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WILTON, D. and R. FAY 1969 Action of amine ovicide? on AeJ2S aegypti mosquitoes. Mosquito Hews 29, 361-365.

196

WILTON, D. and S. HOPKINS 1971 Speed of action of an Aedes aegypti ovicide. Mosquito Neus 2_5, 118-123.

WOLFE, L.S. and D.G. PETERSON 1958 A new method to estimate levels ofinfestations of blackfly larvae. (Diptera : Simuliidae). Cart. J. Zool. 36, 863-867.

WOLFE, L.S. and PETERSON, D.G. 1959 Blackfl.ies (Diptera : Simuliidae)of the forests of Quebec. Can. J. Zool. yj_, 137-159.

WOTTON, R.S. 1977 The size of particles ingested by Moorland stream blackfly larvae (Simuliidae). Oikos 29, 332-335.

WOTTON, R.S. 1979 The influence of a lake on the distribution ofblackfly species (Diptera : Simuliidae) along a river. Oikos 32, 358-372.

WOTTON, R.S. 1980 Coprophagy as an economic feeding tactic in blackfly larvae. Oikos 34, 282-286.

WRIGHT, F.N. 1957 Rearing of Simulium darrmosum TheoLald (Diptera : Simuliidae) in the laboratory. Nature Lond. 180, 1059.

’ Y.F. 1931 A contribution to the biology of Simulium (Diptera).Pap. Mich. Acad. Sai. _1_3> 543-599.

WUHRMANN, K. 1974 Some problems and perspectives in applied limnology.Mitt. int. Verein. theoc. angew. Limr.ol. 20, 324-402.

ZAKAR, A.R. 1951 The ecology and distribution of blackflies(Simuliidae) in south-east Scotland. J. Anim. Ecol. 20, 33-62.

ZAR, J.H. 1974 Bio statistical analysis. Prentice Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 620 pp.

ZWICK, H. 1974 Faunistish - ftkologische und taxonomische Untersuchungen an Simuliidae (Dipt ra-* unter besonderer Berucksichtingung der Arten des Fulda Gebietes. Abh. se' ,‘kenb. natur^orsch. Gee. 533,’-116. *

197

1 1. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES CONSULTED

General works:

PENNAK, R.W. 1953 Fresh-water invertebrates of the United. States, Ronald Press, New-York. 769 pp.

WARD, H. B. and G.C. WHIPPLE 1918 Fresh-water Biologu, J. Wiley & Sons. 1243 pp.

Ephemeroptera:

AGNEW, J.D. 1961 New Baetidae (Ephemeroptera) from South Africa. Novos Taxa Entomologiaos (Supiemento a Revista de Entotnologia de Mozambique) 25_, 1-18.

BARNARD, K.H. 1932 Soutn African mayflies (Ephemeroptera). Trans, roy. Soc. S. Afr. 20, 201-259.

BARNARD, K.H. 1940 Additional records and descriptions of new species of South African alder-flies (Megaloptera), mayflies (Ephemeroptei?’', caddis flies (Trichoptera) and dragon flies (Odonata). Ann. S. Afr. Mus. y2, 609-661.

CRASS, R..S. 1947 The mayflies (Ephemeroptera) of Natal and the eastern Cape. Ann. Natal !-lus. 11, 37-110.

Trichoptera:

SCOTT, K.M.F. 1974 New and interesting Trichoptera collected byDr H Bertrand in southern Africa in 1959. Ann. Cape Prov. Mus. 9(14), 237-7.48.

SCCTT, K.M.F. Various unpublished cyclostyled ''■eys.

Coleoptera:

DELEVE, J. 1964 Dryopidae and Elminthidae of southern Africa (Adult stages). News Lett. Limnol. Soc. South. Afr. 1(4), 8-27.

Diptera : Simuliidae

CROSSKEY, R.W. 1960 A taxonomic study of the larvae of West AfricanSimuliidae (Diptera : Nematocera) with comments on the morphology of rhe larval blackfly head. 3ull. 3r. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) _10, 1-74.

CROSSKEY, R.W. 1969 A re-classificat^on of the Simuliidae (Diptera) of Africa and its Island. Bull. 3r. Mas. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. J_4, 1-195.

