more than 2000 solved mcqs on research methods

More Than 2000 Solved MCQs on Research Methodology&Short Questions Answers1- Hypothesis refers toA. The outcome of an experiment

B. A conclusion drawn from an experiment

C. A form of bias in which the subject tries to outguess the experimenter

D. A tentative statement about the relationship2- Statistics is used by researchers toA. Analyze the empirical data collected in a studyB. Make their findings sound better

C. Operationally define their variables

D. Ensure the study comes out the way it was intended

3- A literature review requiresA. Planning

B. Good & clear writing

C. Lot of rewriting

D. All of the above4- A literature review is based on the assumption thatA. Copy from the work of others

B. Knowledge accumulates and learns from the work of othersC. Knowledge dis-accumulates

D. None of the above option

5- A theoretical frameworkA. Elaborates the r/s among the variables

B. Explains the logic underlying these r/s

C. Describes the nature and direction of the r/s

D. All of the above6- Which of the following statement is not true?A. A research proposal is a document that presents a plan for a project

B. A research proposal shows that the researcher is capable of successfully conducting

the proposed research project

C. A research proposal is an unorganized and unplanned projectD. A research proposal is just like a research report and written before the research

project

7- Preliminary data collection is a part of theResearch Method (STA 630) Success Objectives

A. Descriptive research

B. Exploratory researchC. Applied research

D. Explanatory research

8- Conducting surveys is the most common method of generatingA. Primary dataB. Secondary data

C. Qualitative data

D.None of the above

9- After identifying the important variables and establishing the logical reasoning intheoretical framework, the next step in the research process isA. To conduct surveys

B. To generate the hypothesisC. To focus group discussions

D. To use experiments in an investigation

10- The appropriate analytical technique is determined byA. The research design

B. Nature of the data collected

C. Nature of the hypothesis

D. Both A & B11- Personal interviews conducted in shopping malls are known as:a. Mall interviews

b. Mall intercept interviewsc. Brief interviews

d. None of the given options

12-WATS lines provided by long distance telephone service at fixed rates. In this regard,WATS is the abbreviation of:e. West Africa Theological Seminary

f. Washtenaw Area Transportation Study

g. Wide Area Telecommunications Serviceh. World Air Transport Statistics

13-A list of questions which is handed over to the respondent, who reads the questionsand records the answers himself is known as the:i. Interview schedule

j. Questionnairek. Interview guide

l. All of the given options

14-One of the most critical stages in the survey research process is:m. Research design

n. Questionnaire designo. Interview design

p. Survey design

Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives

15-Question that consists of two or more questions joined together is called a:q. Double barreled questionr. General question

s. Accurate question

t. Confusing question

16-The number of questionnaires returned or completed divided by the total number ofeligible people who were contacted or asked to participate in the survey is called the:u. Response ratev. Participation rate

w. Inflation rate

x. None of the given options

17-To obtain the freest opinion of the respondent, when we ask general question before aspecific question then this procedure is called as the:y. Research technique

z. Qualitative technique

aa. Funnel techniquebb. Quantitative technique

18-A small scale trial run of a particular component is known as:cc. Pilot testing

dd. Pre-testing

ee. Lab experiments

ff. Both A & B18-Field testing of the questionnaire shows that:gg. Respondents are willing to co-operatehh. Respondents are not willing to co-operate

ii. Respondents do not like any participation

jj. All of the given options

19- Service evaluation of hotels and restaurants can be done by the:kk. Self-administered questionnairesll. Office assistant

mm. Manager

nn. None of the given options

20- Service evaluation of hotels and restaurants can be done by the:oo. Self-administered questionnairespp. Office assistant

qq. Manager

rr. None of the given options

21-Discrete variable is also called.A. Categorical variable

B. Discontinuous variable

C.Both A & BD. None of the above

22-Officers in my organization have higher than average level of commitment Such ahypothesis is an example of.A.Descriptive HypothesisB. Directional Hypothesis

C. Relational Hypothesis

D. All of the above

23-Science refers to.A. A system for producing knowledge

B. The knowledge produced by a system

C.Both A & BD. None of the above

24-Which one of the following is not a characteristic of scientific method?A. Deterministic


B. Rationalism

C. Empirical

D.Abstraction25-The theoretical framework discusses the interrelationships among the.A.VariablesB. Hypothesis

C. Concept

D. Theory

26-research is based on naturalism.A.Field researchB. Descriptive research

C. Basic research

D. Applied research

27-Personal interviews conducted in shopping malls are known asE. Mall interviews

F.Mall intercept interviewsG. Brief interviews

H. None of the given options

28- is used to obtain the freest opinion of the respondent, by asking generalquestion before a specific question.I. Research technique

J. Qualitative technique

K.Funnel techniqueL. Quantitative technique

29-In, ___________the interviewer and members jointly control the pace and direction ofthe interview.M.Field interviewN. Telephonic interview

O. Both A and B

P. None of the given options

30-Randomization of test units is a part of Q. Pretest

R. Posttest

S. Matching

T.Experiment31- Rationalism is the application of which of the following?A. Logic and argumentsB. Research solution

C. Reasoning

D. Previous findings

32- On which of the following, scientific knowledge mostly relies?A. Logical understandingB. Identification of events

C. Prior knowledge

D. All of the given options

33- Which of the following refers to research supported by measurableevidence?A. Opinion

B. EmpiricismC. Speculation

D. Rationalism

34-Research method is applicable in all of the following fields, EXCEPT;A. Health care

B. ReligionResearch Method (STA 630) Success Objectives

C. Business

D. Government offices

35- All of the following are true statements about action research, EXCEPT;A. Data are systematically analyzed

B. Data are collected systematically

C. Results are generalizableD. Results are used to improve practice

36-Which of the following is characteristic of action research?A. Variables are tightly controlled

B. Results are generalizable

C. Data are usually qualitativeD. Results demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships

37-If a researcher is studying the effect of using laptops in his classroom to ascertain theirmerit and worth; he is likely conducting which of the following types of research?A. Experimental

B. Applied

C. Basic

D. Evaluation38- Exploratory research addresses which of the following types of question?A. If

B. How

C. Why

D. What39- Which of the following is not the source for getting information for exploratoryresearch?A. Content analysisB. Survey

C. Case study

D. Pilot study

40- Which of the following is the main quality of a good theory?A. A theory that has survived attempts at falsificationB. A theory that is proven to be right

C. A theory that has been disproved

D. A theory that has been falsified

41- A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is known as:A. Discontinuous variable

B. Dependent variable

C. Independent variableD. Intervening variable

42- Which of the following is the opposite of a variable?A. An extraneous variable

B. A dependent variable

C. A data set

D. A constant43- Which of the following is not a concept?A. Leadership

B. Total Quality Management

C. Intelligence Quotient (IQ)D. Human Resource Management

44- Which of the following can best be described as a categorical variable?A. Age

B. Annual income

C. Grade point average

D. ReligionResearch Method (STA 630) Success Objectives

45-Income distribution of employees in a specific organization is an example of which offollowing type of variable?A. Discontinuous variable

