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Index

ABAQUS, 326

Abdominal aortic calcific deposits (AAC), 22

Abdominal obesity

atherosclerosis, 437

Acetazolamide

CBV, 387

infarcts, 407

OEF, 387

SPECT, 408

stroke, 409

Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and Carotid Endarterectomy

(ACE), 90

Activated clotting time (ACT), 100

Activated platelets, 48

Active targeting, 218

Activity-based costing (ABC), 171

Acute coronary syndromes (ACS), 227

IVUS, 455

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), 46, 48, 52

postoperative embolisation, 53

Adherent platelets, 46

ADINA, 325, 327, 330

Adventitial neovessels

carotid endarterectomy, 292

Agatson score

coronary calcification, 197

Age

adjusted incidence rate of stroke, 39

CE, 66

dependence

carotid IMT, 27

Air embolisation, 352

Akaike Information Criterion, 280

Albunex, 216

Allele of matrix metalloproteinase 3 tA/6A promoter

polymorphism

IMT, 436

Amaurosis fugax

cerebral ischemia, 78

499

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-86226-4 - Carotid Disease: The Role of Imaging in Diagnosis and ManagementJonathan Gillard, Martin Graves, Thomas Hatsukami and Chun YuanIndexMore information

http://www.cambridge.org/0521862264http://www.cambridge.orghttp://www.cambridge.org

American Heart Association (AHA)

atheromatous plaque, 42

carotid endarterectomy guidelines, 76

classification, 302, 336, 487

vs. histopathological plaque classification, 337

histological atherosclerotic classification, 181

progression, 302

Amlodipine

CAD, 457

Amplatz wire, 100

Amyloid A

serum


Aneurysms

with DSA, 130

giant intracranial, 397

Angiogenesis in plaque progression, 8

molecular contrast agents, 290

Angiography

atherosclerosis imaging modalities, 451

conventional, 142

with 2D phase contrast, 145

experience

with DSA complications, 131

Angioplasty, 75, 91, 97, 98

complication rates, 96

cost, 96

Angioseal, 100

Angiotensin 1 converting enzyme

IMT, 436

Angiotensinogen

IMT, 436

Annexin-A5, 258

Anterior cerebral artery (ACA), 349, 363

Antihypertensive therapy

arterial wall thickness, 314

IMT, 438

Antioxidants

dietary, 65

Antiplatelet agents, 46

Antithrombotic Trialists Collaboration (ATC), 46

Aorta

MRI, 478

Aortic arch


Aortic atheroma

MRA, 45999mTc-MDA2

gamma camera images, 257

Aortic atherosclerotic plaques

regression, 467

Aortic ulcer, 18

Aortic vessel wall area, 466

Apolipoprotein E

IMT, 35

Apoptosis

imaging, 257–8

plaques, 423

Arachidonic acid, 53

Arterial blood pressure (ABP), 377

Arterial carbon dioxide, 351

Arterial input function (AIF), 364, 366, 367

Arterial spin labeling (ASL), 360, 361, 363

carotid artery disease, 359–63

MRI, 362

selective, 362

Arterial wall

IVUS, 452

Arteriosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC), 26, 27, 435,

437

IMT, 439

Arteriotomy


Arteriovenous malformations

with DSA, 130

Artifact

blooming, 490

Aspirin, 53, 61

balloon catheter, 403

carotid stenosis, 59, 60, 62

carotid stenting, 100

dipyridamole, 60

Asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis

prognosis, 127

Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study (ACAS), 2,

86, 87, 90

angiographic stenosis, 112

asymptomatic, 174

carotid endarterectomy vs. medical

therapy, 169

carotid surgery, 88

cost-effectiveness, 167

derived Doppler criteria

ICA stenosis, 118

ICA stenosis criteria, 110–2

selection, 87

stroke, 87

surgery, 94, 166

500 Index




Asymptomatic carotid plaque

USPIO, 278

Asymptomatic carotid stenosis

carotid bruits, 90

hypertension, 90

screening, 90–1

stroke, 90

surgery, 86–92

surgery vs. angioplasty, 90–1

Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery Trial (ACST), 87, 90

carotid surgery, 88

endarterectomy

asymptomatic carotid stenosis, 272

ICA stenosis criteria, 111

ischemic stroke, 89

perioperative death, 88

stroke, 95

asymptomatic patients, 95

Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery Trial II (ACSTII), 95

Asymptomatic disease

carotid stenosis


economic analyses, 167

histograms, 281

imaging, 168

surgery, 91–2

evidence, 87–90

Asymptomatic stenosis

Doppler

ICA, 118

Atheroma

aortic99mTc-MDA2, 257

arterial remodelling, 273

carotid

USPIO-enhanced MRI, 272–84

carotid aortic, 267

imaging, 266

IVUS, 422

IVUS pullbacks, 454

natural history, 452

thin cap, 1, 15

Atheromatous plaque, 1

Atherosclerosis, 106, 185, 302

advanced

assessment, 211–18

aortic arch, 261

biomarkers, 464

cardiorespiratory fitness, 437

carotid artery

SPECT, 259

carotid plaque

carotid bifurcation, 204

histological specimen, 236

MDCT, 197, 199, 200

dietary fiber, 437

early

ultrasound, 210–1

familial cardiovascular disease, 25

imaging modalities, 451–2

increasing extent, 302

metabolic syndrome, 437

molecular contrast agents, 290


passive smoking, 437

pathology, 1–2

pharmacological intervention, 205

progression, 186

pulmonary artery

lipid accumulation, 303

serum amyloid A, 437

statins, 248

subclinical, 22–3

thrombus, 263

vessel wall remodeling, 205

Atherosclerotic lesions

composition vs. size, 485

scintigraphic images, 266

Atherosclerotic plaque

aortic

regression, 467

bone formation, 11

calcification, 11

carotid artery

vs. coronary arteries, 198

classification, 4

high risk, 302

images, 492

imaging, 257–8

IPH, 310

IVUS, 454

mechanical analysis

3D structure-only papers, 326

MRI, 288, 306, 479

multiple contrast imaging, 182

nuclear imaging, 251–2

PET, 251, 252

progression and disruption, 306

Index 501




Atherosclerotic plaque (cont.)

SPECT, 251, 252

symptomatic carotid disease, 14

vasa vasorum microvessels, 217

Atherosclerotic plaques

gadolinium, 299

Atorvastatin, 457, 467

stroke, 63

TIA, 63

Atrial fibrillation

carotid stenosis, 62

DWI, 62

Automated algorithm, 240

Automated plaque analysis

CASCADE, 247

Automated pullbacks, 224

Balloon catheter

aspirin, 403

intravenous heparin, 403

Balloon test occlusion (BTO), 396, 400, 402, 410, 411

carotid sacrifice, 399

CBF, 412

complications, 403

exam, 398

heparinized saline, 403

responses, 399

Bernard-Soulier syndrome, 50

Biomarkers, 424


clinical trials, 464

definition, 464

Black blood, 181

imaging, 485, 486

MRI

proximal carotid arteries, 315

sequence, 486, 489

T1-weighted, 183

T2-weighted, 183

Blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD)

