THE

COMPLETE WORKS

o F

M. DEMONTESQUIEU. "

VOL If.

THE

COMPLETE WORKS

OF

M. DE MONTESQUIEU.

TRANSLATED FP.OMTHE FRENCH.

IN FOUR VOLUMES.

VOLUME THE SECOND.

LONDON,

Printed for T. EVANS in the Strand;AND

_, DAviS in Piccadilly,

MDCCLXXVII_

CONTENTS.

BookXX.Oflacvsin friar;ontocommerce,confutertdin itsnaturanddidqin_ions.

HAP. I. Ofcommerce, Page;Chap.n. o_ thefpiritofcommerce,

Chap.III. Ofthepovertyofthepeople, $Chap.IV. Of commerceindifferentgovernments, 4-Chap.V. Ofnationsthat haveenteredintoanoeconomicalcorn,

mcrce 6Chap.VI. Someeffe&sof anextenfivenavigation ibid.Chap.VII. ThefpiritofEnglandwithrefpe&tocommerce,8Chap.VIII.In whatmannerthececonomicalcommercehasbeen

fometimesreffrained, ibid.Chap.IX. Oftheprohibitionofcommerce, 9Chap.X. Anint_itutionadaptedtoeeconomicalcommerce,xoChap.XI. Thet_amefubje&continued, I*Chap.XII. Ofthefreedomofcommerce, ibid:Chap.Xlfi. Whatit is thatdef[roysthisliberty, xzChap.X1V.Thelawsofcommereeconcerningtheconfifcation

of merchandifes, t3Chap.XV. Offzizingtheperfonsofmerchants, ibid.Chap.XVI. A_excellentlaw, x4Chap.XVII. AlawofRhodes, ,_Chap.XVIII. Ofthejudgesof commerce, ibid.Chap.XIX. Thataprinceoughtnottoengagehlmfelfin com-

merce, 16Chap.XX. The famefubie&continued, 17Chap.XXI. Ofcommercein amonarchy, ibid.Chap.XXII. Afingularretie&ion, I8Chap.XXIILTowhatnationscommerceis prejudicial, 19BookXXI. Oflaw.usrdali,velocommerce,confiderediuthere,volutions

ithasmet:withi_,the.world.Chap.I. Somegeneralconfideration% 2zChap.n. OfthepeopleofAfrica, 23Chap.IIi. Thatthewantsofthepeoplein thefoutharedlf-

ferentfromtholeof thenorth, u4Chap.IV. TheprincipaldiEerencebetweenthecommerceof

theancientsandthemoderns, ibid.Chap.V. Otherdifferences, a5Chap.VI. Ofthecommerceoftheancients, a6Chap.VII. O_thecommerceoftheGreeks, 33Chap.viii. Alexander.HisconquerS, 36Chap.IX. Of thecommerceof the Greciankings,afterthe

deathofAlexander, 4°Chap.X. Of thecircuitof Aria, 47Chap.XI. OfCarthageandtVIarfeilles, 50Chap.XII. The ifleofDelos.Mithridates, " 56Chap.XII[.OfthegeniusoftheRomomastomaritimeaffairs,58Chap.XIV.OfthegeniusoftheRomanswithrcfpe&tocom-

merce, ibid.Chap.XV.OfthecommerceoftheRomanswiththebarbarians,60Chap.XVI.Ofthecommqr¢_oftheRomanswithArabiaand'"totheIndic% A

il C O N T E N T S.Chap. XVII. Ofcommerceaher the&tim&ion of the wcflern

empire, 6_Chap.XVlII. A particularregulation, 66Chap. XIX. Of commerceafterthe decayof theRomanpower

in the Eaf_, 67Chap. XX. How commercebroke thro' the barbarifinof Eu-

rope, ibid.Chap. XXL The difcoveryof two newworlds, and in what' manner Europeis afl_&edby it, 7°Chap. XXII. ¢OfthericheswhichSpa;ndrewfromAmerica, 7fi;Chap.XXIII. A problem, 8o

BookXXII. Of lawsi. relationtotheufeofmou_._2hap.I. The reafonof the ufeof money, 8rChap. II. Of the nature of money, 8aChap. III. Of idealmoney, 84.Chap.IV. Of the quantityof goldand filver, 83;Chap. V. The Fameli_bjec_continued, 86Chap.VI. The reafonwhy interelt_as loweredone half after

the conqueftof the Indies, lb.Chap. VII. Howthe priceof thingsisfixedin thevariationof

the rigaof riches, 87Chap. VIII. The famefubje&continued, 89Chap. IX. Of the relativetcarcityof goldandfilver, 90.Chap.X. Qfexchange, 9 tChay. XI. Of the proceedingsof the Romanswithrefpe_ to

money, _oChap. XiI. The clrcumfiancesin whichthe Romanschanged

the valueof their fpecie, io3.Chap.XlIr. Proceedingswith refpe&to moneyin the timeof

the Emperors, xo_Chap. XIV.Howtheexchangeisa conftraintondefpotlcpowerxo6Chap.XV. The'pra&iceof tbmecountriesin Italy, io7Chap. XVI. The affif_ancea rate mayderive frombankers, lb.Chap.XVII. Of publicdebts, . IoBChap. XVIIL Of the paymentof publicdebts, io9Chap. XIX. Of lendingupon intere,q, I IzChap. XX. Of maritimeufury, I IzChap. XXI. Of lendingby contra&, and the fiatc of ufury

amongfttheRomans, I x3Chap.XXII. The famefubje&continued, x14.Book XXlII. Of la_'sinrelationtheybeartothenumberofinhabitants.Chap.I. Of menand animalswithrefpe&to themultiplication

of their fpecies, 120Chap. II. Of marriage, 12IChap.III. Of the conditionof children, I22Chap. IV. Of families, x23Chap. V. Of the fev_ralorders of lawfulwives, lb."Chap.VI. Of batiaMsin differentgovernments, t24Chap. VII. Of the father'sconfentto marriage, x26Chap. VIII. Tl_efamefubje&continued, Iz7Chap. IX. Of youngwomen, I28_hap. "X.'Whatit is that determinestomarriage_ lb,'(;ha I ,*_[, Of the fevcrityof government_ ib,

C 0 N T E N T 8. ""1||

Chap.XII.Ofthenumberofmales&femalesindifferentcountrlesx:t9i Chap, XII1. Of feaport towns, x30

Chap. XIV. Of the produ&ionsof the earth which requireagre:_teror a lefsnumberof men, x3t

Chap.XV. Ofthenumberofinhabitantswlthrelatlontotheartsx3a:Chap.XVI. Theconcernof thehgiflatorinthe propagationof

,_ thefp_eies, i35: Chap. XVII. Of Greece,andthe numberofitsinhabltants, x34

Chap.XVIII. Of the Rateandnumberof peoplebeforethe Ro-mans. 136

Chap.XIX. Of the depopulationof the globe, ibid,: Chap.XX. That the Romanswereundera nece_ty ofmaking

lawsto encouragethe propagationof the fpecics, I37Chap. XXI. Of the law_of the Romansrelatingto the propa-

, gationof the fpecies, ibid.Chap. XX[I. Of the expofingof children, 150Chap. XXIII. Of the Rateof the worldafterthedeRru&ionof

the Romans, 15xChap. XXIV. The changeswhichhappenedin Europeawith

; regardto the numberof the inhabitants, x3;zi Chap. XXV. The famefubje&continued, x_3

Chap. XXVI. Confequences, ibid.Chap. XXVII. Of the law madein France to encouragethe

: propagationof the fpecies,Chap.XXVIII.By whatmeanswemayremedya depopulation/fb]¢4Chap. XXIX. Of hofpi:als, iS_g"RookXXIV. Of la_s asrdatkvetoreligion_confidertdin if elf and

in itsdoctrines.Chap.I. Of religionin general, x58Chap. 1I. A paradoxofMr. Bayle's, 159Chap.III. That amoderategovernmentismoilagreeabletothe

ChriRianreligion,and adefpoticone to theMahometanI6oChap. IV. Confequencesfrom the chara&erof theChriflian

religionand that of theMahometan, a6zChap. V. That the Catholicreligionis mo_agreeabletoa mo-

narchy, andthe Protet_antto arepublic, 163! Chap. VI. Anotherof Mr. Bayle'sparadoxes, 164." Chap.VII. Of the lawsof perfe&ionin religion, I65

Chap. VIII. Of the conne&ionbetweenthe morallaws andthofeof religion, ibid,

Chap. IX. Of the Effenes, i66Chap. X. Of the fe&of Stoics, ibid.

i Chap. XI. Of contemplation, 167Chap.XII. O4penances, x68

i Chap. XII[. Of inexpiablecrimes, ibid.ChapXIV.Inwhatmannerreligionhasaninfluenceoncivillawsx69

; Chap.XV. Howfalfereligionsarefometimescorrectedby thecivil laws_ __ t72

; Chap. XVI. Howthe lawsof religioncorre&the inconveni-enciesof a politicalconftitutlo_ ibld,

Chap. XVII. The fame fubje&co3atjnued, tTJChap, XVIII. Howthe lawsof religionhave theeffe&Of civil

laws_ t7¢

i_ C O N T E N T S.Chap.XIX.Thatit isnotfomuchthetruthorfalfityofadoc-

trinewhichrendersitufefulorpernicioustomenincivilgo-vernment,asthealeorabufewhichismadeofit, 17£

Chap.XX.Thefamefubje&continued_ t 77Chap.XXI. Ofthemetempfychofis, ibid.Chap.XXII.Thatit isdangerousforreligiontoiufpireanaver-

fionforthingsinthemfelvesindifferent_ x78Chap.XXIII.Offet_ivals, ibid.Chap.XXIV. Ofthelocallawsofreligion, t8oChap.XXV.Theinconveniencyoftrani]_lantiugareligionfrom

onecountryto another, I8rChap.XXVI.Thefamefubjec2continued, xSz_ookXXV.Oftagvsasrelativeto theedqabli/hmentofreligion_and

itsexternalpolio.Chap.I. Ofreligionsfentiments, 183Chap.II. Ofthemotivesofattachmenttodifferentreligions,lb.Chap.Ill. Oftemples, 18gChap.IV. Oftheminifl;ersofreligion, I88Chap.V. Oftheboundswhichthelawsoughttoprefcribetothe

richesoftheclergy, 189Chap.Vi. Ofmonafteries, x9tChap.VII. Oftheluxuryoffuperflitlou, ibid.Chap.VIII. Of thepontificate, x93Chap.IX. Oftolerationinpointofreligionj ibid.Chap.X. Thefamefubje&continued, 194.Chap.XI. Of'changinga religion, I9_;Chap.XII. Ofpenallaws, ibid.Chap.XIIL A moilhumbleremonffranceto theinquilitorsof

SpainandPortugal, i97Chap.XIV. WhytheChrif_ianreligionisfoodiousinJapanannChap.XV. Ofthepropagationofreligion, _ox_ookXXVI.Ofla_vsaJrelativetotheorderoftl_ingson,whichth_

determine.Chap.I, Ideaofthlsbook, =oz_hap.II. Oflawsdivineandhuman, zo3Chap.IIL Ofcivillawscontrarytothelawofnat-areI an4Chap.IV, Thefamefubje&contiqued, _o6Chap.V. Cafesinwhichwemayjudgeby theprinciplesofthe

civillaw, inlimitingtheprinciplesofthelawofnature _o7Chap.VI. Thattheorderoffuccefllonor inheritancedepends

ontheprinciplesofpoliticalorcivillaw,andnotontholeofthelawofnature, zo8

Chap.VII. Thatweoughtnottodecidebythepreceptsofre-ligionwhatbelongsonlyto thelawofnature, 2in

Chap.VIII. Thatweoughtnotto regulatebytheprinciplesofthecanonlaw,thingswhich/houldberegulatedbytholeoftheei_,illaw, -_Iz

Chap.IX. Thatthingswhichoughttoberegulatedbytheprinci-ples_f civillaw,canfeldomberegulatedbytholeofreligion._tzCheap.X, In whatcareweoughttofollow_thecivillawwhich

'permits,andnotthe lawofrellgionwhichforbids, _t4Ch_ipiXI. Thathhmanc0tirtsofjufficefhouldnotberegulated

bythemaxlrnsofthofetribunalswhlehrdat¢totheothel'lif¢_IChap.'XILThefamefubje&continued_ ibid.

CONTENTS. v

Chap.XIII. In whatcafes,withregardto marriages,weoughtto followthe lawsof religion, and in whatcafeswe fhouldfollowthe civil laws, " _t6

i Chap.XIV. Inwhatinftancesmarriagesbetweenrelat]ons_ouldbe regulatedby the lawsof nature, and inwhatinfianeesbythecivil laws, at8

i Chap. XV. Thatwetrhouldnot regulate, by the principlesofpolitical law, thole thingswhichdependon the princil_lesofcivil law, zz$

i Chap.XVI. That weoughtnottodecidebythe rulesofthecivillaw, whenit ispropertodecidebythofeofthepoliticallaw, 2z£

! Chap. XVII. The famefnbjee'tcontinued, 2z6Chap. XVIII. That it isneceffaryto enquire,whetherthelaws

whichfeemeontradi&oryareof the fameclafs, 227r

Chap. XIX. That wefl_ouldnotdecidetholethingsbythe civil' law, whichoughtto bedecidedbydome_iclaws, a,8

Chap. XX. That weoughtnottodecideby theprinciplesofthe•_o civil laws,thole thingswhichbelongto the lawof nations, 2z9

Chap. XXI. That we_houldnot decidebypolkicallaws,thirtieswhichbelong to the lawof nations, ibid.

Chap. XXII. The unhappyirate of the Ynca Athualpa, 2_oChap. XXIII. That whenby romecircumftancethepoliticallaw

becomesdel_ru&iveto theftate, we oughtto decideby fucha political lawas willpreferveih whichfometimesbecomesa lawof nations, _3_

Chap.XXIV.That theregulationsofthe policeareofaditFereatclafsfromother civil laws, 23z.

Chap. XXV. Thatwe flaonldnotfollowthegeneraldifpofitionsof the civil law, in things whichoughtto befubje&topar-ticularrules drawn fromtheir ownnature, 233

BookXXVII. Of tbt originandr_,olutiansof theRomanla-zvson

Chap.I. Ofthe Romanlawson fucceflions, z34BookXXVIII. Of theorig&andr_;ettt/iol_sof thecivil/a_s amol_

theFrmeb.Chap. I. Differentchara_qerof the lawsof thefeveralpeopleof

Germany, 249Chap. II. That the lawsof the Barbarianswereall perfonal usaChap.IIl. Capitaldifferencebetweenthe Saliclawsandthofeof

the VifigothsandBurgundians, _'4Chap. IV. In whatmannertheRomanlawcametobeloft ;nthe

countryfabje&tothe Franks, andpreferredinthat fubje&tothe Gothsand Burgundians, 256

Chap.V. The famefubjec"tcontinued, 25c)Chap. VI. Howthe Romanlawkeptits groundinthedemefne

of the Lombards, _6oChap.VII. HowtheRomanlawcameto beloft inSt-ain, u6rChap.VIII. A fallecapitulary, u63Chap. IX. In whatmannerthe codesof thebarbarianlaws_and

the eapitulariescameto be loff_ ibid.Ch_p.X. The famefubjee"tcontinued, 265Chap.gl. Otlaercaufesofthedifufeofthecodd_ofbarbarlanlaws,

as wellasbftheKoman law_andof the capitularies_ 266Chal_X_L Oftoca_euftoms. I_evolutionof the lawsof bar-

baromnations)as wellas of the Romanlaw) z67

vl C O N T E N T S.Cha!_.XIII. Differencebetweenthe Saliefew, or thatof tile

8aiianFranks, andthat of the RipuarianFranks, andotherbarbarousnations, 270

Chap. XIV. Anotherdifference, 27iChap. XV. A retie&ion, 272Chap. XVI. Of the ordealor trial byboilingwater,eflabllfhed

by the Sallclaw, 273Chap. XVII. Particularnotionsof our anceftors, z74Chap. XVIII. Ill whatmannerthe cuftomofjudiclalcombats

gainedground, 277Chap.XIX. A newreafonofthe difufeofthe SalicandRoman

laws, a_alfoof the capimlaries, 283Chap. XX. Origin of the pointof honour, aS_Chap. XXI. A nmvrefle&.ionuponthe point ofhonouramong

the Germans, 287(_ • .... , .,hap.XXII. Ofthe mannersrelativetojudmlalcombats, lb_d.

