in the group. The proportion of deaths from cbi1tl-birth is very low in Missouri, is low in Arkansas and Texas, and slightly higher in Louisiana. From old age the pro1lortion is very low tllroughon~, except in Louisiana, where it approaches the mean.
GRAND GROUP 15.-0ENTRAL ltEGION, PLAINS AND PRAIRIES.
This includes tbe p1atean rnnuiug across the northern part of Ohio and India,na, and the central portions of Kentucky and Tennessee, allll is essentially what is left of the eastern portion of the Mississippi valley after taking from it other characteristic regions. The surface is for the most part undu1ating, presenting neither the deacl level of the prairies nn the one band, nor the broken character marking the western foot-bills of the Appalachians on the other. The timber which originally covered it has been largely cnt away. The mean annnal temperature is from 500 to 600 F. The mean anmrn 1 l'l!infa.]] is from 40 to 45 inches. The density of the population is from 45 to 90 persons per square mile. The elerntion is from 500 to 1,500 feet. The colored population is below 7 per cent. of . the whole in the northern 1Jart, nml from 7 to :ii! per cent. in tlle southern. The foreign population is below 1 ver cent. in the southern part., and from 5 to 10 ]ler ceut. in tbe northern portion. ·
The causes of death in this region to which arc attributed more than an av-erage proportion of the deaths reported are as fo1lows: Hooping-cough, euteric fever, scrofula and ta bes, consumptioll, glycosuria, diseases of the nervous Rystem, croup, pneumonia, and diseases of the bones and joints.
The i)roportion of <1eaths from diarrhreal diseases is high in Indiana, and slightly lower in Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee. The }Jroportion from consu'mption is high in Kentucky and Tennessee, and somewhat lower in Ohio. On the other hand, heart disease and dropsy give a high proportion of tleatbs in Ohio, and a lower in Kentucky an<l Tennessee. The proportion of still·birtbs is very high throughout this region.
LOCALITY IN RELATION TO DEATHS. . XlX
The causes of death to which are attributed in this region less than an average proportion of the number of deaths reported are as follows: Scarlet fever, cliphtheri~L, debility, old age, cancer, tetanus and trismus nascentium, convulsions, diseases of the circulator~' ssstem, diseases of the digestive system, Bright's disease, child-birth, and accidents and injuries.
The proportion of deaths from diphtheria is very low in Kentucky, and. is also low in Indiana; it is higher in Tennessee and Ohio. The proportion of deaths from scarlet fever is highest in this group in Indiana, and is very low in the southern portion. From malarial fever the proportion is low in Ohio and Indiana, and higher in Kentucky and Tennessee. The proportion of deaths from pn_eumonia is low in this region, being at its highest in Indiana.
GR.A.ND GROUP 16.-TRE PRAIRIE REGION.
This comprises most of the state of Illinois, the southern part of Wisconsin, nearly all of Iowa, southern Minnesota, the northern part of Missouri, the eastern lialf of Kansas, and a considerable portion 0£ Nebraska, with that part of Dakota lying east of the .Missouri b:elt. Tllough not entirely treeless, forests cover but a small portion of the aren,, and these are distributed along the water-courses on the faces of blufts and the tops of knolls. The
. surface is nearly level, except where cut or scored by streams. The soil is deep, extremely fertile, ancl generally very retentiYe of moisture. Originally there were larger areas of swamp-fand and standing-water than at present. The mean annual temperature is from 500 to 550 F. in the southem part, au cl 400 to 450 in the northern part. Tlle
·mean annual rainfall is from 35 to 40 inches in tlJ.e eastern part, and from 20 to 25 inches in the western part. The density of the population is from 18 to 45 persons per square mile. in the southern and eastern sections; it is below 6 per square mile in tlle northern and western pa.rts. The elevation is from 500 to 1,000 feet in the eastern portion, gradually rising to from 2;000 to 3,000 feet in the west. The colored population is below l 1)cr cent. of the whole, except in the southern portion, where it is from 1 to 7 per cent. The foreign popi1lat.ion in the southern part is from 1 to 5 per cent.; in the northem part it is from 20 tu 35 per cent. ·
The causes Qf death in this region to which are attrib11tecl more than an average proportion of the deaths reported: are as follows: )\feasles, S(Jarlet, fever, diphtheria, enteric fever, cholera inf'antum, erysipelas, puerperal septicromia, l'heumatism, glycosuria, diseases of tlle respiratory system (more especially croup and pneumonia), ehilcl·birth, and diseases of the bones and joints.
The proportion of cleaf!Js from diphtheria is wry bigh in Dakota, l\'Ihmesota, Nebraska, and Iow11; it is high in Wisconsin, aucl lower in Kansas, Illinois, arnl Missouri. From scarlet fever the proportion is high in Nebraska. Prom malarial fever the proportion is high in Kansas, lower in Missouri, ttnd low in the remainder of the group. From diarrhrnal disenses the proportion is very high in the sonthcm portion of tlJis region (Missouri ancl Kansas); it is also high in Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, an cl l\'Iiunesoti1. The proportion from croup is lligh in Dakota.and Nebraska, somewhat lower in Kansas, Iowa, and Missouri, and low in Illiuois, VVisconsin, a11c1 Minnesota. The proportion of still-births is very high in Missouri, ancl is high throughout the group, with the exception of Wisconsin. .
The causes of death in this region to which are attributed less than au averaige proportion of the deaths· recorded are as follows: Inanition, debility, cousumption, hydrocephalus, cancer, dropsy, diseases of the ne1•vous system (more especially apoplexy, paral;ysis, and convulsions), diseases of the heart, bronchitis, dentition, .Briglit's disease, and accidents and injuries.
The proportion of deaths from pneumonfa is low tlirougllout the wholP. of this region, beiug higher in the southern than in the northern portion. The proportion from consumption is very low in Nebraska and Kansas, and low in l\Iiunesota and Iowa, being somewhat higher in. the remainder of tllo group. The proportion from lieart disease and dropsy is low throughout tllis region, with the exception of Wisconsin, Illinois, and Iowa. The proportion from euteric fover is low in Wisconsin and Dakota, and somewhat 11igher in the rest of the group. The proportion from cl,iild-1.Jirth is low in tl1~s region, with the exception of Dakota.
