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The Beginning of Art (Prehistoric Art)
v Cave of Lascaux 15000 BCE France
v Altamira 15000 BCE Spain
v Chauvet 30000 BCE France
v Paleolithic Carvings:
o Bison from La Madeleine 10000 BCE
o Venus of Willendorf 25000 BCE
v Mesolithic many rock painting, pottery, early hieroglyphics
o Stonehenge made of big stones (dolmens)
o Cromlech made of many huge dolmens
Many buildings were built with post and lintel structures
Romans created the arch which was used after the post and lintels
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Art Elements
v Form:
o 3-D
o Has length, width, and height
v Shapes:
o Flat
o 2-D
o Irregular geometric
o Organic (such as humans)
v Line:
o Curve, dash, zigzag, diagonal, etc
o Shapes are made by joint lines
o Lines make texture
Crosshatching
Light and dark shadows
Ex. Edvard Munch The Scream (1920)
Uses line texture
Perspective of boardwalk and gate going back to horizon
point
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Response to nuclear explosion from Norway
v Texture:
o Illusion texture (implied) in paintings by artists
o Rough, smooth, bumpy, etc
v Space:
o An empty place surrounding an artwork (2-D or 3-D)
o There are negative space
Background in black = emphasis on the background
o There are positive space
The object itself is being emphasized
v Value:
o The change of color, not price
o Black Pure White
v Color:
o Light waves of everything around us can be broken apart by prisms
o A rainbow is a white light but changes colors reflected by surroundings
o White light consists of all colors
o If object absorbs all wavelengths becomes black
o If object rejects all wavelengths becomes white
o If object absorbs everything but red becomes red
o Complementary colors:
Blue
Yellow
Red
o Secondary colors (composed of primary color mixture):
Green
Orange
Purple
o Tertiary colors: mixture of primary and secondary colors
o Warm colors:
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Red
Orange
Yellow
o Cool colors:
Green (depending on shade)
Blue
Purple
o Neutral colors:
Black
Gray
White
Brown
Beige
o Tints: light value of a color
o Shades: dark mix of a color and black
Principles of Artv Balance: describes how artists uses lines, shapes, colors
o Symmetrical balance: both sides are symmetrical
o Asymmetrical balance: visual weight of one side is same as other side, not
symmetrical
o Radius balance: lines all come out from the middle
v Contrast:
o Complementary colors make high or low contrast make things stand out
o Orange and yellow high contrast
o White with slight hints of color low contrast
v Emphasis:
o Uses to make a center piece stand out
o Pulls your eyes to the item alone
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v Proportion:
o Golden ratio
2x thumb = 1x wrist
Arm span = height of person
o Da Vinci uses the golden ratio to proportionalize man
v Pattern:
o Repetition of lines and shades
o Linear = same repetition
o Natural ex. repeating lilies
v Rhythm:
o Visual, patterns
o Rhythm leads eyes through a landscape
o Texture = bumpy or smooth
v Unity:
o The feeling that everything in the art is together and united
o Everything fits
o Patterns and rhythm makes wholesomeness
v Variety:
o Makes artwork more interesting
o Adding something that stands out from the rest
Mesopotamian ArtAim: Who were the Mesopotamians?Topic: Ancient Art, Near East
o 1st Civilization: Sumer 3500 3000 BCE
o Architecture: Ziggurats, Cella (rituals) performed in the center room of the ziggurat
o Sculptures:
Human figures
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Cylinder/cone statues
Pottery
Steles, low reliefs
Cylinder seals
Cuneiform writing
Inlays ( ex. musical instruments)
o The Sumerians: Akkadians Gudea of Lagash, ruler, Head (2144-2124 BCE)
o Babylonians: Stele of Hammurabi (Hammurabis Code)
o Hitties/Kassites
o Assyrians: palaces, reliefs
o Neo-Babylonians: Ishtar Gates
o Persians: palace at Persepolis, reliefs, sculpture, metalwork
o Sassanian Art: coins (Asian Society)
o Alexander the Great conquers the area
Ancient Egyptian Art
Aim: Where were the ancient Egyptians?