Chacp_,.XXIII. Of the code.oflaws.... onjudicial combats, 289'hap. XX[V. Ruleseflabhfl_edm the ju&clalcombats, =9°Chap. XXV. Oftlieboundsprefcribedto thecultomofjudiclal

combats, 29aChap.XXVI. Of the judiciarycombatbetweenoneof the par-

tiesand oneof the wimeffes, 294.Chap.XXVII.Ofthe judicialcombatbetweenoneoftheparties,

andoneofthe lord'sPeers. Appealof falfejudgment_ 296Chap.XXVIIl. Of the appeal ofdefaultof juftice, 3ozChap. XXiX. Epochof the reignof St. Lewis_ 308Chap. XXX. Obfervationsonappeals, 31IChap. XXXI. The famefubje&continued, 31zChap. XXXII. The famefubje&continued, 313Chap.XXXIII. The famefubje&continued, 3 I4Chap.XXXIV. In whatmannertheproceedingsatlawbecame

fecret, 315Chap. XXXV. Of the coils, 316Chap, XXXVI. Of the publicprofecutor, 318Chap. XXXVII. In whatmannerthe iuhitutionsof St. Lewis

fell into oblivion, 3z_Chap. XXXVIII. The famefubje&continued, 323Chrp.XXXIX. The famefubje&continued, 3z6Chap. XL. In whatmannerthe judiciaryformswereborrowed

from the decretals, 327Chap. XLI. Flux and refluxof the eccleflafficand temporal

jurifdi&ion, 328Chap. XLII. The revivalof the Roman law, andthe refult

thereof. Changein the tribunals, 330Chap. XLIII. The famefubje.&continued_ 333Chap. XLIV. Of the proofbywimeffes, 334Chap. XLV. Of the eui_omsof France, 335;

, ' BookXXIX. Of themannerofcomplngla_zs.Chap I. Of _hefpirit of the legiflator_ 338Chap. II. The fame'fubje&continued, 339Chap. III. That the lawswhichfeemto deviatefromthe views

of the legiflators are frequentlyagreeableto them, ibid.Chap. IV. Of thelawsthat are contraryto theview_of thelegif-

lator, 34°Chap.V. The fameful_jeC"t¢ontlnued_ ibid,

C 0 N T E N T S. viiChap.VI. The lawswhichappearthe fame,havenot alwaysthe

fameeffe&, 34tChap.Vii. The famefnbje&continued. The necegityofcorn-

polingl:_wsinaproper manner, 34zChap. VIII. That lawswhichappearthe famewerenotalways

madethrough tilefamemotive, _43Chap. IX. That the Greek andRomanlaws punithedfuicide,

but not throughthe famemotive, 344Chap. X. That laws which feem contrary proceedfometimes

flora the farnefpirit, 34_Chap. XI. How _e areto judgeof the differenceof laws, 346Chap. XtI. That laws which appear the fameare fometimes

reallydifferent, 347Chap. XIII. That wemuffnot feparatethelawsfromthe end

for which they weremad=: Of the Roman lawson theft, 348Chap.X1V. That wemuft not feparitethe lawsfromthe cir-

cumftancesin whichthey weremade, 3_oChap. XV. That fometim_esit is proper the law lhouldamend

_, itfdf, ibid.Chap. XVI. Things tobeobfervedin the compofingoflaws, 35rChap. XVII. A badmethodof giving laws, 357Chap. _VhI. Of the ideasof uniformity, 358Chap. XIX. Of legiflators, ibid.Book XXX. Theoryoftbtfeudal la_.vsamongtheFran_s,intherela-

i tiontheybeartothe_flablifl_mentof themonarch,Chap. I. Of feudallaws, 33'9Chap.II. Of the fourceof feudallaws, 360

; Chap. III. The originof vaffalage, 36rChap_IV. The famefubje&continued, 36zChap. V. Of the conqueffsof the Franks, 363(_hap.VI. Of the Goths, Burgundians,and Franksr 364

Chap. VII. Differentwaysof dividing the land% 365;Chap. VIII. The famefubje&continued, 366i Chap.IX. A juftapplicationofthelawofthe gurgundlans,and

of thatof theVifigoths,in relationtothe divifionof lands, 367Chap.X. Offervimdes, 368Chap.XI.The famefubjec"t¢ontinned,Chap.XlI. That thelandsbelongingto thedivifionof the bar_693

_ barianspaidno taxes, 373Chap.XlII. Oftaxespaidby theRomansandGauls,in themo-

_. narchyof the Franks, 377Chap. XIV. Of what they calledcenfus, 38oChap. XV. That whatthey calledcenfuswasralfedonlyon the

bondmen, andnot on thefreemen, 38zChap. XVI. Of the feudallordsor vaffals, 38_Chap. XVlI. Of the militaryferviceof freemen, 387

Chap.XVIII. Of the doublefervice, 39L• Chap. XIX. Ofcompofitionsamongthebarbarousnations, 394Chap. XX. Ofwhatwasaftercall'dthejurifdi&ionofthelords,399

° Chap.X,I. Of the territorialjurifdi&ionof the churches, 404Chap, XXII. That the jurifdi&mnswereeftablithedbetbrethe

: endof the fecondrace, 406Chap. XXIII. Generalideaof the Abb6du Bos'sbookon the

eitablifl_mentof the Frenchmo_mrchyin Gaul, 4_o

viii C O N T E N T S.Chap.XXIV. The fameruble&continued. Retie&ionson the

mainpartof the fyt_em, 4xtChap. XXV. Of the Frenchnobility, 415'BookXXXI. _rbeoryofthefeudalla_wsamongtheFranks,in there-

lationtheybeartothere_'olmionsoftheirmotmrc]ay.Chap. I. Changesin the officesandin the fiefs.Of the mayors

ofth_ p,dace, 4_3Chap.II. Howthe civilgovernmentwasreformed_ 427Caap. III. Authorityof the mayorsof the palace, 43tChap. IV. Of thegeniusofthe nationinregardtothe mayors434Chap.V. In whatmannerthe mayorsobtainedthecommandof

the armies, 4.95'Chap. VI. Secondepochaofthe humiliationofourkingsof the

firt_race, 437Ch-_p.VII. Ofthegreatofficesandfiefsunderthe mayorsof the

palace, 438Chap. VIII. In whatmannertheallodialeftateswerechanged

into fiefs, 44°Chap. IX. Howthe churchlandswereconvertedintofiefs, 443Chap. X. Richesof the clergy, 445Chap.XI. Stateof Europeat the timeof Charles_Iartel_ 446Chap. XlI. ERablithmentof thetithes_ 450Chap.XlII. Of the ele&ionsof bithopsandabbots, 453Chap. XIV. Of thefiefsof Charl_sMartel, 454Chap. XV. The famefubjee"tcontinued, 455'Chap. XVI. Confufionof theroyaltyandmayoralty. The fe-

tend race, ibid.Chap. XVII. A parti_lar thingin theele&ionof the kingsof

the fecondrace, 457Chap. XVIII. C_arlemagne, 459Chap. XIX. The fameruble&continued, 46_Chap. XX. Lewisthe Debonnaire, 462Chap.XXi. The fuccefforsof Charlemagne, 465'Chap. XXII. The famefilbje&continued, 466Chap. XXIII. The fameruble&continued, 467Chap.XXIV. That thefreemenwererenderedcapableof hold-

ing fiefs, f4Chap. XXV. The principalea_feof thehumiliationof the 7°condrace. Changesin the allodia, 472

Chap.XXVI. Changesin the fiefs, 47_Chap. XXVII. Anotherchangewhichhappenedin the fiefs 476Chap. XXVIII. Changeswhichhappenedin the great offices,

and in the fiefs, 477Chap. XX1X. Of the nature of the fiefsafter the reign of

Charlesthe Bald, 479Chap. XXX. The famefubje&continued, 480Chap. XXXLIn whatmannerthe empirewastransferredfrom

thefamilyof Charlemagne, 48I_Chap. XXXII.In whatmannerthe crownof Francewastrans-

ferredto the houfeof Hugh Capet, 483Chap.XXXIII. Someconfequencesof the perpetuityof fiefs48_Chap.XXXlg, The fameruble&continued_ ' L49q

THE

SPIRITOF

L A W S.| • ,, i _ -,- _ _ , ,J i ii i ,i i

BOOK XX.-

OF LAWS IN RELATION TO COMMERCE_ CONSIDEREDIN ITS N'ATTJKEAND DISTINCTIOITS.

CHAP. I.

OfCommerce.

'r'I_HE followingfubje&sdeferveto J_etreatedI in a moreextenfivemannerthan t_ natureofthisworkwillpermit. FainwouldI glidedowna gentleriver; but I amcarriedawayby a tor-rent. ....

Commerceis a cureforthe mottdef_ru&ivepre-judices; foritis almof'ca generalrule, thatwhere-everwe find agreeablemanners,therecommerceflourifhes;and that whereverthereis coiiimerce,therewemeetwithagreeablemanners.

Letusnotbeaf_oniihed,then,ifourmannersarenowlefsravagethanformerly.CommercehaseveryVOL.!I, B where

THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BookXX.

wherediffufeda knowledgeof the mannersof all na-tions;therearecomparedonewithanother,and fromthis comparifonafirethe _eateft advantages.

•Commerciallaws, it .maybe laid, improveman-ners, for thefamereafonas theydeftroythem. Theycorrupt the purelt'morals¢_;this was thefubje&ofPlato'scomplaints: andwe' everydayfee, that theypolifhandrefinethemoltbarbarous.

c Ha P. ILOftheSpiritofCommerce.

PEACEIsthenaturaleffe_oftrade. Two nationswho trafficwith eachother becomereciprocallyde-pendent; for if' One has an int_¢eftin buying,theotherhasan intereftin felling; and thus their unionis foundedontheirmutualneceffitles.' _Butif the fpirit of commerceunitesnations,itdoesnofln thefamemanneruiaiteindividuals.Wefee, that in_ countrieswherethe people moveonlybythe fpiritof cbmmerce,theymakea trafficof allthe humane,all the moralvirtues: the mofftriflingthings, thole which humanitywould demand,aretheredone,or theregiven, onlyfor money.

The fplritof tradeproducesin the mind ofmana Certainfen[eof exact juftice,oppofiteon the one_and to robbery,and on the other to thofe moralvirtues_:whiL-rh':forbid.ouralwaysadheringrig_dtytothe:rulesofprivateintereft;and,fufferus toneglec"tthisfor.theadv_t.age.'ofothers.

• ?_Ca_far,:faidof th_-_Oaul$,thatthey sterefpoiledby the |aeighboar-]aooclandthe eorameree.q£_/iarfeilles; infomuchthat theywhoformerly,ilways"con'qi_eredthd "" wereG_rmans_, , nowbecomeinferiorto them,_l"arefeh,Gau[4,li_,6:.... " _ %

G_Ap.3. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 3

The total i_rlvationof trade, on the contrary,producesrobber_;whichAriflotleranksinthenum-ber ofmeansofacquiring: yet it is notat all incon,-fiftentwith certainmoralvirtues Hofpitality,forinflance,is moffrarein tradingcountries,while itis foundin themol'cadmirableperle&ionamongna-tionsofvagabonds.

It is a facrilege,flys Tacitus,for a Germanto/hut hisdooragainftanymanwhomfoever,whetherknownor unknown. He who has"behavedWithhofpitalltyto a flranger,goes to fhewhim anotherhoufewherethis hofpitalityis alfopra&ifed; andheis therereceivedwith thefamehumanity. ButwhentheGermanshadfoundedkingdoms,hofpitalitywasbecomeburthenfome.Thisappearsby two lawsofthet code of the Burgundians;one of which in-fli_eda penaltyoneverybarbarian,who prefumedto /hewa flrangerthe bouleof aRoman; andtheotherdecreed,thatwhoeverreceiveda ftrangerflaouldbe indemnifiedby theinhabitants,every one beingobligedto pay hisproperproportion.

C H A P. III,

Of thePovertyof thePeople.

THERE are two forts of poor; thole who arerenderedfuch by the feverityof the government;thefe areindeed incapableof performingalrfioflanygreataecion,becaufetheirindigenceis aconfequenceoftheirflavery.Othersarepoor,onlybecaufetheyeitherdefpife,or know not the convenienciesof life; and

PEt qui modohofpesfuerat_monflratorhofpitii. D__b. Germ.Vid.O_efar,dehelloGal.lib. 6,

"_Tit: 98. _ 2 thefe

4 THE SPIRIT OFLAWS_ Bo0KXX.thefeare capableof acc0mplithinggreatthings,becaufetheirpovertyconPdtutesapartof theirli-berty, "_

CH A P. IV,

OfCommerceindifferentGovernments.

TRADEhasfomerelationto formsof govern-ment. In amonarchyit is generallyfoundedonluxury; andthoughit bealfofoundedonrealwants,yettheprincipalviewwithwhichitiscarriedon,istoprocureeverythingthatcanContributoto the pride,the pleafure,andthe capriciouswhimfiesof thena-tion. In republics,it iscommonlyfoundedon¢eeo-horny, Theirmerchantshavingan eyeto all thenationsoftheearth,bringfromonewhatiswantedbyanother.It is thus thatthe republic_of Tyre.Carthage,Athens,Marfeilles,_0rence,Venice,and_I-]olland,engagedincommerce;

Thiskindoftra_chasa naturalrelationto a re-.publicangovernment; tomonarchiesit isonlyocca-fional, Foras itisfomadedon thepra&iceofgain-inglittle,andevenlefsthanothernations,and ofremedyingthisbygainingineeffantly; itcanhardlybe carriedonbya peoplefwatlowedupinluxury;whofpend-much,and feen/othingbut obje&sofgrandeur.

cicerowasofthisopinion,whenheibjufilylaid",_cthathedidnotlikethatthefamepeopleihouldbe,, at onceboth the lordsandfa&orsof thewhole_'earth.'_Forthiswouldindeedbetofuppofe,thateveryindividualinthe_ate,andthewholethtecollec°cively;had theirheadsconftanttyfiUe.dwith grandviews,

No!o_und_mpopulumimperatorcm&' _portitor_meff¢ te.rra_um.

C_P.4_ TH]_SPIRIT OF LAWS.andat th_fametimewith fmallones_ whichisacontradi&ion.

Notbutthat themoi_nobleeriterprifesareCorn-pleatedalfoin thofe_ateswhichfubfiRbycccono-micalcommerce: theyhaveevenanintrepiditynotto hefoundinmonarchies.Andthereafonis this:

Onebranchof commerceleadsto another; the_mallto themoderate,the moderateto the great;a " " • ' ""thus he whoh $ graufiedhis aefireof gamingalittle,raifeshimfelftoa fituationinwhichheisnotleftdefirousofgainingagreatdeal.

Betides,the grandenterprifesof merchantsarealwaysneceffarilyconne&edwith theaffairsofthepublic.But inmonarchies,thefepublicaffairsgiveas muchdiftrufcto the merchants,as in freeftatestheyappearto givefafetT. Greatenterpfifesthere-fore,incommerce,arenotformonarchical,butforrepublicangovernments.

Ingaort,anopinionofgreatercertainty,asto the:poffefl_onof. propertyin..thefeRates,makesthemundertakeeverything. They.flatterthemfelveswiththe hopesof receivinggreatadvantagesfrom thefmilesof fortune,and think!rigthemfelveslure ofwhattheyhavealreadyacquired,theyboldlyexpofeit, in ordertoacquiremore; ritkingnothingbut asthemeansofObtaining.

Idonotpretendtofaythatanymonarchyisentirelyexcludedfroman mconomicalcommerce; but ofitsownnatureithaslefstendencytowardsit: neitherdoI moanthattherepublics,withwhichweareac-quainted,are abfolutelydeprivedof the commerceofluxury; butit islefs conne&ed"withtheir9on-ffitution.

With regardtoa,defpoticRate,thereisnooccafiontQmentionit. AgeneralRule:A nationinflaverylaboursmoreto prefervethanto acquire; a freen_tion;moretoacquirethanto preferve.

B3 CHAP.

-6 THE SPIRIT (_F LAWS. ]3OoK.X_.

C H A P. V.

Of Nationsthat kave enteredintoanceconomicalCom-meYce.

M A R S E I I. LE S, a neceffaryretreat in th__midlIof a tempeftuouslea; Marfeilles,a harbourwhichall the winds, the/helvesof the lea, the dif-pofitionof thecoafis,pointout for a landing-place,became frequentedby mariners!while the fteri-llty* of the adjacentcountry determinedthe citi.zensto an oeconomicalcommerce. It was neceffarythat theyflaouldbe laborious,to fupply what na-ture had refufed; that they_houldbe juft, in orderto liveamongbarbarousnations,from whomtheywereto derivetheirprotperity; that they _ould bemoderate,to theendthattheymightalwaystarethefweetsof a tranquilgovernment; in fine, that they./houldbe frugal in their manners,to enablethemtofubfift by trade, a trade the more certain, as itwaslefsadvantageous.

We everywhere feeviolenceand 6pprettiongivebirth to a commercefoundedon oeconomy,whilemen are conftrainedto take refuge in madhes, inifles, in the _allows of the lea, and evenonrocksthemfelves. Thus it was, that Tyre, Venice,and;he citiesof Holland, werefounded. Fugitivesfoundtherea placeof fafety. It was neceffarythat theyfhouldfubfiR; the),drew thereforetheirfubfiftencefromall parts ofthe world.