MRI, 410

Blood pressure

arterial, 377

brachial diastolic, 105

brachial systolic, 105


elevated

stroke, 14

hyperperfusion syndrome, 392

plaque, 457

systolic

stroke, 64

Blooming artifact, 490

Blooming effect, 275

B-mode ultrasound, 430

baseline batch reading, 433

centralized sonography suites, 433

coronary artery disease, 432

IMT, 430

multiple sites, 431

operator dependence, 442

plaque volume, 442

reader drift, 433

reader variability, 433

reliability, 433

risk factors, 432

sonographer characteristics, 433

ultrasound equipment

variability, 433

Bolus tracking, 364

Bone

TCD monitoring, 348

Bone artifacts

CTA, 159

Boston filter devices

stenosis, 102

Boston Scientific EPI-A carotid stenting trial (BEACH), 97

Boston Scientific filter wire, 96

Boundary detection, 237–41

Brachiocephalic trunk, 127

Brain imaging

asymptomatic infarction, 62

Bright blood, 181

TOF, 183

British Government

stroke reduction, 86

British National Service Framework for Stroke, 86

B-spline snakes, 237, 239–41

CABERNET, 96

Calcification

abdominal aortic, 22

artery walls, 163

artifacts

CTA, 159

atherosclerotic plaque, 11

atherosclerotic plaque stability, 325

coronary vs. carotid arteries, 10

502 Index




gadolinium, 292

MDCT, 196

mean value, 180

plaque content, 183

wall, 184

Calcific nodule

luminal thrombus, 12

Calcified nodule, 2

Calcium

mobilisation in platelets, 52

Calcium score

CT, 236

Candidate genes, 39, 52, 431

Canny edge map, 243

Cap erosion, 5, 335

Cap rupture, 5

Cap thickness

stress distributions, 332

Carbon dioxide

reactivity, 409

Cardiac-gating

black blood sequences, 486

Cardiorespiratory fitness


Cardiovascular disease

familial

subclinical atherosclerosis, 25

Cardiovascular disease (CVD), 52

family history, 36

prediction, 26–8

Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), 24, 27, 435

carotid IMT, 27

Cardiovascular risk factors, 24

Carotid and Vertebral Artery Transluminal Angioplasty

Study (CAVATAS), 91, 97–9

extracranial cerebrovascular disease, 97

Carotid aortic atheroma, 267

Carotid arteries. See also proximal carotid arteries

angioplasty


CABG, 91

evidence, 95–9

perioperative risk, 79


trials, 73, 76

atherosclerosis, 22–30

nuclear imaging, 251–68

pathology, 1–18

plaque morphology, 3–4

SPECT, 259

total occlusion relative to coronary circulation, 6


vs. coronary arteries, 198

MDCT, 195

bifurcation, 185

CFD models, 317

3D ultrasound, 317

MRI, 475

sagittal CT image, 204

bilateral examination, 105

CT

calcification, 197

Doppler spectrum, 213

duplex scanning, 116–23

asymptomatic disease

surveillance, 116

extracranial segments


histology/IVUS, 198

intravital microscopy, 49

MDCT image, 192

molecular MRI, 474

MRA, 140–53, 291

MRI, 238, 423, 477

occlusion

symptomatic

acetazolamide,, 387–93

percent stenosis, 10

phenotype heritability, 437

physical examination, 23

pixel-level kinetic modeling, 358

plaque


contrast agents, 217

disruption, 7

four-dimensional (4D) ultrasonography, 216

high-resolution B-mode scanning, 214

MRI, 235

multi-contrast MRI, 473

quiescence, 472

surface motion, 216

ultrasound, 214

puncture, 127

registration algorithm, 242

stenting, 122

thresholds, 122

wall


Index 503




Carotid arteries atheroma

rosuvastatin, 468

Carotid artery disease. See also Subclinical carotid artery

CBF, 359

CBV, 359

collateral flow, 362

CT, 359

DSC-MRI, 359

MR and CT perfusion

techniques, 359

MR bolus tracking, 359

MRI, 359

OEF, 359

perfusion MRI, 359

PET, 359

risk factors, 392

SPECT, 359

TCD, 350

Carotid artery plaque

genetic factors, 455

Carotid artery stenosis, 24

asymptomatic

prognosis, 127

CTA, 158–64

diagnostic accuracy, 163

new developments, 163–4

post-processing techniques, 159–61

DSA vs. CTA or MRA, 162

DUS, MRA

diagnostic accuracy, 162, 163

DUS, MRA CTA

diagnostic accuracy, 162–3

endovascular treatment

Cochrane systemic review, 97

measurements, 162

MRA, 158, 162

prediction, 203

surgery

ECST, 166

ultrasound, 212–13

Carotid atheroma

USPIO-enhanced MRI, 272–84

Carotid atherosclerosis, 7–10

diffusion modeling, 296

dynamic contrast enhanced-MRI, 294

familial aggregation and heritability, 218, 437

fibrous cap, 9

genetics, 35–43, 433

genome-wide linkage scans, 78

magnetic resonance imaging, 147

MRI, 464

platelets

gamma camera, 265

risk factors, 25

Carotid Atherosclerosis Progression Study, 27

Carotid atherosclerotic plaque

classification, 182

morphology, 191

MRI, 474

risk-stratify, 474

Carotid bruits

atherosclerosis markers, 23

Carotid clamping

TCD, 352

Carotid disease. See also Symptomatic carotid disease

B-mode flow imaging, 210

B-mode scanning, 208

color Doppler flow imaging, 209

contrast harmonic imaging, 210

conventional digital subtraction angiography,

126–35

CT, 358–67

CT perfusions imaging, 366–7

CW Doppler, 208, 211

Doppler sonography, 208, 212

DSA

indications and techniques, 126–8

3D ultrasound, 210

duplex sonography, 209

DUS

indications and techniques, 127

gender, 308

interventional management, 94–103

molecular imaging, 218–19

MR, 358–67

occlusive, 6

PDI, 209

plaque perfusion analysis, 217–18

PW Doppler, 208

real-time compound imaging, 209

recurrent, 17

risk, 28–9

stroke, 64

surgery, 94–5


imaging techniques, 208–10

unstable

FDG-PET, 260

504 Index




Carotid dissection

cerebral hemodynamics, 410–1

Carotid Doppler ultrasound, 105–23

technical points, 105–6

Carotid duplex ultrasound

examination, 105

Carotid endarterectomy (CE), 45, 117, 377, 396

age, 66

AHA guidelines, 76

anatomic, 117

ICA duplex scans, 117

intraoperative completion angiography, 117

angioplasty

cost, 96

arteriotomy closure, 82

asymptomatic carotid stenosis, 90, 307

blood pressure, 82

blood pressure lowering, 65

CABG, 91

carotid angioplasty, 76

CBF, 358

cerebral hyperfusion, 389–93

DUS, 134

early recurrences, 117

ECIC Bypass, 83

EEG, 80

gadolinium, 292

hemostasis, 80

heparin, 80

high-risk, 76

histological analysis, 67

hyperfusion, 390

ICA, 392

ICA stenosis, 358

internal carotid artery, 80

intraoperative monitoring, 82

IPH, 307

ipsilateral ischemic stroke, 75, 87

MDCT, 194

vs. medical therapy

ACAS, 169

ECST, 169

mental status, 376

near infrared spectroscopy, 372–83

NIRS, 376, 377

extracranial contamination, 373–4

instrumentation, 374

method, 379–80

principles, 373

results, 380

tissue oxygen saturation, 374

outcomes, 173


plaque, 81

pravastatin, 64

restenosis, 16

selection, 214

spatially resolved spectroscopy, 374

SPECT, 390

symptomatic carotid disease, 72–83

symptomatic stenosis, 86

TCD, 351–3

technique, 79–83

thromboembolic stroke, 53

TIA, 75, 87, 158

trials, 73, 76

USPIO, 275

USPIO-enhanced MRI, 478

Xenon CT, 411

Carotid imaging

cost-effectiveness, 166–76

decision analysis models, 167–71

CTA, 169

decision tree, 169

DSA, 169

DUS, 169

MRA, 169

protocol, 465

Carotid intima media thickness, 24, 27

age-dependence, 27

distribution and prevalence, 24–6

predicting CHD and stroke, 26

progression, 29

risk factors, 29

stenosis, 25

stroke and myocardial infarction risk, 27

Carotid intraplaque hemorrhage, 10

Carotid lesions

matrix metalloproteinase

SPECT, 264

Carotid magnetic resonance direct thrombus imaging,

302–10

Carotid occlusion

hemodynamic physiology, 412

infarcts, 407

stroke, 407

symptomatic

future, 412

Index 505




Carotid occlusion (cont.)

ischemic stroke, 72

Carotid occlusion surgery study (COSS), 78, 404

Carotid plaque

asymptomatic

USPIO, 278

atherosclerosis


histological specimen, 236

MDCT, 197, 199, 200

calcification, 472

calcification and bone formation, 12

cerebral ischemic symptoms, 309

6-channel coil, 491

clinical duplex imaging, 105

contrast-enhanced MRA, 492

3D MRI, 328

fibrous

aging, 15

diabetes, 15

instability, 1

ipsilateral TIA or stroke, 187


morphology, 1

B-mode imaging, 214

high flow, 4–6


MR

imaging technique, 180–1

surface coil, 180–1

MRI, 237, 327, 466

composition, 183

protocol, 237

rupture

incidence, 3

surgically excised, 3

Carotid pseudoaneurysm, 101

Carotid restenosis, 117

Carotid revascularization

preoperative evaluation, 78–9

Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy Versus Stent

Trial (CREST), 74, 76, 91, 98, 365

Carotid sacrifice

stroke after, 399–403

Carotid stenosis. See also Asymptomatic carotid stenosis;