Topic: Egyptian Art, 3150 BC 350 BC
o Cradle of Western Civilization
o Three Major Kingdoms: their history is divided into dynasties
Old
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Middle
New
o Pharaohs royal and bloodlines remained pure
o Religion dominated by multiple deities; strong belief in afterlife
o Writing hieroglyphics; picture based
o Architecture:
Mastabas
Step pyramids
Pyramids
o *** King Zoser Step Pyramid 2780 2720 BCE
o *** Pyramids ex. Giza, Cheops
o *** Great Sphinx
o *** Temples: Queen Hatshepsut at Deir el Bahri Colonnades
o Amun at Karnak (Laxor)
o *** Ramses II at Abu Simbel
o Amarna Period: realistic
v Art Rules:
o Hieroglyphics: picture based, 600 characters
o Strive for clarity, not illusion, practical, communication
o Religious purposes tombs/temples
o Figures always young, idealized and nature is always lush and perfect
o Stylized with lines and borders/registers, bonded lines (complete message)
o Symbolic meaning
o Size matters hierarchal proportions, descriptive perspective
o Frontality (max. exposure) most familiar
o Painting full figure, mix of profile and frontal pose
Eyes/shoulders = frontal
Head/feet = profile
o Men: painted color reddish brown
o Women: painted lighter
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o Earth tones: yellow-brown-green
o Little shading
o Book of Dead (ex. Greenfield Papyrus)
v Sculpture:
o Contra-posto pose, to be viewed from the front and sides
*** Bust of Queen Nefertiti (Amarna period, Akenhaten ruler)
*** King Tuts Sarcophagus
*** Palette of King Narmer oldest unification of Egypt
*** Menkaure and his wife a.k.a. Mycerinus and his Queen
*** Prince Rahotep and his wife
o Jewelry cortouche, necklaces, bracelets (ex. Sacred Animals)
o King Zoser built 1st pyramid
o Imhotep 1st designer names, 1st architecture
o 1st pyramid built around 2600 BCE step pyramid
o Longest built for Cheops 13 acres, 911 ft on each site
Built during 4th Dynasty at Giza
o Other 2 pyramids were constructed for Chefren (2500 BCE0 and Mycerinus (2470
BCE)
o Great pyramids were guarded by the Great Sphinx (60 ft tall)
v Middle Kingdom:
o funerary temples were built near Thebes designed to hold mummies
o the temple by Queen Hatshepsut was done in the Middle Kingdom style
o The Temple of Ramses II:
Made out of the earth 4 statues of Ramses II as guards
Ramses II was buried there
v Amarna Period:
o Akhenaton ruled
Stresses realism in art
v The Greenfield Papyrus:
o The Book of the Dead a book of charms and magic to allow
spirits to move onto afterlife
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v Drawing:
o Registers horizontal bands in layers
o Descriptive perspective: the more important figures are larger
than the less important figures
v Queen Nefertiti:
o Bust sculpture from shoulders up
v King Tuts Tomb:
o Nothing was stolen from his tomb
v Palette of King Narmer:
o Oldest historic artwork that depicts a real event (the conquest of the eastern part of
Lower Egypt a slate
v Old Kingdom:
o Frontal pose both figures are facing forward and looking straight ahead
o Stylized they have idealized bodies; not accurate depictions
o Jewelry:
Heart scarab
Scared animals
o The Rosetta Stone:
Found by Napoleon armies
Top is Ancient Egyptian writing
Middle is Demotic Hieroglyphics
Bottom is Greek Hieroglyphics
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Aim: Who were the Aegean?
