monuments complexity intermediate area 2012

7/29/2019 Monuments Complexity Intermediate Area 2012

1/24

Early New World

Monumentality

Edd b Rchad L. Bug

ad Rb M. Rwg

Uv P lda

Gavll Tallaha Tampa Bca Ra

Pacla Olad Mam Jackvll . M Saaa


2/24

[Rmmb chck wh ACQ/Dvlpm gadg a pbl ud-

g uc ackwldgm]

Cpgh 2012 b Rchad L. Bug ad Rb M. Rwg

All gh vd

Pd h Ud Sa Amca acd- pap

17 16 15 14 13 12 6 5 4 3 2 1

Lba Cg Caalgg--Publca Daa

Uv P lda h chlal publhg agc

h Sa Uv Sm lda, cmpg lda A&M

Uv, lda Alac Uv, lda Gul Ca Uv,

lda Iaal Uv, lda Sa Uv, Nw Cllg

lda, Uv Cal lda, Uv lda,

Uv Nh lda, Uv Suh lda, ad Uv

W lda.

Uv P lda

15 Nhw 15h S

Gavll, L 32611-2079

hp://www.up.cm


3/24

9

Monumental Architecture and Social

Complexity in the Intermediate Area

. effrey Frost n effrey iter

g m a El Salvad ad Hdua hugh Ncaagua,

Ca Rca, Paama, ad Clmba wll kw gldwk ad a a

c hghl dvlpd chdm c. Bu huld b quall -

wd xv ad mpv lag-cal cuc. h

amla wh h g h ma cm a up. Bu hughu h

Imda Aa, p-Hpac ppl cd mpv ucu adxvl mdd ladcap, cag xv bul vm

mumal pp. Cdabl vaabl p h c-

uc, bu h a ma mla, a al cc pa-

, ad cmmal wh h Nw Wld achcual ad.

I h chap w a vw h al au mumal

achcu ad cal cmplx h Imda Aa. W wll bg

b b vwg h aual ad culual ladcap h g ad

h p-Hpac chlg. wll b llwd b m gal -mak h u mumal achcu.

TeIntermediateArea

Imda Aa l bw h w hgh culu aa M-

amca h h ad h Cal Ad h uh. w a

a umb publca (Sh 1992; Hp ad ca Z. 2003) ha

vw h llcual pahwa llwd cagz h aa a a cd-a cmpad h w ucla g. O c uch

a judgm h uppd abc lag-cal cpa achcu

cmpaabl cal h achcu h Maa Ica, xampl.


4/24

232 R. J ad J Qul

T h gav c ca b addd h lack a-lvl plcal -

m. bad galza vlk h pc makabl ad

mpv dav cculual dv, plcal cmplx, ad

gg a. Idd, alm a whch h m ud,mumal achcu p h g.

hgh Ada a ad abllad ad h xv v -

m Clmba; h a, d, caal wlad h hma g;

ad h lavl d galad hw Ca Rca, amg ma

h mcg, a all h Imda Aa. A h m

Eupa cac, alg h ch ca Clumbu avld h la

vag (15021504), h wa cdabl vaabl cplcal

m h, m madc ppl cmplxl akd chdm c-. ppl had a cmm valu m pzg gld jwl,

alhugh h w dc pc m l cpp all

pducd d g. Gld bjc w xchagd v lag -

g, a a a Mamca, wh bh ppl ad bjc mvg hugh

h ladcap (Ck al. 2003), ad h p wa lkd -

c kwldg (Hlm 1979). Idd, h wdpad u gld bjc

ad h aca wh lgu ccp ad cal akg ma b

a makg a culual hz h Imda Aa a a whl(Qul 2003), m abu 700 cac.

I add al dald accu Imda Aa culu a

h m Eupa cac, g vdc x culual c-

u m ph h hc a. I ma g, Eupa

bal pad mad l m ad d ad -

m vall, ad av ppl ad bu uvvd. Taa C-

lmba a a xampl h; g vdc ugg ha h p

a cuum m phc m (Ba 2003; Rchl-Dlma 1951).A w mv m h hlgcal p h hhc pa dp

ph, hwv, vw h pa quckl bcm bcud. A

cmba d vga much h g, p pva

gac ma, ad lavl ll ach cmpad ha d

h aa ha uld lavl p kwldg ac ppl

h g bd a w hudd a a m p h Eupa

cu.