CHAP. VI.

SomeEffe_sofanextenfiveNavigation.

I T_fometlmeshappens thata nation, when en-gagedin an _economicalcommerce,havingneedof: "Juffi., 1. 43, ¢"3"

the

tCr_A_.6.THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. ?

the merchandizesof onecountry,whichferveasacapitalor Rockfor procuringthe commoditiesofanother,isfatisfiedwith makingverylittleprofits,andfrequentlynoneatall, intradingwiththeformer,in expe&ationofgaininggreatlybythelatter. Thus,Whenthe Dutchwerealmofftheonlynationthatcarriedon thetradefromthe Southto theNorthofEurope; theFrenchwines,whichtheyimportedtotheNorth,werein romemeafureonlya capitalorRockfor conductingtheircommercein that partoftheworld.

It is a knownfa_, thattherearef0mekindsofmerchandizein Holland,which,thoughimportedfromafar, fell for verylittlemorethanthey coltupon the fp0t. Theyaccountforit thus: acaptainwhohasoccafionto ballaffhisflaip,willloaditwithmarble; ifhewantswoodforftowage,he willbuyit; andprovidedhe loresnothingbythebargain,hewillthinkhimfelfagainer. Thusit isthatHollandhasitsquarriesanditsforeRs.•Further,it mayhappenfo, thatnotonlya com-

mercewhichbringsiDnothing,thallbeufeful; butevena lofingffadefhallbebeneficial.I havehearditaffirmedin Holland,thatthewhale-fiflaervin generaldoesnotanfwei'theexpence: butittoURfieobferved,that the perfonsemployedin buildingtheflaips,asalfothofewhofurnifhtheriggingandprovifions,arejointlyconcernedinthefiflaery.Shouldtheyhappentolorein thevoyage,theyhavehada profitinfittingouttheveffel. Thiscommerce,in thort,isa kindoflottery,andeveryoneis alluredwiththe hopesofa prize. Mankindare generallyfond ofgaming.;and eventhe moftprudenthaveno averfionto *tiwhenthedifagreeablecircumlhncesattendingit, fuctias diffipation,ahxiety,paflion,totsof time, and.evenof lifeand fortune,aredoncealeafrom theirview.

B4 CHAP.

t

s T_E SPIriT OF LAWS. _ooKXX.

C H A P. VII.

The8ph'hofEngland,withrefpe_toCommerce.

THE tariff,or cuf_omsof England,are veryunfettied,wlth refpec°ctOother nations;theyarechanged,in romemeafure,with everyparliament,eitherbytaking0ffpartieularduties,or byimpofingnewor_es. Theyendeavourby'thefeme_s fdl!toprefervetheirindependence.Supremelyjealouswith_refpe&_totrade,theybind themfelvesbut littlebytreaties,anddependonlyontheir'owntaws.

Othernationshavemadethe interefisof com-merce yieldto th0feofpolitics; theEnglifh,onthecontrary,haveevermadetheir politicalintereftsgivewaytotholeOfcommerce.

Theyknowbetter thananyotherpeopleuponearth_howto valueat thefametimetherethreegreatadvantages,relig!on,commerceandliberty.

C H A P. VIII.

In what mannerthe oeconomkalCommercehas beenfometimesr_rained.

tN feveralkingdomslawshavebeenmade,ex-tremelypropertohumbletheOcatesthathaveenteredintothececonomicalc0mmerce.They};aveforbidtheir importing"anymerchandifes,e/:ceptthe pro-du&of_their_refpec'tive•countries;andhaveber-mittedthem to tr-_/ftic,_only'in veffelsbuiltin "thekingdomtowhichtheybroughtthdircommodities._"tt is_neceffarythat_the idngdomwhichiifipofes

therelaws/houlditfell be ableeafilytoengageincomm_ce;

commerce;otbeswi_it w.ill,_t !eaR,bg anequali_u_erer._'Iti's_uch"moreMyantage_iaStotrad_witli_co_merc_al_ii6_,Whofe_pr0fit_-arcm0der_aic,and_ho a'rerende_M_n'fdme,fort"dependent)'by_li,e.'af'-f_i_sofcommerce;W_thar/aaon,'Who;el_rge_.Views,a_d'_hofe"C_.dedt_adee_ag!esthe_ _6difvgf_bf"t,h_eii" fuperfl(_bus_merchan_fes;WithaWealthy,

ridS,imdmake'th,m'aquick&r_mrpinTp_cie_;vckha'_ationu_detakihd_£neee_ to136faithful,cificfromprinciple,andthatleekstoga'm,an*flh_i:to conquer; it is muchbe_er,I fay,to tradewithfuch anation,thanwithOfliers,"theirconttantrivals_whowillnevergrantfuch_eat adyant,3g¢_.

C H A P,. IX.

Ofthet_robibitionof_mmerce.

I T is a true maxim,that onenation/houldneverexcludeanothe_from fradin_withit, e_ceptfor verygrea(reafons.•The 'Jap'_nefetrade0nly"withtwonations,theChlnefeandtl_eDutch. TheChineCet_alnathoufand'/_rce'nt,ui_0rifu_ars,and

fometimes_ismuchbythe goodsthey iakein ex-chafige.The Dutchm_kenearlythefameprofits:Everynationthata&suponJapanefeprin'ciplesmiaRneeeffanffbe dece,ved;for ttasCompentmnwhichletsajuftvalueon merch'andifes,and_e_bli0es therelationbet_:eenthem.

Mt]ch iei_iought:aflareto 1_ itfelfunderanobligati0nof feeling"its" manufa&ui,esonly' to atingleflat,on,un_leri_"pretence0t_J!helrtakingallatacertaiiiprice. ThePoles,in thismanne/,difpgfe

DeHald_ vol,_,p,7o." " of

_o THE_SPIRITOFLAWS_ BookX_,

of_theircornto the city of Dantzic; and feveralIndianprinceshavemadea likecontra&for theirfpiceswiththeDutch#. .ThefeargreementsarerOperonlyforapoornation,wholeinhabitantsaretisfiedtoforegothe hopesofenrichingthemfelves

providedthey'canbefecureof a certainfubfiftence;or for nations,whofeflaveryconfiftseitherin re-nouncingthe ufeof tholethingswhichnaturehasgiventhem,or in beingobligedto fubmittoa dif-adwmtageouscommerce.

CHAp. X.

_4nInflitutlonadaptedtomconomicalCommerce.

IN ftatestllatcarryoh at1oec0nomicalcommerce,theyhaveluckilyeftablifhedbanks,whichby theircredithaveformeda newfpeciesof wealth; butitwouldbequitewrongto introducethemintogovern-ments,whofecommerceis foundedonlyin luxury.Theere&ingof banksin countriesgovernedbyanabfolutemonarch,fuppofesmoneyon the onefide2andontheotherpower; thatis, ontheonehand,themeansof procuringeverythingwithoutanypower,andontheotherthepower,withoutanymeansofprocuringatall. Ina governmentofthiskind,nonebuttheprinceeverhad,or canhaveatreafure; andwhereverthereis one,it no foonerbecomesgreat,thanitbecomsthetreafureoftheprince.

Forthefamereafon,allaffociationsof merchants,in orderto carryon a particularcommerce,-arefel-dora properinabfolutegovernments.Thedefignofthefecompaniesistogiveto thewealthofprivateper-fonstheweightofpubllcriches.But,inthofegovern,ments,thisweightcanbefoundonlyin the prince.

:. _ This was fir_ el_abligaedby the Portugtt_fe.-Fr.Pirard's_,oyagts,cbal,.ZS.Fart_"

Nay,

CH*p._,.,Z." THe- St'IP. IT OF LAWS. t_

Nay, they are not evenalwaysproperifittatesen-gagedin _conomicalcommerce; for, if the tradebe not fo greatas to furpafsthe managementof par-ticularperfons,it is much better to leaveit open,thanbyexclufiveprivileges,to reftrainthelibertyofcommerce.

CHAP. XI.

_'hefame8ubje_continued." •

A .FREE portmaybe ef_ablifl_ed.inthedominionsof ftates xvhofecommerceis ceconomical. That_economyin thegovernment,whichalwaysattendsthe frugalityof individuals,is, if I may]'oexprefsmyfelf, the foulof its _conomicalcommerce. Thelofsit fuf_ainswith refpeecto cuRoms,it canrepairby drawingfromthe wealthand induRryof the re-public. But ina monarchy,afcepof thiskindmuftbe oppofiteto reaf0n;forit couldhavenoothereffe&,than to eafe luxuryof the weight of taxes. Thiswouldbe deprivingitfelf of theonlyadvantagethatluxurycan procure,and ofthe onlycurbwhich, ina conftitutionlike this, it is capableof receiving.

C H A P. XII.

Of t,SeFreedomof Commerce.

T_-_Efreedom'ofcommerceis nota powergrantedto the merchantsto do what they pleafe: Thiswould be moreproperlyits ilavery. The conttrainrof the merchantis not the confcrairitof commerce.It is in the freeftcountriesthat the merchantfindsinnumeiableObRacles; andhe is neverlefscroffedby laws, thanina countryofflares.

3 England

_g!and prOhibitsthe exportation.ofherwool;coalstourbebrough_hyleatothe_pital;nohorfes,,¢_Ceptgelding:,,artallowedtoheexpsxtecl;andtheveffdsSofhercbld_n_es,trac]'tt_gta EUrope,mufftakeinw,ate.rinEngland: TheEng"!HhCOn,Rrainthemer-chant,'butit isin favourofcorfimerce.

C H A P. XIIL

Whatit_ist_atde_oyz_bi_l.jl_erty.

WHEREV.EBcommerce,fi)bfifls,cuflomsareeffahlifhe'd..Co.mm.crceis_theexportationandimpor-t_ionoi:merchandifes,w[th,_¥igWto theadvantageof t.heflate: Cuflom_a_rea certainright o,¢erthisfameexportationandimportation,foundedalfo:ontI_ aRvantage of the _ate. Fromhenceit'becomes_ec_ary,thefttheflare_guldbeneuterb.etween.itscu_ogls._indits.comme;r_e, thatneitherofthefetwo -_terfefeWitheach.o_er i_a_d_.entheinhabitantsenjoya/freecomm,erce." Thefarmingo__e cufloms,deflroyscommerceby

its injufd&and,vexatj0n_aswellasbytheexcefsoftheimpoRs; but, independentofthis;it deflroysitevenmorebythedifficultiesthatarifcfromit, andbytheformalitiesit exa&s.In England,wherethecuffomsaremanagedby theking'sofficers,bufinefsisnegotiatedwith_t4ingulardexterity: onewordofwritingaccomplifllesthe greatefl;affairs.Themer-chant._eednot_iofeaninfinitedeat'0Ffime=_°hehasnoocci_fionfor a!_a?ti_ul_reommiflioner_eithertoobviate'al[thedifficultiesofthe farmers_or:_o"fub-m_t:tottiem_

A&_ navigatlpn,_. It i_onlyint&e."thngo£w_,th_fl_mgr,

CHAP.

C H A P. XIV.

._keLawsof CommerceconcerningJheConflfcutionOf_erchand_s.

THE M_gna-ChartaofEngtandforbidsthe'feizl-n_and confifcating,m cafe.of War,the efl'ecffsoTforeignmerelIant_,exeep_by.Whyof repri_ais.It isanhonourto fl_e_-Engfi/h:naii_, theyha'remadefh'isoneof thearticlesoffhei/fibet_.

In thelatewarbet_,eenSpai_n-andEngl._n'diflaeformer.madea' *law, wtii'ehpuni'fhdd-wi_h'deaihtholeV_tiobrougl_En_i/hmerch'a_'difesintothedo-minionsofSpain; andthef_mepenattyontt_ofewfioca_riec[-SpmE4h-mereli_ind_feSinto England;-.Anor_li_a_ee'IH_e_s*C_idnot,_ believe,findapl_ecedeiatin anylawsbut tholeofJapan. It equally/hockshumanity,thefgi_tofcommerce,and'the harmonywhichoughtto fubfiffintheproportionofpenalties;it confoundsall our ideas,makingthat a crimezgainflthe ffate,whichis onlya violationof civilpotit_. '

C /_ A P. XV.

OffdZi'ngthererfo_sofl_erchant's'.

8OI:,ON"_:madea-l_w_that:theAttfenian_/hodldno-tisflge_feize":¢heBodyforciv.ild_lSts."Fhis"'la_he_-receivedfromEgypt. It hadbeenmad_by'Boccoris;andrenewedbySefoffris.

Tlli_qaWiCdx,%r_tttelyg6_d,.Wi_/refpe_tot_ege-PublilhedatCadiz,inMarch,7_o."

_-Plutarch,,in'histreatif¢a_ialOhleading_ponufury.

nerality

I_ THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BooKX)£,neraiityof civil§affairs; butthereisfufficientrea-fortfor itsnotbeingobfervedintholeof commerce.For,as merchantsareobligedto entruRla'rgefumst

"freqeentlyforaveryihorttime,andto paymoneyaswellas toreceiveit, thereisa neceftity,thatthedebtor/houldconfmntlyfulfilhisengagementsatthetimeprefixed; andhenceit becomesneceffarytolaya conRraintonhispeffon.

Inaffairsrelatingto commoncivilcontra&s,thelawoughtnotto permitthefeizureof theperfon;becaufethelibertyofonecitizenisofgreaterimpor-tancetothepublic,thantheeafeor profperityofan-other. Butin conventionsderivedfromcommerce,thelawoughtto confiderthepublicprofperityasofgreaterimportancethan the libertyof a citizen;

•Which,however,doesnothinderthereRri&ionsandlimitationsthathumanityandgoodpolicydemand.

C H A P. XVI.

"./InexcellentLaw.

ADMIRABLEis that law of Geneva,whichexcludesfrom the magiRracy,and even fromthe admittanceintothe greatcouncil,the childrenoftholewhohavelivedordiedinfolvent,excepttheyhavedifchargedtheir father'sdebts. It hasthiseffect; it givesaconfidencein themerchants,in thema_iRrates,andin thecityiffelf.' Therethe ci'editOft_heindividualhasfrillalrthe weightof publiccredit.

§ The Greeklegiflatorsweretoblamein preventingthe arms.andploughofanymanfrombeing_akeninpledge,andyetla:rmit_ingthe takingofth_'ma._himfelf. Diodorus,boo_i. _artz. chap3" '_

C HA_.

Caae.xT:xs.THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. x_

C H A P. XVII.

.dLa_.,ofRhodes.

THE inhabitantsofRhodeswentfurther.SextusEmpirieus*obfervcs,thatamongtholepeople,afoacouldnotbe excufedfrompayinghisfather'sdebts,byrenouncingthe fucceflion.ThislawofRhodeswascalculatedforarepublic,foundedon commerce.NOWI aminclinedtothink,thatreafonsdrawnfromcommerceitfelfthouldmakethislimitation,thatthedebtscontra&edby thefather,fincethe fon'senteringintocommerce,ihouldnot affe&theeftateorpropertyacquiredbythelatter.A merchantoughtalwaysto knowhis obligations,andto fquarehis¢ondu&by hiscircumftancesandprefentfortune.

C H A P. XV!II.

Ofthe_YqdgesofGommerce.

XENOPHON,in hisbookof revenues,wouldhaverewardsgivento tholeoverfeersof commerce,whodifpatehedthe caufesbroughtbeforethemwiththegreatet_expedition.Hewasfenfibleof theneedofourmodernjurifdi_ionofaconful.

Theaffairsof commercearebut littlefufcepfibleof formalities.Theyare the a&ionsofaday,andareeverydayfollowedbyothersof the famenature:Henceit becomesneceffary,that everydaytheyfllouldbe decided.It is otherwifewiththoleac-tionsof lifewhichhavea principalinfluenceon fu-turity,butr_el);lfappen.We feldom'marrymore

,$Hypotipofcs_b_k x.chap.I4._ than

i6 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. oox .

than once; deedsand wills are not the work ofeveryday: we arebut onceofage.

Plato_fays, that in a citywhere there is no ma-ritimecommerce,thereoughtnot to be abovehalfthenumberof civillaws: This is verytrue. Com-mercebringsintothe famecountrydifferentkindsofpeople; it imroducesalfo a greatmamberof con-trac°cs;"_ndof fpeciesof wealth,with variouswaygof acquiring.it.

Thus in a tradingcity,there are fewerjudges,andmorelaws.

/2 _ A P. XlX.

_at" d.#,:inceoughtfzotioi_gage_imfe_in ¢om/a_ce.