Topic: Greek Art
Time: 2800 1800 BCE
*** Egyptian influence
v Aegean were made of:
o Minoans (Crete) King Minos
Luxury Life Style
Trade/Sailors
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No Temples Sacred
No Fortifications, no weapons
Artworks:
Palace of Knossos
Dolphin Fresco
Bull Dance
Snake Goddess
Bull Head
Pottery
Jewelry (sea and animal themes)
Cycladic Islands neighboring islands
Cycladic Statues buried with them
Harp players
Jewelry
Murals
Pottery
o Mycenae
*** Art: possible imported by Minoans
Mainland Greece
Warriors
Metalworks
Large stoneworks
Fortification
Monuments
Burial Tombs (beehives, citadels) Lions Gate
Pottery Harvester Vase
Greek Art
Topic: Greece
The Major Periods: Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic
o Archaic: (600 480 BCE)
Free standing figures
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Archaic smimle
Stiff, rigid pose
Artworks:
Kouros (male)/ kore (female)
Ex. Kroises/ The Maiden
Charioteer of Delphi
Calf Bearer
o Classical: (480 323 BCE)
Artists and Architects are well known
Artworks/Sculptures:
*** Kritios Boy
Riace Warriors (A and B)
Zeus
*** The Discus Thrower
[Venus de Milo]
o Hellenistic: (323 150 BCE)
Movement and pathos (feeling pity and/or compassion)
*** Rise of the Roman Empire
Artworks/Sculptures:
Three Goddesses
*** Nike of Samothrace (Winged Goddess)
*** Dying Gaul
Laocoon Group
Old Market Woman
The human figures, especially the male, was place at the center of Greek
culture
[Beauty + Math = Gods/Goddesses]
Artists: Myron, Polykleitos, Phidias
o Architecture:
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*** Acropolis Parthenon, Erechtheum (Porch of the Maidens), Temple
of Nike
*** Mausoleum of Halicarnassus
Colossus of Rhodes
Temple of Zeus at Olympia
Temple of Artemis
Architect Phidias
Temples, 3 Orders:
Doric
Ionic
Corinthian
Vases:
Hydria water; principle vessel for water
Amphora wine
Kraters 2 handles 2 handle vase that holds wine
*** Key design
Checker board patterns
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Roman Art
Topic: Roman ArtAim: Who were the Etruscans?
c. 700 300 BCE
o Descendents from Villanova early Iron Age
o *** Influenced by the Greeks, Mesopotamians (Phoenicians), and Egyptians
o Believed in the hereafter multi-deities (Greek Gods) very superstitious
o Sailors (large fleets)
o *** Architectural engineers and town planners
Art:
Pottery
Sculpture tomb decorations
Ex. ***She-Wolf (Capitaline Wolf)
Bronze
Paintings murals, frescos
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Architecture stone bases, grid system, bridges, fortifications,
drainage systems
Ex. Porta Augusta gate house in Perugia
Topic: Roman Art/Architecture
c. 476 300 BCE
o *** Borrowed from Greeks and Etruscans
o *** Rise in Greek Hellenistic era
o *** Discovery of quick drying cement for sculpture and architecture
o Realistic portrayals including busts
Ex. Constantine head is 8 ft long
o Paintings mostly found in Pompeii, frescos, wall panels, still life, landscapes,
portrait
o Decorative use of solid colors RED
o *** Mosaics must be durable, useful, and beautiful
Architecture:
*** Vitruvius master builder
Arch with keystone and Voussoirs
Vaults barrel, groin
Aqueducts - ***Pont du Gard
Roads, Bridges, Stadiums - ***Coliseum and Forum,
ampitheatres
Bath Houses - *** Caracalla
Vast interior spaces
*** Pantheon oculus, dome, gilded, coffered ceiling
*** War Monuments civtory arches, columns
Ex. Trajans Column 130 ft of reliefs
*** Basillicas
Apartment houses, atriums
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The Middle (Dark) Ages
Europe 480 980 ADTopic: Early Christian, Byzantine and Islam
o 308 Ad The Roman Empire splits in two:
Western Empire declines
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Eastern Empire (orthodox) rises
Constantinople Moscow
Fall of Rome
The church becomes the center of life
Christianity rejects all previous accomplishments in art, wants
symbolic representation