GR.A.ND GROUP 17.-THE MISSOURI RIVER BELT.
This comprises a narrow strip across Missouri, with portions of eastern Nebraska, western Iowa, .and ce:p.tral Dakota, including in the main a broad area of bottom-Janel of deep rich soil, subject to overflow in the southern portion. Higher up the river, in Dakota, we enter the sul.J-humicl section of' the country, the atmosphere being· dryer and tlle rainfall less. The mean annual temperature is from 400 to 450 F. in the northern part, and from 500 to 550 in the southern part. The meau annual rainfall is from 10 to 20 inches in the northern part, and from 30 to 40 inches in rhe southern part.. The density of population is from 18 to 45 persons per square 1nile in the southe1•n . portion, and it is under 2 per sqnare mile in the northern _portion. Tlle elevation is from 500 to 1,000 feet in the southern and central portion, and from 11500 to ~,ODO feet in Ditkota. The colored population forms from 7 to 17 per cent. of the whole in tlle southern part, and practically sinks to nothing in the northern part. The foreign popnlution is from 10 ~o 20 per cent. in the southern and cent1·al portions of this.region.
'xx MORTALITY AND VITAL S'I1ATISTICS.
The causes of death in this region to which are attributed more than an averag·e proportion of the deaths reported are as follows: Measles (more especially in Kansas Oity), diphtheria, enteric fever, diarrbreal disease8, malarial fever, erysipelas, puerperal septicremia, lead-poisoning, croup (especially in Kansas City), pneumonia, and gtmshot wounds.
The proportion of deaths from di phtberia is very high in the northern and middle portions of this region. The proportion from diarrlHnal diseases is high in the southern portion of the region. From pneumonia the proportion is also high in the south, lower in the mi-Jdle portion, and very low in the north. The proportion of still-births is very high in the northern portion of Dakota, and somewhat lower in the remainder of the group.
The causes of death in this region to which are attributed less than an average proportion of the deaths reported are as follows: Scarlet fever (with the exception of Kansas City), hooping-cough, inanition, debility, consumption, hydrocephalus, cancer, dropsy, diseases of t.he nervous system, and especially apoplexy, paralysis, tetanus and trismus nascentium, convulsions, diseases of the heart, diseases of the digestive system, Bright's disease and diseases of the kidney, and accidents and injuries.
The proportion of deaths from scarlet fever is low throughout the entire group, except in the Nebrask11 River belt anu in Kansas City, where an epidemic seems to have prevailed. The proportion from consumptiou is very low in the northern part, gradually increasing toward the south. Prom heart diseasH and dropsy the }H'Oportion is Yery low in the north and is also low iu the south, and somewhat higher in the central portion. The proportion of deaths from croup is also low in the northern and southern portions, and somewhat higller in the central portion. From euteric fever the proportion of deaths is very low in Dakota, 1ncreasing as we pass to the south. The proportion of deaths from child-birth is very low throughout.
GRAND GROUP 18.-REGION OF THE WESTERN PLAINS .
. This extends westward from the border of the vrairie regiou, including parts of Texas, Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, Wsoming, Dakota, .J'dontana, and New Mexico. The characteristics of the prairie region are here intensified iri every particular. The timber is scarce, being found only along the water-courses. Tlle surface is a monotonous rolling expanse, covered only with sparse clumps of bunch-grass, cactus, yucca, and other plants characteristic of a dry climate. The temperature varies from 650 to 100 F. in the southern part, and from 40° to 45° in the northern porlion. Tlle mean annual rainfall is from 10 to 20. inches. (The rainfall is in general below ~.5 inches; indeed, this isohyetal line may be taken in general terms as the boundary-line between this ancl the prairie region, altbough in the north the cooler climate ancl smaller evaporation tend to throw the boundary westward, while the reverse condition in the south tends to throw it eastward.) The extremes of temperature in this region are very great, being exceeded only in the still more aricl region farther west. The density of the population is under 2 persons per square mile. The elevation is 1,500 feet in the easte.rn portion, rising to 4,000, 5,ooo, and 6,000 feet in the west. The colored population, in some parts of Oolorado and Kansas, is from 1 to 5 per cent. of the whole; in the remainder of the group it is less than 1 per cent. The foreign population is less than l per cent., except in some part!! of Colorado, Kansas, and Nebraska, where it is from 5 to 34 per cent.
The causes of deat]i in this region to which are attributed more than an average proportion of the deaths reported are as follows: Small-pox, measles, scarlet fever, diphtheria, hooping-cough, fever unspecified, enteric fever, puerperal septicremia, pneumonia (especially in Denver), pleurisy, and accidents and injuries, more especially exposure t1ind neglect, gunshot wounds, aml homicide.
The proportion of deaths from diphtheria is very high in Dakota, Colorado, and Kansas, and is high in Nebraska, being low in the northern and southern extremities of this region. The proportion from scarlet fever is very high in Wyoming, and high in Kan·sas and Nebraska, being very low in the extreme northern arid southern portions of the region. The proportion of deaths from malarial fever is high in Montana, Texas, and Kansas, and very low in Nebraska, Colorado, and New Mexico .. , From diarrhmal diseases the proportion is very high in Texas, and high in Kansas and Nebraska. From pneumonia the i)roportion is very high in Dakota, and very low in Texas, New Mexico, and Montana.
The causes of death in this region to which are attributed less than an averag~ proportion of the deaths reported are as follows: Malarial feyer, still-births, debility, old age, rheumatism, scrofula and tabes, consumption, hydrocephalus, cancer, tumor, dropsy, diseases of the nervous system, more especially meningitis, apoplexy, paralysis, tetanus and trismus nascentium, and convulsions, diseases of the heart, dentition, Bright's diseasfa and diseases of the kidney, and diseases of the bones and joints.
The proportion of dt1aths from consumption is very low in Texas, New Mexico, Wyoming, Kansas, and Montana; it is somewhat higher in Colorado. The proportion from heart disease and dropsy is very low throughout, being slightly higher in Texas than in the rest of this region. The proportion from enteric fever is very low throughout this region, except in Kansas and in Texas. The proportion of still-births is low throughout the region, except in Kansas and Nebraska, where it is very high. The proportion of deaths from old age is very low throughout.