B. Continuous variableC. Dependent variable

D. Independent variable

46-There is no relationship between higher motivation level and higher efficiency is anexample of which type of hypothesis?A. Alternative

B. NullC. Co relational

D. Research

47- Which of the following is not a role of hypothesis?A. Guides the direction of the study

B. Determine feasibility of conducting the studyC. Identifies relevant and irrelevant facts

D. Provides framework for organizing the conclusions

48-Hypothesis test may also be called as:A. Informal test

B. Significance testC. Moderating test

D. T-test

49-Which type of review compares how different theories address an issue?A. Context review

B. Integrated review

C. Theoretical reviewD. Methodological review

50-After you locate a source, you should write down all details of the reference, EXCEPT;A. Volumes

B. Titles

C. PriceD. Full names of the authors

51- ___________research is based on naturalism.A. Field researchB. Descriptive research

C. Basic research

D. Applied research

52- Personal interviews conducted in shopping malls are known as_________A. Mall interviews

B. Mall intercepts interviewsC. Brief interviews

D. None of the given options

53- ____________is used to obtain the freest opinion of the respondent, by askinggeneral question before a specific question.A. Research technique

B. Qualitative technique

C. Funnel techniqueD. Quantitative technique

54- In, ____________the interviewer and members jointly control the pace anddirection of the interview.A. Field interviewB. Telephonic interview

C. Both A and B

D. None of the given options


55- Randomization of test units is a part of ______________A. Pretest

B. Posttest

C. Matching

D. Experiment56- Which one of the following sets is the measure of central tendency?a. Mean, standard deviation, mode

b. Mean, median, standard deviation

c. Arithmetic mean, median, moded. Standard deviation, internal validity, mode

57- Internal validity refers to.a. Researchers degree of confidence.b. Generalisability

c. Operationalization

d. All of the above

58- How many times the students appear in the research class is the example of_________.a. Intensity

b. Space

c. Frequencyd. Direction

59- Time consumed in mall intercept interview is .a. High

b. Moderatec. Low

d. Nil

60- Departmental stores selected to test a new merchandising display system isthe example of .a. Quota sampling

b. Convenience sampling

c. Judgmental samplingd. Purposive sampling

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61- In ___________, the researcher attempts to control and/ or manipulate the variables inthe study.1. Experiment2. Hypothesis

3. Theoretical framework

4. Research design

62- In an experimental research study, the primary goal is to isolate and identify the effectproduced by the ____.1. Dependent variable

2. Extraneous variable

3. Independent variable4. Confounding variable

63- A measure is reliable if it provides consistent ___________.1. Hypothesis

2. Results3. Procedure

4. Sensitivity

64- The interview in which questions are already prepared is called ________.1. Telephonic interview

2. Personal interview


3. Unstructured interview

4. Structured interview65-The numerical description that describe sample may be expected to differ from thosethat describe population because of random fluctuations inherent in sampling process.1. Sampling design

2. Non-probability sampling

3. Sampling error4. Probability sampling

66- In ______________ , each population element has a known and equal chance ofselection.1. Purposive sampling

2. Quota sampling

3. Stratified sampling

4. Simple random sampling67- ______ is the evidence that the instrument, techniques, or process used to measureconcept does indeed measure the intended concepts.1. Reliability

2. Replicability

3. Scaling

4. Validity68- A researcher is interested in studying why the new math of the 1960s failed. Sheinterviews several teachers who used the new math during the 1960s. These teachers areconsidered as:1. Primary sources2. Secondary Sources

3. External critics

4. Internal critics

69- Which of the following is NOT true about stratified random sampling?1. It involves a random selection process from identified subgroups

2. Proportions of groups in the sample must always match their populationproportions3. Disproportional stratified random sampling is especially helpful for getting large

enough subgroup samples when subgroup comparisons are to be done

4. Proportional stratified random sampling yields a representative sample

70- Experimental design is the only appropriate design where_________ relationship canbe established.1. Strong

2. Linear

3. Weak

4. Cause and Effect71. Discrete variable is also called.E. Categorical variable

F. Discontinuous variable

G.Both A & BH. None of the above

72.Officers in my organization have higher than average level of commitmentSuch a hypothesis is an example of.E.Descriptive HypothesisF. Directional Hypothesis

G. Relational Hypothesis

H. All of the above

73.Science refers to.E. A system for producing knowledge


F. The knowledge produced by a system

G.Both A & BH. None of the above

74.Which one of the following is not a characteristic of scientific method?E. Deterministic

F. Rationalism

G. Empirical

H.Abstraction73.The theoretical framework discusses the interrelationships among the.E.VariablesF. Hypothesis

G. Concept

H. Theory

74.research is based on naturalism.U.Field researchV. Descriptive research

W. Basic research

X. Applied research

75.Personal interviews conducted in shopping malls are known asY. Mall interviews

Z.Mall intercept interviewsAA. Brief interviews

BB. None of the given options

76. is used to obtain the freest opinion of the respondent, by asking generalquestion before a specific question.CC. Research technique

DD. Qualitative technique

EE.Funnel techniqueFF. Quantitative technique

77.In, the interviewer and members jointly control the pace and direction of theinterview.GG.Field interviewHH. Telephonic interview

II. Both A and B

JJ. None of the given options

78.Randomization of test units is a part of KK. Pretest

LL. Posttest

MM. Matching

NN.Experiment79. In ___________, the researcher attempts to control and/ or manipulate the variables inthe study.1. Experiment2. Hypothesis

3. Theoretical framework

4. Research design

80. In an experimental research study, the primary goal is to isolate and identify the effectproduced by the ____.1. Dependent variable

2. Extraneous variable

3. Independent variable4. Confounding variable

81. A measure is reliable if it provides consistent ___________.Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives

1. Hypothesis

2. Results3. Procedure

4. Sensitivity

82. The interview in which questions are already prepared is called ________.1. Telephonic interview

2. Personal interview

3. Unstructured interview

4. Structured interview83. The numerical description that describe sample may be expected to differ from thosethat describe population because of random fluctuations inherent in sampling process.1. Sampling design

2. Non-probability sampling

3. Sampling error4. Probability sampling

84. In ______________ , each population element has a known and equal chance ofselection.1. Purposive sampling

2. Quota sampling

3. Stratified sampling

4. Simple random sampling85. ______ is the evidence that the instrument, techniques, or process used to measureconcept does indeed measure the intended concepts.1. Reliability

2. Replicability

3. Scaling

4. Validity86. A researcher is interested in studying why the new math of the 1960s failed. Sheinterviews several teachers who used the new math during the 1960s. These teachers areconsidered as:1. Primary sources2. Secondary Sources

3. External critics

4. Internal critics

87. Which of the following is NOT true about stratified random sampling?1. It involves a random selection process from identified subgroups

2. Proportions of groups in the sample must always match their populationproportions3. Disproportional stratified random sampling is especially helpful for getting large

enough subgroup samples when subgroup comparisons are to be done

4. Proportional stratified random sampling yields a representative sample

88. Experimental design is the only appropriate design where_________ relationship canbe established.1. Strong

2. Linear

3. Weak

4. Cause and Effect89. Rationalism is the application of which of the following?A. Logic and argumentsB. Research solution