Art is used for propaganda, for the church
Depicts the life of Christ (Old and New Testament)
Art is symbolic and emotional lacks realism is flat and
distorted
*** Art is portable illuminated manuscripts, icons, diptychs,
triptychs, crucifixes
Mosaics, tapestries, sculpture, painting, and church serviceornaments
1. Celtic Germanic other
Animals, interlacing lines, abstract motifs
2. Carolingians very ornate, Byzantine influence (King
Charlemagne)
o Ottonian:
Spiritual action
Pastels
Out of proper proportion
o Architecture:
Basilicas 1st churches
*** St. Basil in Moscow onion domes
*** Hagia Sofia starts out Byzantine
The Archangel Michael a triptych portable
o Religion is practiced in a catacomb
o Dead is also buried in the catacomb
o Christianity becomes legal
Churches are built
Churches are rectangular shapes
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o Teserae glass mosaic
o Rotunda circular shape
o Minerets a mosaic to a mosk
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RomanesqueTopic: Romanesque
c. 1000 1150
o Influenced by Roman, early Christian, and Byzantine
o Church increased in power, influence, and money
o *** Architecture is the #1 form (sculpture and paintings are used as ornaments and
decoration)
o *** Church Construction:
Vaulting, including ribbed and fan vaults
Thick walls
Small windows
Round arches
Interiors do not match exteriors
A tympanum at entrance
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Gothic 1100 1400
o Gothic churches become taller (cathedrals), building higher means getting closer to
god
o Tin walls supported by flying buttresses
o Tall windows stained glass, clerestory
o Rose windows large, round window on south transept
o Interior and exterior matches
o Pointed arches
o Gargoyles on the outside
Ex. St Patrick New York
Ex. St. Johns New York
Ex. Riverside New York
Ex. Notre Dame France
Chartes France
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Renaissance
v Part I Early Renaissance (1420 AD)
o Inspired by Greeks and Romans
o *** Art centers - Florence, Siena, Venice
De Medict family were patrons of the art
o Baptistery Door Competition:
Humanism
Powerful guilds
o *** Invention of Perspective:
1. Atmospheric Perspective Masaccio
2. Linear Perspective Brunelleschi
o *** Four Breakthroughs:
1. Perspective
2. Use of light and shadow
3. Pyramid configuration
4. Oil paint and stretched canvas
o Artists:
Giotto: Lamentation
Ghiberti: sculpture Gates of Paradise
Brunelleschi: architect, sculpture, dome
Donatello: sculpture - ***David, Feast of Herod
Masaccio: painter - ***Tribute Money, Holy Trinity
Botticelli: painter - *** Birth of Venus, Primavera
Bellini: painter, Venice Saint Francis in Ecstasy
v Part II High Renaissance (1500s AD)
o Age of Giants
o Artists as genius
o Oil paint
o *** Aerial Perspective atmospheric haze to add depth
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o *** Sfumato gray haze
o *** Chiaroscuro contrast between light and dark
o Artists:
Leonardo Da Vinci: painter, inventor, engineer, poet
Aerial perspective - *** Mona Lisa, *** Last Supper
Michelangelo: sculptor, painter, architect, poet
*** Pieta, *** David, *** Sistine Chapel, St. Peters Dome
Raphael: painter - *** School of Athens
Titian: painter, leader in Venice, color, mood, layers of paint, and glaze
v Part III: Mannerism (1525 1600 AD)
o *** Period between the end of High Renaissance and Baroque
o Crisp and frozen shapes
o Elongated bodies
o Distorted forms
o Peculiar perspective views
o Artists:
Parmigianino: elongated forms - *** Madonna with the Long Neck
El Greco: distorted forms - *** Burial of Count Orgaz
v Part IV: Northern Renaissance (1325 1600 AD)
o Flanders (Bruges) is the art capital, Belgium (Flanders), Holland
o *** Use of oil paint
o Rise of universities and printed books (invention of the printing press), guilds
o Centralized power nations
o Protestant Reformation weakening of the Catholic Church
o Decline of Feudalism rise for cultural, social, and economic change