THEOPHILUS-_ feeing a veffel laden withmerchandifes,fo_tlis ""' "wlf6 Theodora,'orderedit tobe burnt. " I am Emperor,"laid he, "' andyou,c makemeth_mafferof a ghlie')_: Bywhat means" ihall thefepoormen/gaina livelihood,if we taket, tlaeirffade0iit 6f theirhands?" He mxghthaveadded,Who fhall"f_ bBuiadsto uS;if _e m0i46r_/_-hzeall;to ourfelves.Whbiliifll obhgeus to fU]fil6uPen_ag_m6nts?OhrdoiirtiefsWill'f6110_"0tii_ex-ample; theywillB_rrib_dgreedy,;ind'morddhiu_'t*filin_re: The pegi61ehaveforiieconfidencein ourjuaice; they_ill hastenSfiem....our opulence_" __':All'th_fdnflriieroiJiduuds,whiehaidtl_ ca_feof theirqcai/ts_acecertain_p'roofs'of0i_is.

CHA.

t

C_AV.2o.2x. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. t7

C H A _P. XX.

_/7oefameSubje_continued.

W HEN the Portuguefeand Cattillansborefwayin the EaftIndies,commercehad £uchopu-lentbranches,thattheirprincesdidnotfail to felzethem. Thisruinedtheirfettlementsin thofepartsoftheworld.

TheviceroyofGoagrantedexclufiveprivilegestoparticularperfons.Thepeoplehadnoconfidencein

thefe men,andthe commercedeclined,by the per-petualchangeof thofeto whomit wasentruffed;nobodytookcareto improveit, orto leaveit entireto his fucceflbr.In fhort,theprofitcenteredin afewhands,andwasnotfufl]cientlyextended.

C H A P. XXL

Of theCommerceoftheNobilityin aMonarchy.

IN"amonarchicalgovernment,it iscontraryto thefpiritofcommerce,thatanyofthenobillty_ouldbemerchants."This,"laidtheEmperors• HonorlusandTheodofius," wouldbeperniciousto cities';and" wouldremovethefacilityofbuyingandfelling" betweenthemerchantsandtheplebeians."•It iscontraryto the fpiritofmonarchy,toadmit

the nobilityintocommerce.Thecu_omof fuffer-ingthenobilityofEnglandto trade,is oneoftholethingswhichhastheremoldycontributedto w_kenthemonarchicalgovernment.

" Leg.nobillorcJcod.decomm.tt leg.ult, d¢rcfdncl,vendit.

VoL.IL C CHAP.

_ T_ SPIRIT _F LAWS. _ooK_.

CHAP= XXi!._'t.,_ngularRefle_ion.

PERSONS, ftruckwiththepraCticeof romei_ates,imagine,thatin Francetheyoughtto makeflawsto engagethenobilitytoenterintocommerce.Buttherelawswouldbethemeansof deitroyingthenebility,withoutbeingof anyadvantageto trade.ThepraCticeofthiscountryisextremelywife; mer-chantsarenotnoblegthoughtheymaybecomefo:theyhavethe hopesof obtaining.adegreeof no-

bility, uflattendedwith its aCtualmeonveniencies.Thereisnolurerwayof beingadvancedabovetheirprofeflion,thantomanageit well,or withfuccefs;the confequenceof whichis generallyan affluentfortune.

Lawswhichobligeeveryoneto continuein hisprofeffion,andto devolveitto his children,neitherarenorcanbe of ufein anybut _ defpoticking-doms;wherenobodyeithercan, oroughtto have;emulation.•Letnonefay;thateveryonewiltfucceedbetterin

hisprofeffion,whenhecannotchangeit foranother.I fay,thata perfonwillfucceedbet1,whentholewhohaveexcelledhopeto arifetoanother.

The poffibitityof purchafinghonourwithgold_encouragesmanymerchantsto put themfelvesincircumttancesbywhichtheymayattainit, Idonottakeuponmeto examinethejufticeof thusbarter-4ng formoneythe priceof virtue. Therearego-_'ernmentswherethismaybeveryufeful.

In France,thedignity9f thelong robe, which_lacestholewhowearit betweenthegreatfi0billty

Thisisa_uallyveryoftentlaccafcinfuehgovernm¢_tl,

and

CuA_._3,TI-IESPIRIT QFLAWS, _9andthepeople,andwithouthavingfuchfhiningho-noursas theformer,hasall theirprivileges; adig-nitywhich,whilethisbody,the depofitaryof thetaws, is encircledwith glory, leavesthe privatemembersin a mediocrityof fortune; adignity,inwhichtherearenoothermeansofdiRincqion,butbya fuperiorcapacityandvirtue,yetwhichftillleavesin viewonemuchmorei11uftrious: Thewarlikeno-bilitylikewife,whoconceivethat, whateverdegreeofwealththeyarepoffeffedof, theymayfrillincreafetheirfortunes; whoarea'fhamedof augmenting,iftheybeginnotwith diffipatingtheireftates; whoalwaysfervetheirprincewith theirwholecapitalRock,and,whenthatisfunk,makeroomforotherswhofoltowtheirexample;whotakethefieldthattheymayneverbereproachedwithnothavingbeenthere;who,whentheycannolongerhopeforriches,liveinexpdcCtationofhonours,and,whentheyhav<enotobtainedthelatter,enjoythe confolationof havingacquiredglory: all therethings togetherhavene-ceffarilycontributedto augmentthegrandeurofthiskingdom; and,if fortwo orthreecenturiesit hasbeeninceffant13/increafingin power,thismuffbeat-tributednotto fortune,who wasneverfamedforconftancjr,butto thegoodnef6ofitslaws,

C H A P. XXIII.

_owhatNationsCommerceisprejudicial.

RICHESconfifteitherin lands,or in moveableeffe&s.The foil of everycountryis commonlypoffefl_dby the natives. The lawsof moltRatesrenderforeignersunwillingtopurchafetheirlands.;and nothingbut the prefenceof the ownerim-provesthem: thiskindof richesthereforebelongsto everyftatein particular,t3_ttmoveableeffee"ts,as

C _ money,

_o THE:S_IRIT OF LAWS. Boo_X_,

money,'notes,billsofexchange,frocksin companies_veffels,andin fineall merchandifes,belongto thewholeworldin general; in thisrefpe&it is corn-poledofbut onetingleRate,of whichall the £o-cietiesuponeartharemembers.The peoplewhopoffefsmoreof theremoveableeffe&sthananyotherontheglobe,ate themoltopulent.Someftateshaveanimmenfequantity,acquiredbytheircommodities,by the labouroftheirmechanics,bytheirinduffry,bytheirdifcoveries,andevenby chance. Theava-riceo£nationsmakesthemquarrelforthemoveablesof thewholeuniverfe.Ifwecouldfinda Ratefounhappy,us to be deprivedof the effe_sof othercountries,a_datthefametimeofalmof¢allitsown,the proprietorsof thelandswouldbe onlyplantersto foreigners.ThisRate,wantingall,couldacquirenothing; thereforeit wouldbe muchbetterfortheinhabitantsnotto havetheleaftcommercewithanynationuponearth; forcommerce,in therecircum-_ances,muffneceffarilyleadthemtopoverty.

A country,that confhntlyexportsfewermanu.fa&uresor commoditiesthanit receives,willfoonfindthebalancefinking; itwillreceivelefsandlefs7until,fallingintoextremepoverty,itwillreceiveno-t',;ing_tall,

In tradingcountries,the fpeclewhichfuddenlyvaniflhes'quicklyreturns,becaufetholenationsthathavereceiveditareits debtors; butit neverreturnsintotholeftatesofwhichwehavejuftbeenfpeaking,becaufetholewhohavereceivedit owethemno-thirg.

Polandwillferveusforanexample.Ithasfcarce-ly anyof tholethingswhichwecallthe moveableeffee"tsoftheuniverfe,exceptcorn,the produceofitslands. Someofthelordspoffefsentireprovinces;they opprefsthe hufl_andmen,in order to havegreaterquantitiesofcorn,whichtheyfendto ftran-

gerg,

C_rar.23. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 21

gets, to procurethe fuperfluousdemandsof luxury.If Polandhadnoforeigntrade, itsinhabitantswouldbemorehappy. The grandees,whowouldhaveonlytheircorn, wouldgive it to their peafantsfor fub-fiftence; as their tooextenfiveeftateswould,becomeburthenfome,theywoulddividethemamongfttheirhPeafants; everyonewouldfindflcinsor woolin theirerdsor flocks,fothat theywouldnolongerbe atan

immenfeexpencein providingcloaths; the great,who are everfond of luxury, notbeingableto findit but in theirowncountry,would,encouragethela-boukof thepoor. Thisnation,I affirm,would thenbecomemore flouriflfing,at leaR, if it didnot be-comebarbarous; andthisthelaws mighteafilypre-vent.

Let usnextconfiderJapan. The vaft quantityofwhzt they receive,is the caufeof the vaff quan-tlty of merchandifesthey fend abroad. Thingsarethusin asnice an equilibrium,as if the importationand exportationwere but fmall. Betides,thiskindofexuberancein theftateis produ&iveof a _houfandadvantages:thereisa greaterconfumption,a greaterquantityof tho/'ethings on whichthe arts are ex-ercifed; more men employed,and morenumerousmeans of acquiringpower: exigenciesmay alfohappen,that require a fpeedyaffiftance,wlaichfoopulent a ffate can better affordthan any other.It is difficultfor a country to avoid havingfuper-fluities: but it is the natureof commerceto renderthe fuperfluousufeful, and the ufefulneceffary.The ftatewill be thereforeableto affordneceffariestoa muchgreaternumberof fubje&s.

Let us taythen, that it is not tholenationswhohaveneedof nothing,thatmuffloreby trade; it istholewho haveneedof everything. It is not fuehpeopleas havea fufficiencywithin themfelves,but

C $ thole

_ THE SPIRIT OF LAWS,- BooKXXt,,

tholewho are moltin want,thatWillfindanad_vantagein puttinga ftopto _allcommercialinter_courfe.

_T

B 0 0 K XX!.

OFLAWSRELATIVETOCOMMERCE_COiqSIDEREDIN THEREV@LUTIONSIT HAS METWITH INTHE WORLD.

CHAP. I.

, SomegeneralConfiderations.HOUGHcommercebe fubjec"tto gre_trevo.lutions,yetit is poffiblethat certainphyfical

caufes,asthequalityofthefoilorthe climate,may"fixitsnatureforever.

Weat prefentcarry onthe trade of the Indiesmerelybymeansofthefilverwhichwefendthither.The* RomanscarriedannuallythitheraboutfiftymillionsOf fefterces; andthisfilver,asoursis a'tprefent,wasexchangedformerchandifeswhichwere"broughttothe weft. Everynation,thatevertradeflto the Indies,has conftantlycarriedbullion,andbroughtmerchandifcsin return.

It is Natureitfelfthat producesthiseffe&. TheIndianshavetheirartsadaptedtotheirmannerofliv-ing, Ourluxurycannotbe theirs,nor thelrsourwants Theirclimateneitherdemandsnor permits_lardlyanyth_ngwhichcomesfromus, Theygoin

l_p|i_.D lib,vLc_p._$._:grcat

CHAr._., THE _P.IRIT OF LAWS. :_3

agreatmeafurenaked: fuchcloathsastheyhavethecountryitfelffurnifhes; andtheirreligion,whichi_deeplyrooted,give_themanaverftonfortholethingsthatCervefor ournouriflament.Theywant,there-fore,nothingbut ourbullion,to ferveas the me-diumof value,andforthistheygiveus merchan-difesinreturn,withwhichthefrugalityof thepeo-ple, andthenatureof thecountry,furnifhesthemingreatabundance.Tholeancient*authors,whohavementionedtheIndies,defcribethemjuftas wenowfindthem,asto theirpolicy,cut_oms,andmannei_s.The IndieshaveeverbeenthefameIndiestheyareat prefent; and,in everyperiodof time,tholewhotradedtothatcountrymuffcarryfpeciethither,.andbroughtnonein return.

CHAP. IL

OfthePeopleof_4frica,THE greatet_partof thepeopleon theeoaftof

Africaare ravagesand barbarians.The principalreafon,I believe,of this is, becaufethefmallcoun-triescapableof beinginhabited,arefeparatedfromeachotherby largeanda!moftuninhabitabletrattsof land. Theyarewithoutinduftryor arts. Theyhavegoldin abundance,whichtheyreceiveimme-diatelyfromthehandofnature.Everycivilizedftateis thereforeinaconditiontotrafficwiththemto ad-vantage,by raifingtheirefteemfor thingsof novalue,andreceivinga veryhighpriceinreturn.

SeePliny, b_okv].chap.19.,a_A$trabo_bookxv.

C 4 CHAP.

-_4_ THE SPIRIT OFLAWS. BooKXXI-

C HA P. III._at thewantsof thePeoplein theSoutharedifferent

fromihofeof theNorth.In Europe,thereisa kindofbalancebetweenthe

fouthernandnorthernnations. Thefirffhaveeveryconvenienceoftile,andfewofitswants: thelaRhavemanywants,andfewconveniencies.Toone,naturehasgivenmuch,anddemandsbutlittle; to theother,/hehasgivenbut little,and demandsa greatdeal.Theequilibriumismaintainedbythelazinefsof thefouthernnations,and by the induRryanda_ivitywhich/he hasgivento tholein the north. Thelatterareobligedtoundergoexcel'fivelabour,without"which,theywouldwanteverything,anddegenerateintobarbarians.Thishasnaturalizedflaveryto thepeopleof thefouth: astheycaneafilydifpenfewithriches,theycan moreeafilydifpenfewithliberty.Butthe peopleofthenorthhaveneedofliberty,forthiscanbeltprocurethemthemeansoffatisfyingallthofewantswhichtheyhavereceivedfromnature.Thepeopleofthenorth,then,areinaforcedRate,iftheyarenoteitherfreeorbarbarians,AlmoRallthepeopleofthefouthare,in fomemeafure,in aflateofviolence_if theyarenotflaves,

CHAP. IV.:_heprincipalDifferencebetweenthe Commerceof the

_4ncientsandtheModerns.Theworldhasfounditfelf,fromtimeto time,_n

differentfituations; by whichthefffeeof commercehasbeenaltered,Thetradeof Europeis,atprefent,carriedonprincipallyfromthe northto the fouth;_andthe differenceof climateis the caufethat thefeveralnationshavegreatoccafionfor themerchan-dizcs

CrIa_.5. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 25

dizesof eachother. Forexample,theliquorsof thefouth, which arecarriedto thenorth, form a com-mercelittleknownto theancients. Thus theburthenof veffels,whichwasformerlycomputedbymeafuresof corn,is at prefentdeterminedby tonsof liquor.

Theancientcommerce,fo faras it is knowntous,was carredonfrom oneportin the Mediterraneantoanother: andwasalmoffwhollyconfinedto thefouth.Now thepeopleof thefameclimate,havingnearlythe famethingsoftheirown, havenot the fameneedof tradingamongRthemfelvesaswith tholeofa dime-rent climate. The commerceof Europewas there-foreformerlylefsextendedthan at prefent.

Thisdoesnotat allcontradi&whatI havefaldofourcommerceto the Indies: for herethe prodigiousdifferenceof climatedeffroysallrelationbetweentheirwantsandours.

CHAP. V.

Ot]JerDifferences.

COMMERCEis fometimesdeftroyedbyconque-rors,fometimescrampedby monarchs; it traverfestheearth, fliesfrom the placeswhereit is oppreffed,and Rayswhereit hasliberty tobreathe: it reignsatpre£entwherenothing was formerlyto be feen butdefarts,feas,an_rocks; andwhere it oncereigned,thereareonlyc,efarts.

To fee Colchisin its prefentfituation,which isnomorethana vaRforeR,wherethe peopleareeveryday decreafing,and onlydefendtheirlibertyto fell

rhemfelves"bypiece-mealto the Turks andPerfians;onecouldneverima_ne, thatthis countryhad ever,in thetimeof theRomans,beenfullof cities,wherecommerceconvenedallthenationsof theworld.VVefindnomonumgntofthefefac"tsin the countryitfelf;

there

_ THE SPIRIT OFLAWS. 'BooKXXI,

there are no tracesof them, except in_Plinyand+ Strabo.

The hiRoryof commerce,is thatof the commu-nicationof people. Their numerousdefeats,andtheflux and refluxof populationsanddevaffations,hereformthemoffextraordinaryevents.

c H A P. VI.OftheCommerceoftheAncients..

THE immenfetreafuresof Semiramls,_ whichcouldnotbe acquiredin a day, giveus reafontobe-lleve, that the Affyriansthemfelveshad pillagedotherrichnations,as othernationsafterwardspilla-gedthem.

The efl'e&of commerceis riches; theconfequence•of riches, luxury; andthatofluxury,the perfectionof.arts. _Vefindthat thearts werecarriedto greatperle&ionin the time of Semiramisl[which is afufficientindication,that a confiderablecommercewastheneffablifhed.

In theempiresofAria,therewasa greatcommerceofluxury. The hli_oryof luxurywouldmakea finepartofthatofcommerce. The luxuryofthePerfiauswasthat of the Medes,as theluxuryof the Medeswasthatof the Affyrians.