Chlg h Imda Aa va cdabl, c-g lg pd, mm chg v a mllum, uch a

La Maa (ca. 1500100 ) Ca Rca ad Eal Qumbaa (ca. 600

900 ) Clmba, wh ll dcabl chag wh hm. A


5/24

Mumal Achcu ad Scal Cmplx h Imda Aa 233

h am m, hwv, c advac bh gc (Baa 1993,

1998) ad lguc ud (Cla Umaa 1995) dca ga aq-

u h huma ccupa h g, cludg h hmu, wh

Pal-Ida ccupa ma plac (Bd ad Ck 1978; Sak1978) ad h al vdc camc h Nw Wld Clmba,

cca 6000 (Oula-Cacd 1995). Alhugh m al a a al

wll chcld m plac, m pag d vlv chag

lhc, h duc camc, ad ubqu ad d cal

chag bad h w maal.

wa cdabl hg culual pa h I-

mda Aa, ad ma ubgal m a vdc, pcall

h cac a. ph, dv a mad b chla h ba dc u achalgcal vdc, cludg l gldwk,

camc ad, ad pa wkg, cludg h cavg

ad c au mlh acad wh ua c.

O a mac cal, a al cda h dc p h

d a dagal l ughl llwg h d h Talamaca Mu-

a Rag, ug m hw uha Ca Rca. Nh

h l ppl w ucd b ad pacpad Mamca pa-

, whl uh culu w wh h b gal Adapa. am g dcv lcal pa a h am m

ha p a gal uh, ad d accu chag hugh

m. d h-uh a w m dc la

ph; a al m, pag wa d wh m hmg-

Achac mav culu, xampl.

TeIntermediateAreaandtheMonumentalDilemma

dg whch Imda Aa lag-cal cuc huld b

cdd h cag mumal achcu a pall

dbaabl u. Whl ac cuc h Imda Aa g-

all lack h vcal mpv h -- cuc

Maa Ica mpl, xv mdca h ladcap ha -

cludd xpav hzal cuc plaza ad pa, ua

ad pl, mpl ad mb, ad mla au a cdabl

phca plag ad pdgu cucg wk ga cal ha a mpv achvm.

Whl achalg a ahplg dmad ha w ak c-culual

vw huma dav, w gl blv ha uch xc huld


6/24

234 R. J ad J Qul

b d wh cau ad wh apppa cx. Cmpaav a-

m, uch a u lag-cal achcu, al m wll

bcau h achcu xacd m h lag culual cx

whch wa bul ad ud. Cdg h m mumal m c u cuc lag cal ad wh p-

cc cal-culual ma, u d cl ha ppd b

Tgg (1990). W d mumal cuc a wk mad b

huma a a cal ha xpall lag ha h ud quda

pup ad a m pa ha uqu a ad mad

a maal ha hav had ga amu g vd

hm uch a plhg, cavg, ad mla acv.

Whl w blv ha h d ma b u lwh, pac-ulal valuabl cdg mpv wk h Imda Aa.

Hwv, h d cu l uuual ad xcpal achc-

u ad h cuc. Such a d ca g ca whch

ma lag cuc w mad bu ad u a xcpal

cmpa h. I h wd, c whch v lag

cuc pjc ccud, phap lag paladd vllag, h

z w pld a gaph ad all h w clud lavl cl

gh wh ul a h lag d h gaph, ud u d,ha c wuld b ad hav mumal achcu.