. LOCALITY IN RELATION TO DEA'rHS. XXl
GR.A.ND GROUP 19.-HEA VILY-TIMBERED REGION OF THE N01{.THWEST.
This comprises parts of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. It isheavilytimbered and well watered, containing large numbers of small lakes and considerable areas of swamp, especia1ly in Wisconsin and Minnesota.. This large water surface, togetber with the dense forests, tends to give to tllis region a moist atinosphere, altiltongh the rainfall is not great. 'l'he mean annual temperature .is from 400 to 50° F., and below 40° in northern Wisconsin and Minnesota. The mean annual rainfall is from 30 to 40 inches. Tile density of population in Wisconsin aucl Michigan is from 45 to 90 persons per square mile. Tile eleva,tion is from 1,000 to 1,500 feet. Tlrn colored population is below 7 per cent. of the whole. Tile foreign population is from 20 to 30 per cent. a.ml over.
The causes of death in this region to which are attributed more than an average proportion of the deaths reported are as follows: Scarlet fever, diphtheria, old age, rhenmatjsm, cancer, tnmor, paralysis, discuses of the henrt, child-birtll, diseases of the bones and joints, and accidents and injnl'ies.
The proportion of deaths from diphtheria is very high in :Michigan and Wisconsin, anc1 Aonrnwlrnt lower in l\linnesota. Tlle proportion from scarlet fever is high in Wisconsiu, also in Minnesota, aud low in Michigan. · The proportion from diarrhceal diseases is very high in Minnesota, and also high in Wisconsin. From heart disease ltml dropsy the proportion is high in Michigan, and considerabl;r lower in Wisconsin and Minnesota. 'l'he i1roportion of still-births is lligh in Michigan, lower in Wisconsin, and low in Minuesotn.. The proportion from ol<l ng<1 is ver;r high in Michigan, lower in Wisconsin, and low iu Minnesota,,
The causes of death in tliis region to which arc at.trilmted less tln.iu au n.verage proport.io11 of the den.ths ~'eported are as follows: l\feasles, enteric fever, diarrll ma Hll(l dysentery, clloler!~ infant nm, mnln.rial fever, pnerpera.l septicremia, still-births, debility, scrofula aucl ta.bes, hydrocephalus, dro1rny, diseases of the 11er\7 ons system, especially convulsions, diseases of the respiratory organs, more especially eronp nud imeumcmin, diseases of the digestive system, dentition, and peritonitis.
The proportion of deaths from rmtlarial fever is low in Michigan, aud very low in the remainder of tho gronp. From pneumonia it is very low throughout. From consumption the proportion is low i.n Wisconsin, and considern bly higher in Minnesota and Michigan. .E'rom cruup it is low througliont. 'l:be proportion oi' deaths from enteric fever is very low in Minnesota and Wisconsin, and low in Miclligan. From chilll-birt;h it is yery low in Michigan, and considerably higher in Wisconsin and Minnesota.
GRAND GROUP 20.-THE. OOH.DILLERAN REGION.
This includes the region westwa.rd from the Rocky mountains to the Cascades and Sierra Nevn<ln, consisting mainly of the high plateau crowned by a succession of mountain ra.nges forming systems of a greater 01' less lfogree of complexity. It comprises Arizona, Ut.ah, Nevada, and portions of Oolorado, Montana, Wyoming, New l\fo:xico, Oalifornia, Oregon, and Washington territory. The climate is arid, the rainfall is smal1, atH1 the extremes of temperature are great between summer mid winter, and day and night. As a general thing, the mountains only nro timbered, the valleys and level country being covered with bel'lmceons plants cbiuacteriatic of an arid climato. The slopes are everywhere amply sufficient to insure good drainage, and therefore swamps aml stagnn.nt water nro rare. The mean anm~al temperature is from 400 to 500 F. in the northern and central portions, a.ml from ooo to 550 in the southern portion. The mean annual rainfall is below 10 inches in the centml and sout;hwost<}l'll portionR, and somewhat greater in the eastern and northern portions. The <1eusity of population is below 2 persons to the square mile. The elevation is from 4,000 to 10,000 feet and above. The proportion of the colored population is so small as not to be worth taking into account, and the same may be said in regard ·to the foreign popnlation, except in a few settlements in Coloraclo, Utah, Montana, and Washington territory, where it forms from 5 to 34: por cent. of the whole.
The causes of death in this region to which are attributed more than an average proportion of tlle deaths reported are as follows: :M:eas]es, diphtheria, hooping-cough, fever nuspecifled, erysipelas, irnerpera,l septicmmin, alcoholism, rheumatism, dropsy, diseases of the respirator.)' organs, more especially pneumonia, child.birth, ancl accidents and injuries, more especially gunshot wounds, homicide, infanticide, imd suicide. · The lH'oportion of deaths from diphtheria is i;·ery higll throughout .the northern portion; it l>ecomes lower as
we proceed south. From scarlet fever the proportion is very higll in l\fouta11a, \Vyoming·, aml New Mexico, and low in the rest of this region. The proportion of still-births is very high in the no!'thwest, in Oregon, and. Wasllingto11; Yery low in the southern portion; and modemtely high in Utnh, California, and Montana. ·
Tlle caui:;es of cleath iu this region to which are attributed less than an average proportion of the number of deaths reportecl are as follows: Diarrhrea and clssentery, cholera infantnm, debility, old age, scrofula and tnbes, consumption, ll;rdrocephalus, cancer, tumor, diseases of the nervous system, more especially apoplexy, pa1·alysis, tetanus and convulsions, diseases of the heart, croup, diseases of the digestive system, Bright's disease and diseases of the kidney, aml diseases of the bones and joints.
.. xxn MORTALrrY AND VITAL STATISTICS .
The proportion of deaths from malarial fever is very low throughout the grettter part of this group. The same may be said as regards consumption, heart disease and dropsy, croup, enteric fever, and olcl age. The proportion of deaths from heart disease and dropsy is higher iu Oregon and Ne\rada than in the rest of the group. From enteric fever the proportion is greatest iu Oreg·on, next in Idaho, Oolorado, alid Arizona. The proportion from child-birth is very high iu Arizona, very low iu Montana, Wyoming, and Oregon.
GR.A.ND GROUP 21.-PAOIFIO COAST REGION.