o The north continued making Gothic art/arch
o Burgundy Dukes were patrons of the arts furniture, tapestries, illuminated
manuscripts
o Artists:
THE NETHERLANDS/FLANDERS
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Jan Van Eyck: *** Arnolfini Wedding, The Ghent Altarpiece
Robert Campin: Merode Altarpiece
Hieronymus Bosch: *** Garden of Earthly Delights (triptych,
heaven earthhell depiction)
Pieter Bruegel: ***Peasant Wedding, Tower of Babel, parables,*** Return of the Hunters, everyday activities
GERMANY
Albert Durer (International Artist): woodcut prints, self portraits
Hans Holbein (Court Painter): Ambassadors, portraits realistic
Hans Memling
Lucas Cranach
Matthias Grunewald: altarpieces
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Baroque c. 1600 AD
v ITALY AND SPAIN
o Starts in Rome spreads throughout Europe
o Church and aristocracy continue to patronize art and commission artists
o Lots of motion, ornate, grandiose, emotional
o Use of tenebrism a violent contrast of light and dark, a heightened form of
chiaroscuro
o Tromp loeil trick of the eye, used in Baroque ceilings and Berninis *** Ecstasyof St. Theresa
o Artists:
ITALY:
Caravaggio: chiaroscuro, tenebrism, natural light streaming in -
*** Calling of St. Matthew
Bernini: sculptor - ***David, ***Ecstasy of St. Theresa
Borromini: architect
Artemisia Gentileschi: Judith and the Head of Holofernes
SPAIN:
Diego Velasquez: *** Maids of Honor a.k.a. Las Meninas
Riberia
Murillo
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FRANCE:
France is the most powerful nation in Europe
Louis XIV, the Sun King
Paris becomes the art capital until WWII
The French Academy rules art
Artists:
*** Nicolas Poussin: classical painter Rape of the
Sabine Women
Claude Lorrain
George de la Tour
Architecture:
*** Palace of Versailles a chateau built by Louis theXIV, a symbol of glory
*** Hall of Mirrors
ENGLAND:
Christopher Wren: architect
GERMANY:
Chateaus
DUTCH AND FLEMISH:
Flanders (Belgium): catholic, religious iconology
Holland: Protestants, free market, still life
Landscapes, portraits
Flemish Artists:
*** Peter Paul Rubens: swirling action, color,
Rubenesque women, Rococo style Raising of the Cross,Garden of Love, Lion Hunt
Anthony Van Dyck
Judith Leyster
Dutch Artists:
*** Rembrandt van Rijn: painter, printmaker, self
portraits, portraits, landscapes The Night Watch
*** Jan Vermeer: family portraits, used a camera
obscura Girl with a Pearl Earring
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Frans Hals: master of the moment
Ruisdael: landscapes
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Rococo c. 1700 1760 AD
v FRANCE:
o Rise of the middle class
o Louis the XIV XVI
o High Fashion
o Stresses beauty over depth
o *** developed 1st in the Decorative Arts (Interior and Exterior)
o Use of asymmetrical designs
o More feminine
o Rediscovery of Chinese porcelain (Meissen from Germany)
o Paintings:
*** Fetes Galantes: picnic scenes (elegant entertainment)
Theme: love
Mood: playful, superficial, alive with energy
Style: light, graceful, delicate
Colors: pale white, silver, gold, light pink, blues, greens
o Artists:
Jean Watteau: *** Pilgrimage to Cythera a.k.a. The Embarkation for
Cythera, Mezzetin
Francois Boucher
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Neo-Classicism c. 1750 1820
o Roman Fever a reaction against Rococo
o Age of Reason (logic, enlightenment) order, ennobling virtues
o Rediscovery of Pompeii and Herculaneum
o Rise of Napoleon 1st museum
o Portraits of heroes (noble gestures/expressions)
o Art stress:
Balance of composition
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Emphasis on drawing and line, NOT ON COLOR
o Artists:
Painters:
Jacques Louis David: no visible brushstrokes, promoted by
Napoleon - *** Death of Socrates, *** Death of Marat
Jean August Ingres: bathers, portraits, Davids pupil
Elizabeth Vigee: Le Brun portraits
Sculptors:
Antonio Canova: nude, marble sculptures, considered the Best of