I u d mumal vald, h w d cla w

apc h ubjc la cda h Imda Aa.

ha bcau h lavl ll amu ach cducd

h g ad h pcal gwh ha hb a dc

, w hav l ha a dal udadg h ag vaabl

ad cuc h g gal ad a pd

m. u, ha cul a cdd a cadda mum-al achcu ma h lg u b l xcpal ha h pl

m a la mgh ak lw a hach mumal

ha mgh b vuall dvlpd.

cd cda ha whl w hav lcd h llwg

ca ud a xampl mumal achcu, w wh mphaz

ha h w mpv cuc hughu h g a h m

h cac wh Eupa, ma whch w paculal

xcpal wh h Imda Aa. W mak h am palbcau w blv ha ma u cllagu ad h gal publc ma

ull appca h dg whch cmmu h Suh


7/24


Amca ad h hmu w abl mahal lab cuc v

h quda kd.

OriginsofIntermediateAreaMonumentalConstructions

al dabl cuc h Imda Aa cpd

wh h la mav pd ( 300600), a m apd cal ad

chlgcal chag hughu Ca Rca ad Paama (Hp 2005,

11, 18). m cla dvlpm a chag lm pa, h

appaac lag achcual cuc, ad h dvlpm

mal ac du, whch cludd cavd clum, laba

ma, l-z culpu, ad jad pda.I dug h pd ha a pl l mgh hav dvlpd ha

pdd v ual c mua cmplx (Hp 2005, 1725).

Evdc h dvlpm paculal g uh Ca Rca

ad w Paama, wh achalg hav dd dz c-

mal mud . Bal, lcad w Paama, h b kw

ad m vl vgad la mav ad uqu

z ad achcual laba ad aac amblag.

cv a aa appxmal 30 hca (La, Sh, ad Rhal1975; Palumb 2009; Rhal 1980). Mahw Slg 1949 xcava

h cal z vald a lag plam mud 30 m b 50 m

wh a l-z culpu alg pm (Slg 1950).

culpu a huma m ad appa pa hachcal

la.

vau ad mpv al ppl h h I-

mda Aa h mav Pd w h uda la

dvlpm. Such dvlpm appa hav acclad bggm m cca 700 wh a u w da ad pacc dvlpd.

w mulad, pa, b uc m h Suh Amca

ad w acad wh h duc gldwkg chlg.

Schla gall ag ha gldwkg dud m h Suh

Amca h hmu g; pc clal dcad h

h Imda Aa aud 700 (Sak 2003). Alhugh h

cuc mud ad h wkg lag bjc wa pac-

cd b h m, h m hav b a damac ca uchacv ad a a l wh h appaac gld wkg.

I ma b gca ha h chag ccud wh a gal m


8/24

236 R. J ad J Qul

pd wh maj culual ama w akg plac h Eal

ImdaEal Hz a h Cal Ad ad h La

Clac Pd Mamca, hugh xplaa uch pa a

cul mwha luv. p-700 u culual a maag m Suh Amca

wa m gl adpd uh h Ca Rca dv md

abv, alhugh h wa had ad a . Gldwkg wa ad-

pd wh gu h h Imda Aa, ad h valu pl-

hd g ad h mpcu dcld gcal a pg

gd. I appa aca wh h adp gld, h w g-

ca chag gaza, cal gaza, maal culu,

ad mua pacc. I pacula, h au mumal cuc- chagd damacall dug h pd. chag alg wh h

adp h u a dcud abv qu lkl wa d w

ccmc la.

Blw, w u w xampl mumal achcu ha a

dcv l h cal ad uqu qual bu al h

hugh wh whch h hav b achalgcall vgad

d lk m cll a h u mumal cuc h

Imda Aa. Guaab d Tualba ad h RvaPa dla Ra cmplx a bh wll-udd lag-cal cuc

h Imda Aa ad a bh mblmac h uqu au

uh Cal Amca mumal achcu ha hav l -

cl ad b dlad.

Guayabodeurrialba

Guaab d Tualba, ha calld Guaab, lcad aa alud 1100 m, appxmal klm ha h

md w Tualba, h Alac Wahd Ca Rca. Whl

chcall all h h d h MamcaSuh Amca d-

vdg l, culual pa w dcl Ca Rca. Whl had

m a la ph wh uh Ca Rca cmmu,

xhb lavl w cla Mamca uc.