This comprises the coast portions of Washington, Oregon, and California lying between tile ranges of the Oascades and Sierra Nevada and tile Pacific coast. It has a well-defined wet and dry season, the former corresponding to tile winter in tile eastern portion of tlie countJ.'y, and the latter to the summer. The northern part receives much more rain than the soutllern part. The surface consistR of a complex range of mountains known as the coast range, muning parallel to the coast, east of which is a great valley extending from Puget's Sound to the southern part of California. This is occupieci in Oregon by the Willamette and other rivers, in Californin. by the Sacramento and tile San Joaquin, East of this valley is a great uplift., represented in Washington Territory aml Oregon by the Cascade range, and in California by the Sierra Nevada. The mean annual temperature is from 550 to 650 F. in the southern portion, ancl from 45° to 55° in tlie northern portion. Tile mean annual rainfall is above 60 inches in the north, and below 20 inches .in the south. The mean density of population is below 2 persons per square mile, except in tile vicinity of San Francisco, Los Angeles, Sacramento, a.ml Portland. The elevation varfos from the coast-line to.3,000 feet. The colored population is below 7 per cent. of the whole. The foreign population in California. forms 20 per cent. and over of the whole; in Washington and Oregon it is from 5 to 10 per cent.
The causes of death in this region to which are attributed· more than au average proportion of the deaths reported are as follows: Puerperal septicremia, old age, hydrocephalus, cancer, tumor, diseases of the nervous system, especially apoplexy and paralysis, diseases of' tlie heart, diseases of the dige~tive organs, especially diseases of the liver, Bright's disease, and accidents and injnries, especially gunshot wounds, homicide, and suicide.
The proportion of den.tlls from diphtheria, is very high in Washington territory, and diminishes as we go south. The proportion of deaths from consumption is high in California, and slightly lower in Oregon and Washington territory. From heart disease and dropsy the proportion is slightly above the mean throughout.. The proportion of still-births is very high in California, more especially in San Francisco and Oakland, where .it rises to 60 per thousand; it is also high in Oregon, ancl slightly lower in ·washington territory.
The causes of death in tllis region to which are attributed Jess than an average proportiou of the deaths reported are as folio ws: Measles, scarlet feyer, diphtheria, hooping.cough, enteric fever, diarrbrnal diseases, malarial fever, er ;ysipelas, old age, rheumatism, scrofula and tabes, dropsy, tetanus, trismus nasce11tium, croup, pneumonia, pie nrisy, diseases of the kidney, and diseases of the bones and joints.
The proportion of deatlls from scarlet fever is very low in California and Washington territory, and decidedly higher in Oregon. The proportion of cleaths from malarial fever is very low throughout, being slightly higher in Oregon than in California aud Washington territory. From rmeumonia and croup the i1roportion is very low throughout. From enteric fever the .proportion is very low in Washington territory and California, and high iu Oregon. Tile proportion from child-birtli is very low in California, low in. Oregon, and higher in Washington territory, increasing as we go north.
In couclncling this subject of' the relation of special causes of cleath to topographical features of the country, the general result of the study tna;y be summed up in saying that the conditions of climate, the amount of annual rainfall, the amount of fow-l;ying and swamp land, age an(l sex, the distribution of the people, an cl the proportion of the colored and foreign population, am1ear to be the chief causes of the difl:erenGeS between the several grand groups, or between different portions of tile same grancl group. .Except in so far as it influences climate or drainage, the i
geological formation of different regions does not appear to have a marked influence upon the proportion of deaths froin various causes, with the exception of goiter, urinary calculus, lead-poisoning, and, perhaps, diseases of the digestive organs, clue to inorganic impurities in the water-supply.
UH,BAN AND RURAL l\iIORT4.LITY.
The records of deaths in this census have been so tabulated as to permit of certain comparisons between the deaths occurring in tile fifty largest cities and in the rest of the country, more especially as to the proportion of deaths reported as clue to different caµses with distinctions of sex and age. In thirty-one of these cities tile recordi,; derived from a current registration of deaths were copied, and these are used more especially to give the proportion of deaths in the different months. In this country, as elsewhere, the death rate in the cities is larger than in th~ rural districts, but how much larger we can not state positively from the data at our command. As compared with the rural districts, t.he cities have been for the last twenty years gaining most in healthiness, owing to the fact.
LOCALITY IN RELATION TO DEATHS. xxm
that.systematic sanitary work has l>een carried oil in them to a much greater extent than in the smaller towns and villages. The larger mortality of ctties is mainly clue to an excess of <1eaths in the earlier years of life. The differences in the proportion of deaths from certain causes in the large cities, as compared with the rest of the conntry, wllich for tlle sake of brevity is designated as" Rural", altlJough it contains a considerable number of la l'ge towns, will be cousitlered hereafter in the discussions of tlJe seyeral causes of de£Lth.. The following tables aud diagrams gin'> a connected view of some of the most important of these difterences for certain causes and classes of causes:
TABLE 2G.-SHOWING FOR RURAL AND CITIES THE NUMBER OF DRA'fHS FROM-SPECIFIED DISEASES IN 1000 DEATHS FROM KNOWN CAUSES.
Disenees. Cities. Diseases. Rurnl, Citfos. I Rural. ~-----~-~-~~------~-i-------•-~-- ------~--=---~~--~---'---=-!-----Pneumonia............................................... 92. D
Ilcnrt disease and dropsy................................. 59. 7 Diphtheria............................................... 57.1 Accidents uml injuries ............................ : ....... , 52. 4 Entcric fever.... . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. •.. . . .. .. . . .. • .. . .. .. . • .. 36. O :Mulm'iul fev01· .... • .. • .. .. .. .... .. • • • .. • .. • .. .. • • • .. .... .. 82. 8 Croup.................................................... 26.G
Chi!tl-bitth ............................................... 19. 5
Iloopiug-cough . • ••• .. . ... • • • .. . . .... • . .... .... .. .. .... • . . 16. 9 Puerperal sept!cromia......... ... .................. .... .. 12. 8
09. 0
40. 4 38. 0 40. 8
10.7
11. 8 10.1
4. 7 D. 7
9. 7
Menales . . . . . . . . •• • . . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . . . . . .. . .. .. . .. • .. • . 12. 3 Scrofula :mcl tabes....... .. . . .. . . . . .. ...... . . . .. ..... . .. 7. 5 Tetanus 1md trismua nusccntium. ... . . ............ ... .•• 2. 7 PerUonitis .. .. .. . .. . .. ... • . . .. .. . . .. .. • . .. . .. .. .. .. • . • • 3. 6 Caucer , . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . .. . .. .. . .. .. ..... .... .. . ... .... .. 17. O Srnirlct fovor . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. • .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. • .. .. .. .. 21. a DiHeuscs of the cl!gestivo system .. . .. . .. . . .. . .... .... .. . 45. 4 Still-horn ........... .................. .................. 28. a D!acaRes of tho nervous system . .. . . . .... ... . ........... 110. 8 Consumption ............................ :............... 123. 6
FIG.19.-DIAGR.A.M SlIOWING FOlt RURAL .AND OITIES THE PROPORTION OF DEATHS !!'ROM SPECIFIED DISEASES IN 1000 DE.A.TITS l!'ROM KNOWN CA.USES •
.Pe~ 1,000.