C. Reasoning

D. Previous findings

90. On which of the following, scientific knowledge mostly relies?A. Logical understandingB. Identification of events


C. Prior knowledge

D. All of the given options

91. Which of the following refers to research supported by measurableevidence?A. Opinion

B. EmpiricismC. Speculation

D. Rationalism

92. Research method is applicable in all of the following fields, EXCEPT;A. Health care

B. ReligionC. Business

D. Government offices

93. All of the following are true statements about action research, EXCEPT;A. Data are systematically analyzed

B. Data are collected systematically

C. Results are generalizableD. Results are used to improve practice

94. Which of the following is characteristic of action research?A. Variables are tightly controlled

B. Results are generalizable

C. Data are usually qualitativeD. Results demonstrate cause-and-effect relationship

95. If a researcher is studying the effect of using laptops in his classroom toascertain their merit and worth, he is likely conducting which of thefollowing types of research?A. Experimental

B. Applied

C. Basic

D. Evaluation96. Exploratory research addresses which of the following types ofquestion?A. If

B. How

C. Why

D. What97. Which of the following is not the source for getting information forexploratory research?A. Content analysisB. Survey

C. Case study

D. Pilot study

98. Which of the following is the main quality of a good theory?A. A theory that has survived attempts at falsificationB. A theory that is proven to be right

C. A theory that has been disproved

D. A theory that has been falsified

100. Which of the following is not a concept?A. Leadership

B. Total Quality Management

C. Intelligence Quotient (IQ)D. Human Resource Management

101. A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable isknown as:Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives

A. Discontinuous variable

B. Dependent variable

C. Independent variableD. Intervening variable

102. Which of the following is the opposite of a variable?A. An extraneous variable

B. A dependent variable

C. A data set

D. A constant103. Which of the following can best be described as a categoricalvariable?A. Age

B. Annual income

C. Grade point average

D. Religion104. Income distribution of employees in a specific organization is anexample of which of following type of variable?A. Discontinuous variable

B. Continuous variableC. Dependent variable

D. Independent variable

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105. There is no relationship between higher motivation level and higherefficiency is an example of which type of hypothesis?A. Alternative

B. NullC. Correlational

D. Research

106. Which of the following is not a role of hypothesis?A. Guides the direction of the study

B. Determine feasibility of conducting the studyC. Identifies relevant and irrelevant facts

D. Provides framework for organizing the conclusions

107. Which type of review compares how different theories address an issue?A. Context review

B. Integrated review

C. Theoretical reviewD. Methodological review

108. After you locate a source, you should write down all details of thereference, EXCEPT;A. Volumes

B. Titles

C. PriceD. Full names of the authors

109. What is the primary focus of establishment surveys in this case study?A. Collect the data through past studies

B. Analyze the literature review

C. Using of quantitative techniques

D. Data collection through mail and Interview110. Which one of following is generally common in establishment survey and householdsurvey?A. Cognitive recallB. Homogenous respondents

C. Error free

D. Response burden


111. Which one of the following is not of important consideration in establishment surveywhile designing questionnaires?A. Response burden

B. Professional terminology

C. Cognitive recallD. Use of Records

112. Which of the following method of data collection is not discussed in the case study?A. Questionnaires

B. Interviews

C. Mail survey

D. Observations113. Which of the following sampling technique is used for Employee Turnover and JobOpenings survey?A. Simple random sampling

B. Cluster sampling

C. Stratified samplingD. Convenience sampling

114. Which one of the following is the limitation of establishment survey in this casestudy?A. CostB. Limited data

C. Unskilled interviewer

D. Small sample size

http://.com115. Which of the following is not the part of specific protocol of focus groups in ETJO?A. Concept and indicators

B. Definition

C. Availability of records

D. Cognitive recall116. Which of the following is the draw back of pretest interview in ETJO survey?A. Small simple sizeB. Non cooperative response

C. Probing

D. Questionnaire format

117. Which of the following method of data collection is not used in the case study?A. Questionnaires

B. Focus groups

C. Correlational methodD. Secondary data

118. What is the basic purpose of ETJO survey?A. To assess the feasibility of collecting job-vacancy and turnover data byoccupationB. To analyze the problem of labor shortage

C. To assess the motivation level of employees

D. To analyze the factor contributing towards employee turnover

119. Which of the following is the basic purpose of pretest interview in this case study?A. To identified the potential problemB. To know the sample size

C. To develop the questionnaire

D. To use agency representative

120. Which one of the following sampling type is used in operations test to select theunits?A. Simple random samplingResearch Method (STA 630) Success Objectives

B. Cluster sampling

C. Quota sampling

D. Judgment sampling




121. Which of the following is the basic purpose of Response analysis survey in the casestudy?A. To assess the quality of ETJO survey dataB. To know the sample size of ETJO survey data

C. To develop the questionnaire for ETJO

D. To use agency representative for ETJO

122. After Operation test, which of the following test findings were suggested by theresearcher?A. Need of highly skilled and well trained interviewerB. Sample size should be increased

C. A decent increase in survey budget

D. Focus group should be included

123. In which one of the following stage researcher consult the literature?A. Operation test

B. Response analysis survey

C. Document design analysisD. Pretest interviews

124. Which one of the following sampling type is used in Response analysis survey(RAS)?A. Simple random sampling

B. Cluster sampling

C. Quota sampling

D. Stratified sampling125. Which one of the following could be helpful for minimizing the bias in this casestudy?A. Cognitive research

B. Focus group

C. Pretest InterviewD. Response analysis survey

126. Which one of the following is useful in assessing and clarifying concepts anddefinitions at the beginning stages of questionnaire?A. Operation test

B. Document design analysis

C. Focus groupD. Response analysis survey

127. Which one of the following can be more helpful than others in order to determine theexact source of measurement errors in establishment survey?A. Focus group

B. Operation test

C. Response analysis surveyD. Document design analysis

Identify the True and False statements. (05)(1) Review of literature shows the incredibility of the body of knowledge and identifies the

points at which the researcher made the research area ambiguous and unclear.(False)(2) The literature survey provides a solid foundation for developing the theoretical

framework.(True)(3) The hypothesis should not only be specific to a place and situation but also these should

be narrowed down with respect to its operation.(True )(4) A cohort analysis is similar to cross-sectional research.(False)Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives

(5) A literature review does not consider the prior studies, their agreements or

disagreements in the field.(False)Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.(1)Researchhypothesis is formulated by the researcher which suggests the nature of

relationship i.e. the direction of relationship.

(2) Correlational hypothesis merely states that the variables occur together and does not

imply that onecausesthe other.

(3)Longitudinaltype of research examine feature of any unit at more than one time.

(4)Historicalreview traces the development of an idea or shows how a particular issue or

theory has evolved over time.

(5) Discontinuous variable is also known asdiscrete/ categorical/ classificatoryvariable.

6.Validityproblems occur when the researchers theoretical definition does not

match that of the government agency or organization that collected the

information.