A cal aa appxmal w hca ha b clad

pcal vga, xpg m ha 50 achcual au, -cludg mud, plaza, hu uda, a cal cauwa, ad h

cuc (gu 9.1). Expla aa ll ud h cap

ugg ha h ma m lag ha h aa cul xpd,


9/24

Figure9

.1.Mapof

GuayabodeTurrialba.


10/24

238 R. J ad J Qul

alhugh h m mpv achcual au appa b h

c z. Oud h z, whl m gca cuc ma

b p, uch a caal, lag hu, ad pa, h appa b a

gadual dmu h z cuc lcad ah awa mh c. I lkl ha h aa c dc, phap wh

mall lcal cmal pcc ha a wdl pacd a ububa--

ual quc whch h mu h Guaab cmplx clal

dd.

Ccula hu uda bw 10 ad 30 m dam a

lcad hughu h c ad h lp uudg hll.

lag uda, lcad a h c h , w cucd

mud up h m all (ca Zama 1979, 1980; Huadd Mdza 2004; T 2002). I add, vau pavd pa, pah,

p, ad h au a lcad h ha h cmplx.

O h m mpv au a h a cbbl cauwa

gh m wd ad 150 m lg, ug m h uha dg

h wad h cal mud cmplx. wa appal h p-

cpal acc h , ad wa mad mp. I a cad

a cal ax algg h , h cauwa, h c aa, ad h

mkg c h Tualba Vlca, whch wa lcad h dacbhd h cmplx (gu 9.2). T uh accua h mpac

h u, h am buda h cauwa akd b a pa

cagula -acd mud, ach 2.5 m hgh (Sucu 36 ad

37). mud ma hav vd a p a a mal ac

h , bu h ma al hav mpad a pcal aua Guaab,

a cagula ucu a xml a hughu h Imd-

a Aa. Achalg hav acd h cauwa klm ah

uha, hwv, wh d ah pa mud, ach vm dam. m h, val mall pah xd uwad

lk Guaab da (ca Zama 1980, 106). hw

d h cauwa ma wh Guaab a a cal cagula

plaza 30 m b 50 m. Excava wh h plaza pducd a wd

va aac, cludg l, agm camc,

culpu, ad pglph (T ad Ga 2002).

Lcad a h w d h ax ad w h plaza Mud 1.

A 28 m dam ad 2.76 m all lag mud a h ad c a ah c acd wh cbbl (gu 9.3).

Evdc ha b ud h pc a ccula ucu p

Mud 1 (ca Zama 1979). I llwd wdpad cv


11/24

gu 9.2. Cauwa

a Guaab. Mud 1

h backgud ad

Tualba Vlca h

dac. (Ph b J.Qul).

gu 9.3. Mud 1 ad plaza/pl a Guaab d Tualba. (Ph b J. Qul.)


12/24


13/24


Cal V. Hama (1901) h la h cu, bu uual

w dd. l h cmpa h g mla

Guaab ha ha b xvl hzall xcavad val h

pa achcu La Cabaa (Sak 1978, 1992). c aah c w adjac ccula mud, ach 10 m dam

ad l ha w m hgh, a ughl 17-m cbbl-md qua

plaza h mud, a mud hu ccl, ad a pavd cau-

wa ladg h plaza.

m h lavl pa ma avalabl appa ha lag-

cal cmplx Alac Ca Rca bw cca 500 1300

w bul ad ccupd b ch aml ad h llw. ad

ha cc Guaab wh h (ma whch a ukw) ug-g ha allac cludg phap ual lkd m gh.

Whh Guaab wa a xcpall lag xampl h kd

ch c, a cul appa b h ca, ca b ull kw

ul m wk d uch achcual cmplx.

RivasandthePantendelaReina

RvaPa d la Ra cmplx h ha c hGal Vall bw 840 ad 880 m abv a lvl h hll

h Talamaca Mua, wh h R Chp Pacc ad h R

Buava m m h R Gal. cmpud am h ul

w paa dga, Rva, a dal ad cmal

cmplx v ac, ad h Pa d la Ra mua cmplx

a adjac dg p. a pa a gl cmplx, hwv.