FREEMAN, P. and B. DE MEILL0N 1953 Simuliidae of the Ethiopian reaion. London, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) 224 pp.

198

LEWIS, D.J. 1964 On Che Simulium bovis complex (Dipcera : Simuliidae). Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. J_3(7), 449-455.

LEWIS, D.J. 1965 On che Simuli'Mn medusae forme complex (Dipcera : Simuliidae) Entomologists' mon. Mag. 100, 183-187.

MEILLON, B. de 1953 A New simuliid from SouCh Africa. J. ent. Soo. sth, Afp. \±, 227-229.

Pisces:

JUBB, R.A. 1967 FresfvJater fishes of southern Africa. A.A. Balkema, Cape Town, 248 pp.

Aves:

McLACHLAN, G.R. and R. LIVERSIDGE 1975 Roberts Birds of South Afi'iaa. Cape A Tvl. Princers Led, 3rd Edicion, 643 pp.

A C O M M U N I T Y O F S I M U L I U M S P E C I E S I N

T H E V A A L R I V E R N E A R V A R R E N T O N

VOLUME II

Appendices wich Tables and Figures

Ferdinand C o m e I is de Moor

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CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES

APPENDIX 11. DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLING SITES, METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS

OBTAINED IN STUDYING THE BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES OF THE VAAL RIVER AT WARRENTON1.1 DESCRIPTION OF SITES

1.1.1 Below the Vaalhartz Diversion Weir1.1.2 At the Margaretha Prinsloo Bridge1.1.3 A rapid on the farm Sydney's Hope1.1.4 A rapid on the farm Witrand

1.2 METHODS OF SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS1.3 R1SULTS

APPENDIX 22. DESCRIPTION OF METHODS USED TO COLLECT AND ANALYSE

SAMPLES AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA2.1 MARKING OFF, MEASURING AND DRAWING UP A SCALE MAP

OF THE STUDY RAPID ON THE FARM WITRAND, AND PLOTTING OF CURRENT VELOCITIES AT VARIOUS FLOW RATES

2.2 COLLECTION OF SAMPLES FOR MONITORING THE POPULATION OF SIMULIIDAE AT OTHER BENTHOS IN THE RAPIDS2.2.1 The suitability of artificial substrates for

colonization by Simuliidaea) Colour preference for substrate typesb) Preference shown by Simuliidae for folds

on artificial substratesc) Time required for simuliid numbers on

artificial substrates to stabilized) The number of artificial substrates

required to obtain statistically satis­factory estimates of population density changes in Simuliidae

e) Comparison of the number of Simuliidae on artificial substrates and on natural stones

2.2.2 The procedure adopted in collecting polythene strips as Standardized Artificial Substrates

2.2.3 Collection of monthly samples of f w e stones from the study rapid at Witrand

2.2.4 Examining the effect of continuous sampling over a prolonged period of time

2.2.5 The procedure carried out in collecting samples of faunal drift from the Vaal River

(ii)

Page(ii)(iv)

(vii)

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.2

1.2

1 .3

2.1

2.1

2.4

2.42.4

2.6

2.7

2.10

2.14

2. 18

2.19

2.21

2.25

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2.3

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

2.2.6 Determination of the time of day most suitable for taking drift samples

2.2.7 Daily drift of organisms in the river above the study rapid for a period of sixteen days

THE LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF FIELD SAMPLES2.3.1 Some problems encountered with sample

analysis techniques developed for numerical estimates of Simuliidaea) Pupaeb) Macro-sample larvaec) Micro-sample larvae

2.3.2 Analysis of drift samplesSTATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF SUB-SAMPLING TECHNIQUES DEVELOPED2.4.1 Determination of the size class distribution

of simuliid larvae in samples collected, and statistical evaluation of the technique

METHODS USED TO ’iSTLMATE THE BIOMASS OF SIMULIID LARVAE AND PUPAEDETERMINATION OF THE AMOUNT OF PARTICULATE ORGANIC FOOD IN THE RIVER2.6.1 Problems encountered and methods used to

obtain estimates of total and particalite organic carbon

MEASUREMENTS OF OTHER PHYSICAL PARAMETERS THROUGHOUT THE STUDY PERIODPOPULATION DENSITY ESTIMATES OBTAINED FROM FAUNA COLLECTED FROM ARTIFICIAL SUBSTRATES, STONES AND DRIFT SAMPLES