Carotid artery stenosis

anticoagulants, 61–2

antiplatelet agents, 59–61

aspirin, 59, 60, 62

aspirin and dipyridamole, 60

asymptomatic disease


atrial fibrillation, 62

blood pressure lowering drugs, 64–5

B-mode imaging with PW Doppler sonography,

212


CE MRA, 151

cholesterol lowering, 63–4

color Doppler flow pattern, 213

dietary modification, 65


Doppler, 106

Doppler diagnosis, 106

Doppler frequency spectrum, 212


2D TOF, 151

3D TOF, 151

3D ultrasound

volumetric potential, 213

echo contrast studies, 216–17

endarterectomy

clinical subgroups, 81

selection, 66–9

extracranial

Doppler ultrasound, 327

grading, 110

interpretative criteria, 105

intima-media thickness, 65–6

lifestyle modification, 65

measurement

ECST, 132

measurement systems, 131–2

medical treatment, 59–69

risk groups, 67–9

prevalent cardiovascular disease, 26

recurrent, 117–8

residual vessel lumen, 212

spectral broadening, 109

stenting, 59

symptomatic

ischemic stroke, 72

ultrasound, 151

visualization, 217

Carotid stenting, 45, 91, 97, 98

anesthesia, 101

aspirin, 100

cerebral protection, 101–2

506 Index




death rates, 102

DWI, 102

ECG, 101

indications, 99–100

premedication, 101

TCD, 101, 102

technique, 100

training, 102–3

UK, 103

trial, 97

Carotid surgery

clinical neuromonitoring, 376–7

Carotid territory ischaemic strokes, 87

ACAS, 89

risk reduction, 89

Carotid vessel wall area, 466

Cartesian coordinate, 315

CD62P, 48, 50

knockout mice, 50

Cell-based model

haemostasis, 46

Cerebellar hypoperfusion

SPECT, 390

Cerebral angiography

carotid interventions, 397

evolution, 127

Cerebral artery

blood velocity, 376

MRI, 192

PI, 345

Cerebral blood flow (CBF), 78, 350, 360, 387, 396

BTO, 398

carotid artery disease, 359


ICA stenosis, 365, 375

ipsilateral changes, 388

ipsilateral side, 398

maintaining, 404

MCA, 367

measurement, 393

OEF, 408

preoperative assessment, 389

Cerebral blood volume (CBV), 410

acetazolamide, 387

autoregulatory dilation, 409


Cerebral ischemia, 1

angiography, 78

PET, 78

symptoms, 78–9

TIA, 78

Cerebral metabolic rate (CMR)

and oxygen, 405

tools and quadrant segmentation, 280

Cerebral oximetry

bilateral, 377

Cerebral oxygenation, 380

NIRS, 372

Cerebral oxygen saturation, 376

Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), 78, 411

cerebrovascular response, 404

decreasing, 404

Cerebral physiology in occlusion, 398–9

Cerebral revascularization

prospective randomized trials, 74–7

Cerebral vasculature

carotid BTO, 411

Cerebral vasodilatory response (CVR)

acetazolamide, 405

symptomatic occlusion, 406

Cerebral vasospasms

subarachnoid haemorrhage, 353

TCD, 354

Cerebrovascular events

atherothrombotic emboli, 45

Chandler loop, 48

Changes TOI (deltaTOI), 380, 382

Chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), 252

Childhood risk factors

IMT, 436

Chinese

necrotic cores, 14

Chlamydia pneumoniae

IMT, 436

Cholesterol, 303

ischemic stroke, 63

treatment guidelines, 28

Cholesterol Lowering Atherosclerosis Study (CLAS), 421,

438

Circle of Willis, 403


MIP, 362

TCD, 349

Circulating monocytes, 252

Circulation

collateral, 409

Clinical endpoint

definition, 464

Index 507




Clopidogrel, 53, 61


stroke, 61

Clopidogrel and Aspirin for Reduction of Emboli in

Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis (CARESS), 53, 61

Clopidogrel in Acute Stroke and TIA (CASTIA), 61

Clopidogrel Versus Aspirin in Patients at Risk of Ischemic

Events (CAPRIE), 52, 60

Closed head injury

TCD, 354

Clot

removal, 48, 49

structure, 51

Cochrane systemic review

carotid artery stenosis endovascular treatment, 97

Code of Federal Regulations, 425

Collateral circulation, 409

Color flow imaging, 107

Color flow sonography, 109

Combination strategies, 153

Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use

(CHMP), 424–5

Common carotid artery (CCA), 105, 107, 127, 185

B-mode scan, 215


centerline velocities, 319

ICA

EDV, 122

IMT, 28, 35

blood pressure and weight, 28

shear stress, 28

NIRS, 377

PSV, 111, 122

scan, 318

schematic representation, 432

stenosis, 122

wave form findings, 106–7

Common carotid method, 131

Comparison of Amlodipine vs. Enalapril to Limit

Occurrences of Thrombosis (CAMELOT), 457

Compositional indices, 236, 245–8

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)

based haemodynamic studies of superficial arteries

MRI, 317

haemodynamics, 313

modeling, 326

Computational plaque vulnerability index, 324

Computed tomographic angiography (CTA)

high-resolution contrast enhanced, 121

Computed tomography (CT)

micro, 304

vs. MR, 459

Computed tomography angiography (CTA), 126, 152

accuracy, 128

bone masking, 163

carotid artery stenosis, 158

carotid imaging, 176

carotid luminal stenosis, 191

confirmatory, 168

vs. 2-D DSA, 128

vs. DUS, 134, 159

improving, 163

ionizing radiation, 159

vs. MRA, 159

multislice, 166

safety, 166


ulcers, 134

Computed tomography perfusion (CTP), 366

vs. DSC-MRI, 367

Computer-Aided System for Cardiovascular Disease

Evaluation (CASCADE), 235, 248, 327

automated plaque analysis, 247

Computer network security, 425

Confirmatory computerised tomography angiography,

168

Confirmatory digital subtraction angiography, 168

Confirmatory magnetic resonance angiography, 168

Continuous arterial spin labeling (CASL), 361

Contour methodology, 237

Contrast agents

brain tissue, 365

diffusion, 298

exchange

two-compartment model, 295

future, 492

novel, 149–50

Contrast-enhanced imaging pulse sequences, 489–90

Contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography

(CE MRA), 145, 174

advantages, 145

blood-pool agent, 149

dynamic, 148–9

fibrous cap, 185

increasing signals, 149

novel contrast agents, 149

phase encode ordering, 147–8

rapid 1D monitoring sequence, 147

508 Index




retrospective method, 147

screening DUS, 166

technique, 146

3D, 146, 148

MIP, 150

timing, 147

triggering methods, 147

Contrast enhanced MRI (CE MRI), 289, 292, 293, 299

delayed, 293

Contrast-enhanced T1W (CE-T1W) magnetic resonance

imaging (MRI), 237

Conventional angiography, 142

Cordis filter devices

stenosis, 102

Coronal phase contrast survey, 362

Coronary angiography

quantitative, 420–2, 424, 426

widespread, 421

Coronary arteries

donor

IVUS, 453

histology/IVUS, 198

IVUS, 227, 452

palpography, 227

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), 116

asymptomatic carotid disease, 91

Coronary artery disease (CAD), 147

amlodipine, 457


molecular imaging, 471–9

angiogenesis, 475–6

endothelial dysfunction, 474–5

Coronary atherosclerosis, 7–10


IVUS


Coronary atherosclerotic plaque

morphology, 191

Coronary heart disease (CHD), 422

calcification, 204

risk,

stroke, 63

TIA, 63

Cost, 170

calculation, 170

mean, 171

Cost-effectiveness, 167–71

ACAS, 167

DSA, 167, 173

ECST, 173, 175, 176

imaging protocols, 173

incremental ratio, 171

MRA, 173

screening, 167

stenting, 176

symptomatic patients, 171–4

Coupled fluid/wall interactions modelling, 318

Cox regression analysis, 187

C-reactive protein (CRP), 15, 25, 456


IMT, 436

Critical sites, 336

Critical site selection method and computational plaque

vulnerability index (CPVI), 336

finite element model, 335–6

Crohn’s disease

genetic risk factors, 431

CURE, 52

Curved planar reconstructions (CPR), 159

Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), 46

Cytochrome oxidase, 373

Dark spot

light, 282–4

Data management system, 425

2-D digital subtraction angiography (DSA)