7.Reliabilityproblems occur when official definition or the method of collecting

Information changes over time.

8.Secondary datarefer to information gathered by someone other than the

researcher conducting the present study.

9. Experiments are best for topics where the researcher controls a situation and

manipulatesan Independent variable.

10. Asocialindicator is any measure of wellbeing used in policy.

11.Two power bases of scientific knowledge are Empiricism andRationalism12.Action research is a type ofApplied research13.Three types of longitudinal research are time series,panel, and cohort

14.The research proposal is just like a research report, but it is writtenbeforethe research

project begins.

15.Natural science concepts are often expressed insymbolicforms.

16.Thedouble blindexperiment is designed to control experimenter expectancy.

17.Pilot testing is also calledpre-testing.18.The totality, out of which sample is drawn is referred to aspopulation.

19.The physical setting of the interview createsSituationalbias.

20.Probingis the verbal prompts made by field worker.

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Long Questions:

Q1. Write any five similarities of Historical-Comparative research and Fieldresearch?Answer:1. Both H-C research and field research recognize that the researchers point of view

is an avoidable part of research. Both involve interpretation, which introduce the

interpreters location in time, place, and world-view.

2. Both field and H-C research examine a great diversity of data. In both the

research becomes immersed in data to gain an emphatic understanding of events

and people.

3. Both field and H-C research often use grounded theory (theory usually emerges

during the process of data collection.)

4. Both field and H-C research involves a type of translation. The researchers

meaning system usually differs from that of people he or she studies, but he or she


tries to penetrate and understand their point of view.

5. Both field and H-C research focus on action, process, and sequence and see time

process as essential.

6. Generalization and theory are limited in field and H-C research.

Q2. How quantitative and qualitative techniques are applied in Historical-Comparative research.Answer:Quantitative approachThe quantitative techniques with some minor adjustment can be applied to study the past

or other cultures.

_ The researcher can focus on the issue in one society, few societies or multiple

societies.

_ The researcher can focus on the issue in one time in the past or examine the issue

across many years/periods in the past.

_ The researcher can focus on the issue in the present or a recent past period.

_ The researchers analysis could be based primarily on quantitative data or

qualitative data.

Qualitative approach_ The researcher must be able to take on, mentally, the circumstances, views, and

feelings of those being studied to interpret their action appropriately.

_ The historical-comparative research must find patterns among the voluminous

details describing the subject matter of study.

Question # 01How do concrete and abstract concepts differ? Give example.(Marks: 04)Solution:

Concrete Concepts:Concrete ones refer to straightforward physical objects or familiar experiences.

Abstract concepts:Abstract concepts refer to ideas that have a scattered meaning or an indirect expression

Abstraction is a thought process wherein ideas are distanced from objects.

The difference between concrete and abstract concepts can be expressed with somecharacterizations like,1. Abstract concepts have only relational properties while concrete concepts have some

fundamental properties.

2. Abstract concepts are universals and concrete concepts are particulars.

3. Abstract concepts are sets (generalized) and concrete concepts are individuals

(specified).

4. Concrete concepts are known by observation whereas abstract concepts are known in

some other way, e.g., by abstraction, by intuition, etc

ExamplePrint Media (Abstract)

Publication

News Paper

Daily Dawn (Concrete)

Question # 02Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives

Given the situation below, Discuss with reason into which category they fall According to the purpose of doing research and The uses of research(Marks: 03, 03)Scenario 1:Reasons for AbsenteeismA university professor wanted to analyze in depth the reasons for absenteeism of employees

in organizations. Fortunately, a company within 20 miles of the campus employed her as a

consultant to study that very issue.

Solution:

According to the purpose of doing research :It isExplanatory researchas the purpose is to find out the reasons for a phenomenon i.e.

absenteeism of employees in organizations. Research seeks to determine the answers to

whyquestion about a specific behavior.

According to the uses of research:It isapplied researchsince, the problem is being faced by an organization and the research

is called upon to solve it.

Scenario 2:Effects of Nasal Spray on FluA research scientist surveys 1,000 employees in different organizational settings to study the

efficacy of several types of nasal sprays in controlling the flu virus. He subsequently

publishes his findings in a highly respected medical journal.

Solution:

According to the purpose of doing research :It isDescriptive research,as, the research question only finds out the special effects of

several types of nasal sprays in controlling the flu virus in different organizational settings. It

is to find out therelationshipamong the substances under study.

According to the uses of research:It is aBasic researchsince the underlying purpose is to expand the frontier of knowledge

.

Question#01:Why turn over is high in some organizations?As per above given query, explain the following components of Theoretical frame work;(Marks: 10)i)Develop an inventory of variables (min. five variables required)

ii)Specify direction of relationship

iii)Give clear explanation why you should expect the proposed relationship exists

iv)Make an inventory of propositions

Ans:

i) Develop an inventory of variables

Salary Package is low, Inflexibility in working hours, Low decentralization (participation in

decision making), Lack of other benefits (bonus, appraisals, conveyance facilities, etc), Poor

working ambiance

ii) Specify direction of relationship

a) Between salary & turn-over negative relationship exists

b) Between flexible working hours & turn-over negative relationship exists

c) Between decentralization & turn-over negative relationship exists


d) Between extra benefits & turn-over negative relationship exists

e) Between ambiance & turn-over negative relationship exists

iii) Give clear explanation why you should expect the proposed relationship exists?

a) Between salary & turn-over negative relationship exists because in current era a good

salary package has more attraction for employees to remain in the same organization. So

organizations that keep themselves up-dated with privileged market salary packages

usually have low turn over ratio.

b) Between flexible working hours & turn-over negative relationship exists because flexibility

in working hours give some relaxation to employees especially in case when their targets

are not achieved due to a reason able fact.

c) Between decentralization & turn-over negative relationship exists because participation in

decision making raise confidence of employee and motivation level. So, organization

have more decentralized system face low turn-over ratio.

d) Between extra benefits & turn-over negative relationship exists. The organizations offer

different packages like bonuses, conveyance facilities etc, such organizations have more

satisfies employees and low turn over.

e) Between ambiance & turn-over negative relationship exists. Working ambiance does

matter a lot. Good ambiance that help in releasing working stress increase the employee

motivation and interest in doing job well.




Question#02:What is meant by a Research Proposal? Explain briefly. Also mention at what time aresearch proposal is submitted? (Marks: 05)Note:(Copied data from hand outs will not be appreciated)

Ans:

A research proposal is a document that plans how and in which manner a research will be

conducted. Research proposals contain extensive literature reviews. Such proposals must offer

convincing support for your research topic. It means the topic/issue for which research study is

being proposed should be sound enough to conduct a worthy research. The proposal must

describe a detailed methodology for conducting the research i.e. which tools are going to be used

in your research.

More over when writing a proposal it is well to assume that reader of your proposal is interested

to find out the answer of these questions;

What do you want to do, how much will it cost, and how much time will it take?

What has already been done in the area of your project?

How do you plan to do it?

How will the results be evaluated?

A good proposal is that which well defines these questions and convinces the reader that

research on specified issue is needed to conduct. So, the research proposal is submitted before

starting the research project because in this you plan how the data will be collected and analyzed.