Great revolutionshave happenedin Aria. Thenortheaftparts of Perfia,viz. Hyrcania,Margiana,Ba&ria,&c. wereformerlyfullof flourithing§citieswhich are now no more; and the north of thistt empire,that is, the iffhmuswhich feparatestheCafpianandthe Euxinefeas, was coveredwithcitiesand nations,whicharenowdeftroyed.

Lib.vi. -{-Lib.ii. _ Diodorus_lib.iL ][Ib.§ Pliny,lib.vk cap.16. &Strabo_lib.xi,_-_ Str_bo,lib.xi.

Erato.

C_AP.6. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS, '7

Erato/lhenes'_andAriRobuluslearntfrom Patro-clus% that the merchandizesof Indiapafl'edby theOxusintothe fenof Pontus. MarcusVarrot]tellsus, that thetime whenPompeycommandedagaint_Mithridates,theywere informed,that peoplewentin fevendaysfrom India to the countryof the Bac-trians,and to the river Icarus, whichfalls intotheOxus; thatby this method,theywereableto bringthe merchadizesofIndiaacrofstheCafpianfeaj andto enter the mouth Of Cyrus; from whence itwasonlyfive dayspaffageto thePhafis.,a riverthatdifchargesitfelf into the Euxine fen. Thereis nodoubt but it was by thenationsinhabitingtherefeveral countries,that thegreatempiresof theAf-fyrians,Medes,andPerfians,haxIa communication.with themoltdijiantpartsotr theeaf_andwe_.

An entlreflop is now put to this communication.Atl therecountrieshavebeenlaid wa/lebythe §Tar-tars, and are frillinfeftedby thisdetLruaivenation.The Oxusno longerrunsinto the'Cafpian£ea; theTartars,farromeprivate**reafons,havechangeditsc<mrfe,andit nowlofesiffelfin thebarrenfunds.

The Jaxa_tes,which was formerlya barrierbe-tweenxhepoliteand barbarousnations,has had its¢ourfeturned"N"in thefamemannerby theTartars,andit no longeremptiesitfelfintothelea.

•Strabo)lib.xi.Theauthorityof'Patroclusisofgreatweight_as uppersfroma paffagein

Strabo,lib. ii.USee Pliny_lib. vi. cap._7. See alfoStrabo,lib. xi. upon the-pail:age

bywhichthemerchaltdLf_sWereconceyedfromthe Phalis to the Cyrus.§ Theremufthavebeenverygreatchangesin thatcountry£nc¢thetimeof

IPtolemy_whogives_san account_f fomanyriversjtl_atemptythemfelvesin-to theearlfideof theCafpianfen. in theCzar'schartwcfindonlytheriverofARrabat_ in thatofM. Bathalfithereis noneatall.

•_ See Jenklnfon'saccountof thisj in the Coll¢_ionof VoyagestotheNorth.Vol. iv,

_ft I amaptto think_tha¢fromthencetheInk0'Aralwasformed.Seleucus

_ THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. Boox.XXI.

SeleueusNicatorformedt the"proje&ofjoining_heEuxineto theCafpianlea. Thisproje&,whichwouldhavegreatlyfacilitatedthecommerceoftholedays,vanifhedat his._death. We are not certainit couldhavebeenexecutedin theifthmuswhichfeparatesthe two leas. Thiscountryis at prefentvery little known;it is depopulated,and full offorefts: however,wateris notwanting,foraninfnitenumber6friversrollintoit frommountCaucafus;but, asthismountainformsthenorthoftheifthmus,andextendslike two arms]1towardsthe fouth,itwouldhavebeena grandobftacleto fuchanenter-pi'ife,efpeciallyin tholetimeswhentheyhadnot:theartofmakingfluices.

It maybe imagined,thatSeleucuswouldhavejoinedthetwoleasintheveryplacewherePeterI.has fincejoinedthem,thatis, in thatneckof landwherethe TanaisapproachestheVolga; but thenorthoftheCafpianfeawasnotthendifcovered.

Whiletheempiresof Ariaenjoyedthe commerceofluxury,the Tyrianshad the commerceof a_co-nomy,whichthey extendedthroughouttheworld.Bochardhasemployedthefirt_bookofhisCanaan,inenumeratingthecolonieswhichtheyfentintoatlthe countriesborderinguponthelea: they paffedthe Pillarsof Hercules,andmadeeffablifhments*onthecoaftof'theocean.

In tholetimestheii"pilotswereobligedto followthe coaft_,whichwere,if I mayfo exprefsmyfelf,their compafs.Voyageswere long and painful.ThelaboriousvoyageofUlyffeshasbeenthe fruit-fulfubje&ofthe fineftpoemin.the.world,'nexttothatwhichalonehasthepreference.

-]-ClaudiusC_efar,in Plin.lib. vl.cap.Iz.HewasflainbyPtolemyCeraunus.

IJ SeeStrabo,lib. xi.• TheyfouadgdTarteffasjaadmadea fetflementatCadiz. The

CtrAP.6, THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 29

The little knowledge,whichthegreateftpart ofthe worldhad of thofewho were far diftantfromthem, favouredthe nationsengagedin the oecono-mical commerce. They managedtrade with asmuchobfcurityas theypleafed:they had all theadvantageswhich the moftintelligentnationscouldtakeOverthemoltignorant.

The Egyptians,a peoplewho by their religionand theirmannerswere averfeto allcommunicationwith ftrangers,had fcarcelyat that timeanyforeigntrade.,,Theyenjoyeda fruitfulfoil, andgreatplenty.Theircountrywas the Japanof thofetimes; it pof-feffedeverything withinitfelf.

So littlejealouswere thofe peopleof commerce,that they left that of the Red Sea to all the pettynationsthat had any harbours in it. Here theyfufferedthe Idumeans,the Syrians,and the Jewstohavefleets. Solomont employedin this navigati_ontheTyfians,whoknew thot_leas. " '

Jofephus_ lays, that his nation, being entirelyemployedin agriculture,knew little of navigation:the Jews thereforetraded onlyoccafionallyin theRed Sea. They tookfromtheIdumeans,Eloth andEziongeber,from whom they receivedthis com-merce; they1o_theretwocities,andwith themloftthis commerce.

It wasnot fowith thePhoenicians; theirswas nota commerceof luxury; nor wastheir trade owingto conqueft: their frugality, their abilities, theirinduftry, their perils, and the hard/hipsthey fuf-fered, renderedthem neceffaryto all the nationsofthe world.

Before Alexander,the people borderingon theRed Sea traded only in this lea, and in that ofAfrica. The aftoni/hment,which filled the globe

Kingsjlib.i. c. 9.Chron.lib.ii. ¢.8. $ /tgaia_AppiJn.at

_o THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BOOKiX[.

at the difcoveryof the IndianSeaunderthat eon-•lueror,is of thisa fufIicientproof. I haveob-ferved,_ that bullionwas alwayscarriedto theIndies,and ne_'eranybroughtfromthence; now

- theJewiflafleets,whichbroughtgolda_dfilverbythe wayof theRedSea,returnedfromAfrica,andnotfromthe Indies.:_

Betides,thisnavigationwasmadeon the eaflerncoaftofAfrica; forthe Rateof ngvigationat thattimeis a convincingproof,thattheydidnotfailtoa verydiftantfhore. I am not ig0orant, that thefleetof Solomonand Jehofaphat' returned"onlyeverythreeyears; but I do _aotfeetha_he timetakenupin thevoyageis anyproofofthegreatnefsofthediftance.

PllnyandStraboinformus, that thejunksofindiaandtheRedSeaweretwentydaysinperform-ingavoyage,whichaGreekorRomanvefl_lwouldacc0mpliflatin feven, Inthisproportion,avoyage

•of one year,madebythefleetsofGreeceorRome,wofildrakeverynearthree,whenperformedbythofeofSolomon.

Two flaipsof unequalfwiftnefsdo notperformtheirvoyagein atimeproportionateto theirfwift-hers. Slownefsis frequentlythe caufeof muchgreaterflownefs.When it becomesneceffarytofollowthe-courts,andto'beinceffantlyina differentpofifion,whentheymuffwaitfora fairwindto get

• out of agulph,andforanotherto proceed; agoodfailortakestheadvantageof everyfavourabletoo.ment,whiletheotherflitlcontinuesi_nadifficuhtim-ation,andwaitsmanydaysforanotherchange.

• Chap.x. of-thi_book.The pr#portionbetwixtgold andfilver,as fettledin Europe,mayfome-

timesrenderit profitableto takegoldint'ce_dof filverintotheEaR.Indicti buttheadvantageisverytrifling.

t SeePliny_lib. vi.#eap._z. andStrabo_lib. x,hThUs

CaAv;6. THESPIRIT 0_"LAWS. 3_This fl0wnefsof theIndianveffels,whichinan

equaltimecouldmakebutonethirdof thewayoftholeoftheGreeksandRomans,maybeexplainedbywhatwe everydayfeein ourmodernnavigation.TheIndianveffels,whichwerebuiltwithakindoffea-rufhes,drewlefswaterthantholeof Greeceand1Rome,whichwereofwoodandjoinedwithiron.

WemaycomparethereIndianveffelsto tholeatprefentmadeufeofinportsof littledepthofwater.SucharetholeofVenice,andevenof all*Italyingeneral,of theBaltic,andoftheprovinceof THol-land. Theirthips,whichoughtto beableto goinandoutofport,arebuiltroundandbroadat thebot-tom; whiletholeof othernations,whohavegoodharbours,areformedto rinkdeepinto thewater.Thismechanifmrenderstherelaffmentionedveffelsableto failmuchnearertothewind; whilethefibcanhardlyfail,exceptthewindbenearlyinthepoop.A ihipthatfinksdeepintothewater,failstowardsthefamefidewithalmoReverywind: thisproceedsfromtherefiffancewhichtheveffel,whitftdrivenbythewind,meetswithfromthewater,fromwhichitre-ceivesa ftrongfupport; andfromthelengthof theveffel,whichprefentsitsfidetothewind,whilefromtheformofthehelmtheprowis turnedtothepointpropofed; fothatfhecanfailveryneartothewind,or, iriotherwords,vel7 nearthepointfromwhencethewindblows. Butwhenthehullis roundandbroadatthebottom,andconfequentlydrawslittlewa-ter, it nolonger_ndsthisfceadyfupport; thew_nddrivestheveffel,whichisincapableofrefiRance,andcanrunthenbutwithafmallvariationfromthepointoppofiteto the wind. Fromwhenceit follows,thatbroad-bottomedveffelsarelongerinperformingvoyages.

Theyaremolly/hallow; butSicilyhasexcellentport_.t I/aytheprovinceofHollandj fortheportsofZealandaredeepenough.

I. They

Sz THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BooaXXI_

1. The),lofe much time inwaitingforthe wind,efpeciallyif they are obligedfrequentlyto changetheir courfe. 2. They fail much flower, becaufe_not havinga properfupportfrom a depthof waterwthey cannotcarryfo muchfail. If thisbe thecafeata timewhen the arts areeverywhere known,at atimewhenart correctsthe defeCtsofnature_andevenof art itfelf; if at this time,I fay,we findthisdiffe-rence,how greatmuffthathavebeen,inthe naviga-tionof the antients?

t cannotyetleavethisfubje&. The Indianveffelswerefmall,and tholeof the Greeksand Romans,ifwe excepttheirmachinesbuilt fororientation,muchlefsthanours. Now,thefmallertheveffel,thegreaterthe dangerit encountersfromfoulweather. A tern=peltthatwouldfwallowupafmallveffel,wouldonlymake a largeone roll. The moreone bodyis fur-paffedbyanotherin bignefs,the moreits furfaceisrelativelyfmall. From whenceit follows,that inafmallflaip,thereis a lefsproportion,that is, a greaterdifference,as to the furfaceof the veffel,and theweightor ladingfhe cancarry, thanin a largeone.We knowthatit is a prettygeneralpractice,to makethe weightof theladingequalto thatof halfthewa-ter the veffelis able to Contain. Suppofea veffeIwill containeighthundredtons,her ladingthenmuffbe four hundred; and thatof a veffel,whichwouldholdbut four hundredtonsof water, would be twohundredtons.Thus thelargenefsofthefirft_ip willbe to the weightfhecarries,as8 to 4; andthat ofthefecondas4 to z. Letusfuppofethen,thatthefur-faceofthe greateris to the furfaceof thefmaller,as8to 6: the furface* of this willbe toherweightas6 to2, whilethefurfaceof the formerwillbe to her

t Thath, to comparemagnitudesof the famekind, thea_ionorpreffur¢efthefluiduponthe flaip,willbetotherefif_ance'of thefamePaipas)&c.

weight

CHAr.7. THE $PIRIT OF_LAWS._ $_weightonly,as8 to4. Therefore,asthewindsandwavesa& onlyuponthe furface,the largeveffelwill,by herweight,refiRtheirimpetuofitymuchmorethanthefmall.

C H A P. VII.

OftheCommerceoftheGreeks.

THE firftGreekswereallpirates. Minos,whoenjoyedtheempireof thelea, wasonly morefuc.cefsful,perhaps,thanothersin piracy; forhismari-time dominionextendedno fartherthanroundhisownifle. ButwhentheGreeksbecameagreatpeo-ple,theAtheniansobtainedtherealdomirfionofthelea; becaufethistradingandvi£toriousnationgavelawsto themoltpotentmonarch*ofthattime; andhumbledthemaritimepowersof Syria,oftheifleofCyprus,andPhoenicia.

ButthisAthenianlordfMpoftheteadefervesto bemoreparticularlymentioned." Athens,laysXeno-" phon,_,rulesthelea; butasthecountryof Attica" isjoinedtothecontinent,itisravagedbyenemies," whilethe Atheniansareengagedin diRantexpe-" ditions.Theirleadersfuffertheirlandstobe de-" ffroyed; andfecuretheirweakh,byfendingit to" fomeifland. Thepopulace,whoarenotpoffeffed"' of/ands,havenouneafinefs.Butif theAthenians" inhabited_nitland,and,betidesthis,enjoyedthe'_ empireofthelea,theywould,folongastheywere" poffeffedof thereadvantages,be ableto annoy" others,andatthefametimetobeoutofalldanger" of beingannoyed." One wouldimagine,th_XenophonwasfpeakingofEngland.

Q Th_KingofPerfia, at"Onth_Athen|anrepubll¢_,

Vow.IL D Th_

34 TI_E SPIKIT OFLAWS. BooK.XY-IoTheAthenians,a peoplewholeheadswerefilled_

withambitiousproje&s;theAthenians,whoaug-mentedtheirjealoufy,infi_adof iucreafingtheirin-fluence; whowere moreattentiveto extendtheir_maritimeempirethanto enjoyit; whofepoliticalgovernmentwasfuch,thatthecommonpeoplediftri-butedthepublicrevenuesamongftthemfelves,whiletherichwereina ftateofopprefflon; theAthenians,I fay,didnot carryon foextenfivea commerceasmightbeexpectedfromthe.produceof their'mines,fromthemultitudeoftheir1byes,fromthenumberoftheirfeamen,fromtheirinfluenceoverthecitiesofGreece; and,aboveall, fromtheexcellentinftitu-ti0nsofSolon. Theirtradewasalmoffwhollycon-ti'nedtoGreece,and.totheEuxinefen; fromwhencetheydrewtheirfubfiffence.

Corinthwasadmirablyfituated; it feparateditwoleas,andopenedandJhutthePeloponnefus: iswasthekeyofGreece,anda cityofthegreaterimport-ance,at.a timewhenthe peopleof G/eecewereaworld,andthecitiesof Greece,nations.Itstradewasmoreextenfivethanthatof Athens,havingaportto receivethemerchandizesof Aria;andano.filerthofeofitalY:forthegreatdifficultieswfiichat-tendedthedoublingcapeMalea,wherethe* meetingof oppofitewindscaufesfhipwrecks;inducedevery'one to goto Corinth,,andtheycouldevenconveytheirveffelsoverlandfromonelea to the other.

•Neverwastherea city,inwhichtheworksof artwereCarriedtofohigha degreeof perle&ion:Buthere re!igionfiniihedthe con'uption,whichtheiropulencebegan. Theycrewedatempleto Yenus,inwhichmorethana thoufandcourtdanswereconfe..cratedto thatdeity; fromthiafcminarycameth_

•$¢c Strabo,]_,

greate_

_HAI'.7. THESPI'RIT OF LAW'S. _$eateftpart of thofecelebratedbeauties,whofehi-

oryAthena:us:hasprefumedtocommittowriting.It feems,that in Homer'stime, theopulenceof

GreececenteredinRhodes,_orinth,andOrchome-nus: " Jupiter,helays,"_lovedtheRhodians,and" madethema very wealthynation." On Co-rintht hebeftowsthe'epithetofrich. Inlikeman-ner,whenhefpeaksof citiesthat haveplentyoF

ld_hementionsOrchomenus,to whichhejoinsel3esin Eg_Cpt.Rhodesand Corinthpreferred

theirpower; butOrchomenuslofthers. Thefitua.tionofOrchomenusintheneighbourhoodoftheHel-tefpont,theProponfis,andtheEuxinefea;makesusnaturallyimagine,thatfnewasindebtedforheropu-lencetoa tradealong:thatmaritimeeoaft,whichhadgivenrifeto thefableofthegoldenfleece,andin-deed,thenameofMinyeioshasbeengiventoOrcho-menus,_+aswellasto theArgonauts.Butthereleasbecomingafterwardsmorefrequented,theGreeksplantedalongthecoaftsa greaternumberofcolonies,whichtradedwiththebarbarousnations,andat thefametimeprefervedanintercourfewiththeirmothercountry: inconfequenceofthis,Orchomenusbegantodecline,tillatlengthit was!offin thecroudoftheothercitiesofGreece.