APPENDIX 33. ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES COLLECTED IN A SMALL STREAM FLOWING

INTO THE VAAL RIVERAPPENDIX 44. ANALYSIS OF DATA REFERRED TO IN CHAPTER 7 APPENDIX 55. ESTIMATED FAUNAL COUNTS FROM STONE AND DRIFT SAMPLES AND

ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS RECORDED5.1 EXPLANATION OF DATA IN TABLES5.2 EXPLANATION OF THE MODELS PRESENTED

Page

2.26

2.302.33

2.332.332.342.352.36

2.36

2.38

2.40

2.49

2.53

2.56

2.62

3.1

4.1

5.15.15.1

5.2.1 Models 1 and 2 5.25.2.2 Models 3 and 4 5.25.2.3 Models 1 and 2 for group 1 5.25.2.4 Model for group 2 5.25.2.5 Mod'll for group 3 5.2

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LIST OF

TABLE

TABLE

TABLE

TABLE

TABLE

TABLE

TABLE

TABLE

TABLE

TABLE

TABLE

TABLE

TABLE

TABLES

. 1 : The stones-in-current fauna at four samplingsites in the Vaal River in May 1979, expressed as numbers of individuals per 1 000 cm' of stone surface and as a percentage of the total number of animals collected at eich site

.2 : The stones-in-current fauna at four sampling sites in the Vaal River in October 1979, expressed as numoers of individuals per 1 000 cm2 of stone surface and as a percentage of the total number of animals collected at eacti site

.3 : The stones-in-current fauna at th« four sampling sites in the Vaal River in February 1980, expressed aj numbers of individuals per 1 000 cm' of stone surface and as a percentage of the total number of animals collected at each site

.4 : The stones-in-current fauna at four samplingsites in the Vaal River in July 1980, expressed as numbers of individuals per 1 000 cm2 of stone surface and as a percentage of the total number of animals collected at each site

.I : The numbers of Simulium sp. larvae and pupae on polythene strips placed in the river on 13 June 1978 and retrieved after 22 days

.2 : Number of Simulium sp. larvae on sections of folded and unfolded artificial substrates

.3 : Number of simuliid larvae and pupae on strip substrates

.4 : Percentage distribution and total numbers ofsimuliidae colonizing strip and natural stone subs trates

.5 : The percentage distribution and total numbersof larval inscars and pupae on strip substratesover a period of 13 days in September 1979

.6 : Average values and 90 per cent confidencelimits of counts of total numbers of Simuliidae per artificial substrate obtained from n subscraces on each dace

.7 : Per<encage error for selected values of V and n for two tailed 90 per cent confidence intervals

.8 : The number of simuliid larvae and pupae per 1 000 cm of stone and polythene „trip substrate at monthly intervals

.9 : The fauna of the stones-in-current taken from the normally sampled rapid (stones 1-5) and an adjacent rapid (.stones 6-10)

Page

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1.5

1.6

1.7

2.5

2.6

2.8

2.9

2. 10

2.12

2.15

2.16

2.22

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Page

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TABLE 2.10 : The fauna of the stones-in-current from the normally sampled rapid (stones 1-5) and an adjacent rapid (stones 6-10)

TABLE 2.11 : The fauna of the stones-in-current from the normally sampled rapid (stones 1-5) and an adjacent rapid (stones 6-10)

TABLE 2.12 : Drift samples collected at Witrand at hourly intervals, 4 to 5 October 1977

TABLE 2.13 : Series of hourly drift samples collected above the rapids 20 March 1979

TABLE 2.14 : Series of hourly drift sampLes collected above tho rapids on 4 to 5 October 1979

TABLE 2.15 : Drift sampLes collected upstream of the study rapid at daily intervals from 13 to 28 September 197 ̂

TABLE 2.16 : Statistics on data of '.he sub-samplingtechnique used for determining macro-sample larval counts for a set of fifteen subsamples