vs. MRA, 128

Death

CABG, 91


perioperative

ACST, 88


Decision analysis modelling, 167

Decision trees, 168

DeltaFV, 380

Delta LDF, 380

DeltaTOI, 380, 382

Dense SNP map, 433

Deoxyglucose, 258

DESPOT1, 490

DESPOT2, 490

Dextran, 353

Diabetes mellitus, 147

IMT, 438

Dietary antioxidants, 65

Dietary fiber


Index 509




Dietary modification


Dietary saturated fat intake

IMT, 436

Diffusion-based (DIFF) flow suppression pre-pulses, 490

Diffusion modeling, 298

vessel lumen, 297

Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), 487

magnetic resonance


necrotic core, 487

Diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging


Digital subtraction angiography (DSA), 126

accuracy, 167, 174

complications, 128–31

cause, 130

confirmatory, 168

conventional, 129

cost-effectiveness, 167, 173

current trends and controversies, 134

disparate results, 173

vs. DUS, 135

gold standard, 166

intravenous

replacing intra-arterial DSA, 127

limitations, 128

vs. MRA, 128, 140, 153

vs. MRI, 134

non-circular stenotic lumens, 128

risks, 167

rotational

ICA stenosis, 128

silent embolic events, 130

stenosis, 79, 158


with ultrasound and MRA, 152

Dimethylarginine

IMT, 436

Dipyridamole

aspirin, 60

Disability

stroke, 86

improvement, 98

Discounting, 171

Discount rates, 171

Distal embolic protection (DEP), 74, 75

carotid occlusive disease, 76

Distal internal carotid artery, 106

DNA

phenotype, 336, 487

polymorphic characterization, 337

polymorphisms, 35

Doppler angle, 109, 121

Doppler-derived velocity waveforms, 105

Doppler effect, 208

CW Doppler system, 208

Doppler sample volume, 107

Doppler shift, 342

Doppler signal, 349

Doppler spectral signal, 349

Doppler ultrasound (DUS), 317

accuracy, 175




vs. CTA, 134, 159

diagnostic accuracy, 174

vs. DSA, 135, 174

historical development, 430

vs. MRA, 134, 175

safety, 166

screening, 168

confirmatory DSA, 175

with confirmatory DUS, MRA, or CTA, 134

confirmatory MRA, 135

sensitivity, 152

stenosis, 79


TOF MRA with DSA, 173

Doppler waveforms, 105, 107

Double inversion recovery (DIR), 290, 291, 485

FSE, 486

inversion packet, 485

Double inversions with proximal labeling of both tag and

control images (DIPLOMA), 360

Driven equilibrium single pulse observation in three

dimensions (DESPOD), 489

Drug development, 426

contrast-enhanced MRI, 299

Dual frequency methods, 347

Duplex criteria


Duplex-derived waveforms

spectral analysis

ICA stenosis, 110

Duplex devices

phantom model, 149

510 Index




Duplex velocity criteria

OHSU

ICA stenosis, 111

Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance

angiography, 148–9

Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance

imaging, 289, 293–5

plaque imaging, 297

Dynamic susceptibility contrast magnetic resonant

imaging (DSC-MRI), 364

ASL, 366

deconvolution method, 365

PET, 366

post-processing, 366

spatial resolution, 365

temporal resolution, 365

Early atherosclerosis

ultrasound, 210–1

Echocardiography (ECG)

carotid thromboembolism, 62

with short TR gradient echoes, 142

Echo planar imaging (EPI), 316

Echoplanar imaging and signal targetting with alternating

RF (EPISTAR), 360

Echo time (TE), 142

long, 141

Electroencephalography (EEG)

carotid clamping, 344

carotid endarterectomy, 79, 80


CBF, 411

intraoperative monitoring, 82

Electromagnetic position and orientation measurement

(EPOM), 315

Elevated blood pressure

stroke, 14

Elliptic centric, 148

Embolisation

haemostatic factors, 48, 49

particulate, 352

risk, 52

Embolism

flow reversal techniques, 102

formation, 46, 50–2

clinical studies, 152

in vitro models and animal studies, 48–50

haematological formation, 45–53


Endarterectomy. See also Carotid endarterectomy (CE)

ACST


benefits, 69

ECST, 66, 76

vs. stents, 74, 76, 91, 98

stroke, 2

symptomatic vs. asymptomatic, 305

Endarterectomy Versus Angioplasty in Patients with

Severe Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis (EVA), 98

3S Investigators, 91, 102, 153

End-diastolic velocity (EDV), 108, 116

CCA, 106

stenosis, 107

Endoplasmic reticular (ER) stress, 252

Endovascular treatment

evolution, 99

End point

myocardial infarction, 75

stroke, 75

End point studies, 424

EP-1242, 476

Epanechnikov kernel for density estimation, 239

Eph kinases, 50

Ephrins, 50

EP-2104R, 476

Erasmus Rucphen Family (ERF), 46

E selectin

IMT, 436

MRI, 475

ESTABLISH, 457

ETC-216, 455

Ethnic groups, 52

IMT, 436

European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST), 60, 74

angiographic ulceration on DSA, 133

carotid artery stenosis surgery, 166

carotid endarterectomy

vs. medical therapy, 169

subtotal ICA stenosis, 217

carotid stenosis measurement, 132

carotid surgery, 94

time, 95

cost-effectiveness, 173, 175, 176

DSA, 126

endarterectomy, 66, 76

final results, 126

ICA measurement, 131

ICA stenosis criteria, 111

Index 511




European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST) (cont.)

luminal stenosis, 272

reliability, 67

secondary prevention, 94

stroke, 87

medical treatment, 67

stroke risk, 191

European Carotid Trialists Collaborative Group, 87

European Medicines Agency (EMEA), 424–6

European Stroke Prevention Study 2 (ESPS-2), 60

Everolimus

heart transplant, 458

intimal thickness, 458

IVUS, 458

Exercise

IMT, 439

External carotid artery (ECA), 80, 105, 381


dissection, 80

pressure conditions, 330


sequential clamping, 378

stenosis, 122

scan, 318

External elastic membrane (EEM), 452

Extracellular matrix, 477

Extracranial carotid artery segments


Extracranial carotid stenosis

Doppler ultrasound, 327

Extracranial-intracranial bypass (ECIC), 72, 73, 77–8, 397,

399, 412


CBF, 412

cerebral hemodynamic reserve, 412


summary, 78

symptomatic carotid disease, 72–83

symptomatic internal carotic artery occlusion, 72

Extracranial vascular disease

TCD, 350

Extravascular extracellular space (EES), 295

Factor VII (FVIIa), 46

Factor XIII (FXIII), 48

Factor XIIIa (FXIIIa), 48

Familial Atherosclerosis Treatment Study (FATS), 15

Familial cardiovascular disease

subclinical atherosclerosis, 25

Familial predisposition, 25

Fast Assessment of Stroke and Transient

Ischemic Attack to Prevent Early Recurrency

(FASTER), 61

Fast Fourier transform, 347, 419

Fast-spin-echo (FSE)/rapid acquisition, 485

Fatty plaque, 1

Fatty streak, 1, 471

mature atherosclerotic plaque, 471

FE model, 325

Femoral artery

stents, 100

Ferumoxtran-10, 274

Fibrin

fibres, 48

imaging, 263–6

plaque, 266

Fibrinogen, 48, 51

embolisation risk, 51

plasma, 51

stabilising role, 51

Fibrinogen gamma-chain (QADVG), 51

Fibrinolysis, 48, 49

Fibroatheroma, 2

Fibronectin, 51, 476

Fibrous cap, 9, 183, 272, 458

asymptomatic plaque

vs. symptomatic plaque, 277

B-mode scan, 215

disruption, 236

erosions, 215

gadolinium enhanced plaque imaging, 293

MRI, 184, 187, 309

TIA vs. stroke, 187

vulnerable atheroma, 272

Fibrous caps

ruptured, 474

Fibrous connective tissue, 183

Fibrous-rich plaque

density values, 200

Fibrous-rich regions

MDCT, 199

Fibrous tissue

mean value, 180

Filter device

embolus, 99

Finite element mesh

fluid domain, 329

solid domain, 329

512 Index




Finite element method

computational prediction clinical validation, 336

3D fluid-only MRI-based models, 326

3D structure-only plaque models, 326

mechanical image analysis, 324–38

trends, 336

Finite element model

3D CFD models with fluid-structure interactions, 326–7

higher pressure and stenosis severity, 331

material parameters, 333

modeling assumptions, 332

MRI-based multicomponent models with FSI, 327–35

plaque samples, 332–5

plaque structure, lipid core cap thickness, cap erosion,

333–5

solid and fluid, 329–30

stress behaviors, 333

in vivo MRI images, 330

5A/6A polymorphisms, 430

MMP3 promoter, 430

FLAIR axial images, 308

Flow conditions

MRI, 313

Flow sensitive alternating inversion recovery (FAIR), 360

ITS, 361

Flow shear rates, 50

Flow simulations, 317

Flow velocity (FV), 108, 377

changes, 380

ICA, 382

Fluid structure interaction (FSI), 314

flow, 331

plaque mechanical analysis, 324

stress/strain, 331

Fluorine-18 labelled deoxyglucose positron emission

tomography (FDG-PET), 258, 423

atherosclerosis, 259, 260

plaque macrophages, 258

Fluvastatin (Lescol), 419

Foam cell generation

imaging, 253–7

Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 424

atherosclerosis markers, 431

IMT

B-mode ultrasound


Fourier transform (FT), 142

Framingham Heart Study, 26, 29

carotid bruit incidence, 23

C-reactive protein, 25

offspring cohort, 25

risk factors, 24

stroke, 86

Framingham Offspring cohort, 76, 408, 433

Free MS-325, 149

French Study of Aortic Plaques in Stroke Group, 17

Frequency modulation, 347

Future technical developments, 484–93

FVIIa, 46

FXIII, 48

FXIIIa, 48

Gadobenate dimeglumine, 149

Gadofluorine, 289, 477, 490


Gadolinium (Gd)