Q. Explain the difference between these terms with one example of each.i. Population and target population

ii. Sampling unit and observation unit

iii. Parameter and statistic

i. Population and Target Population.Populationrefers to the entire group of people, events or things of interest that the

researcher wishes to investigate.

Target populationis the complete group of specific population elements relevant to the

research project.

ExampleSuppose a researcher wants to investigate the productivity of employees working in

multinationals in Pakistan.

All the employees working in multinational will be the population.

The researcher wants to investigate the productivity of employees working in

multinational in FMCG sector in Pakistan.


All the employees working in multinationals in FMCG sector in Pakistan will be the

target population.

ii. Sampling Unit and Observation UnitA sampling unitis that element or set of elements considered for selection in some stage

of sampling.

An observation unitis an element or aggregation of elements from which the

information is collected.

ExampleIn the above example the researcher selects employees from three FMCG multinationals

(Procter and Gamble, Unilever and Nestle) for data collection. Among these employees

he selected First Line Managers for collecting the data. Among all First Line Manager he

selects 40 Line managers for data collection.

In this example the employees from three FMCGs (Procter and Gamble, Unilever and

Nestle) are the primary sampling unit, all the First Line managers are the secondary/ final

sampling unit and the selected First Line managers are the observation unit.

iii. Parameter and StatisticsA parameteris the summary description of a given variable in a population while

Statisticis the summary description of a given variable in a survey sample.

ExampleIn the above example the mean productivity of all the employees working in the

multinational is the Parameter and the mean productivity of the First Line managers from

those the researcher collected the data is the Statistics.

Q: Define Research? Discuss the special features of Scientific method of Research?Solution:Definition of Research:Research is an organized and systematic way of finding answers to questions by gathering the

needed information. General image of the research is that it has something to do with the

laboratory where scientists are supposedly doing some experiments. Research is simply the

process of finding solutions to a problem after thorough study and analysis of the situational

factors. In research, we try to follow a system or a procedure in an organized manner. It is all the

more necessary in case we want to repeat the study, or somebody else wants to verify our

findings. In the latter case the other person has to follow the same procedure that we followed.

Hence not only we have to do the study in a systematic manner but also that system should be

known to others.

Special Features of Scientific Method of Research:The Scientific method of Research is a procedure to produce knowledge and to discover the

principles & laws in this universe.

Special Features of Scientific Method of Research are as follows:

1. EmpiricalScientific method is concerned with the realities that are observable through sensory

experiences. It generates knowledge which is verifiable by experience or observation. Some of

the realities could be directly observed, like the number of students present in the class and how

many of them are male and how many female. The same students have attitudes, values,

motivations, aspirations, and commitments. These are also realities which cannot be observed

directly, but the researchers have designed ways to observe these indirectly. Any reality that

cannot be put to sensory experience directly or indirectly (existence of heaven, the Day of

Judgment, life hereafter, Gods rewards for good deeds) does not fall within the domain of

scientific method.

2. VerifiableObservations made through scientific method are to be verified again by using the senses to

confirm or refute the previous findings. Such confirmations may have to be made by the same

researcher or others. We will place more faith and credence in those findings and conclusions if

similar findings emerge on the basis of data collected by other researchers using the same

methods. To the extent that it does happen (i.e. the results are replicated or repeated) we will

gain confidence in the scientific nature of our research. Replicability, in this way, is an important

characteristic of scientific method. Hence revelations and intuitions are out of the domain of

scientific method.

3. CumulativePrior to the start of any study the researchers try to scan through the literature and see that their

study is not a repetition in ignorance. Instead of reinventing the wheel the researchers take stock

of the existing body of knowledge and try to build on it. Also the researchers do


not leave their research findings into scattered bits and pieces. Facts and figures are to be

provided with language and thereby inferences drawn. The results are to be organized and

systematized. Nevertheless, we dont want to leave our studies as stand alone. A linkage

between the present and the previous body of knowledge has to be established, and that is how

the knowledge accumulates.

4. DeterministicScience is based on the assumption that all events have antecedent causes that are subject to

identification and logical understanding. For the scientist, nothing just happens it happens for

a reason. The scientific researchers try to explain the emerging phenomenon by identifying its

causes. Of the identified causes which ones can be the most important? For example, in the

2006 BA/BS examination of the Punjab University 67 percent of the students failed. What could

be the determinants of such a mass failure of students? The researcher may try to explain this

phenomenon and come up with variety of reasons which may pertain to students, teachers,

administration, curriculum, books, examination system, and so on. Looking into such a large

number of reasons may be highly cumbersome model for problem solution. It might be

appropriate to tell, of all these factors which one is the most important. The researcher tries to

narrow down the number of reasons in such a way that some action could taken.

5. Ethical and Ideological NeutralityThe conclusions drawn through interpretation of the results of data analysis should be objective;

that is, they should be based on the facts of the findings derived from actual data, and not on our

own subjective or emotional values. For instance, if we had a hypothesis that stated that greater

participation in decision making will increase organizational commitment, and this was not

supported by the results, it makes no sense if the researcher continues to argue that increased

opportunities for employee participation would still help. Such an argument would be based, not

on the factual, data based research findings, but on the subjective opinion of the researcher. If

this was the conviction of the researcher all along, then there was no need to do the research in

the first place. Researchers are human beings, having individual ideologies, religious affiliations,

cultural differences which can influence the research findings. Any interference of their personal

likings and dis-likings in their research can contaminate the purity of the data, which ultimately

can affect the predictions made by the researcher. Therefore, one of the important

characteristics of scientific method is to follow the principle of objectivity, uphold neutrality, and

present the results in an unbiased manner.

6. Statistical GeneralizationGeneralisability refers to the scope of the research findings in one organizational setting to other

settings. Obviously, the wider the range of applicability of the solutions generated by research,

the more useful the research is to users. For instance, if a researchers findings that participation

in decision making enhances organizational commitment are found to be true in a variety of

manufacturing, industrial, and service organizations, and not merely in the particular organization

studied by the researcher, the generalisability of the findings to other organizational settings is

enhanced. The more generalizable the research, the greater its usefulness and value.

For wider generalisability, the research sampling design has to be logically developed. Here the

use of statistics is very helpful. Statistics is device for comparing what is observed and what is

logically expected. The use of statistics becomes helpful in making generalizations, which is one

of the goals of scientific method.

7. RationalismScience is fundamentally a rational activity, and the scientific explanation must make sense.

Religion may rest on revelations, custom, or traditions, gambling on faith, but science must rest

on logical reason. There are two distinct logical systems important to the scientific quest, referred

to as deductive logic and inductive logic.

Q: Define Hypothesis? What are different types of hypothesis? Explain.Solution:Definition of Hypothesis:A proposition that can be verified to determine its reality is a hypothesis. A hypothesis may be

defined as a logically conjectured relationship between two or more variables, expressed in the

form of a testable statement. Relationship is proposed by using a strong logical argumentation.

This logical relationship may be part of theoretical framework of the study.