;140-150
130-140
120-100
110-lQO
100-110
00-100
so-no 'i'O-BO
00-70
oo- no 40-00
30-·10
QD-:JO
10- 20
0-10
Mm numl. ~ Citlaa.
7.4 4.7 0.1
7.9 18, 7
26. 7 40. 7 5-t 9
12-i.1
137.8
TABLE 27.-SHOWING FOR RURAL AND CITIES THE NUMBER OF DEATHS PRO:M SPECIFIED DISEASES IN 100,000 OF' POPULATION.
====='-===---=c===c========'================· ·-----···-··--------- ----------------··-Diseases. Rnrnl. Cities. DiseaAes. :Rural. Cities.
Enlcricfevcr............................................. 47.5 3'1.0 Hoart11!soasea11rldropsJ ............................... 78.7 90.3 ::Ualario.l fever............................................ 43. 2 24. 6 Still-horn ............... :................................ 37, 7 113. 8 Hooping-cough ......... :............... . .. .. .. . .. . . .. . . . ~2. 4 20. l Pnrnmonia ..... ; ...................................... " 122. 5 143. 0 :lfonslcs ...... . .. .. ..... . .... .. ............ ... . •. .. • . .. • . rn. 2 lii. ·1 Dio.ri·hro,11 diseases., .......... ·.......................... 114. 3 100. 3 Hcrofulaamltabes ..................................... :. 9.0 O.U Diseascsofthoncrvuussyslom ......................... 140,0 257.2 -Cancer ..... ...... ...... ... ... . .. .. .... ............ ...... 23. 'l 40. l Consumptiou...... ...... .. •• .. ..... . ........ .... .. .. .. •. 102. 0 285. 5 Croup................................................... 85. 1 40. 8 Vt•tHlrenl diseases ...... ........ ... . ...... .... .. ... . .. • .. 1. 8 5. 0 )';co.riot foyer ....................... , . .. . . .... .. . . . . .. . . . 28 . .J. 55. 4 l'Jenrlsy...... .. .. . . .. .. .. ......................... . •. .. 3. 5 5. 8 nronohilis.................. ...... ...... ...... ... ... ...... lJ. 5 50. 1 Discuses oftl!e h-011es nu<l joints......................... 3. 8 0. I Apoplexy aml 1rnraly~is .................................. · 44. U 50, G Alcol1olism ....................................... : ·.... 2. 3 7. 0 Diphtl1e· in ..................... _ . . .. .. . .... .. . ...... . . . 7'1 :1 80. 0 Snicicle ............................ • ......... · .......... · 4. a 8. 6 .A.cciclcnts anti injuries .................................. , Of .. l 81. 5 Tclunus 11ud irismus n"accutimn .... • . ............ ...... 3. G 12. 7
Disoaso; oJ' tbc ~~~t~~~syst~~-:~~-.. _· ._ .. _· .. _ .. _·_·-~_-_ .. _ .. _!_I _u_P_. _n ___ o.-_,. _o __ P_c_r_it-or_ii_ti_s _ .. _._· ._._· ._._ .. _._ .. __ .. _._ .. _._ .. _._ .. _ .. _·_··_-_ .. _· _· ._ .. _._ .. _._ .. _·-'· -=4._7=-'---10_._5_
. . XXlV MORTALITY AND VITAL STA'I1ISTICS .
FIG. 20.-DI.AGRAJII SHOWING FOR RURAL .A.ND CITIES THE NUMBER OF DEA'l'HS FROM CERT.A.JN SPECIFIED DISEASES IN 100,000 OF POPULATION.
i :Pi Kl .,., l)l
~ ['<~ r'1 ~ ~ A [ii Ul ['<~ ~ -aili ~!r. Ul' !;I ~ rt, ~ O;.. ~!-< ~~ O;. c Ill .... ·t/1 ;:! ff. l!ll. 8 "' Pl l;;,;
Ill~ ~re z ;~ ffl r:: ~ a j ~~ P< z [Jl' "¢. I'< ,_,
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.11110 '180 1'79 10.:.. go lUO 1{i0
t!21) .· 1110 100 00
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140 .... 30
.0 llTm1lerno
- Euml,
To estimate the true influence of cities upon the diseases of adult life, it is necessary to consider especially th& proportions of deaths reported as due to such diseases for the age-periods above fl.Ye years, thus to a certain extent avoiding the fallacies due to the great excess of cleaths in infancy in the cities, which fallacies arh:e from comparisons of gross mortality rates.
The following diagrams show for specified diseases the nnmber of male deaths to each 1000 female deaths in 50 cities and in the United States. Tlte tables from which tl!ese diagrams were prepared will be fonncl on pages. 43 to 556 of Vol, XI:
FIG. 21.-DlAGRAM SROWIN(} FOR 50 CITIES THE PROPOltTION OF MALE DEATHS TO 1000 FEMALE DEATHS FOR CERTAIN SPEC!· FIED CAUSES.
MAL"ElDEATHS
TO
l,000
DEATHS,
4-. 200
4;000
a .. eoo -3,600
3,400
3,QOO
a, ooo l'!, eoo 2.000
J;l,400
i:i.ooo 1,800
11 eoo
J.,:200
l,000
800
400
LOCALITY IN RELArrION TO DEATHS.