BeforeHomer'stime,the Greekshadfcarceanytradebutamongthemfelves,andwithafewbarba-rousnations; m proportion,however,astheyform.ed.new colonies,they extendedtheir dominion.Greecewasa]argepeninfula,thecapesof which.feemedto havekeptoffthefens,whileitsgulphsopenedonall tidestoreceivethem. If we cartaneyeonGreece,we _all find, ina prettycompa_country,a confiderahleextentof fea-coafLHerin.numerablecoloniesformedan immenfecircleround

/ii_djlib.i|. q IbM, I Strabo_tlb.ix,p._z4,Dz her;

_6 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BooKXX_

her; and there/hebeheld,in romemeafure,thewholecivilizedworld. Did/hepenetrateintoSicilyandItaly?flaeformednewnations.Did/henavigatetowardstheleaof Pontus,the coaftof AriaMinor,orthat of Africa? theactedin thefamemanner.Hercitiesincreafedinprofperity,in proportiona_theyhappenedto havenewpeoplein theirneigh-bourhood.Andwhatwasextremelybeautiful,fhewas furroundedon everyfidewith a prodigiousnumberofiflands,drawn,asitwere,ina lineof cir-cumvallafion.

Whata fourceof profperitytour Greecehavefoundinthofegames,withwhich/heentertained,infomemeafure,theveholeglobe; in tholetemples,towhichall thekingsof theearthlenttheirofferings;inthofef¢_ivals,atwhichfuchaconcouffeofpeopleufedto affemblefromallparts; inthofeoracles,towhichtheattentionof allmankindwasdirected;and,inPaort,inthatexquifitetafteforthepolitearts,which/hecarriedto fucha height,thatto expec_everto furpafsher,wouldbeonlybetrayingou_'ignorance.

C H A P. VIII.

OfAlexander.HisConquefl.

FOUR greateventshappenedin thereignof -Alexander,whichentirelychangedthefaceof com-merce: thetakingofTyre,theconquefcof Egypt,thatlikewifeofthe Indies,andthedifcoveryof theleawhichliesfouthofthatcountry.

The empireof Perfiaextendedto the Indus._Darius,longbefore.61¢xander,hadlent+ romevef-

•_ Strabomlib.xv. _ HerodotusinM_lpolgeae.

felsj

CsAr.8. THESPIRIT OF LAWS. _7fels,whichfaileddownthisriver,and paffedevenintotheRedlea. HOwthenwerethe Greeksthefirftwhotradedto theIndiesbythefouth? HadnotthePerfiansdonethisbefore? Didthey:makenoad-vantageof leaswhichwerefo nearthem; of theveryfeasthat wafhedtheircoafts? Alexander,it istrue,conqueredtheIndies; but wasit neceffaryforhimto conquera country,inorderto tradewithit?Thisis whatI fhallnowexamine.

Ariana,° whichextendedfromthePerfiangulphasfarastheIndus,andfromthe SouthSeato themountainsofParopamifus,dependedindeedinfomemeafureontheempireofPerfia; butinthefouthempartit wasbarren,fcorched,rude,anduncultivated.Tradition-{-relates,thatthearmiesof_qemiramisandCyrusperithedin theredefarts; andAlexander,whocaufedhis fleetto followhim,couldnotavoidlofinginthisplaceagreatpartofhisarmy. ThePertiansleftthewholecoafftotheIchthyophagi,+theOriue,andotherbarbarousnations.Betides,thePertians_rereno§ greatfailors,andtheirveryreligionde-barredthemfromentertaininganyfuchnotionasthatof a maritimecommerce.ThevoyageundertakenbyDarius'sdire&ionupontheIndus,andtheIndianlea, proceededratherfromthe capricioufnefsof aprincevainlyambitiousof/hewinghispower,thanfromanyfettledregularproje&. It wasattendedwithnoconfequence,eithertotheadvantageofcom-merce,0rofnavigation.Theyemergedfromtheirignorance,onlyto plungeintoitagain.

Strabo,lib.xv. "I"_rabo,llb.xv.$ PJiny,lib.vi.cap.23. Strabo,lib. xv. •§ T_ey failednot upontherivers,leI_theyflzoulcldefilethe elements.

JF/.fdc's"_d/g/oHofthe_zr_au. •l_vt,n to this daytheyhavenomaritimecom-mute. Tholewhota_ketothe lea,aretreatedbythemas athei_s.

D 3 Betides,

._- THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BoogXXL

Betides,it was a receivedopinion,*beforetheex-peditionofAlexander,that thefouthernpartsof In-dia wereuninhabitable.+ This proceededfromatraditionthat_ Semlramlshad broughtback fromthenceonly twentymen,and Cyrusbut feven.

Alexantlerenteredbythenorth. His defignwasto marchtowardstheeat_; but havingfounda partof thefouthfullof greatnations,cities, and rivers_heattemptedtoconquerit, andfucceeded.

He thenformedthedefignof unitingthe Indiestothewefternnationsby a maritimecommerce,as hehadalreadyunitedthemby the colonieshe hadefta_blifhedby land.

He ordereda fleet to be built on the Hydafpes_then fell down that river, enteredthe Indus, andfailedevento itsmouth.He lefthisarmyandhisfleetatPatala,wenthimfelfwitha few veffetstoviewthelea,andmarked_heplaceswherehe wouldhaveportsto beopened,and arfenalsere&ed. UponhisreturnfromPatala,hefeparatedthefleet,andtook theroutebyland, for the mutualfupportof fleet and army,The fleetfollowedthe coaRfromthe Indusalongthebanksof the countryof the Orita_,of the Ichthyo-phagi,of CarmaniaandPerfia. He caufedwellstobedug,builtcities,andw_mldnot fufferthe Ichthyo-phagi§ to liveon fifh,beingdefirou,of havingthe

o Strabo,lib.x¢."_"Herodotus(inMelpomene)fays_thatDariusconqueredtheIndies; thit

mui_beunderf_oodonlyto meanAriana5 and eventhis was only an ideal¢onquefL_

_.Strabo_llb.xv.§ Thiscannotbeuriderf_oodofalltheichthyophagi_whoinhabiteda cOa/_

_ft,enthoufandfurlongsincxtcrit. Howwasit:poffiblcforAlexanderto havelmalntalnedthem ? Howcouldhe commandtheirfobmiflion? Thi_canbeun-der/tonalonlyoffomeparticulartribe*. Nearchut_in ki'sbooksJlemm/ndi-¢_mm,lays,thatatthe-extremityof thiscoa/tronthefideof'Perf_,*hehtulfoundromep'f:ople,whowereleas Ichthyophaglthan the others. I thouldthinkthatAlexander'sprohibitionrelatedtotherepeople_or to romeother"tribe,BillmoreborderingonPortia.

borders

CHA_.8.THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 39bordersof the lea inhabitedby civilizednations.NearchusandOnefecrimswroteajournalofthisvoy-age,whichwasperformedin tenmonths. Theyar-rlvedatSufa,wheretheyfoundAlexander_whogaveanentertainmenttohiswholearmy.

ThisprincehadfoundedAlexandria,witha viewoffecuringhisconquef_ofEgypt; thiswasakeytoopenit,intheveryplacevherethekingshis* prede-cefforshada keyto fl-/Utit; andhehadnottheleai_thoughtof acommerce,of whichthe difcoveryoftheIndianleacouldalonegivehimtheidea.

It evenfeems,thatafterthis difcovery,he hadnonewdefign,inregardto Alexandria.Hehad,indeed,a generalfchemeofopeningatradebetweentheEaftIndiesandtheweRernpartsofhisempire; butasforthe proje&of conductingthis commercethroughEgypt,hisknowledgewastooimperfe&to beableto formanyfuchdefign. It is true,hehadfeentheIndus,hehadfeentheNile,butheknewnothingoftheArabianfeasbetweenthetworivers. ScarcewashereturnedfromIndia,whenhefittedoutnewfleets,andnavigatedontheEuteus,+the Tigris,theEu-phrates,and the ocean: he removedtheeatara&s,withwhichthePeriianshadencumberedthoferivers;andhedifcoveredthatthePerfiangulphwasabranchofthemainfea. Butashewenttoviewthislea,+ inthefamemannerashe haddonein regardtothatofIndia; ashe caufeda port to beol_enedfora thou-landfllips,andarfenalsto be ere&edatBabylon; ushelentfivehundredvtalentsintoPho_niclaandsyria,todrawmarinersintothisfervice,whomheintended

AlexandriawasfoundeAonaflatflmre_calledRhaeotls_where,inancienttlmesjthekingshadkept ag_rrlfon,to preventallRrangers#andmorcp_tl-celarlytheGreeks,fromenteringthecountry, l_]i.y_l_, vi,_ 1o. Stra.t,,/lb, xviil.

Arrian.de¢xpedit.Akxaadr|_lib. vll.

D 4 to

_ THE SPIRITOF LAWS. BooKXXL

-todiftributeinthecoloniesalongthecoai_; infine,ashe caufedimmenfeworkstobeere&edontheEu-

rates,andtheotherriversofAffyria,there-couldnodoub(buthe defignedto carryonthe com-

merceofIndiabythewayof BabylonandthePer-fiegulph.

Thereatefot_ewhopretendthatAlexanderwant-ed to fubdueArabia,*andhadformeda defigntomakeit thefeatof hisempire: buthow couldhehavepitchedupona place,withwhichhe wasen-tirelyunacquainted.+Betides,of allcountries,thiswouldhavebeenthemottinconvenientto him; forit wouldhavefeparatedhimfromthereftofhisem-pire. TheCaliphs,who madediitantconquefts,loonwithdrewfromArabia,torefideelfewhere.

CHAP. IX.

OftheCommerceof theGrecianKingsaftertheDeathofAlexander.

•AT thetimewhenAlexandermadethe conquet_ofEgypt,theyhadbut a veryimperfe&ideaoftheRedlea,andnon_atallof theocean,whichjoiningto thislea,ononefidewafflesthecoaRofAfrica,andontheother,thatof Arabia; nay,theythoughtitimpof_bleto fall roundthe peninfulaof Arabia,Theywho attemptedit on eachfide, had relin-qui/hedtheirdefign. " How is it potable,faid•' they,+to navigatetothefouthemcoaftofA_abia," whenCambyfes'sarmy,whichtraverfedit onthe'_northfide,almoRentirelyperiflled;andtheforces" whichPtolemy,the fonofLagus,lentto the afo"wSt*abo,lib.v|.towardstheend.I"SeeingBabylonoverflowed,'helookeduponthene;ghbourlngeountryof

Arabiaasani_and.Ari_ob.in$trabo_lib.xvl. •$ SeethebookjReturnIndicarum.

" fiftance

C_AP.9. THE _PIKIT OFLAW_ 4_" tiRanceofSeleucusNicatoratBabylon,underwent_' incrediblehardihips,and,uponaccountof the" heats,couldmarchonlyinthenight?" •

ThePerfianswereentireRrangersto navigation.WhentheyhadfubduedEgypt,theyintroducedthefamefpiritintothatcountryasprevailedin Perfia:hencefogreatwasthefupinenefsofthePerfians,i9thisrefpe&,thattheGreciankingsfoundthemquiteffrangers,notonlyto thecommerceof the Tyrians,Idumeans,andtheJews,ontheocean,buteventothenavigationoftheRedfen. Iamapttothink,thatthedef[ru&ionofthefirRTyrebyNebuchadnezzar,to-getherwiththefubyertionoffeveralpettynationsandtownsborderingontheRedfen,hadobhteratedalltheirformerknowledgeofcommerce.

Egypt,atthetimeof thePerfianmonarchy,didnotfronttheRedfen; it* containedonlythatlongnarrowneckof landwhichtheNilecoverswithitsinundations,andisencl0fedonbothtidesbya chainofmountains.Theywere,therefore,underthene-ceffityofmakinga feconddifcoveryoftheoceanandtheRedfen; andthisdifcoveryengagedthe curio°fit}'oftheGrecianmonarchs.

Theyafcendedthe Nile,andhuntedafterde-phantsinthecountriesfituatedbetweenthatriverandthefen; bythisprogrettiontheytracedthefea-coaPc;andasthedifcovefiesweremadebytheGreeks,thenamesareall Grecian,andthe templesareconfeocratedtot Greekdivinities.

TheGreeksfettledinEgyptwereableto com-manda moltextenfivecommerce; theyweremaRersofalltheharboursontheRedlea; Tyre, the rivalofeverytradingnation_wasnomore; theywerenot

S_bo,Ub.z,vh t"IMd.con-

4z THE SPIRIT 01_ LAWS. Boo__[.

confcralnedbytheancient*fuperttltionsofthecoun-try';in ihort,Egyptwasbecomethecentreof theworld.

ThekingsofSyrialeftthecommerceofthefouthtotholeofEgypt,andattachedthemfelvesonlytothe northerntrade,whichwascarriedon bymeansof theOxusandtheCafpianlea. Theythenima-gined,thatthisfeawaspartofthe+ northernoceaniandAlexander,rometimebeforehisdeathhadfittedoutafleet,_inorderto difcov&whetherit communi-catedwiththeoceanbytheEuxinelea, oronromeothereafternleatowardsIndia. Afterhim,SeleucusandAntiochusappliedthemfelvesto makedifcove-tiesinit,withaparticularattention; an.dwiththisviewtheyfcouredit withtheirfleets.§ThatpartwhichSeleucusfurveyed,wascalledtheSeteucidiaalea; thatwhichAntiochusdifcovered,receivedthenameoftheleaofAntiochus.Attentivetotheproje&stheymighthaveformedonthatfide,theynegle&edthereasonthefouth:whetheritwasthatthePtole-roles,by meansof theirfleetsontheRedlea,werealreadybecomethemaf_ersofit; or thattheydifco-veredaninvincibleaverfioninthePeriiansagainften-gagingin maritimeaffairs.Thefoutherncoat_sofPeriiafuppliedthemwithnofeamen; therehadbeer)nonein.tholeparts,excepttowardsthe latterendofAlexander'sreign. But the Egyptiankingsbeingmaflersofthe'ifleof Cyprus,-ofPhoenicia,andofagreatnuniberof townsonthe coatiofAriaminor,werepoffeffed.ofallfortsofconvenlenciesforunder-taking.maritimeexpeditions.Theyhadnooccafion•_ :_:hefe_gaw.themanaverfiolato_rangersl " '_f Piiwj,llb.ii.cap.67. andlib.vi. cap.9"andI2. and Strabo)lib,x|.

Arrian.deexpedit.Alexa_idri,lib.iiLp. 74"andlib.v. p, to4..Arrian.deexpedit.Alexagdri)lib.vii,Pliny_lib,ii. cap.64.

to

CSA_._. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 43

to force,theyhadonlyto followthegeniusandbentoftheirfubje&s.

I amfurprized,I confers,at theobffinacywithwhichtheancientsbelievedthatthe Cafpianfenwasapartoftheocean. Theexpeditionsof Alexander,ofthekingsofSyria,oftheParthiansandthegomans,couldnotmakethemchangetheirfentiments;not-withffandingtherenationsdefcribedtheCafpianfen

•withawonderfulexac"cnefs; butmenaregenerallytenaciousof theirerrors. Whenonlythe fouthofthisleawasknown,itwasatfirt'ctakenfortheocean;in proportionastheyadvancedalongthebanksofthenortherncoaff,inffeadofimaginingitagreatlake,theyRillbelievedJttobe theocean_thatheremadea fortof abay: furveyingthecoaff,theirdifcoveriesneverwenteaRwardbeyondthe Jaxartes,norweftward.furtherthantheextremityof Albania.The fento-wardsthenorthwasfhallow,*andofcourfeveryun-fitfornavigation.Henceit was,that they alwayslookeduponthisastheocean.

Thelandarmyof Alexanderhadbeenontheearl:onlyasfarasthe Hypanls,whichis thelaffoftholeriversthatfallinto the Indus:thus the firfttradewhichthe Greekscarriedonto theIndieswascon-finedto a veryfmatlpartof thecountry.SeleucusNicatorpenetratedasfarastheGanges,randthere-bydifcoveredthefenintowhichthisriverfalls,thatistofay,thebayofBengal The modernsdifcovercountriesbyvoyagesat£ea; the ancientsdifcoveredfensbyconqueflsattand.