TABLE 2.17 : Statistics on data of the sub-samplingtechnique uied :or determining micro-sample larval counts from a set of thirty sub-samples

TABLE 2.18 : Statistics of an analysis of fifteen sub- macro and fifteen sub-micro samples

TABLE 2.19 : Vol'ime and weight meaiu-ements of samples of simuliid larvae collected from stone samples in the Vaal River at Witrand

TABLE 2.20 : Regression equations for conversion of volume to biomass for various simuliid size groups

TA3LE 2.?\ Biomass of 100 S. jkutteri final instar larvae and pupae at various dates

TABLh 2.22 : Estimates of biomass of 100 final instarlarvae converted from volumes obtained for months not covered in Table 2.21

TABLE 2.23 : The volume of 100 final instar larvae of the four most common species of Simulium enc unttred in this study at various times of the year

TABLE 2.24 : Physical data measured during the week preceding the date indicated

TABLE 2.25 : The number of simuliidae per ar'ificial substrate expressed as Sichel muans

TABLE -.26 : Fauna collected from stones-in-current iamples but not presented in \ppendix 5

T.-iBLE 2.27 : \nalysis of afternoon drift samples taken from above the rapids at Witrand at weekly or monthly intervals frcm 18 June 1978 to 13 March 1981

2.23

2.24

2.27

2.28

2.29

2.32

2.37

2.38

2.40

2.42

2.44

2 46

2.46

2.47

2.57

2.63

2.66

2.67

1

TABLE 3.1

TABLE 3.2

TA3LE 4.1

TABLE 4.2

TABLE 4.3

TABLE 4.4

TA3LE 4.5

TABLE 4.6

TABLE 5.1 TABLE 5.2 TABLE 5.3 TABLE 5.4 TABLE 5.5 TA3LE 5.6

Page

The relative abundance of the faunal groupssampled at the small stream caused by leakagein the main irrigation canal 3.2The fauna not recorded in Table j . 1 and themonths and years in which they occurred insamples from the small stream caused by aleak in the canal 3.5Analysis of drift samples collected overthirty-four hours below a rapid on the farmWitrand from 4 to 5 October 1979 4.2The number of animals collected per 1000 I of drifting rivtr water from samples collected with paddle wheel samplers upstream and down­stream of the rapid on the farm Witrand from 10 July to 5 November 1980 4.3The number of simuliid larvae and pupae onartificial substrates collected fromgalvanized guttering trays set out in variousregiono of a rapid in the Vaal River 4.5Abundance of simuliid larvae and pupae atdifferent depths below the water surface 4.6Adult Odonata collected along the banks ofthe Vaal River around Warrenton for 1977 to1980 and months of occurrence 4.7The percentage abundance of diatom speciesin the gut of 5. chutteri and S. adersi larvaecollected from the stones-in-current biotopein a rapid on the farm Witrand on the 7th June1979 4.8Simulium data estimated counts per 1 000 cm" 5.3Predator data estimated counts per 1 000 cm' 5.4Competitor data estimated counts per 1 000 cm' 5.5Drift data counts per 1 000 2. 5.6Envi-onmental data 5.7The months (cases) samples were collected divided into three groups of data 5.8

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LIST OF

FIGURE

FIGURE

FIGURE

FIGURE

FIGURE .

FIGURE .

FIGURE .

FIGURE :

FIGURE ;

FIGURES

.1 : Maps of the study rapid at Witrand showing the position of the sampling rods A to D and shaded areas where flow rate*' > 56 cm/s could be expected

.2 : Total number of simuliid larvae and pupae per 1 000 cm' of stone and artificial substrate area at monthly intervals

.3 : The number of organisms per 1 000 I of river water from afternoon drift samples collected from 13 to 28 September 1979

.4 : The biomass (dry weight g) of 100 final instar S. chutteri larvae from actual weight measure­ments and conversions of volumes from samples se’ected to cover an annual cycle

.5 : The absorbance of light in the ultra violet rangt by humic acid after Sontheimer and Weindel (1974)

.6 : The light absorbance of a water sample collected from the Vaal River, 24 May 1979, in the UV and visible ranges