RvaPa d la Ra cmplx lcad wha cmml

d a h Suh Z Ca Rca, paad m h CalVall ad h Alac Wahd b h Talamaca Mua. R

Gal w uhwad, ad ac m ppl had cl wh

cmmu Paama; h p l ad dal ad cmal

achcu h w gup w mla, alhugh h w ub-

gal vaa.

Pa d la Ra wa dd h la 1800 b lcal

huaqueros (l) lkg gld, ad ud v damag a

gad a pua a h ch gld-bag cm uh- Cal Amca (Bzzl d Wll 1966; Lhp 1926; Pz-Zld

19071908; P 1892).

I h pd bw 900 ad 1300, RvaPa d la Ra wa


14/24

242 R. J ad J Qul

Baseo

fPantend

ela

Reina

RioC

hi

rrip

delPacfico

La Reina

Sur

La Reina

Norte

Platform Stairway PavementsRivas

Site

Str. 1

890m

900m

910m

930m920m

880m

meters

0 50

Grid North

gu 9.4. Rva-Pa d la Ra .

a gl cmal-mua cmplx gal gcac (Qul

2004) (gu 9.4). Rva clud dl bul aa achcu cv-

g 30,000 qua m ad clud dwllg, amp, a, plaza,

da, wall, ad h achcual au dpd alg h hd ad

uh ac abv h w bak h R Chp Pacc (gu9.5). Rva abu h ba h 60-m-hgh dg h Pa d la

Ra, whch a lcad umu mb, ua achcu, ad

h au ha cv a aa 20,000 qua m.


15/24


A Rva, ad cbbl ad buld w ud cuc a va

au. m pm a lag ccula hu g, mla

h dcbd abv a Guaab. O l cbbl wa uuall a-agd a ccl (bu m cmml w l m); h vd a

h uda whch pl culd b placd buld hachd ucu,

da d a ranchos. wa a pa-gal buldg chqu.

ughu h Rva , mulpl ccula uda bw 10 ad

30 m dam cd m a gl cguu xpa

achcu ha d llw a cla gazaal pla a vw. I

clud ucu ad h achcual au vag z, hap,

ad cuc chqu. Each ucu cc wh ghbgucu ha a jd b wall, p, da, h au,

makg dcul clal d h pc buda a dvdual

ucu.

gu 9.5. Sucu uda ad acad achcu a Rva. (Ph b J.

Qul.)


16/24

244 R. J ad J Qul

Sm h lag ccula ucu xhb upgh a gu-

la val aud h pm, phap uda wd p

ha uppd . M ccl had mav quadagula add

d. A Rva, h pch vaabl ac w, wad h Pad la Ra.

Gall mla pa cuc ad dbu u

mad dcul da acv c, whch w v-

dc b h aagm achcual au. h

ucu, bh lag ad mall, ldd w au aac. D

accumula hd wh w ma chppd ad gud

l w ud p ad mmdal adjac bud cbbl g,

ad l h am aa w dak ad gacall ch, uggg haubaal mdd had b dpd h.

N all ranchos lkl w dc w all cbbl ccl d.

Sm pac appa hav b ud ad ma hav vd a cu-

ad plaza had b mulpl ucu. Wh m h ucu

wa a la bgh ddh-ag l, h w clal dd c-

cupa uac a h . ppad uac ugg ha h uc-

u ma hav b a publc pac dac, cm, h publc

pmac, wh h bgh l ud hlp ca a clul ad vu-all plag plam whch pm.

I cmpa Guaab, h wa ll vcal cuc a R-

va, wh h hgh adg wall w l ha w m hgh.

buld ulzd ad mdd aual au uch a ck ucppg,

alluval ac, ad chag pgaph gv h cuc a

vcal dm. uh vcal da wa pvdd b lg

aw dg Plc gavl, kw a ballenas, whch ml u

paalll h gal dc h ac. I ma plac aual w cmbd wh huma-mad cuc pduc cauwa-lk

au ad awa.