Strabb.,notwithecandingthe teffimonyof Apollo-dorus,feems_ doubtwhethertheGreciankings§ofBa_riaproceededfartherthan 8eleucusandAlexan-der._ Wereit eventruethattheywentnofurtherto

SeetheCzar's¢hart. I" Pliny,ll5.vLe_. _7.•_ Lib,xv. § ApollonlusAdrumatinuainStrabojlib.ii.

4 the

44 THESPIRITOF LAWS. BooKXXI,

theeaftthanSeleucus,yettheywentfarthertowardsthefouth: theydifcovered*Siger,andthe portsonthecoaRofMalabar,whichgaverifeto thenaviga-tionIamgoingtomention.

Pliny+ informsus,thatthe navigationoftheIn-dieswasfucceffivelycarriedon bythreedifferentways. AtfirfttheyfailedfromthecapeofSiagretotheiflandofPatalena,whichisat themouthof theIndus. ThiswefindwasthecourfethatAlexander'sfleettteeredtotheIndies. Theytookafterwards,+a/horterandmorecertaincourfe,by failingfromthefamecapeor promontoryto Siger: thiscanbenootherbutthekingdomofSiger,mentionedbyStra-bo,§anddlfcoveredbytheGreciankingsofBad'tria.Ptiny,bylayingthatthiswaywasflaorterthantheother,can meanonlythatthevoyagewasmadeinlefstime:forasSigerwasdifcoveredbythekingsofBa&ria,itmuffhavebeenfartherthantheIndus: bythis paffagethey muffthereforehaveavoidedthewindingsof certaincoafts,andtakenadvantageofparticularwinds. The merchantsat laft tookathirdway; theyfailedtoCanes,or Ocelis,portsfi-tuatedat theentranceof theRedlea; fromwhencebya weftwind,theyarrivedatMuzifis,thefirftita-ple townof theIndies,andfromthenceto theotherports._ Herewefee,thatinfteadof failingtothemouthoftheRedleaasfarasSiagre,bycoaftingArabiaFelixto thenorthtai_,theyfleereddire6dyfromwefftoeaft,fromonefidetotheother,bymeansofthemonfoons,wholeregularcouffetheydifcoveredby failingiinthefelatitudes.TheancientsneverloftfightofthecoaO.s_butwhentheytookadvantageof"-'*TheMa¢edonlansof BaC_rla,Iadla_andArlana,havingfcparatcdthcm-

f_lvcsfromSyria_formed,agreat/Pate."I"Lib.vL cap.:_:_. _ Pliny_Lib.vi, cap:L3.§ Lib,xi. $1gertidi,regvum.

there

C.AP.9. THE SPIRITOF LAWS. 45there*andthetradewinds,whichwereto themakindofcompafs.

Plinyt lays,thattheyletfailfortheIndiesinthemiddleoffummer,andreturnedtowardsthe endofDecember,or inthebeginningofJanuary."/'hisisentirelyconformableto ournavaljournals.In thatpartoftheIndianfeawhichis betweenthepeninfulaofAfrica,andthatonthisfidetheGanges,therearetwo monfoons;thefirR, duringwhichthewindsblowfromweftto eaR,beginsin themonthofAu-guRorSeptember;andthefecond,duringwhichthewindisintheeat'f,beginsinJanuary..ThusweletfailfromAfricaforMalabar,at thefeafonoftheyearthatPtolemy'sfleetufedto putto feafromthence;andwereturntooat thefametimeasthey.

Alexander'sfleetwasfevenmonthsin failingfromPatalato Sufa. It fetoutin themonthofJuly,thatis, ata feafonwhenno /hipdarenowput to featoreturnfromtheIndies. Betweenthefetwo monfoonsthereisanintervalof time, duringWhichthewindsvary; whenanorthwindmeedngwiththecommoawinds,raifes,efpeciallynearthecoatts,themoi_ter-ribletempefts.TherecontinueduringthemonthsofJune,July,and AuguR. Alexander'sfleet, there-fore,lettingfailfromPatalain the monthof July,mut_havebeenexpofedto manyfforms,and_rhevoyagetour havebeenlong, becaufethey failedagainftthemonfoon.

Plinylays,thattheyletoutfor the Indiesat theendoffummer; thustheyfpentthetime properfortakingadvantageof the monfoon,in thek paffagefromAlexandriatotheRedfea. _ _ "_")i

4,The monfoonsblowpartof theyar fromoat quarter,and,paet_from:tnQ-theri thetradswindsblowthe who|¢]rcarrotmdfro_ thefamcqmtrt¢l-_,

# Lib.vl.¢ap.aS.

Obferv¢

46 THE SPII_ITOFLAWS. BooxX_LObfervehere,I pray,hownavigationh.asbylittle

and littlearrivedat perfe&ion.Darius'sfleetwastwo yearsandanha.lfYin fallingdownthe Indus,andgoingto the Redlea. AfterwardsthefleetofAlexander,tdefcendingtheIndus,arrivedatSufaintenmonths,havingfailedthreemonthsontheIndus,andfevenontheIndianlea; atlaff,thepaffagefromthecoattofMalabartotheRedleawasmadeinfortydays._

Strabo,§ wl/oaccountsfortheirignoranceofthecountriesbetweentheHypanisandtheGanges,fays,therewereveryfewoftholewhofailedfromEgypttotheIndies,thateverproceededfofarastheGanges.Theirfleets,in fa&,neverwentthither: theyfailedwiththe weffernmonfoonsfromthe mouthof theRedleatothecoaffofMalabar. Theycarl:anchorinrPouOrtsalongthatco_, andneverattemptedto get

ndth_peninfulaonthis_de theGangesby capeComorinandthecoa_ofCoromandeLThep/anofnavigationhid downhythekingsofEgyptandtheRomanswas,toletoutandreturnthefameyear.[I

Thusit isdemonffrable,thatthecommerceoftheGreeksandRomanstotheIndieswasmuchlefsex-.tenlivethan otirs. We know immenfecountries,whichtothem wereentirelyunknown; wetrafficwithall theIndiannations;weevenmanagetheirtrade,andin ourbottomscarryontheircommerce.

Butthiscommerceof the ancientswascarriedonwithfargreaterfacilitythanours. Andif the mo-dernswereto tradeonlyto thecoaffofGuzaratandMatabar,and,withoutreekingforthefouthernifles,•werefatisfiedwith"whatthereiflandersbroughtthem,theywouldcertainlypreferthewayofEgypttothatofthecapeofGood-hope.Strabo_._informsus,thattheytradedthuswitl_thepeopleofTaprobane.

¢ HerodotusinMclpomene. "1"Pliny,lib.vI. cap.z3. _ Ibid.Lib.xv. _ Pliny_lib.vi. cap.¢3. ## Lib.xv.

CHAP.

Cst_l,,,o, THE SPIRIT UF LAWS. 47

CHAP. X.

OftheCircuitofAfrica.

WVEfindfromhiftory,thatbeforethedlfco_ryofthemariner's¢omp_s,fourattemptsweremadetofailroundtheco_ofAfrica.ThePhcenicianslentby_Necho,andEudoxus% flyingfromtlaev_athofPtolomyL_:hyrus,letoutfromtheRedf_,andfuc-ceed_d.Sarafpes_tent byXerxes,kandHannobytheCarthaginians,letoutfromthe Pillarsof Her-cules,andfailedintheattempt.....

Thecapitalpointin fnrraundingAfricawas,todlfcoveranddoublethecapeof Good-hope.ThofewholetoutfromtheRedlea,foundthiscapenearerbyhalf,thanit wouldhavebeenin fettingoutfromtheMediterranean.The ihorefromtheRedfe_isnotfo /hallowas thatfromthecape§to Herc_ales'spillars. Thedifeoveryof the capeby Hercules'spillarswasowingto theinventionof thecompaf%which ermlttedthemto leavethecoaftof Africa,P . " ,

andto launchIIoutintothevaffocean,in ordertofail towardsthe iflandof St. Helena,or towardsthe coatiof Braffl. It was thereforeverypofli-hie for themto failfromtheRedfenintothe Me-diterranean,butnottoletoutfsomtheMediterraueanto remmbytheRedfen.

e Hewaldc£rousofconqne_ngit. HeMotu_ llb. iv.t" Pliny,lib.ii. cap,67. PomFoniusNIela,llb.ill. cap.9.

H¢rodotusin M_lpomene._,A.ddto thiswh_l/haII_ay in chapg|. of _ booksOnth#_at_B'ga_ion

dHinno.ItIn themonthsof O_ober,November,December,mad'_J_a_a_ry,thewind

inthe Atlanticoceanisfoundtoblow_aorth-eaf_j ourth_, _herefore,either_rofathefine, midtoavoid,thewindwhichistheregenerallyateal_,they.di.re&thelrcour£etothefouth; orelfcthey_t_r into the torrid_one_in thole

wherethewindis atwclk

Thus,

48 THE SPIRITOF LAWS. BooaXXLThus, withoutmakingthisgr_d circuit,after

whichtheycouldhardlyeverhopem return,it wasmoi_naturaltotradeto theeaffofAfricabytheRedlea,andtotheweftemcoaftbyHercules'spiUars.

TheGreciankingsofEgyptdlfcoveredatfirffintheRedfen,thatpartof thecoaffof Africa,whichextendsfromthebottomofthegulphwhereftandsthetownof Heroum,asfarasDira,thatis, to theftreight,now knownby thenameof 2Babdmandd.Fromthencetothepromontoryof2tromatia,fituateattheentranceof theRedlea,*thecoaffhadneverbeenfurveyedby navigators: andthis is_evidentfromwhatArtemidorustellsus,-_thattheywereac-quaintedwiththeplacesonthatcoaff,butknewnottheirdiffances: thereafonofwhichis, theyfuccef-fivelygaineda knowledgeof tholeportsby land,withoutfailingfromonetotheother.

Beyondthispromontory,at whichthecoaf_alongtheoceancommenced,theyknewnothing,asw¢learn;_fromEratofthenesandArtemidorus.

Suchwastheknowledgetheyhadof thecoaffsofAfricain Strabo'stime,thatis, inthereignof Au-guffus.Butafterthatprince'sdeeeafe,theRomansfoundoutthetwocapesRaptureand_Paffum,ofwhichStrabomakesnomention,becaufetheyhadnotbeen_asyetdifeovered.It isplain,thatboththolenamesareofRomanoriginal.

Ptolemythe geographerflourithedunderAdrianandAntoninusPlus;andtheauthorof thePeriplusof theRedlea, whoeverhewas,liyedalittleafter.

_'The leatowhichw_glv_thi_namewascalledbythe a_c'_nts'thegulphofArabia5 thenameof Kedfca theygaveto thatpartof the oceanwhichbordersonthis8ulph.

t" Strabo_llb.xvio:_Ibid. Artemidorusfettleathebordersof theknowncoati:attheplace_dl.A_Jlri_:o'oa$ andErtto/_hcnus Cinnamomlftr_:,

Yet

C_,_P.to. "rile sPIRiT bF LAWS. 49

Yet theformerlimitsknownAfrica* td capePraf-rum,whichis inaboutthe I4thdegreeoffouthlati-tude; whiletheauthorofthePeriplust confinesitto cap'eRapture,whichis nearlyin the zothdegreeof thefamelatitude. Inall likelihood;thelattertookhislimitfroma placethenfrequented;andPtolemyhisfromaplacewithWhichtherewasnolongeranycommunication,

Whatconfirmsmeirithisnotionis,thatthet)eo-pleaboutcai66Pra_umwereanthropophagi.+ Pto-lemytakesnotice§ of a greatnumberof plat:esbe-tweentt_eportor em?orium.dromatumandcapeRap-turn,bul:leavesanentireblankbetweenthe capesl_aptumar.d?rafum. ThegreatprofitsoftheEaR-Indiatrademufthaveoccafioneda negle&ofthatof.Africa.In fine, the Romansneverhadanyfettlednavigation; theyhaddifcbveredtherefeveralportsbylandexpeditions,andbymeai}sof fhipsdrivenonthatcoaR; and,asatprefent,weai'eweltacquair_tedwiththe maritimeparrsof Africa,btit knoweerylittleof the inlandCountry;11the ancients,on {laeuontrary,hada verygoodknowledgeof the inlandparts,butwerealmoftft,'angerstotheboars.

I laid)thatthePhoenidanslentbyNechoandEu-doxusunderPtolemyLathryus,hadmadethecircuitofAfrica=butatthetimeofPtolemythegeographer,tholetwo voyagesmui_havebeenlookeduponasfabulous,finceheplaces,_ after theSinusMag_us,whichI apprehendto bethegutphofSiam,an un-

Straho_lib. i. _ap,_z.lib.iv_cap.9"table_1-.ofA.frica._f ThisPeriplusiSattributedtoArrian,

Ptol.lib.iv. cap.9" § Lib.iv. cap.7 andg.I[ Seewhatexa&defcription*StraboandPtolemyhavegivenus of the dlf-

t'ercntpartsef Africa. Theirknowledgewas owing,-tothe feveralwars,whichthe twomof_powerfulnati_ ha the worldbadwagedwiththepeoplee('Afr|ca,tothealliancestheyftad¢ontra_ed,a.'_ tntho_ade theyhadcar-riedon withtholecountries.

_" Lib.vii. cap,3-Vow..II. _ known

5q THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. Boo_X)_I;

known country,extendingfromAriato Africa_andterminztingat capePraflb.m,fothat the Indianoceanwouldhavebeennomorethan a lake. Theancients,who difcoveredthe Indiestowards the north, ad-vancingcaRward,t,lacedthis unknowncountry tothefouth.

C H A P. XI.

" OfCarthageandMarfeilles.

THE lawof nationswhichobtainedat Carthage,was veryextraordinrry: all ftrangers,whotradedtoSardiniaand towardsHercules'spillars,this haughtyfepubi_cfentencedto be drowned. Her civilpolitywas equallyfurprizing; theforbidthe Sardinianstocultivatetheir lands, upon pain of death. Shein-Creafedher power by her riches, and afterwardsher richesby her power. Beingmiftrefsof thecoaftsof Africa,which are wafhedby the Medi-terranean, the extended herfelf along the ocean._Hanno, byorderofthe fenateofCarthage,dittributedthirtythofithndCarthaginiansfromHercules'spillarsas far as Cerne. This place,he lays, is as diftant_from Hercules'spillars, asthe latter fromCarthage.This fituationisextremelyremarkable. It letsusfee,that Hannolimittedhisfettlementsto the25thdegreeof north latitude, that is, to two or threedegree_fouthOftheCanaries.

Hanno beingat Cerne,undertookanothervoyage,witha viewof makingfurtherdifcoveriestowardstheSouth. He took but little noticeof the continent.He followedthe coaftfor twenty-fixdays;when hewas obligedto ie_urnfor want ofprovifions. TheCarthaginians,it feems,madeno ufe of this fecondenterprife. Scytax*lays, that the lea is nott navi-

•Sce hlrPrr;?l_ u_d_.rthearticleof Carthage.l"SeeH_r,)_ctusin Melpomcaeon thevbltacleswhichSatafpeencountered.

.... gable

CHAP.Zi. THE SPIRIT OF_LAW$. 5z

gablebeyondCerne,becaufeit is /hallow,full ofmudandfea-weeds;andin fa&,therearemanyofthefein thofelatitudes.*The Carthaginianmer-chants,mentionedby Scylax,mightfindobf_acles,whichHanno,who hadfixtyveffelsof fiftyoarseach,hadfurmounted.Difficultiesareatmoffbutrelative; betides,weoughtnotto confout_danen-terprize, in whichbraveryandrefolutionmuffbeexerted,with thingsthat requireno extraordinarycondu&.

TherelationofHanno'svoyageis afinefragmentofantiquity.It waswrittenby the very manthatperformedit. Hisrecitalisnotmingledwith ofcen-tation. Greatcommanderswritetheira&ionswithfimplicity;becaufetheyreceivemoregloryfromfa&sthanfromwords.

Thef_ileis agreeableto thefubje&: hedealsnotin themarvellous..Allhefaysofthe climate,ofthefoil,the behaviour,themannersof the inhabitants,correfpondwithwhatis everydayfeenon thiscoafcofAfrica;onewouldimagineit thejournalof amo-dernfailor.