Fw. 22.-DI.AGRAM SHOWING FOit SPECIFlED DISEASES THE PR~POH'.1.'ION OF MALE DEATHS TO 1000 l!'EMA.LE DEATHS IN THE UNITED STATES.
M'.AL"E DE . .A.THB
:ro
i,ooo
;r.'J~M'.ALE
DEATHS
D .. ooo ,4;800 4,<JOO .4,400
.4-,000 8,800 3,000 3 •100 8,:300 s,ooo ;i.,aoo ~,eoo
1 200
Fema1 J,ooo ' 800
000 AOO
xxv
T.ABLE 28.-SHOWING FOR MALES AND FQR FEMALES IN 50 CITIES, AND IN Tim UNITED STATJ~S EXOLTTSIVB OF GO CITIES, THE PROPORTION OF DEATHS FROM SPECIJmm CAUSES AT CERTAIN AGES IN 1,000,000 Dl~A'l'IH:l FHOM KNOWN CAUSES OF CORRESPONDING AGES.
MAJ,ES. ll!CMAJ.!18.
-----·-·-·-- --------·----·-- -·----------··-----· ·-·------·-
Per 1,000,000 clcaths from Per 1,000,000 clr.nths from Per l,000,000 dcnths from Por 1,000,000 ilol\tlia from !mown cnuscs of corro- i lrnown ennsos of c01•ro· known onuses. known cnuaoa.
Diseases.
60 oltlcs 1' 'Uul l:cil Sta!:11e1 11xol11elve of • • liO nltioa,
1------------1---------·--1-------------.. _, .... . ...... _ _._,_,, ... ,,.
50 cities. 1 Unitocl Stntos, oxolualve of ! 50 citios.
sponding ages. ,_ spomliu11; .. agos.
u5~er 5-15. 15-65. ~v~~'.l / U1A~or 5-lli. 1·-li--l-i5-. ,6-i...,.z~-~-.'1-1 m5~or o-11i, 11i-OG. t~~~~'.1 ui~lo1• ~:;.--~li~~f~:·i~~~:~c~ S-c-a-rl_e_t-fe_'\"_e_r-.. -.. -.-•• -.-.. -.-•. -.-.. -.-.. -.-•• -.-•• -.-•• -.-•.. 36, 390il24, 464
1
1, 443~134, 07~ ~~3 ~;~ ~ -;-781 ~~~~~ -2~ 245 ---~~•! -~~;~ ~2, 053 -~~:!-;~ Diphtheria .... • • • •• •. . • ..• .• . .. . . .• • • . . . . • . 60, 800
1
182, 500 2, 730 387 75, 080 240, 838 8, 000 015 56, 077:222, 308 3, 528 44'1 RI, 272 278, 050 O, 8fl7 871
Hooping-congh ............................. 16, 87R 4, 090 04 ••••••. 37, 373 0, 037 240 00 2·l, 4601 O, 3,13 21'1 ••••••• 60, 051112, OO:i 936 lit~ Enteric fe'l'er..... •• •• • • . . . •• . . • •. . • •. • •. . . . 2, 633 41, 203 32, 287 8, 516 11, 531 00, 817 0-l, 069 17, 114 2, 514 40, 18~ Dl, 403 8, uu:J 13, 181i 08, 035 M, 200 10, 4~:1 Malarial fever.............................. 7, 423 22, 205 15, 057 12, 516 26, 204 57, 417 3fl, 027 20, 350 7, 102127, 150 J5, 500 . O, 007 20, 315 01, 081 33, 701 22, •JDr> Scrofula and tabes. .... ............... .•.•.. 6, 094 7, 701 2, 667 1, 548 0, 837 11, 05i 5, 78f1 2, 490 7, 5t:l 7, 020 3, 0211 1, 111 10, B·IO 12, 068 O, 288 U, liHll
Consumption . . .. .. • •• • • . • . . • •• ....... .. •• • • 14, 370 41, 878 807, 154 75, 742 17, 002 BO, 440 218, 455 82, 314 . 15, Oiifil 77, li02 338, 571 00, 078 181
li02 U7, 8271208, li83I 81i, o;;o Cancer...................................... !i02 1, 558 24, 223 35, 007 O!G 2, 092 rn, 754 34, 008 702 703 50, 030 40, ooo l, 135 1, l.70 37, i;rn
1 40, 2~0,
Paralysis and apoplexy..................... 3, 580 6, 428 43, 800 112, 258 2, 020 O, 388 37, Olio 120, 314 3, 180i 5, 7·18 37, 027100, 0,IO a, 250 Ci, llOl OJ, 2151
1311 7rn
Pneumonia ................. , •••••••••••.•.. 63, 040 55, 123 82, 554 70, 129 71, 874 03, 050 143, USO 104, 784 05, 030 50, 203 01, 021 82, 801 07, 584 CO, 510 04, 008103, 712
C1 onp •• •• • .. . • .. . . .. • . • . • • • • .. • •• • ••• •• . • • . 34, 2os1
57, 205 2s2 258 64, 7.15 a2, ms 3j51 112 M, 115140, 770 350 .. • • .. . 03, 311 20, 851 <1211· :mn
Diseases of the nerzoas system ..... , ....... 155, 4901101, 870 04, 007 150, 742 131, 130 02, aus 87, 0221155, 302 148, 011 so, 501 70, 310 1'J2, 508 120, 3fi3 81, 832 72, oau 102, 230,
Diseases of the respiratory systom •.•....•.. 155, 130'143, 358 117, 508 141, 200 160, o~o Ill, 510,170, 2U3 J.J7, 470 158, 780,13'1, 1021
00, 13111;5, 170 160, 4351
100, !!42117, o:rn11.rn, •l\J7
Diseases of the digestl'l'o system .. •. . • • . . . . 37, 007 32, 723 59, 680 50, 007 47, 007 30, 4,40 48, 421151, 433 35, 7531
20, 53il· 57, 07a 45, MO 40, 045 l!•J, 70·! 43, 05D liO, fifiO Diseasesoftbebonesandjoints ............ 1,730 13,440 3,630 2,452 2,440 fi,155 3,8;5 2,780 1,725
1
8,020 3,100 1,44•1 2,388 3,088 2,8'/!l l;liO:~
~~~~~-~:: ~~-~ ~~~i~-~1:'~-~~~~~'.~::::::::::::: .. ~'.~~~ . ~~·- ~~~ -~~'. ~~~ oa, 007 ,- 2 ••• B •• ~.1 · .• ·o_.'._o ___ i_ 2.· ·.2.· 4_.'._~-~-4.·l.·o.· 1.-'.·~-~-a_·· .. ~·-~~~j ~~'.~~~, ~~: :~~ 1 .~~'. ~'.~ --~·- ~~: 5, ~~!11 !~: ::~ -~~·-~~~· Diseasesofthefemaloorgnnsofgenerntion ..•.... ....... ....... ....... 20
1 ....... 10,191 3,,777 8n 1,000l 17,0lll: U,fi87
xx vi MORTALITY AND VITAL STATISTICS.
