Mood & StressShakhawan Salih . Shanyar Kadir .

Shkar Dilshad

Introduction

• A mood is an emotional state. Moods differ from emotions in that they are less specific, less intense, and less likely to be triggered by a particular stimulus or event. Moods generally have either a positive or negative valence. In other words, people typically speak of being in a good mood or a bad mood.

Introduction• Stress is a feeling of strain and pressure. Symptoms may include a sense of:

• Being overwhelmed• Feelings of anxiety• Overall irritability• Insecurity• Nervousness• Social withdrawal• Loss of appetite• Depression• Others

Introduction

• Two groups of mood disorders are broadly recognized:• 1) Depressive disorders

• A) Major depressive disorder (MDD)• B) Dysthymia• C) Double depression

• 2) Bipolar disorders• A) Bipolar I & II• B) Cyclothymia

Introduction

• Objectives:• To identify the level of stress among different stages of the

medical school• To identify any gender differences related to stress• To identify if mood & stress are affected by studying or exam

marks and vice versa.

Methodology

• Study Design• Cross-sectional study (survey)

• Questionnaire• Sociodemographic (7)• Mood and Stress Questions (48)

Methodology

• Study Population and Sample• Population = Students of Sulaymaniyah Medical School• Sample = All 6 Stages, Random Sampling, Evey 4th Student

• Data Collection• Took 3 days• First 4 stages in a single day• 5th and 6th stages within 2 days

Methodology

• Data Processing• 162 complete questionnaires (9 ignored because incomplete)• Entered into IBM SPSS v21• Frequency tables for socio-demographic data and statistical measures of

distribution for age, height, and weight• Chi-Squared and Fisher’s Exact tests used to find associations• If 20.0% or more of data cells in contingency table had expected count

below 5, Fisher’s exact was used• p value of less than 0.05 taken as significant

Results(sociodemographic data)

  Frequency PercentGender Male 77 47.5 %

Female 85 52.5 %

Stage

1 26 16.0 %2 27 16.7 %3 27 16.7 %4 26 16.0 %5 27 16.7 %6 29 17.9 %

Socioeconomic statusModerate 128 79.0 %

High (Rich) 32 19.8 %NR 2 1.2 %

ResidenceVillage 3 1.9 %

City 157 96.9 %NR 2 1.2 %

Results  Does your stress increase when you have a family 

problem?Total P-value (X2)

Never or not at all

Some of the time or mildly

Often or moderately

Always or severely

Student Gender

FemaleCount 4 16 30 35 85

0.021

% 4.7% 18.8% 35.3% 41.2% 100.0%

MaleCount 7 23 32 15 77

% 9.1% 29.9% 41.6% 19.5% 100.0%

TotalCount 11 39 62 50 162

% 6.8% 24.1% 38.3% 30.9% 100.0%

Results  Does other people’s pain (accidents, death,…etc) affect your 

mood?Total P-value (X2)

Never or not at all

Some of the time or mildly

Often or moderately

Always or severely

Student Gender

FemaleCount 8 19 33 25 85

0.030

% 9.4% 22.4% 38.8% 29.4% 100.0%

MaleCount 18 21 23 13 75

% 24.0% 28.0% 30.7% 17.3% 100.0%

TotalCount 26 40 56 38 160

% 16.3% 25.0% 35.0% 23.8% 100.0%

Results  Do you feel nauseous or get reflux when stressed? Total P-value (X2)

Never or not at all

Some of the time or mildly

Often or moderately

Always or severely

Student Gender

FemaleCount 23 25 17 18 83

0.002

% 27.7% 30.1% 20.5% 21.7% 100.0%

MaleCount 36 21 11 3 71

% 50.7% 29.6% 15.5% 4.2% 100.0%

TotalCount 59 46 28 21 154

% 38.3% 29.9% 18.2% 13.6% 100.0%

Results  Do you get more stressed out while studying for the 

examinations?Total P-value (X2)

Never or not at all

Some of the time or mildly

Often or moderately

Always or severely

Student Gender

FemaleCount 6 10 28 39 83

0.000

% 7.2% 12.0% 33.7% 47.0% 100.0%

MaleCount 6 32 24 14 76

% 7.9% 42.1% 31.6% 18.4% 100.0%

TotalCount 12 42 52 53 159

% 7.5% 26.4% 32.7% 33.3% 100.0%

Results  Do you get sleep-deprived during examination 

times?Total P-value (X2)

Never or not at all

Some of the time or mildly

Often or moderately

Always or severely

Student Gender

FemaleCount 15 25 17 26 83

0.003

% 18.1% 30.1% 20.5% 31.3% 100.0%

MaleCount 26 27 16 7 76

% 34.2% 35.5% 21.1% 9.2% 100.0%

TotalCount 41 52 33 33 159

% 25.8% 32.7% 20.8% 20.8% 100.0%

Results  Do your exam marks affect your mood? Total P-value (X2)