atherosclerotic plaques, 299

atoms per nanoparticle, 289

atoms per particle, 290

based agents, 288–9


USPIO, 290

based enzyme pseudosubstrate, 492

calcification, 292

chelates, 475

delayed plaque enhancement, 290–3

enhanced plaque imaging, 288–300

adventitial vasa vasorum, 291

diffusion modeling, 296–7

histology vs. MRI, 292

image processing, 294–5


kinetic modeling, 295–6

carotid atherosclerosis, 296

molecular imaging agents, 289–90

plaque composition, 293

plaque enhancement, 293–7

tissue specific characteristics, 291–3

MRI, 291, 475

Gadolinium (Gd)-DTPA, 288, 289, 474

phospholipids, 479

standard, 146

Gadolinium (Gd)-DTPA-BMA, 288

Gadolinium (Gd)-DTPA-DMPE, 480

Gaussian function, 243

Gender

vascular biology, 308

Index 513




Genetic factors, 35

carotid artery plaque, 455

IMT, 37

obesity, 37

Genetic polymorphisms

IMT, 431

Genetic studies

population, 26

Genetic variants

IMT, 35

Giant intracranial aneurysms, 397

Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia, 50

Global maximum Stress-P1, 338

Glucose intolerance

carotid IMT, 25

Glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1), 432, 436

Glycoprotein (GP)

Ib alpha receptor, 46

IIb-III, 50

IIIa receptor, 334

lb-IIIa antagonists, 52

lb-IX-V, 50

Gradient ascent

estimated probability density function, 239

Gradient coils, 491

Gradient echo acquisition for superparamagnetic particles

with positive contrast (GRASP), 282

sequence, 283

Granulomatous plaque

hypertension, 15

GRAPPA, 148, 486

Gray-scale images, 105, 107

GRE spiral, 276

Haemorrhage

plaque, 306

Haemostasis, 46

Haeomdynamic forces


Healed plaque ruptures, 11

Health economic modelling, 183

Health Technology Assessment, 176

Heart Protection Study (HPS), 63

Heart transplant

everolimus, 458

Hemorrhage, 8

MRI, 186

subarachnoid

with DSA, 130

Hemostasis


Heparin


intravenous


Hexamethyl propylene amine oxime (HMPAO)


single photon computed tomography, 402, 403

High density lipoprotein (HDL)

IVUS, 455

plaque, 455

High density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), 421

High pressure


High-resolution contrast enhanced computed tomo-

graphic angiography, 121

Histology, 309

Histopathological plaque vulnerability index (HPVI), 336,

338

HMG-CoA reductase, 422

Homocysteine


IMT, 436

Hormone replacement

IMT, 438

Hounsfield units (HU), 192

Human atheroma imaging, 266

Human immunodeficiency virus infection


Hydrogen peroxide, 492

Hypercarbia, 399

Hypercholesterolemia

plaque rupture, 7

Hyperfibrinogenemia

carotid thrombosis predictor, 8

Hyperfusion

CT, 390

MRI, 390

Hyperfusion syndromes, 390

Hyperlipidemia

left vertebral ischemic events, 67

Hyperperfusion syndrome

blood pressure, 392

Hypertension

OSI, 320

pulmonary, 303

stroke, 17

TAWSS, 320

514 Index




Hyperventilation, 351

Hypoechoic plaque, 439

Hypoxia, 399123I-IMP single photon computed tomography, 388, 409

Image acquisition, 425

Image analysis, 425

Image-based computational models, 313

atherosclerotic plaques, 325–7

Image post-processing, 235–48

Image quality (ImQ), 465

Imaging

asymptomatic, 174–5

standardised protocols, 318

Incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER), 171

Indirect immunofluorescence confirmed TRF1, 266

Inflammation

atherosclerosis progression, 303

Inflammatory atheroma burden

quantitative assessment, 282

Inflammatory disease

IMT, 436

Inflammatory process

vulnerable plaque, 272

Infrared (IR)

D-FLASH, 489

turboFLASH, 489111In-labeled tracer, 267

Innominate artery stenosis, 201

In-plane resolution, 309

Insulin sensitivity

IMT, 436

Intensive care unit


Intensive Carotid Artery Stenosis Treatment Trial, 176

Intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM), 304

IMT, 436

Interleukin 6 (IL-6 ) polymorphism, 66

Internal carotid artery (ICA), 169, 330, 381, 397


atherosclerotic carotid plaque

3D volume, 210

atherosclerotic stenosis, 185

B-mode scan, 215


CBF, 366

changes TOI, 380

clamping, 376

coils and kinks, 197

contralateral to high-grade stenosis, 199

distal, 106

Doppler-derived flow velocities, 200

DSA, 133

EDV, 202

fibrous cap, 276

follow-up duplex imaging, 349

1623, 80


stenosis, 14

IMT, 35

ipsilateral, 117

IVUS, 229

kinds and coils, 236

turbulence, 238

labeling, 362

MDCT, 193

MRA, 229

NIRS, 377

non-operated, 246

occlusion, 247

CBF ipsilateral, 366

Doppler, 257

ultrasound, 259

pressure conditions, 330

proximal plaque, 262

PSV, 111, 264

EDV, 441

scan, 318


sequential clamping, 378

severity, 277

stenosis, 131

angiography, 97

tortuosity, 279

TURBO-TILT, 361


Internal carotid artery (ICA)/common carotid artery

(CCA) peak systolic velocity (PSV) ratio, 116

Internal carotid artery (ICA)/common carotid artery

(CCA) ratio, 115

Internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis, 116, 292, 294, 358,

389

ACAS criteria, 110–2

asymptomatic patient

angiogram, 298

bilateral, 298


CBF, 365, 375

Index 515




Internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis (cont.)

consensus committee criteria, 318

Doppler measurements, 319, 320, 328

inaccuracies, 329

DSA, 160

ECIC bypass, 403

flow territory, 363

hyperfusion syndrome, 391

ICA/CCA, 113

ICA/CCA PSV, 334

ICA EDV, 113

ICA PSV, 113, 336–8

MIP, 160

power Doppler, 209

PSV ratio, 113

SPECT, 391

stratifying, 361

Internal carotid intima media thickness, 28

apolipoprotein B, 28


Internal jugular vein, 80

International Carotid Surgery and Stenting Carotid Study

(ICSS), 91, 98

International Symposium on Endovascular Therapy,

379

Intima media thickness (IMT), 24, 27, 35, 292, 424, 426.