the 18th Century
Jean Houdin: busts
Decorative Arts:
Josiah Wedgewood: ceramics/ dinnerware
Architecture:
Thomas Jefferson: Monicello, University of Virginia
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Romanticism c. mid 18th century
o A reaction against Neo-Classicism
o Emphasis: adventure, war, emotion, imagination, historical, nationalism, nature
o Ignites excitement throughout Europe
o Influence by the French Revolution, Gothic (horror), nature, violence, exotica
o Painting Styles:
Quick brushstrokes
Strong contrast
Use of diagonals
o Artists:
Theodore Gericault: leader of the movement - *** Raft of Medusa
Eugene Delacroix: becomes the leader after Gericault dies, paints subjects
of the Revolution - *** Lion Hunt (influenced by Rubens), *** Liberty Leading
the People
Francisco Goya: at first he is Rococo, after seeing a murder, he turns to
Romanticism, paints horrors of war - *** 3 rd of May
JMW Turner: seascapes, landscapes, color
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John Constable: landscapes, line, black/white, Romantic and Realist
William Black: illustrator and poet
William Fuseli
Caspar Friedrich
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Realism c. mid 18th century 19th century
o Realists are against Neo-classical and Romanticism
o Subjects: common people, objects, landscapes
o Colors: realistic tones, no bright colors, muted tones
o Watercolors become popular
o Photography is born
o Artists:
BARBIZON SCHOOL FRANCE
Gustave Courbet: Father of Realism
Camille Corot
Jean Millet: The Gleaners
Rosa Bonheur: The Horse Fair
Honore Daumier: cartoonist
HUDSON RIVER SCHOOL USA
Thomas Cole: landscapes
Winslow Homer: watercolors (self-taught)
John Singer Sargent: famous for portraits
James Whistler: uses black, white, and gray Whistlers Mother
Geroge Inness
Thomas Eakins: landscapes
Albert Bierstadt: landscapes
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Impressionism c. mid 19th Century
o Realism dominated
o Discovery of photography
o New paints:
In tubes
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New colors
o Academic des Beaux Art, the Salon
o Impressionist Style:
Breaks away from historical and religious subject matter
Embraces landscapes, portraits, still-life
Spontaneous painting, short brushstrokes, patches of color, little blending,
complimentary colors
Concerned with sunlight and atmosphere
En plein air: painting outdoors
*** All Impressionists start as Realist painters
o Artists:
Edouard Manet: Father of Impressionism - *** Luncheon on the Grass,*** Olympia
Claude Monet: Rouen Cathedral, series, water lilies
Camille Pissaro: landscapes
Pierre Auguste Renoir: happy scenes, young girls - *** Dance at Le
Moulin de la Galette, *** Luncheon of the Boating Party
Edgar Degas: ballerinas, horse races, bathing series
Frederic Bazille
Mary Cassatt: American mother and child scenes, feminine world, indoors
Berthe Morisot
Alfred Sisley: landscapes
Gustave Callebotte
Rodin: sculptor - *** The Thinker, Kiss, Balzac
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Post Impressionist
o French academy (Bougereau/Gerome)
o Japanese Woodcuts
o Portraits, landscapes, still life
o Post Impressionist were dissatisfied with the Impressionists
o They break into two camps:
Scientific Design:
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Dots, places of color
Ex. George Seurat, Paul Cezanne
Emotional:
Attention to light, color, and line
Ex. Vincent Van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, Henri Toulouse-Lautrec
o Artists:
Vincent Van Gogh: line, warm/cool, impasto - *** Starry Night
Paul Gauguin: Tahiti series
Paul Cezanne: The Father of Modern Art - *** Mt. Saint Victoire
Henri Toulouse-Lautrex: burlesque posters, bar scenes, Moulin Rouge
George Seurat: pointillism - *** Sunday on La Grande Jatte
Georges Rousseau: Sleeping Gypsy
Edvard Munch: Expressionist - *** The Scream
Gustav Klimt: symbolist, Vienna Art Nouveau