Excava dd vdc w cuc pha. A lw c-

uc pha acad wh umu camc aac ad ga-

call ch l wa vlad wh a l la ddh-ag la

appxmal 30 cm hck (Qul 2004, 53, 70). lcal am

h piedra muerta (dad ck), amd h mall agm

havl wahd ck ca. Piedra muerta ud h vac wh h Rva lcad, bu h pdma l p

h uudg hll, cludg h aa h Pa d la Ra. I

m hapiedra muerta wa bugh bu al achcu ad


17/24


ll lw aa d cuc a lvl ba h cd pha

achcu. I dcul chaacz hw h la pha d m

h al pha bcau w w abl xp l mall c h

lw lvl. I d m ha h upp achcu wa cucd a lag cal ha h lw ad ha cpd wh h pch-lk

add d wad h Pa d la Ra. Elwh a h ,

m ucu appad hav b paall dambld, phap

ba buldg maal w cuc. Radcab da d-

ca a-cmpa h w buldg pha, uggg ha h

ll ad cd buldg pha ccud dug a lavl h pd

m.

A lkd achcual au wa h c mpa acv- a Rva. O h w d h a lag ccula ucu wh

pa lcad mmdal blw h hgh ac a h , whch

hapl a hgh h m. O h ac, cl dg, w

dd w paall dc pavm. Alhugh h au

dd cv gav, h hap ad z h pavm pd g

paalll cm pavm. uhm, h pc val

clum, cmm lm Chqu cm, ad h placm

h au la h lag pla uh uggd ha haa vd mua uc.

pavm pd dcl bw h Rva ad h ba

a lag cbbl awa 18 m wd ad m ha 100 m lg

ha h p h Pa d la Ra dg. awa lk h

Rva cmal c a ah ad plam mud pd

bw w dg-p cm: La Ra N ad La Ra Su.

c h awa al m a pcpal a-w ax h

.1 ax pa bw h w pavm h uppmac, pd a a ppaa aa mua , ad cu

awad bc val pad achcual au wh h

dal-cmal c Rva. Sm h achcu alg h

ax uqu h Rva ad clud a cagula plaza, pad

cauwa, ad a p. a d h ax appa ga

d wh Sucu 1, whch 28 m dam ad h cd

lag ucu a Rva. pma acc h ucu d

wh a dc l gh dw h cal ax h h plama h umm h awa.

pvlgd lca Sucu 1 gl ugg ha vd

mpa mua uc; ual acv lkl gad wh


18/24

246 R. J ad J Qul

h ucu ad pgd wwad hugh val pcalzd

achcual au, up h awa h plam, ad vuall

h w cm. mpac h Rva a a lcal ual

uh mphazd b h ac ha l a h lag ucudcud abv d h ax h a bu m da ucu

al a d wad , a vdcd b h gh l m h c

ccula ucu ug hugh quadagula pa ha p

h a.

Bd h plam a h umm h awa, h h ad

uh, l w paall dc m aa: La Ra N ad La

Ra Su, ach appxmal 5,300 qua m. Wall ackd

up 50 cm all d h buda ad dc bual aawh hm. Lg ha b xml v hughu h cm

aa, ad h al gaza ach cm aa wa dcul

dc. Bad a umb l vdc, hwv, w ccludd

ha ach cm wa ubdvdd mall u ha ma hav p-

d aml h cpa gup u. dv a d-

macad b val paal ad achcual au ha clud l

, wall, chag lva, vaca pac, ad w

clum ( 2009). vall pa h cm ad a h gal, hwv, mphaz dual.

RvaPa d la Ra cmplx wa ablhd aud 900

ad wa ccupd cuul ul mm a 1300, wh wa

abadd ppula lvl dppd lw ha h a acha-

lgcall vbl (Qul ad 2007, 2930). Nav ppl h -

g w l lavl udubd cmpad h La Amca

ad cud gah a gal c cduc mua ual. A

p uch val (Gabb 1875) dcb acv ha w uda a gal pv mdl acv a RvaPa d la Ra.

SummaryandConclusions

Lk ma h wld g, h g mumal cuc-

h Imda Aa a h c umul h bual ad

mmalza hgh-akg dvdual. ac ha ma

c clu mud ugg ha h w gal c. dg whch uch gal lad xcd auh hugh lgu

pacc ah ha hugh m dc plcal cl had a.