See also Carotid intima media thickness

age-dependence, 27

biologic validity, 442

B-mode ultrasound, 406, 426, 431, 432

arterial dimensions, 452


evaluation, 454

histology, 466

interadventitial diameter, 467

normative values, 468

predictor, 473

reproducibility, 475

validity, 477

cardiovascular risk factors, 478

clinical events, 480

common carotid artery, 28

blood pressure and weight, 28

shear stress, 28

coronary artery disease, 437

diabetes mellitus, 438

dietary saturated fat intake, 436

dimethylarginine, 436


heritable risk factors, 436

internal carotid, 28

apolipoprotein B, 28

CAD, 440


IVUS, 422


Mannheim consensus statement, 211

mean, 434

MRI, 242

near wall, 433

pharmaceutical interventions, 430–42

predicting CHD and stroke, 26

progression, 29, 437–8

risk factors, 29

quantification

variability, 78

risk factors, 421

stable measure, 441

stenosis, 25

stroke

ARIC, 439

stroke and myocardial infarction risk, 27

surrogate outcome, 441

symptomatic coronary artery disease, 439

symptomatic vascular disease, 439

ultrasound, 28, 211

methodology, 39

Intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), 334

receptors, 475

Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC), 183

Intra-coronary thrombus, 476

Intracranial vascular disease

TCD, 353–4

Intraluminal shunt

general anesthesia, 376

ischaemia prevention, 376

Intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH), 10, 183, 304

atheromatous plaque, 303

carotid, 10, 308


disease progression, 307

fibrous cap, 304

gender, 308

increased risk, 305

initial presentation, 308

vs. juxtaluminal hemorrhage, 185–6

localization, 309

LRNC, 186

516 Index




mean value, 180

MRI, 307, 308

neovessels, 304

noninvasive identification, 310

plaque inflammation, 305

plaque pathophysiology, 306

repetitive, 306

sensitivity, 307

symptoms, 307, 310

vessel density, 305

Intravascular thrombus, 306

Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), 223–9, 422

acute coronary syndrome, 455

aggressive lipid lowering, 456

angiography

limitations, 224

applications, 228

arterial wall remodeling, 454

atheroma, 422

atherosclerosis imaging modalities, 452


automated pullback system, 422

blood pressure

plaque, 457

clinical, 223

coronary plaque characterization, 225

coronary remodeling, 228

future directions, 228

history, 223

lessons, 453–5

lipid lowering

atherosclerotic plaque, 455–6

mechanical catheters, 224


pharmaceutical interventions,

plaque composition, 458–9

plaque regression, 456

progression-regression, 225–6

quantitative and qualitative, 224–5

radiofrequency backscatter, 458

restenosis, 458

RF, 226–8

safety, 224, 452

serial, 455

everolimus, 458

shear stress, 228

stable ischemia, 1

statins, 456–7

early administration, 457

technology, 223–4

transducer, 453

vascular pathology, 457

VH

vs. palpography, 228

vulnerable plaque, 226, 228

Intravenous digital subtraction angiography

replacing intra-arterial DSA, 127

Intravenous heparin


Intravital microscopy, 49

Inversion-recovery (IR), 490

Inversion recovery on-resonance water suppression

(IRON), 282

INVOS 3100, 376

INVOS 4100, 376

Ipsilateral internal carotid artery (ICA), 117

Ipsilateral ischemic stroke, 67

absolute risk, 68


improvement, 98

Ipsilateral major stroke

vs. TIA

thrombotically active plaque, 3

Ipsilateral stroke

OEF, 407

women, 66

Iron-specific pulse sequences, 490

Ischemia

NIRS, 377

stable

IVUS, 454

Ischemic attack, 474

Ischemic events, 458

Ischemic stroke, 261

ACST, 89


carotid territory, 87

cholesterol, 63

DWI, 62

extracranial plaque rupture, 272

ipsilateral, 67

absolute risk, 68


improvement, 98

symptomatic carotid stenosis or occlusion, 72

vitamin B12, 65

warfarin, 62

ITS-flow sensitive alternating inversion recovery, 361

Index 517




Jugular vein

overlapping carotid bifurcation, 159

pixel-level kinetic modeling, 358

Kalman filter, 294

Kalman Filtering Registration and Smoothing (KFRS)

algorithm, 294

Kalman smoother, 295

Kentucky trial, 98

k-space, 148

Lagrangian-Eulerian formulation, 329

Laminar flow, 4

Laser Doppler flow (LDF), 377, 379, 381

changes, 380

Leicester trial, 98

Leptomengial vessels


Lescol, 419

Lesion indices, 236–7

Levovist, 216

Lifestyle management

IMT, 438, 439

Light

extracerebral layers, 373

Linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE), 294

Linear orthotropic elastic models, 325

Lipid

serum, 15

Lipid core, 473


Lipid-lowering therapies

carotid IMT progression, 29

IMT, 438

Lipid-rich necrotic core (LRNC), 183, 227, 465, 468,

469

identification, 183

mean value, 180

MRI, 184

percent, 465, 469

Lipid-rich plaques

density values, 200

Lipid-rich regions

MDCT, 199

Lipoprotein phagocytosis

imaging, 253–7

Local stress/strain, 336

Long echo times, 141

Lovastatin (Mevacor), 419

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), 471

apheresis

plaque regression, 456

cell death, 303

IVUS, 455

MRI, 467

statins, 455

uptake, 471

VCAN, 304

vulnerable lesions, 253

Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), 421, 468, 469

IMT, 437

lowering, 422

MRI, 466

plaque, 467

Lumen detection, 239–40

modes, 240

Luminology, 159

Lymph node metastatic disease, 274

Macrophage accumulation, 274

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), 471

Macrophages, 458, 478

gadolinium imaging, 479

loose matrix, 293

markers, 284

neovasculature, 293

Macrophage scavenger receptor (MSR), 479

Macrophage stress

imaging, 257–8

Magnetic resonance (MR)

contrast-weightings, 488

direct thrombus image, 310

hardware, 490

pulse sequences, 485

scanner and field strength, 490–1

virtual histology

atherosclerosis, 484–5

Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), 126, 288

accuracy, 128, 174, 175

CBF, 78

clinical perspectives, 150–3

confirmatory, 168


vs. CTA, 159

current state, 140

vs. 2-D DSA, 128

vs. DSA, 128, 140, 152, 153

vs. DUS, 134

518 Index




high-resolution contrast enhanced, 121

overestimation, 153

phase-contrast, 143–4

bipolar imaging gradient, 143

directionally sensitivity, 143

popularity, 262–3

promise, 289

proximal carotid arteries, 314

safety, 166

sequence, 147

stenosis, 79


3D TOF, 142

ulcers, 134

Magnetic resonance diffusion weighted imaging


Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

advantages, 180, 485

artifacts

smoothing, 329

based FSI models, 327

based multicomponent models with FSI

image acquisition and 3D geometry reconstruction,

327–9

benefits, 242

carotid

clinical studies, 465


compositional indices, 245

contrast agents, 476

DCE, 289

diffusion weighted


vs. DSA, 134

dynamic contrast-enhanced, 289, 293–5

plaque imaging, 297

effectiveness, 484

effect on new compounds, 465

five-site carotid, 465

gadolinium contrast-enhanced

fibrous cap, 185

lipid-rich necrotic core, 185

gadolinum-enhanced, 475

haemodynamics, 313

high-risk patients, 472

IMT, 242

IPH, 307, 308

multi-contrast, 472–4, 484, 486–7

carotid artery, 473

plaque, 472

PC, 326

PDW, 237

phase contrast, 326

plaque, 180, 465

plaque imaging

multi-center trials, 465

pharmaceutical interventions, 464–9

plaque structure cellular content, 485

thrombosis, 306

T1W, 237, 242

T2W, 237

virtual histology, 485


Magnitude image, 144

Malondialdehyde-2 (MDA2), 253

Management of Atherothrombosis with Clopidogrel in

High-risk (MATCH), 60, 61

Mannheim intima media thickness consensus statement,

211

Markers

macrophages, 284

Markov models, 168, 170, 173, 240

cycles, 168

evaluation, 168

Matched Mask Bone Elimination (MMBE), 163

Mathaemoglobin, 306

Matrix

gadolinium, 292

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), 253, 263, 478

inhibitor, 263

Matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1), 261, 471

Matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3), 46, 53, 252

genes

mapping, 327

location, 325

tA/6A promoter polymorphism

IMT, 436

Matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP7), 284

Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), 284

Maximum intensity projection (MIP), 161

cervical arteries, 163

stenosis, 141

Maximum intimal medial thickness (M-IMT)

revascularized vessels, 16

MCA signal, 349, 351

MCP-1, 252

Mean arterial pressure (MAP), 402

Mean blood flow velocity (MBFV), 402

Index 519




Mean cost, 171

Mean fibrous cap thickness, 7

Mean transit time (MTT), 367

MCA, 367

Mechanical forces

plaque progression and rupture, 324

Mechanical image analysis

computations models

motivation, 324

Medical Decision Making, 168

Medical Research Council (MRC)

surgery, 94

Mediterranean diet, 65

Medtronic AVE Self-expanding Carotid Stent System with

Distal Protection in the Treatment of Carotid Stenosis

(MAVERICK), 97

Mesh analysis, 330

Metabolic syndrome


IMT, 436

Methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase

IMT, 35

Mevacor, 419

Micro computerized tomography, 304

Micro-embolic signals (MES), 61

Microscopy

intravital, 49

Middle cerebral artery (MCA), 363

CBF, 367

MES, 61

MITT, 375

occlusions, 389

scatter plot, 382

stenosis

ECIC bypass, 403

TCD, 341

TTP, 367

Middle cerebral artery velocity (MCmV), 344

Mild stenosis

ultrasound, 212

Misery perfusion, 387

risk factors, 389

Moderate stenosis

ultrasound, 212

Modifiable risk factors

stroke, 14

Monoclonal antibodies, 266

Monocytes

circulating, 252

recruitment

imaging, 261–2

Monte-Carlo simulations, 168, 374

Mooney-Rivlin model, 329, 330

Morphological indices, 241–2

Morphology-Enhanced Probabilistic Plaque Segmentation

(MEPPS), 243, 247

core task, 243

histology-guided measurements, 245

manual review, 243

MS-325

albumin, 289

MRA, 289

Multicomponent computational models

MRI, 324

Multicomponent plaque model, 330

Multi-contrast magnetic resonance imaging, 472–4, 484,

486–7

carotid artery, 473

plaque, 472

Multi-contrast weighted imaging

protocol, 181

Multidisciplinary team (MDT)

stenosis, 95

Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, 29

Multiplanar reconstructions (MPR), 159

Multiple Overlapping Thin Slab Acquisition (MOTSA),

142, 148

Multiple regression analysis

statin therapy, 186

Multislice computerised tomography (MSCT), 423

plaque, 192

Multislice computerised tomography angiography, 166

Multivitamin supplementation, 65

Myeloperoxidase (MPO), 492

inflammation, 493

Myocardial infarction (MI)