.7 : The light absorbance of a water sample collected from the Vaal River, 13 December 1979 in the UV and visible rangesm

.8 : Absorbance of UV light at 250 nm by various con­centrations of humic acid dissolved in 0,1 N sodium hydroxide solution

.9 : Total organic carbon in milligrams per litre and milligram equivalents of humic acid per litre measured in unfiltered water samples collected between March 1979 and April 1980

Page

2.3

2.17

2.31

2.48

2.51

2.51

2.52

2.53

2.55

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APPENDIX 1

I. DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLING SITES, METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS OBTAINED

IN STUDYING THE BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES OF THE VAAL RIVER AT

WARRENTON

1.1 DESCRIPTION OF SITES

1.1.1 3eIow the Vaalhartz Diversion Weir (see Plate 1)

This sampling r.ite was about 200 m below the sluice gate nearest to the northern bank. The river here spread out over three main channels each receiving water from one of three sluice gates. The width of the channel below the north bank sluice gate was about 40 m . The total width of the river below the Vaalhartz Weir was about 400 o but this was interspersed with large islands. Following Cummins' (1962) classifica­tion of stones in running water t.ie rivet bed along the first channel consisted of mostly boulders with some cobbles. There was some marginal vegetation mostly Cyperaceae and there were many emerging stones.

1.1.2 At the Margaretha Prinsloo Bridge

This sampling site was the same as Chutter's (1968) Station 52 and is approximately 9 km from the Vaalhartz Weir. The width of the river here was about 300 m . The river bed consisted of boulders and cobbles and a large stony run began a few metres above the bridge and stretched on for ibout 20 m below. There were a number of stony islands and dense beds of Phragmites sommunia Trin. abounded upstream of this site. Some Cyperaceae were occasionally found submerged. An abundance of emergent stones and trailing vegetation was also present here.

1.1.3 A rapid on the farm Sydney's Hope

This sampling site was about five kilometres downstream from the Margaretha Prinsloo Bridge. The river here cascaded over a large rapid which was divided by an island. The sizes of stones in the rapid varied

1.2

from large boulders tc cobbles. Immediately upstream of the rapids the river margins were free of vegetation and large exposed boulders flanked the river for some distance. The river itself flattened out and was about 150 m wide above the rapids. The width of the section of rapid where samples were taken was about 50 m .

1.1.4 A rapid on the farm Witrand (see Plate 2)

This sampling site was also used by Chutter (1968) and was his station 54a. The river here cascaded over a large . ipid which was divided by a small island. Viewed from the northern bank, the southern bank of the river is in actual fact a large island but under low flow conditions the main river flow is channelled through the rapid visible from the northern bank. Stone sizes again varied from boulder to cobble size. The width of the visible rapid which included the small island was about 40 m .

1.2 METHODS OF SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS

On each sampling occasion the fauna from three stones was collected at each of the selected sites. The fauna from these stones was combined and treated as one sample. The collecting methods and recording of data pertaining to stone samples are described in detail in Appendix 2.2.3. The only difference between the collection of these samples and those collected from Witrand was that netting of pore size 287 um was used.

The analysis of samples in the laboratory was done according to the detailed description in Appendix 2.3 Only the macro-sample section of the samples collected in May 1979 was analysed. This was why no small simuliid larvae were recorded in May (see Tables 1.1 to 1.4). All the other samples were completely sorted and the fauna was enumerated by species.

Surface areas of stones collected below the Vaalhartz Weir, at the Margaretha Prinsloo Bridge and on the farm Sydney's Hope in May 1979 were not measured. To enable an estimate of the density of animals per unit surface area to be made, the mean surface area of the combined stone samples *or the other three sampLing dates was calculated and this was used as an estimate of the stone surface area for May 1979.

In the four tables presented below the numbers of animals found have

been adjusted to represent numbers occurring per 1 000 cm" of stone

surface area. The percentage representation of each species or group of

species of the total is calculated to demonstrate the dominance of the

various groups.

1.3 RESULTS

1 "H'-* VnP 'wr ■ mm '

Author De Moor F C Name of thesis A Community of simulium species in the Vaal River near Warrenton 1982

PUBLISHER: University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg

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