Never or not at all

Some of the time or mildly

Often or moderately

Always or severely

Student Gender

FemaleCount 8 26 19 32 85

0.017

% 9.4% 30.6% 22.4% 37.6% 100.0%

MaleCount 17 32 11 17 77

% 22.1% 41.6% 14.3% 22.1% 100.0%

TotalCount 25 58 30 49 162

% 15.4% 35.8% 18.5% 30.2% 100.0%

Results  Do you have a tendency to addictions or substance 

abuse when under stress?Total P-value (Fisher’s 

Exact)Never or not at 

allSome of the time or mildly

Often or moderately

Always or severely

Student Gender

FemaleCount 80 2 1 2 85

0.000

% 94.1% 2.4% 1.2% 2.4% 100.0%

MaleCount 48 15 7 6 76

% 63.2% 19.7% 9.2% 7.9% 100.0%

TotalCount 128 17 8 8 161

% 79.5% 10.6% 5.0% 5.0% 100.0%

  Does your mood affect your relationship with your friends? Total P-value (Fisher’s 

Exact)Never or not at 

allSome of the time or mildly

Often or moderately

Always or severely

College Stage

1Count 12 7 6 1 26

0.016

% 46.2% 26.9% 23.1% 3.8% 100.0%

2Count 13 4 6 3 26

% 50.0% 15.4% 23.1% 11.5% 100.0%

3Count 5 11 10 1 27

% 18.5% 40.7% 37.0% 3.7% 100.0%

4Count 8 9 5 4 26

% 30.8% 34.6% 19.2% 15.4% 100.0%

5Count 14 8 3 2 27

% 51.9% 29.6% 11.1% 7.4% 100.0%

6Count 7 18 4 0 29

% 24.1% 62.1% 13.8% 0.0% 100.0%

TotalCount 59 57 34 11 161

% 36.6% 35.4% 21.1% 6.8% 100.0%

  Does hanging out with friends make your mood better? Total P-value (Fisher’s Exact)

Never or not at all

Some of the time or mildly

Often or moderately

Always or severely

College Stage

1Count 4 5 8 9 26

0.006

% 15.4% 19.2% 30.8% 34.6% 100.0%

2Count 3 7 4 13 27

% 11.1% 25.9% 14.8% 48.1% 100.0%

3Count 3 6 7 11 27

% 11.1% 22.2% 25.9% 40.7% 100.0%

4Count 0 8 14 3 25

% 0.0% 32.0% 56.0% 12.0% 100.0%

5Count 2 10 12 3 27

% 7.4% 37.0% 44.4% 11.1% 100.0%

6Count 0 14 9 6 29

% 0.0% 48.3% 31.0% 20.7% 100.0%

TotalCount 12 50 54 45 161

% 7.5% 31.1% 33.5% 28.0% 100.0%

  Do you think about committing suicide to get rid of stress? Total P-value (Fisher’s Exact)Never or not 

at allSome of the time or mildly

Often or moderately

Always or severely

College Stage

1Count 15 6 3 1 25

0.043

% 60.0% 24.0% 12.0% 4.0% 100.0%

2Count 14 4 4 2 24

% 58.3% 16.7% 16.7% 8.3% 100.0%

3Count 22 4 0 1 27

% 81.5% 14.8% 0.0% 3.7% 100.0%

4Count 18 7 1 0 26

% 69.2% 26.9% 3.8% 0.0% 100.0%

5Count 25 0 0 1 26

% 96.2% 0.0% 0.0% 3.8% 100.0%

6Count 22 6 0 1 29

% 75.9% 20.7% 0.0% 3.4% 100.0%

TotalCount 116 27 8 6 157

% 73.9% 17.2% 5.1% 3.8% 100.0%

Results  Do you have an increased sensitivity to pain? Total P-value (Fisher’s 

Exact)

Never or not at all

Some of the time or mildly

Often or moderately

Always or severely

Socioeconomic Status

ModerateCount

64 39 17 7 127

0.018

%50.4% 30.7% 13.4% 5.5% 100.0%

High (Rich)Count

10 18 1 3 32

%31.3% 56.3% 3.1% 9.4% 100.0%

TotalCount

74 57 18 10 159

%46.5% 35.8% 11.3% 6.3% 100.0%

Results  Do you lack stamina or tire easily? Total P-value (X2)

Never or not at all

Some of the time or mildly

Often or moderately

Always or severely

Socioeconomic Status

ModerateCount

28 56 30 11 125

0.038

%22.4% 44.8% 24.0% 8.8% 100.0%

High (Rich)Count

13 16 2 1 32

%40.6% 50.0% 6.3% 3.1% 100.0%

TotalCount

41 72 32 12 157

%26.1% 45.9% 20.4% 7.6% 100.0%

Conclusions• Females more prone to stress

• Affected more by family problems• Affected more by other people’s pain• More likely to get nausea and reflux under stress• Get more stress out while studying for exams• Get more sleep-deprived by exams• Affected more by exam marks

• Males• A higher tendency for addictions

Conclusions

• By Stage• Mood gets better when hanging out with friends (increases with

stage)• Suicidal ideation higher among the first two stages

• By SES• High SES: increased sensitivity to pain• Low SES: lack stamina and tire more easily

Recommendations

• Classes to the medical students• About risk factors for stress• How to deal with stress• How to detect serious suicidal ideations in others