W mgh ugg ha uch l cmbd lgu auh ha wa


19/24


mal acad wh acc pg gd, uch a jad m M-

amca, ad wh a lag gup k-bad llw. Such u, hw-

v, awa uh ud, pcall gad al uch a Bal.

Hw lab wa cud mak ad all lag mum auch c ah u ha w ca ull valua a p. W

ca a, hwv, ha cug ach dca ha cplcal

m w cmplxl gazd hughu h Imda Aa m

(a la) AD 700 wad, whh h a calld cmplx chdm

a cgzd a m labal cud cal m.

Eugh wk ha b cad u a Guaab ad RvaPa d la

Ra ha h ca b cmpad wh gad h pla ad cuc-

. I add, m ugg ca b mad a hw lab ma havb cud buld hm ad hw ppula w mblzd h

u.

Guaab ad RvaPa d la Ra w ccupd a ughl h

am m pd ad had a bac achcual vcabulah u

cbbl ad ag, ccula hu g, pa, cagula plaza, ad

cauwa-lk ucu. Nvhl, h a abl dc a-

chcu a h w , uch a h hgh umb mud a Guaab

ad h cmpaavl lw umb a RvaPa d la Ra. Hw-v, dp h dc, a bac achcual pa p a

bh : lg cbbld walkwaa cauwa a Guaab ad a

h Pa d la Raakd b mud ad ladg m a aa

lavl lw acal h m mpa ad mblcall chagd

c. A Guaab h cauwa w m h dg h aa

mumal cuc h ma mud, whch ma hav b bh

a ch dc ad a ua umulu, whl a RvaPa d la

Ra h awa ccd a aa ha ma hav cad dcad mua ppaa aa h cm h dg p.

Wha h achcual pag ad h vdc a Guaab

ugg ch auh, RvaPa d la Ra appa hav b

gazd a a gal c h gahg lavl qual cal

gup ha w lkl gazd gma pcpl ug ccp

dual. d cal m appa cla wh h ga

dvd la phc Ca Rca d al h chap. R-

vaPa d la Ra pa lkl p h w wav ha camm h uh ha cd a budl pacc ad bl ha -

cludd gldwkg, w camc l, w achcual m, ad w

cal la ma h cmplx ad mua pacc.


20/24

248 R. J ad J Qul

Whl h Guaab pa clud a mua cmp, appa

hav b m havl wghd wad h auh a lvg ch ad

h ( h) clam auh hugh clam acc pual pw

a acd ladcap (h Tualba Vlca ad h cmc c), hughac (h Mud 1 umulu), ad hugh lk h pw c

h g (cauwa ad pah ccd h ). pa

wa appal wdpad h Alac Wahd g Ca Rca.

x h m, uh ad h, ma a pc b xpld,

a d dg gal.

Ma m u abu h mumal cuc ad wk ad

cal cmplx h Imda Aa culd b addd ha h

b dcu pd abv; RvaPa d la Ra ad Guaaba h b kw c mla ha gad al la

w cmpa wh h w . Ev wh Ca Rca, a ull

dcu mumal huld clud h ga cmal cmplx

h a Palma Su h Dqu Dla (Lhp 1963). ah ald,

h El Ca Cal Paama p a cmpll d pa

la phc mumal cuc (Vll 1927, 1929), whl h

wll-kw S C Cm Cmplx (Lhp 1937, 1942; Ma

1941, 1942), v klm da m ad lkl lad El Ca, a ga amu ma cal cmplx. Whl h mum-

al achcu uh Cal Amca d hav h vcal

ma Nw Wld ucu, h abudal dma ha

bh h x ad h c ha pducd hm w mpv.

W hp ha h dcu w ha hlpd p u h ch

ad dv h achalgcal cd ad h cal cla h

Imda Aa.

Notes

1. Rva ac ad h Pa d la Ra a d appxmal h-

a-uhw. pup h dcu, hwv, w wll h ha

dc a h, h uha dc a a, h uha-hw dc a

a-w, ad h.


21/24


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