TABLE 29.-SHOWING FOR 50 CITIES IN THE UNITED ST.A.TES THE NUMBER 01!' DE.A.TIIS FROM CERT.A.IN SPECIFIED CAUSES FOR E.A.CH 10,000 01!' POPULATION.
Cities. I § 0
t !
--------------1·----11·------· ------ -----------· -- ------------New York, N. Y ........................ . Phllailelphla, Pa ....................... . Brooklyn, N. Y ......................... . Chicago, Ill. ............................ . Boston, Mass ........................... .
S::ilnt Louie, Mo ......................... . Baltimore, Mil . .• .. • • •• • . • • • •..•••...•. Cinciimlltl, Ohio ....................... ..
San Francisco, Cal ...................... . New Orleans, La ........................ .
Cle'l'clarnl, Ohio ......................... . Plttsllurgh, Pa ......................... .. BuJfalo,N. Y ............................ . 'Vashington, D. 0 ....................... . Newark, N. J .......................... ..
LouisYil!e, Ky •.•. · ...................... . Jc:rscyCit.1·, N. J ........................ . Detroit, Mich ........................... . Yilwa11kee, '\Vis ........................ .
l'roviilencr,R.I ....................... .
Albany, N. 'lZ .......................... . Rochester, N. Y ......................... . .Alleghen;i·,' Pa .... = .... ........... , .... . Indianapolis, Ind ...................... .. Richmond, Va ......................... ..
NewHaYen,Coan ...................... . Lowell, Mass ••••.•••..•......•...•....... Worcest~r, Mass ....................... .. Troy, N. Y .............................. . K!!nsas City, Mo ....................... ..
Cambri<lge, Mass ...................... .. Syram1so,N. Y ......................... .. Columbus, Ohio .................. , ..... .. Paterson, N. J ................ -........ . Toledo, Ohio ............................ .
Chal'le"ton, S. C .... _ .................. .. Fnll Ilh·er, Mnss ....................... . :Minneapolis, Minn ..................... .. Scranton, Pa .......................... _ .. Nasl1ville, Tenn ........................ .
IleaJiug, Pa ............................ . Wilmington, D~l. ....................... . Ha1tfurd,Conn ........................ .. Camden, N • .J .......................... . Saint Paul, Minn ........................ .
Lawrence, Mass ........................ . Dayton, Ohio .......................... .. J,ynn, Mass ............................. .
Denver,Colo ............................ . Oakland, Cal ............................ .
1, 206, 299 4. 93 o. 01
847, 170 3. 80 0. 44 566, 003 4. 04 o. 01
503, 185 2. ( 8 o. 03
302, 839 4. 40 0. D3
350, 518 2. 42 o. 45
332, 313 3. Dl 0. 57
2aa, 129 a. 01 1. oo 233, 059 4. 10 0. 34
210, 090 4. 53 o. &7
100, 140
150, 389
rnr., 134 147, 203
130, 508
123, 758
120, 72~
116, 340
115, 587
104, 857
00, 758
80, 360 78, 082
75, 05fl
03, 000
. 02, 882 50, 475
58, 201
50, 747
55, 78G
2. 43 0. 08
2. 30 0. 70
l. 74 o. 38
3. 86 0. 07
5. 42 o. 1i8
2. 82 o. 72
3.14 0.01
2.40 0. 42
3. 02 0. 34
4. 05 o. 47
1. 43 0.11
1. B4 o. 22 J. 27 0. 38
l. fO O. 20 4.24 1.25
3. lR
a. a6 o. 01 4.80
2.0l 0.88 0. 71 o. 80
02, aog 3. 22 ...... I U1,7D2 l.!i4 0 .. 96 (ii, Q47 l. lij
51, 031 3. 13 2. 15
50, 137 (!, 79 0. 59
49, 084 6. uO 0. 40
48, 901 1. 42 l. 22
46, P.87 0. 83 o. 42
45, 850 0. 43 1. 30
43, 350 0. 60 o. 40
43, 278 3. 02
42, 478 3. 70 o. 47
42, 015 6. 18
41,659 5.52 0.48 41, 473 2.17
39, 151 2. 55 o. 76
38, 078 I 1. 20 I 0. 77
ali, 27414. 96 .: .. .. 35, 629 1.12 .... ..
s4, 555 2. 02 I o. 2s
35. 56 4. 87
31. so a. 34.