family history, 36

N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), 405, 406

National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on

Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood

Cholesterol in Adults

cholesterol lowering treatment guidelines, 28

National Instituted of Health

standardized terminology, 464

Navier-Stokes equations, 315, 316, 329

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), 372, 379

brain, 372

520 Index




clinically useful, 372

deoxyhemoglobin, 377

optodes, 379

oxyhemoglobin, 377

reflectance mode oximetry, 373

signal, 373

Necrotic core


gadolinium, 292

intraplaque hemorrhage, 236

vulnerable atheroma, 272

Negative local gradient, 283

Negative predictive value (NPV), 399

Neointimal hyperplasia

solid organ transplantation, 458

Neovasculature I

gadolinium, 292

Neovessels, 475

Nerve of Hering, 293

Neurological deficit

metabolic parameters, 404

New pharmaceuticals

angiography, 420–1

clinical criteria, 420

clinical validation, 426

congruency, 420

efficiency, 420

hardware, 425

intervention, 420

linkage, 420

surrogate marker, 420

technical validation, 425–6

ultrasound, 421–3

vascular imaging and clinical development, 418–26

vascular imaging technologies and endpoints,

420–3

Niacin, 419

IMT, 438

Niaspan, 419

IMT, 43899mTc-annexin-A5, 258

NIRO 300, 374–5, 377

cerebral ischaemia, 377

N-isopropyl-p[123I]-iodoamphetamine (123I-IMP), 388

Nitric oxide, 471

Nitric oxide synthase

IMT, 35

Nodular calcified plaque, 12

Nonlinear isotropic models, 325

Non-stenotic plaque

FDG-PET, 262

Normalized wall index (NWI), 465

North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy

Trial (NASCET), 2, 59, 74


angiographic ulceration on DSA, 132

angioplasty, 96

asymptomatic, 191

carotid artery stenosis CTA

post-processing techniques, 159

carotid artery stenosis measurement, 132, 162

carotid artery stenosis surgery, 166

carotid endarterectomy vs. medical therapy, 169

carotid surgery, 94

time, 95

clinical efficacy, 173

cost-effectiveness, 173, 175, 176

criteria, 133

DSA, 126, 127

DSA complications, 130

DSA ulcers, 133

sensitivity, 133

endarterectomy, 66, 76

ICA measurement, 131

ICA stenosis criteria, 110–2

luminal stenosis, 272

outcomes, 173

randomization, 75

risk, 67

stenosis, 94

identification, 111

stroke, 67

Northern Manhattan Family Study, 48, 409

Novel contrast agents, 149–50

Novel ultrasound reagents, 423

Obesity

abdominal


genetic factors, 37

Occlusion

Doppler measurements, 113

hemodynamic effects, 387

vs. stenosis, 410

Occlusive carotid disease, 6

Occlusive lesions

color Doppler imaging, 115

Omohyoid muscle, 80

Index 521




Ophthalmic artery


Optical coherence tomography (OCT), 459

Optode spacing, 379

Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU)

ICA stenosis, 111

OSI, 168


Outcome of Rosuvastatin Treatment on Carotid Artery

Atheroma (ORION), 468

Outer wall detection, 240–1

Oxford Community Stroke Project, 94

Oxidized LDL (oxLDL), 253, 257, 471

Oxygen extraction fraction (OEF), 78, 406

acetazolamide, 387


CVR, 405

defined, 405

dynamic nature, 405

increasing, 404

normal, 408

PET, 404

P792,

Parallel imaging techniques, 148

Paramagnetic agents, 475

Paraoxonase system, 431

IMT, 35

Particulate embolisation, 352

Passive smoking


IMT, 436

Passive targeting, 218

Pathologic intimal thickening, 2

Peak systolic velocity (PSV), 108, 116

common carotid, 106

Doppler flow quality, 122

stenosis, 107

Percent lipid-rich necrotic core (%LRNC), 465, 469

Percent stenosis

stroke risk, 2

Perclose, 100

Periodically overlapping parallel lines with enhanced

reconstruction (PROPELLER), 487

Perioperative death

ACST, 88


Perioperative stroke


Peripheral pulse gate

with short TR gradient echoes, 142

Phagocytosis

lipoprotein

imaging, 253–7

Pharmaceuticals. See New pharmaceuticals

Phase contrast (PC), 316

Phase contrast magnetic resonance angiography, 143–4

bipolar imaging gradient, 143

directionally sensitivity, 143

Phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging, 326

Phenotype, 35, 433

alleles, 42

Philips Achieva, 327

Phosphatidyl serine (PS), 252

Phospholipid bilayer, 46

Plaque, See also specific plaque, 171, 227

analysis automated

CASCADE, 247

blood pressure, 457


3D, 435

burden

IVUS, 452

calcification, 472


thromboembolic events, 236

cap erosion, 335

circumferential dissection, 81

composition, 242–8

computational mechanical models

controlling factors, 337

CT, 191–205

blooming artifact, 194

calcification, 197–8, 201, 204–5


characterization, 195

clinical applications, 203–5

component quantification, 202–3

contrast material, 194–5

history, 191–2

imaging protocol, 196

intraluminal attenuation, 195

lipid, 203–4

lumen surface morphology, 197, 203

non-calcified components, 198–200

quantification, 200–3

reconstruction algorithms, 195

reconstruction parameters, 193–6

522 Index




risk prediction, 203

SNR, 194, 195

thickness, 193

tube current, 194

tube energy (kVp), 193–4

validation, 197–200

vascular remodeling, 205

volume, 205

volume quantification, 200–2

window-level setting, 196

CTA, 196

calcification, 205

carotid arteries, 203

vs. DSA, 197

lumen surface morphology, 197

CTA protocol, 196

CT vs. PET, 261

DSA, 203


duplex ultrasonography

lipid, 203

EBCT

calcification, 197

echogenicity, 214

erosion, 2

stroke vs. TIA, 3

fibrous cap

MRI, 185

gross and microscopic plaque, 5

HDL, 455

healed ruptures, 11

hemorrhage

carotid artery, 8

necrotic core, 9

histological validation, 181–6

histopathological vulnerability index, 336, 338

hypoechoic, 439

imaging

contrast agents, 288–90

MRI

multi-center trials, 465

vs. IMT, 434

inflammation, 478–9

biology, 252–3

nuclear imaging, 254

IVUS, 198, 452

Ktrans value, 297

linear regression analysis, 202

MDCT, 201, 202

MMP

imaging, 262–3

morphology, 3–4, 159

cerebral infarction, 203

imaging, 180–8

IVUS, 452

symptomatic carotid disease risk factors, 14–16

symptomatic vs. asymptomatic disease, 3

motion, 215–16

MRI, 180, 337, 465

clinical implications and future directions, 187–8

clinical studies, 186–7

composition, 183–5

vs. histological classification, 181

total wall volume, 183

vessel wall size, 181–3

MSCT, 192, 198, 199, 293–4


vs. IVUS, 202

necrotic core, 3

nodular calcified, 12

non-stenotic

FDG-PET, 262

nuclear imaging, 261

progression, 22

angiogenesis in, 8, 290

repeated silent ruptures, 10–1

progression and rupture

mechanical forces, 324

quantitative mapping, 487–9

rapid progression, 186

RMI, 184

rupture, 7, 227, 314

healed, 14

predisposed, 22

segmented contour plots, 337

single slice CT, 191–2, 198

spontaneous rupture

thrombus formation, 45

stenotic, 488

vs. stroke, 187

structure cellular content

MRI, 485

surface morphology

angiographic determination, 132

symptomatic

double stained, 277

signal drop, 277

USPIO, 279

Index 523




Plaque (cont.)

symptomatic vs. asymptomatic, 3

vs. TIA, 187

ulcerated, 6

B-mode imaging, 215

ulceration, 7

unstable, 435

validation, 202

vascularity, 8

vulnerability

luminal narrowing, 10

Plasma fibrinogen, 51

Plasminogen inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), 48

platelets, 51

Platelets

activation, 46, 267

adhesion, 50

adhesion receptors, 50

agonists and emboli, 51–2

deposition, 48

embolisation, 52

imaging, 266–7

ligands, 50–1

thromboxane

inhibition, 52

Polymorphism(s), 66

5A/6A, 66

MMP3 promoter, 330

IL-6, 66

IMT

allele MMP3 tA/6A promoter, 436

genetic, 431

6A allele of the matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3)