For example,

Officers in my organization have higher than average level of commitment (variable).

Level of job commitment of the officers is associated with their level of efficiency.

Level of job commitment of the officers is positively associated with their level of

efficiency.


The higher the level of job commitment of the officers the lower their level of

absenteeism.

Types of Hypothesis:There are different types of hypothesis which are as follows.

1-Descriptive HypothesisDescriptive hypothesis contains only one variable thereby it is also called as univariate

hypothesis. Descriptive hypotheses typically state the existence, size, form, or distribution of

some variable. The first hypothesis contains only one variable. It only shows the distribution of

the level of commitment among the officers of the organization which is higher than average.

Such a hypothesis is an example of a Descriptive Hypothesis.

2- Relational HypothesisThese are the propositions that describe a relationship between two variables. The relationship

could be non-directional or directional, positive or negative, causal or simply correlational.

While stating the relationship between the two variables, if the terms of positive, negative, more

than, or less than are used then such hypotheses are directional because the direction of the

relationship between the variables (positive/negative) has been indicated. These hypotheses are

relational as well as directional. The directional hypothesis is the one in which the direction of the

relationship has been specified.

Non-directional hypothesis is the one in which the direction of the association has not been

specified. The relationship may be very strong but whether it is positive or negative has not been

postulated.

Correlational hypothesesstate merely that the variables occur together in some specified

manner without implying that one causes the other. Such weak claims are often made when we

believe that there are more basic causal forces that affect both variables. For example:

Level of job commitment of the officers is positively associated with their level of efficiency.

Explanatory (causal) hypothesesimply the existence of, or a change in, one variable causes or

leads to a change in the other variable. This brings in the notions of independent and the

dependent variables. Cause means to help make happen. So the independent variable may

not be the sole reason for the existence of, or change in the dependent variable.

3- Null HypothesisIt is used for testing the hypothesis formulated by the researcher. Researchers treat evidence that

supports a hypothesis differently from the evidence that opposes it. They give negative evidence

more importance than to the positive one. It is because the negative evidence tarnishes the

hypothesis. It shows that the predictions made by the hypothesis are wrong. The null hypothesis

simply states that there is no relationship between the variables or the relationship between the

variables is zero. That is how symbolically null hypothesis is denoted as H0. For example:

H0 = There is no relationship between the level of job commitment and the level of efficiency. Or

H0 = The relationship between level of job commitment and the level of efficiency is zero. Or the

two variables are independent of each other.

It does not take into consideration the direction of association (i.e. H0 is non directional), which

may be a second step in testing the hypothesis.

4- Alternative HypothesisThe alternative (to the null) hypothesis simply states that there is a relationship between the

variables under study. In our example it could be: there is a relationship between the level of job

commitment and the level of efficiency. Not only there is an association between the two

variables under study but also the relationship is perfect which is indicated by the number 1.

Thereby the alternative hypothesis is symbolically denoted as H1. It can be written like this:

H1: There is a relationship between the level of job commitment of the officers and their level of

efficiency.

5- Research HypothesisResearch hypothesis is the actual hypothesis formulated by the researcher which may also

suggest the nature of relationship i.e. the direction of relationship. In our example it could be:

Level of job commitment of the officers is positively associated with their level of efficiency.

Q: Ahmad is the manager of a restaurant; he wants to see his staff cooperative andhardworking but his staff is not working well according to his will. He decided to give theincentives in order to motivate and encourage them but his policy did not work effectively.There can be many factors behind this behavior of staff that needs to be researched. Forthis purpose, he appoints you as a researcher and asks you to discover those factors andsubmit a report to him. How you will undertake this kind ofResearch Method (STA 630) Success Objectives

research and what steps you will choose to make a report about the behavior of the staff?Solution:The manager of the restaurant appoints me as a researcher to find out the factors behind the staff

behavior. I will take the following steps in order to undertake this research and to make a report.

These steps are as follows:

STEP 1: To Select the topic of research:First of all I will select the topic which is a general area of study or issue. The topic in this

research is the factors behind the staff behavior. A topic appears to be too broad for conducting

research. The specific issues that need to be researched within the situation may not be

identified at this stage. I will try to analyze the problems currently existing in the restaurant that

needs to be solved and the areas that a manager believes need to be improved in the restaurant

(improving the existing policies). Then I will develop some research questions that a basic

researcher wants to answer empirically.

STEP 2: Preliminary Data Collection or to Explore different areas from where I can getinformation related to the restaurant and staff behavior:After selecting the topic, I will collect data from different sources. This step may be considered as

part of the exploratory research. An exploration typically begins with a search for published data

and studies. Such sources can provide secondary data which becomes part of the background

information (about the restaurant & groups of people). Some secondary sources of data are

statistical bulletins, government publications, information published or unpublished, case studies,

online data, web sites, and the Internet from where I can get information. In addition, information

can also be collected from the people who are well informed about the staff and restaurant,

especially those who have clearly stated positions on controversial aspects of the problem. In

certain situations, I will also focus on group discussions with the staff of the restaurant. Such

discussions can help me in the identification of factors and having clarification of their behavior.

STEP 3: Problem DefinitionAfter having discussions with the professionals as well as with the staff to whom the issue relates,

and the review of literature, now I will be in a position to narrow down from its original broad base

and define the factors clearly. Translate the broad issue into a research question. As part of the

applied research convert the management dilemma into a management question, and then on to

research question that fits the need to resolve the dilemma. The symptoms of a problem might

help tracing the real problem. For example in this research, the productivity decline of workers is

an issue. The manager has tried to solve it by the provision of incentives but his policy did not

work. I will find the possible factors like the morale and motivation of the workers having some

other antecedents.

STEP 4: To develop the Theoretical FrameworkConsultations with the informants and professionals, and the review of literature will help me in

the identification of different factors that are considered to be relevant. Now I will need to make a

logical relationship among several factors identified. This will help in the delineation of the

theoretical framework. The theoretical framework discusses the interrelationships among the

variables that are deemed to be integral to the dynamics of the situation being investigated.

Developing such a conceptual framework helps to postulate or hypothesize and test certain

relationships.

STEP 5: To Generate the HypothesesOnce I have identified the important variables relevant to an issue and established the logical

reasoning in the theoretical framework, I will be in a position to test whether the relationships that

have been theorized do in fact hold true. By testing these relationships scientifically, I will obtain

reliable information to determine the relationship among the variables. The results of these tests

offer part of the answers to the formulated research questions, whether these relate basic

research or to applied research.

STEP 6: To make a Research DesignResearch design is a master plan specifying the methods and procedures for collecting and

analyzing the needed information. It is a framework or the blueprint that plans the action for

research project. The objectives of the study determined during the early stages of the research

are included in the design to ensure that the information collected is appropriate for solving the

problem. It is very important to specify the sources of information, and the research method or

technique (survey or experiment, for example) to be followed in the study. Broadly there are six

basic research methods for descriptive and causal research: surveys, experiments, observation,

communication analysis (content analysis), case study, focus group discussion.