20. 84 4. 81
10. 7;; 7. 23
33. 37 3. 00
22. 93 1. 45
34. 06 5. 41
27.71 2.15
30. 04 1. 45
39. ~2 2.12
17.04 4.49
18. 79 2. 23
18.10 4. 64
41.95 2. 51 28.42 3. 58
32. 48. l. 77
27. 58 3. 97
18. 48 5. 32 17. 30 6. 57
29. 37 2. 38
25. 89 3. 85
23. 27 3. 80
11. 18 2. 03 24. 91 2. 53
41. 66 o. 78
10. 24 4. 61
35. 30 5. 38 25. 04 l; [j.j,
35. 77 4.59
11. 29 3. 94
20. 77 a. oo 26. 83 5. 21
lU. C5 l. 03
20. 98 -1. 80
D. 57 •1.78
49.21 1.20
27. 5J 3. 20
17.27 s.41 12. 21 9. 37
3!.o7 I 1.61
. I 25, 04 I 7.10
36. 90 i 5. 88
22. OS I 3. 09 26. 40 l. 02
11.57. 2.17
I as.so I 4.34 2t. 97 3. 30
29. 00 4.181 17.40 2.80
17. 30 2.02
5. ~3 3. 29 3.43 1.51
13. 51 5. 54
17. 80 3.12
11. 54 3. 36
3. 99 4. 73
9. 50 2. ~8
4. 02 3. 64. 2. 73 o. 72
3. JO 5.!i7
12. 05 a. o5 22. 70 2. 55·
8. 50 0. 25
1. 83 5. 07
7.17 1.17
3. 87 4. 04
8. 04 a. 04
o. 79 o. 94 rn. 55 1. 21
s. 90 1. 71
3. 41 o. 55
8. 72 1. 00 13. 85 o. 70
5. 06 1. 09
3.45 4. 87
1. 90 o. 31
4.03 1.07
2. 91 o. 68
o. rn o. 88
4.48 3.40
9.11 3.41
12.10 2.12 4.00
5.48 7.44
4.58 1.39
6. 20 4: 80
2. 24 3. 26
10. 87 0. 63
7. 63 o. 60 o. 22
13. 40 2. (J7
o. 12 o. 23
3. 57 0. 23
0. 00 J. GS
1. 68 1. 92
12: 00 2. 04
15. 25 1. 29
22. 40 1. 56
14. 87 0. 56
2. 89 o. 28
1.71 2.99 0.25 1.03 1.40
4. 13 2. 27 o. 20 1. 20 1. 14
1. 00 1. 72 0. 21 2. Bu 2. 71
B.27 u.18 0.07 0.89 2.78
3.2~ 1.81 0.16 3.61 0.02
3. 4u 4. 53 o. so i. 56 1. 45 5. 14 2. 70 o. 06 2. 79 0. 72
4.31 3.13 0.39 3.56 1.56
4.10 a.41 i.oo 1. 2s o.76
l. 98 8. 51 2. 86 3. 05
3. so 2. 93 2. 561 o. 68
10. 09 3. 83 0.10 7. CD 3. 06
a. 48 1. oo o. oo a. 60 4. 88 3. 46 0.13 5. 04 o. 33
3. :;i 2. 71 o. 51 o. 01
6. BO 2. 34 O. 08 5. 41 2. 50
1. 73 2.65 o. 09 1. 40
2. 57 2. 40 o. 08 o. 68 4. 64
2.50 3.E9 0.08 0.51 0.17
3. s1 1. as o. 05
•l.51 2.80
1. 00 1. 79 I. 10 O. 33 0.07 l.70
2. 79 2. 02 1. 27 0. 38
7. 50 2. 60 0. 13 1. 80 2. 30
5. 81 3. 14 1. 57 o. 31 0. 78
1. 00 I. 27 2. 70 2. 38
3. 02 2. 60 o. 50 1. 84
2. 01 2. 23 0. 68 o. 3~ s. 45 2. 11 o. 35 o. 70 2. 29
2.15 2. 33 0.17 1. 70 4.12
J.32 1.89 3.47
8. 32 2. 32 2. 74 J. 95 0.10
3. 19 1. 19 o. 30
9.40 0.20
1.70
2. 31 o. 96
0. 58 1. 93
0.781L37 o. 79 1. 39
b. oo I o. so'
21. 20 1. 53
11. 20 0. 48
15. 54 1 76 11. 42 o. so 18. 40 0. 77
14. 26 0. 71
12. 78 o. 68
18. 01 o. 78
15. 21 0. 89
13. 79 o. 09
9. 80 2. 37
12. 50 o. 01
8. fJO 0. 58
15. 95 o. 40
14.13 o. 43
19. 71 o. 80
10. 06 1. 07
9. 28 0. 60
10. 46 3. 20
14. 78 1. 52
12. 00 o. 44
9. 84 0.11
7. 37 0. 25
14. 38 1. 33
o. 27 2. 04
8. 58 0.15
l3. 78 1.17
10. 55 1. 02
14. 80 o. 88
10. l3 0. 80
14. 99 0.18
6. 56 10. 00 0. RS
14. 89 o. 07
7. 97 o. 10
13. 00 1. 20 4. 09 3. ss o. ~o o. 40 10. 41 o. 01
~ll 2.TI 2.TI L@ &~
2.18 o. 65 ...... ·-··· o. 87 9. lQ
io. as
1
...... o. 23 2. 53 rn. 01 I o. oo
2. 77 I 2. 77 .. . • .. .. ••• _ 1. 15 7. 02 o. 69
o. 351 3. 53 1. 64 1. 41 12. 71 o. 47
4. 04 I 3. oo o. 95 o. n 11. 66 o.47
2.17 4.00 ...... 1.68 1.68 5.78 0.72
4. 80 I 2.16
1
0. 24' 1. 20 O. 48 10. 82 O. 48
o. 38 1. 53 j ...... i. 21 a. s2 13. 02 o. 51
2.M12.~1LM 1.U L~ an L77 4.18 2.09 1·--· .. 2.00 0.26 18.02 0.26
........ 2.52 , ...... 2.52 2.52 I 18.80
4. 91 2. 02 : o. 28 1. 151 o. 861 8. 39 0. 57
4. 25 0.14
2. 89 o. 64
3. 38
8. 24- o. 27
2. 30
1. 22
12. 90 o. 00
10."89
0. 85 o. 08
o. 74 0. 04
10. 23
0. 07
4. 31
2. 04 1. 28
2.34
1. 03
12.50
3. 86
2.10 36. 23
3. 96 1. 87
4.25
2. 66
14. 25
4. 87
• 1. 27
3. 53 0.10
2. 05 2. 57
20.44
5. 37
l.13
o. 77
2.12
12. 73
4. 58
42. 0'7 o. 81
0,68
o. 77
o. 77
1.17 0.79
o. 04
0.39
1. 45 3. 33
0,83
0.03 1. 02
0.45
0.61 1.24
1.13 0.24
0.85
1. 90
0.28
0.44
o. 67
0.70
0.93
0.15
o. 50 1.02 0. 35
0.71
0.56
0.10
0.90
0.58
0.69
0.2()
1.22
0. 21 ...... o. &5 6.10 .......... ..
........ .... .. o. 69
3.69
6.12
o. 71 o. 71
1. 92 1. 44 1. 68
1.44 0.48
2. 04 o. 76
3. 61 o. 77
2.35
a. a6 o. 52
0.28 ...... 2.81