tA/6A promoter, 436

MMP3 promoter, 330

restriction fragment length, 35

Polymorphism 174/C, 39

Population genetic studies, 26

Positive predictive value (PPV), 399

Positron emission tomography (PET), 459


CBF, 78


OEF, 404

Posterior cerebral artery (PCA), 363

Postoperative stroke

cause, 45

Postprandial lipids

IMT, 436

Poststenotic flow, 110

Poststenotic zones, 314

Pravachol, 419

Pravastatin, 419

Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection

Therapy (PROVE-IT), 457

Pre-occlusive lesions

ICA near occlusion, 115

Preoperative carotid imaging

symptomatic patients, 175

Preset pulse repetition frequency (PRF), 343

Pressure distribution, 316

Probability

estimation, 244

Probucol, 438

Protein kinase A (PKA), 51

Proton-density-weighted (PDW) magnetic resonance

imaging, 237

Proximal carotid arteries

black blood MRI, 315

boundary conditions, 316

CFD modeling, 315–17

computational mesh, 316

examples, 317–20

governing equations, 315–16

image-based computational modeling, 313–20

imaging, 314–15

parameters simulated, 316

solution methods and accuracy, 316

P-selectin (CD62P), 48, 50

knockout mice, 50

Psychosocial factors

IMT, 436

Psychosocial stress


PSY12 receptor, 52

Pulmonary artery atherosclerosis

lipid accumulation, 303

Pulmonary hypertension, 303

PULSAR, 360

Pulsed arterial spin labeling (PASL), 360

Pulse inversion harmonic imaging (PICHI)

plaque, 217

advantages, 218

p-value, 280

Quadruple inversion recovery (QIR), 275, 290, 291

FSE, 490

pulses, 490

524 Index




Quality-adjusted-life-years (QALY), 169, 170, 175

asymptomatic, 175

Quantitative coronary angiography (QCA), 420–2, 424,

426

Quantitative imaging of perfusion using a single

subtraction (QUIPSS), 360, 361

Quantitative mapping techniques, 490

Quantitative-trait loci (QTL), 76, 433

Radiofrequency coil, 491–2

inhomogeneity, 487

Radionuclide tracers, 253

Randomized clinical trials (RCT), 59

stations, 63

Rapid extended coverage (REX) double inversion recovery

(DIR)-RARE, 486

gating, 486

Rapid screening technique, 308

Receiver-operator characteristics (ROC) curves, 111

Recombinant high-density lipoprotein (rHDL), 479

Red blood cells

lipid core, 307

Regional cerebrovascular reactivity (rCVR), 387, 389

Registration, 242–4

algorithm

carotid artery, 242

Relative risk reduction (RRR), 61

Relaxation enhancement sequence, 485

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms

(RFLP), 35

Reticuloendothelial system (RES), 273

Reversal of Atherosclerosis with Aggressive Lipid Lowering

(REVERSAL), 456

Rigid wall models, 318

Rosuvastatin, 468, 469

Rotational digital subtraction angiography

ICA stenosis, 128

Rotterdam Heart Study, 24, 439

carotid IMT, 26

C-reactive protein, 25

Rupture

biology, 252–3

Ruptured fibrous caps, 474

Safety

CTA, 166

DUS, 166

IVUS, 224, 452

MRA, 166

Salt restriction, 65

Sample volume length (SVL), 343, 347

Scavenger receptor type 1 (SCARB1), 26, 39

Screening

asymptomatic carotid stenosis, 90–1

complicated plaque, 309


3D multicomponent computational models, 324

DUS

confirmatory DSA, 175

with confirmatory DUS, MRA, or CTA, 134

confirmatory MRA, 135

rapid technique, 308

ultrasound

with confirmatory MRA, 151

Segmentation, 243–5

MEPPS, 246

Selectiva wire, 100

Selective arterial spin labeling, 362

SENSE, 148, 486

Sensitivity analyses, 171

Serial intravascular ultrasound

everolimus, 458

Serum amyloid A


Serum lipids, 15

Severe stenosis

ultrasound, 212

Shaded Surface Display (SSD), 160

Shear forces, 6

Shear stress, 471, 472

IVUS, 228

Shunts


Signal decrease, 275

Signal loss, 281

Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), 144, 147, 180, 295, 487,

491

Simvastatin (Zocor), 419

aortic atherosclerotic plaques, 467

Sinerem

human carotid atheroma, 275

Single photon computed tomography (SPECT), 387–93,

402

acetazolamide, 408

CBF, 78


HMPAO, 402, 403

123I-IMP, 388, 409

Index 525




6A allele of the matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3) tA/6A

promoter polymorphisms

IMT, 436

Skull

TCD, 347

Slab boundary artefact (SBA), 142

Sleep apnea, 399

SMASH, 148

Smokers, 51

Smoking, 197

lifestyle modification, 65

passive


stroke, 15

Smoking cessation, 65

Snakes, 237

SNP

polymorphic site, 40, 41

structure, 40

Soluble factors, 50–1

Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP), 376, 377

Space Protected Angioplasty versus Carotid

Endarterectomy (SPACE), 91, 98

Specific targeting, 218

Spectrally selective RF pulse, 283

Speed image, 144

SPIRIT, 61

Spontaneous plaque rupture

thrombus formation, 45

St. Louis Carotid Occlusion Study (STLCOS), 407

stroke, 408

St. Louis Carotid Trial

CBV, 405

Stable ischemia

IVUS, 454

STA/middle cerebral artery (MCA) bypass, 83

Standard gadolinium (Gd)-DTPA, 146

Standards for the Reporting and Design of Studies of

Diagnostic Accuracy (STARD), 151, 174

Statins, 15, 472


carotid plaques, 473

cerebral vasoreactivity, 64

IVUS, 456–7

early administration, 457

Steady-state free precession (SSFP), 315

Steal phenomenon, 405, 408

Stenosis, 74, 75, 107. See also Internal carotid artery (ICA)

stenosis

angiography

surgical benefit, 75

asymptomatic

Doppler, 118

bilateral high-grade, 118–19

continuous wave Doppler, 24

3D CE MRA, 152

detecting and assessing, 106

Doppler, 107–10

DSA, 79, 158

DSA vs. 3D CE MRA, 152

DUS, 79

ECA, 122

scan, 318

EDV, 107

ICA

classification, 110

ICA angiographic, 110

inflated balloon, 96

innominate artery, 107

internal carotid artery, 14

low pressure, 304

MCA

ECIC bypass, 403

mild

ultrasound, 212

moderate

ultrasound, 212

MRA, 79

NASCET, 94

identification, 111

nonsevere, 302

vs. occlusion, 410

percent

stroke risk, 2

post radiation, 100

PSV, 107

stenosis, 122

pulse wave Doppler, 24

severe

ultrasound, 212

severity


stenosis, 25

subtotal

ultrasound, 212

symptomatic lesions, 2

Stenotic plaque

imaging, 488

526 Index




Stent and Angioplasty With Protection for Patients at High

Risk for Endarterectomy (SAPPHIRE), 75, 98

Stenting, 97. See also Carotid stenting

advantages, 99

carotid arteries, 122

thresholds, 122


drawbacks, 99

evidence, 95–9



TCD, 351

trials, 73

Stenting of High Risk Patients Extracranial Lesions Trial

with Embolic Removal (SHELTER), 97

Stent Protected Percutaneous Angioplastyversus Carotid

Endarterectomy (SPACE), 98

Stents, 96


vs. endarterectomy, 74, 76, 91, 98

femoral artery, 100

Symbiot covered, 101

Sternocleidomastoid muscle, 80

Strain-P1, 335

Stress

behaviors

finite element model, 333

ER, 252

FSI model, 331

high pressure, 332

local, 336

macrophage

imaging, 257–8

psychosocial


reduction

IMT, 439

shear, 471, 472

IVUS, 228

thinner plaque cap, 334

wall shear, 314, 317

Stress-P1, 332, 334, 336, 338

Stress-stretch curve, 330

Stroke, 52, 94. See also Ipsilateral ischemic stroke;

Ischemic stroke

ACAS, 87

ACST, 95

asymptomatic patients, 95

age-adjusted incidence rate of, 39

angioplasty, 96

aortic plaque, 17


atorvastatin, 63

blood pressure lowering,

CABG, 91

calcification, 204


carotid disease, 64


carotid IMT, 27

carotid occlusion, 407

carotid plaque, 187

carotid sacrifice, 399–403


CBV, 409


cerebral revascularization, 74

cerebral TIA, 66

CHD, 63

clopidogrel, 61

coronary atherosclerosis


CT, 191

disability, 86

with DSA complications, 129–31

ECST, 87

medical treatment, 67

elevated blood pressure, 14

endarterectomy, 2

end point, 75

Framingham Heart Study, 86

hypertension, 14

IMT, 440

ARIC, 439

incidence, 1, 72, 86

ipsilateral

OEF, 407

women, 66

ischaemic


ischemic, 261

ACST, 89



cholesterol, 63

DWI, 62

IVUS, 273

modifiable risk factors, 14

Index 527




Stroke (cont.)

mortality, 86

MRI, 273

NASCET, 67

OEF, 78

Oxford, 94

percent stenosis, 2

perioperative


plaque ulcerations

DSA, 203

postoperative

cause, 45

prevention, 60

reduction, 88

British Government, 86

retinal events, 66

risk

ECST, 191

percent stenosis, 2

risk factors, 14, 64

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