STEP 7: Data Collection, Data Processing, and AnalysisResearch Method (STA 630) Success Objectives

Data collection is integral part of the research design; Data collection is determined by the

research technique selected for the project. Data can be collected in a variety of ways, in

different settings field or lab and from different sources. It could includeinterviews face to

face interviews, telephone interviews, computer-assisted interviews, and interviews through

electronic media;questionnairesthat either personally administered, sent through mail, or

electronically administered;observationof individuals and events which could be participant or

non participant. Once the fieldwork has been completed, the data must be converted into a format

that will answer the research questions and help testing the hypotheses. The computer can help

in making tables and the application of different statistics.

STEP 8: Testing the Hypotheses; Answering the Research QuestionsThe analysis and interpretation of the data shall be the means to testing the formulated

hypotheses as well as finding answers to the research questions. In case of applied research,

the research should be helpful in finding solutions to the problems of the organization or society.

Making recommendations may also be part of this process.

STEP 9: Report WritingThe research report should communicate the research findings effectively. All too often the report

is a complicated statement of the studys technical aspects and sophisticated research methods.

The report has to be presented in the format as it may have been part of the terms of reference if

it is a sponsored study. I will write the basic factors behind the staff behavior in my report and I

will also give some suggestions to the manager to motivate the staff so that they can work

efficiently.

stion.levels of the students in her study. Which of the following BEST describes the chapter test?

Select correct option:

Definition

Construct

Variable

Operationalized variable




1. Your county has just developed a new procedure for helping juveniles who are

arrested. Does the new procedure result in fewer arrests in the future? This is a question

of:

outcome evaluation.

process evaluation

economic efficiency assessment.

2. The nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design allows a researcher to assess

the effects of an independent variable by examining change from pretest to posttest.

True

False

3. When a researcher makes multiple observations before and after a change is

implemented, the design is called an interrupted time-series design.

True

False

4. Behavior changes when the treatment is introduced and changes again when the

treatment is withdrawn. This describes a:

interrupted time-series design.

ABA design.

control series design

5. Single-subject designs cannot be conducted with multiple participants.

True

False

6. An ABAB design has both ethical and internal validity advantages over the ABA

design.

True

False

7. A documentary film director made a series of films about the lives of a set of children

when they were 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 years of age, i.e, the films 7-Up and 14-Up.. What

type of "research design" is this?

cross-sectional

longitudinal

sequential

8. When Donald Campbell compared fatalities in Connecticut and nearby states before

and after a police speeding crackdown, the ___________ design was used.

interrupted time series

control series

longitudinal

9. Cross-sectional designs confound developmental changes and cohort effects.

True

False

10. After comparing the effects of jail and a drug treatment program on persons convicted

of drug-related offenses, a researcher analyzed the societal costs of each. The researcher

has conducted:

outcome evaluation

needs assessment

economic efficiency assessment

===========================ANSWERS============================

1. outcome evaluation

2. True

3. True

4. ABA design

5. False

6. True

7. longitudinal

8. control series

9. True

10. economic efficiency assessment

ce:n >s/}w='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family: Arial;color:black'>Select correct option:




1. You want to know if males and females differ in preferences for dogs and cats as pets.

You ask males and females to indicate whether they prefer dogs, cats, or neither dogs nor

cats. When you describe your results, you will compare:

means.

percentages.

medians.

2. You want to know if males and females differ in the length of recommended sentence

for someone found guilty of driving under the influence of alcohol. You ask males and

females to indicate the number of weeks of jail time the convicted person should receive.

When you describe your results, you will compare:

means

percentages

medians

3. If you are using a nominal scale, the standard deviation is the best measure of

variabilility of responses.

True

False

4. You conducted a survey of students in your school. You report that half the students

work 25 hours per week or less. The statistic you used is the

mean.

median.

mode

5. Couples who share more similar attitudes indicate that they are more satisfied with

their relationship. This reflects a ___________ correlation.

positive

negative

6. A correlation coefficient provides information about the strength of the relationship

between variables.

True

False

7. A researcher assessed the following variables in a sample of teenage males: aggressive

behavior, anger, loneliness, and perceived social support from family and friends. In

addition to examining the correlations among these variables, the researcher tested a

proposed model of how these variable are related to one another. The researcher is using

a:

partial correlation analysis.

structural equation model.

multiple regression analysis.

8. You believe that the relationship between the two variables you are investigating is

curvilinear. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient will provide a good

index of the strength of this relationship.

True

False

9. You expected to find that age is related to more conservative political attitudes.

However, your study found that the two variables were not related. Before you conclude

that the two variables are not related, you should examine the range of values on your age

variable.

True

False

10. A multiple correlation is a correlation between one variable and

another variable that is measured on a ratio scale.

a combined set of variables.

a manipulated variable.

===========================ANSWERS============================

1. percentages

2. means

3. False

4. median

5. positive

6. True

7. structural equation model

8. False

9. True

10. combined set of variables




1. Statistical significance tests allow you to make inferences about population values

based on data obtained from samples.

True

False

2. After conducting a statistical test, you conclude that the mean score of males differs

significantly from the mean score of females. You have:

accepted the null hypothesis

rejected the null hypothesis

made a Type I error

3. With larger sample sizes, your sample data are more likely to accurately reflect true

population values.

True

False

4. You did not reject the null hypothesis. It is possible that you made a:

Type I error.

Type II error.

Type I and a Type II error.

5. To increase the likelihood of obtaining a significant result, you should have a:

large difference between groups.

small variabilility within groups.

both of these are true.

6. In addition to knowing about the statistical significance of your data, it is important to

know about effect size, the strength of the relationship between your variables.

True

False

7. When you conduct a t-test, your obtained data are transformed into a single obtained t

value. A ____________ of t values exists to allow you to know the probability that your

data are consistent with the null hypothesis.

sampling distribution

random probability distribution

Type I error table

8. The probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis is called:

alpha

beta

power

9. Another term for systematic variance is between-group variance. Another term for

error variance is within-group variance.

True

False

10. When designing a study, it is possible to calculate the sample size that will be needed

to obtain a statistically significant effect. This calculation is called:

Type II error analysis.

effect size analysis.

power analysis.

=======================ANSWERS================================

1. True

2. rejected the null hypothesis

3. True

4. Type II error

5. both of these

6. True

7. sampling distribution

8. power

9. True

10. power analysis




1. Meta-analysis is a statistical procedure to combine the results of many studies that

investigated the same variable.

True

False

2. The ability to infer that that the independent variable caused the effect on the

dependent variable is called:

internal validity

external validity

criterion validity

3. When you discuss the extent to which your results would apply to other people or

settings, you are concerned with:

internal validity

external validity

criterion validity

4. A jury decision study used a male judge. A way to increase generalizability would be

to replicate the study with a female judge.

True

False

5. A replication in which the original procedures are duplicated is called a(n)

_______________ .

exact replication

conceptual replication

systematic replication.

6. A synthesis of the data obtained from many studies on a particular topic is called a

literature review.

True

False

7. A study on fear of medical procedures was conducted in a room on campus that had

been decorated as a doctor's office has:

experimental realism

mundane realism

replicability

8. The participants in the study became very involved in a computer simulation. This

study has:

experimental realism

mundane realism

replicability

9. A study that uses different procedures for manipualating and measuring variables from

another study is called a conceptual replication.

True

False

10. A study conducted outside the confines of a standard laboratory/classroom is called a:

field experiment

mundane experiment

meta-analysis

==========================ANSWERS=============================

1. True

2. internal validity

3. external validity

4. True

5. exact replication

6. True

7. mundane realism

8. experimental realism

9. True

10. field experiment




1. A reliable measure has more measurement error than an unreliable measure.

True

False

2. An indicator of reliability based on the correlations of each item in a measure with

every other item is called:

Test-retest reliability

Cronbach's alpha

Split-half reliability

3. A measure is reactive if it changes the behavior being measured.

True

False

4. A researcher developed a measure of shyness and is now asking whether this measure

does in fact measure a person's true state of shyness. This is a question of:

reactivity.

construct validity.

reliability.

5. Scores on a final exam are related to student grade point average, the amount of time

spent studying for the exam, and class attendance. What type of validity is demonstrated

in this case?

convergent validity.

discriminant validity.

criterion validity.

6. Nominal scales of measurement have no quantitative properties.

True

False

7. Which of the following variables does NOT have ratio scale properties?

job satisfaction rating

reaction time to respond when a stimulus is presented

distance (in inches) that two people stand from each other when conversing

8. My measure allows me to successfully predict future behavioral outcomes. My

measure has:

Criterion validity

Face validity

9. Unobtrusive measures reduce the problem of reactivity.

True

False

10. Whenever you divide people into groups, you probably using a nominal scale level of

measurement.

True

False

========================ANSWERS===============================

1. False

2. Cronbach's alpha

3. True

4. Construct validity

5. Convergent validity

6. True

7. job satisfaction

8. Criterion validity

9. True

10. True




1. A researcher is granted permission to become involved with a college basketball team -

- attending practices and team meetings, accompanying coaches on recruiting trips,

regularly talking with players, etc. The researcher used naturalistic observation.

True

False

2. A researcher devised a coding system to analyze the messages on an Internet bulletin

board discussion of the controversy concerning Elian Gonzalez, the Cuban boy who was

rescued after a boat accident in the ocean between Cuba and the United States. This study

used:

content analysis.

naturalistic observation.

systematic observation.

3. Reliability is not an issue in systematic observation.

True

False

4. A researcher videotaped people while viewing political debates. Raters viewed

segments of the tapes and recorded whether the people were smiling. This study used:

systematic observation.

naturalistic observation.

content analysis.

5. A researcher tries to explain why a particular observation does not fit with a theory that

is used to explain other observations. This is called:

inter-rater reliability.

negative case analysis.

internal validity.

6. A researcher uses interviews and many types of psychological and medical tests to

study a woman who had surgery to remove a part of her brain. This is called a case study.

True

False

7. A researcher accessed information on the Internet from a series of surveys of women

that was conducted during the 1970s and 1980s. The data were analyzed to examine

changes in attitudes and behaviors over time. Which of the following methods was used?

systematic observation

case study

archival research

8. When two or more judges make ratings of observed behaviors, it is important to

examine:

inter-rater reliability.

test-retest reliability.

9. A psychologist conducts a study that uses data collected from many cultures in the

world. The researcher probably used:

Human Relations Area Files

PsycINFO

10. A researcher studies memory by talking to groups of people in their 50s, 60s, and 70s

about memory problems that they have experienced and worried about. This study has

collected:

quantitative data.

qualitative data.

=======================ANSWERS================================

1. True

2. content analysis

3. False

4. Systematic observation

5. negative case analysis

6. True

7. archival research

8. inter-rater reliability

9. Human Relations Area Files

10. qualitative data




1. With probability sampling techniques, each member of the population has a(n)

specifiable probability of being sampled.

True

False

2. You wish to make a precise estimate about the characteristics of a population of

individuals. You should use:

quota sampling.

probability sampling.

accidental sampling.

3. A nonprobability sample is usually acceptable when the goal of the research is to

examine relationships between variables.

True

False

4. The number of people who complete a survey in relation to the number of people

contacted to participate is called the:

response set.

response rate.

response bias.

5. A panel study is used to study changes in survey responses over time.

True

False

6. The question, "Do you think that television should have less violence and fewer shows

about sex" is considered:

double-barreled.

loaded.

open-ended.

7. Which type of questions should be first in a questionnaire or interview?

questions about demographics such as age and gender

questions about attitudes and behaviors

8. Which type of question is most likely to be used when the researcher is just starting to

explore what people think about a particular topic?

closed-ended

open-ended

9. If you need a sample of about 1,000 to get an accurate estimate of a population of

10,000 people, you need a sample size of 2,000 if your population consists of 20,000

people.

True

False

10. Which is most likely to yield qualitative data?

Mail survey

Focus group

Telephone interview

==============================ANSWERS=========================

1. True

2. probability sampling

3. True

4. response rate

5. True

6. double-barreled

7. attitudes and behaviors

8. open-ended

9. False

10. Focus group interview

-h _t1/}wayout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none'>PsycINFO

10. A researcher studies memory by talking to groups of people in their 50s, 60s, and 70s

about memory problems that they have experienced and worried about. This study has

collected:

quantitative data.

qualitative data.

=======================ANSWERS================================

1. True

2. content analysis

3. False



6. True





1. The reasons why the independent variable might not have caused an effect on the

dependent variable are called threats to internal validity.

True

False

2. A researcher studied the effect of defendant physical attractiveness on juror decisions.

The attractive person was 20 years old, and the unattractive person was a 45-year old.

The problem here is that:

age is confounded with attractiveness.

it is very difficult to operationally define physical attractiveness.

attractiveness is not related to perceptions of guilt.

3. The use of existing natural groups of participants usually results in equivalent groups

for the experiment.

True

False

4. The same people participate in each condition of an experiment. What type of design is

this?

repeated measures (within-subjects)

independent groups (between-subjects)

matched pairs

5. Mortality refers to the fact that participants may drop out of experiments.

True

False

6. Complete counterbalancing means that:

there were no practice effects

all possible orders of the IV were used

all Latin squares were constructed

7. An advantage of a repeated measures design is that it requires fewer participants.

True

False

8. Practice and fatigue effects are both problems with independent groups designs.

True

False

9. All things being equal, which design is more likely to result in a statistically significant

effect?

Independent groups

Repeated measures

10. You identified the 15 employees in a large organization who were absent from work

the most days during the previous month. You require these employees to attend a oneday

program on time and stress management in an attempt to reduce absenteeism. In the

following month, all of the employees improved their attendance. The improvement

could be caused by the program or it might be due to:

statistical regression.

mortality

instrument decay

==============================ANSWER==========================

1. True

2. age is confounded

3. False

4. repeated measures

5. True

6. all possible orders

7. True

8. False

9. Repeated measures

10. Statistical regression

p> " pc/}wormal style='line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none'>collected:

quantitative data.

qualitative data.

=======================ANSWERS================================

1. True

2. content analysis

3. False



6. True





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