He obfervedfromhisfleet,+thatin theday-timetherewas a prodigiousfilenceonthecontinent,thatinthenightheheardthefoundofvariousmuficalin-flruments,andthatfiresmightthenbe everywherefeen, fomelarger thanothers. Our relationsareconformableto this; it hasbeendifcovered,thatinthe daythe fa_'agesretireintotheforeftstoavoidtheheatofthefun, thattheylightup greatfiresin the• _ See the charts and relationsin the ilrfi volume of voyages that contri-buted to the.ex%b|i&me.n_ofan Earl-India companyj part i. p. _ox. Thisweedcoves the furface of the water in fuch a man_xer,as to be fcarcely per-ceived, and&ipscan only Fafsthrough it wlth_af_iff gale.

qLPliny tells us the fame thing, fpeakingof mount Atlas : N_,_ibusrnicare

ertbrh ignibu_ tibiarum cantu timaoanorum_uefonitu fire_per6 nonir,em inttrdiueerZ;io _ ....

,- ' E z n;ght

5_ THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BookXXL

n_ghtto difperfethebeaftsofprey,andthat theyarepaffionatelyfondofmuficanddancing.

Thefamewriterdefcribesa volcanowith all thephmnomenaofVefuvius; andrelates,that he tooktwohairywomen,whochoreto dieratherthanfol-lowtheCarthaginians,andwhofe/kinshecarriedtoCarthage.Thishasbeenfoundnotvoidofproba-bility.

Thisnarrationisfomuchthe morevaluable,asitis amonumentof Punicantiquity: andfromhencealoneit hasbeenregardedasfabulons.FortheRo-mansretainedtheirhatredtotheCarthaginians,evenaftertheyhaddeffroyedthem. But it wasvi&oryalonethatdecidedwhetherweoughttofay,_be.Pu-nicortheR.omanfaith.

Somemoderns* haveimbibedthereprejudices.Whatis become,faythey,ofthecitiesdet_ribedbyIqanno.ofwhicheveninPliny'stimethere'remainednovet_iges? Butit v¢ouldhavebeena wonderin- "deed, if anyfuchveff]geshadremained.Was itCorinthorAthensthatHannobuiltontholecoal,sHeleftCarthaginianfamiliesinfuchplacesas weremoftcommodiousfortrade,andfecuredthemaswellashishurrywouldpermit,againfffivagesandwildbeafts. The calamitiesofthe Carthaginiansput aperiodto the navigationof Africa;thefefamiliesmuffneceffarilytheneitherperifhor becomefavages.Betides,weretheruinsoftherecitiesevenfrillinbe-ing, whoisit thatwouldventureintothewoodsandmarfllesto makethedifcovery? We find,however,-inScylaxandPolybius,thatthe Carthaginianshadconfiderablefettlementson tholecoaRs.Thefearethe veftigesof the cities'ofHanno; thereare noother,fromthefamereafonthattherearenootherofCatthageitfelf.

• Mr,Dodwell, Seeh|l.Differta:iononHanno'sPeriNu:,The

CK_P.zr. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. _;_TheCarthaginianswere in the high road to

wealth; andhadtheygonefofarasfourdegreesofnorthlatitude,andfifteenoflongkude,theywouldhavedifcoveredthegold-coaff.Theywouldthenhavehadatradeof muchgreaterimportancethanthatwhichiscarriedonatprefentonthatcoaft,atatime whenAmericafeemsto havedegradedtherichesofallothercountries.Theywouldtherehavefoundtreafures,ofwhichtheycouldneverhavebeendeprivedbytheRomans.

VeryfuprifingthingshavebeenlaidoftherichesofSpain. If we maybelieveAriRotle,*the Phoeni-Cians,whoarrivedat Tarteflhs,foundfomuchill-verthere,thattheir/hipscouldnotholditall: and,theymadeof thismetaltheirmeanei_utenfils.TheCarthaginians,accordingto Diodorus,tfoundfomuchgoldandfilverin thePyreneanmountains,thattheyadornedtheanchorsoftheir/hipswithit. Butnofoundationcanbebuilton fuchpopularreports.Letus thereforeexamineintothefa&sthemfelves.

We findin a fragmentof Polybius,ekedbyStrabo,++thatthefilverminesatthefourceoftheri-verB_e6s,in whichfortythoufandmenwereem-ployed,producedto the Romanstwenty.fivethou-landdrachmasa day,that_is,aboutfivemillionsoflivresa year,atfiftylivresto themark. Themoun-tainsthatcontainedtheremineswerecalledthe§Sil.verMountains:which/hewstheywerethePorofiofthofetimes. At prefent,the minesof Hanoverdonotemployafourthpartoftheworkmen,andyettheyyieldmore. ButastheRomanshadnotmanycop-per=mines,andbutfewoffilver; andastheGreeksknewnonebutthe Atticmines,whichwereoflittlevalue,theymightwellbeattoni/hedat theirabun.,dance.

Ofwond_fulthings, t Lib.ill.E$ Lib.'vi. § Mons,drgentarlur.3 In

_ THE SPIKIT OF LAWS. BooK._fI.In' the war that brokeout for the fucceflionof

Spain:amancalledthemarquisofRhodes,ofwhomit waslaidthathe was ruinedingoldenmines,andenrichedin hofpitals;*pr0pofedto the courtof]Franceto openthe Pyreneanmines. He alledgedtheexampleof the Tyrians,theCarthaginians,and:theRomans.Hewaspermittedtofearch,butfoughtinvain; hefrillatledged,andfoundnothing.

TheCarthaginiansbeingmaffersof the goldandfilvertrade,werewillingto be foof the leadandpewter. TheremetalswerecarriedbylandfromtheportsofGaulupontheoceanto tholeof theMediter-ranean.TheCarthaginiansweredefirousof receiv-ingthematthefirffhand: they"lentHimitcoto makeat fettlementin the iflescalledCafiiterides,whichareimaginedtobethofeofScilly.

There_voyagesfromB_ticainto Englandhavemaderomeperfonsimaginethat the Carthaginiansknewthecompafs:butit is verycertainthat theyfollowedthe cob.fls.Thereneedsno otherproofthanHim.ilco'sbeingfourmonthsin failingfromthemouthof tI_eBretisto England: betidesthefamouspieceof hiRorynf the Carthaginian_:pilot, who,being followedby a Romanveffel,rana-ground,thathe mightnot1[fnewherthewayto England_plainlyintimates,th:_ttholeveffelswereverynearthe_ore, whentheyfellinwitheachother.

Theancientsmighthaveperformedvoyages,thatwouldmakeoneimaginethey had the compafs,.though tfieyhad not. If apilot_s farfromland,andduringhisyoya_ehadfuchfereneweather,thathathenighthe couldalwaysfeea polarttar,an,dinthe daythetiringandlettingofthefun, it is certain

• Hehadromefhareintheir management._" SeeFelttlsAvienus _ Strabo,lib.ili, _owardsthe end,IIHeWa_rewardedbythefeaateof Carthage,..... lag,

/-

CHap.ix. THE SPIRIT OF LAWNS._ 55

hemightregulatehiscourfeaswellaswedonowbythecompafs: bhtthismuffbea_fortui':.ouscare,andnotaregularmethodofnavigation.

Wefeeinthetreatywhichputan endto thefirftPunicwar, thatCarthagewasprincipallyattentiveto prefervetheempireof thelea, andRomefloatoftheland. Hanno,_ inhisnegotiationx_iththell3-roans,declared,thatthe):lhouldnotbefufferedevento wafl_theirhandsin the leaof Sicily;they vv_:renotpermittedto failbeyondtheprom_to;iump_l-chrum;theywereforbidto tradein Sicily,+Sardi-nia,andAfrica,exceptat Carthage:an exceptionthatletsusfeetherewasnodefignto favourthemintheirtradewiththatcity. •

In earlytimestherehadbeenverygreatwarsbe-tweenCarthageandMarfeitles+ on the fubje&ofriffling.Afterthepeacetheyenteredjointlyintothececonomicalcommerce.Marfeillesar lengthgrewjealous,efpeciallyasbeingequalto herrivalin in-duttry,/he was becomeinferiorto herin power.Thisisthemotiveofhergreatfidelityt,, rl_:Romans.ThewarbetweenthelatterandtheCarthaginiansinSpainwasa fourceofrichestoMarfeilles,whichwasnowbecometheirmagazine.Thertfi_of CarthageandCorinthltillincreafedthegloryofMarteilles; andhadit notbeenfor thecivilwars,in whichthis:re-publicoughton no accountto haveengaged,/hewouldhavebeenh.appyunderthe prote&ionof theRomans,whohadnotfl_elearjeatoufyofhercom-_lerce.

* FrenPaemius'sSupplementtoLi_ Decad.ii."_Inthepartsfubje&totheCarthaginians.

Juffinjlib.xtiii,cap.5"

E4 CHAP.

,:_ C H A P. XII.

_ _belfleofDelos.JV_th.ridates.

UPONthedeftru&ionofCorinthbytheRomans_themerchantsretiredto Delos,anifland,wh!chfromreligiousconfiderationswaslookeduponas a placeof £afety:* betides,it wasextremelywell' fituatedfor the commerceof ItalyandAria,wl4ich,fincethe redu&ionOf Africa, andthe weakeningofGreece,wasgrownmoreimportant:

Fromthe earliefttime_,the Greeks,aswehavealreadyobferved,fentcoloniesto Propgnt_s,andtOtheEuxinelea: colonieswhichretainedtheirtawsandlibertiesunderthePerfians.Alexander,havingundertakenhis expeditionugainf_the barbariansonly,didnotmolefttherepeople,t Neitherdoesitappearthatthekingsof Pontus,who werema_ersOfmanyof tholecolonies,everdeprivedthemoftheirowncivilgovernment._

Thepower§of tholekingsincreafeda_loonastheyfubdueAtholecities. Mithridates'foundhimfelfableto hiretroopsoneveryfide, to repairhis fre-quentloffes: tohaveamultitudeofwoi'kmen,'_i[ss_andmilitary'machines; to procurehimfelfallies; to

sccS_ra_,Iibx.He confirmedthe li.bertyof.the. clty o_'-Am!fos,an Atheniancolony,

whirl/hadenjdyeda popula/go_,ernmenb evenunderthe kingsot'Perfia.L_-_ullushavingtakenSinonea_]dAmifus,re_oredthemtotheirliberty:,andre°calledthei/;habhants,_'hohidfledon boardtheir{hips.

SeewhatAppianwrit_ concerningthe Phan=gorcans,theAmifian,,aa(_theS_nol;ians_inhistrcatifeof theMithridaticwar.

§ SeeAppian,in regardto theimmenfetreafureswhichMithridatesera*l_loyedinhiswars_thole whichhe hadburied,thole whichhe frequentlyJo_,kythe treacheryo_:hi_ own people,andthole whichwerefoundafterhisdeath, ' ' " ' ' ..... '

Cs*P._*. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. _

bribetholeof theRomans,andeventheRomansthemfelves; tokeepthebarbariansof AriaandEu-ropein his pay;_ to continuethe war for manyyears,andofcourfetodifciplinehistroops: hefoundhimfelfableto trainthemto arms,to inftruc"Lthenxinthemilitarya__f+ theRomans,andtoformcon-fiderablebodiesoutof theirdeferters; inaword,hefoundhimfelfablemfuftaingreatloffes,andto befrequentlydefeated,withoutbeingruined"+neitherwouldhe havebeenruined, if the voluptuousandbarbarousking hadnotdet_r0yed,inhisprofperousdays,whathadbeendoneby thegreatprmceintimesof adverfity.

Thusit isthatwhentheRomanswerearrivedattheirh!gheRpitchof grandeur,andfeemedto havenothingtoapprehendbutfromtheambitionof theirownfubje&s,Mithridatesoncemoreventuredtocon-tef_themightypoint_whichthe overthrowsof Phi-_p, ofAntiochL_s,andof Perfeus,hadalreadyde-cided.Neverwastherea moredeftru_ivewar:thetwo contendingpartiesbeingpoffeffedof greatpower,andreceivingalternateadvantages,theinha-bitantsofGreeceandof Ariafella facrificein thequarrel,eitherasfoes,or asfriendsof Mithridates.Deloswasinvolvedinthegeneralfatality; andcom-mercefailedoneveryfide; whichwasa neceffaryconfequence,thepeoplethemfelvesbeingdeftroyed.

TheRomans,inpurfuanceofa fyi_emofwhichIhavefp0kenelfewhere,§"aedngas defLroyers,thattheymightnotat)Dearas conquerors,demoliihedg:_ _x • ,, -CarthageandCorinth;a prs&iceby whichthey_0uldhaveruinedthemfdves,hadtheynotfubdued

* SeeAppianontheMithr|daticwar. _"Ibid.FieloftatonerimexTo,ooomen,yethe1"oo_recruitedhisarmies.In _heCanelderatlon.so_ thecaufesof therite anddeclenfionof the Ro-

_sn grandeur.

the

THE SPIRIT OFLAWS. BooKXXI.

the world. WhenthekingsofPontusbecamema-_0_erso£the Greekcolonieson theEuxinelea,theytook,_:are,notto defiroywhatwasto be the founda-tionoftheirowngrandeur.

C H A P. XIII.

OftheGeniusoftheRomansastoMaritimeAffairs.THERomanslaidnotIrefsonanythingbuttheir

landforces,who weredifciplinedto Randfirm,tofightononefpot, andtherebravelyto die. Theycouldnot, likethepraCticeof feamen,whofiri:of-fer to fight,thenfly, thenreturn,confiantlyavoiddanger,oftenmakeufeof ftratagem,andfeldomofforce. This wasnotfuitableto thegeniusof the*Greeks,muchlefsto thatof theRomans.

Theydeftined,therefore,totheleaonlythofecitl-Zens.whowerenotTconfiderableenoughto haveaplaceintheirlegions. Theirmarineswerecommon-lyfieed-men.

At thistimewehaveneitherthe fameefteemforland-forcesjnorthefamecontemptfortholeof thelea. In theformer,+artisdecreafed; in the§latter,it isaugmented: nowthingsaregenerallyeReemedin proportionto thedegreeof abilityrequifitetorill-chargediem.

.C H_A P. XIV.

Of theGeniusoftheRomanswithRefpeEttoCommerce.THE Romanswereneverdiftlnguifhedby a jea-

loufyfortrade. TheyattackedCarthageas a rival,As Platohasobferved_lib. 4. of laws. _"Polybius,llb. 5"

$ Seethe Confiderationson thecaufcsof'therifeanddeclenfionof the R,o-mangrandeur. § Ibid,

not

C_lar._4,T,HE-SPIRIT OFLAWS 5_,

notasa commercialnation. Theyfavouredtradingcitiesthatwerenot fubje&to them. Thustheyin£creafedthepowerof Marfeiltes,by theceffionof alargeterritory.Theywerevaftlyafraidof barba-rlans; buthadnottheleafiapprehenfionfroma tra-dingpeople.Theirgenius,theirglory,theirmili-taryeducation,andtheveryformof theirgovern-ment,eftrangedthemfloracommerce.

In the city, theywereemployedonlyaboutwar,elections,fa&ions,andlaw-fuits; in thecountry,aboutagriculture; and, asfor the provinces,a fe:-ver¢ andtyrannicalgovernmentwas incompatiblewithcommerce.

ButtheirpoliticalconRitutlonWasnotmoreoppo-riteto trade,thantheirlawofnations. " Thepeo-"ple, lays®Pomponiusthe civilian,with whom•' wehaveneitherfriendthipnorhofpitality,noralli-,"ance, arenotourenemies; however,ifanything" belongingtous fallsintotheirhands,theyarethe_"proprietorsofit; freemenbecometheirflaves; and" theyareuponthefametermswithrefpe&to us."

T;heircivillawwasnotlefsoppreffive.ThelawofConftantine,-[-afterhavingftigmatifedasbaffardsthechildrenof pertbnsof a meanrank,whohadbeenmarriedto thofeofafuperioriLation,confoundswomen,whoretailmerchandizes,withttaves,withthe miftreffesof taverns,with ad_reffes,with thedaughtersof .thofewhokeeppublicflews,or whohadbeencondemne_dto fightin the amphitheatre:thishaditsoriginalin th_ancientinRitutionsof theRomans.' I amnotignorantthat.menprepoffeffedwiththeretwoideas,thatcommerceis of thegreaterfervicetoa ttate,andthattheRomanshadthe beR-regulated

Leg.v. ff deCapt;vis,"__4fWmocimo:_iis_ubBc_rwfult.Leg.v. cod. denatural,liberls.

o govern.

THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. Boo*c.XXI.

governmentintheworld,havebelievedthattherepeo-plegreatlyhonouredandencouragedcommerce;but.thetruthis, theyfeldomtroubledtheirheadsabout

C H A P. XV.

OftheCommerceoftheRomanswiththeBarbarians.

THE Romanshaving,ere&eda vaf_empireinEurope,Aria,andAfrica; theweaknefsofthepeo-pleandthetyrannyoftheirlawsunitedallthepartsofthisimmenfebody. TheRomanpolicywasthentoavoidallcommunicationwiththolenationswhomtheyhad:norfubdued:thefearofcarryingto themtheartofconquering,madethemnegle&theartofenrichingthemfelves.Sfheymadelawsto hinderallcommerce

with barbarians.:_'Let nobody,faid*Valensand" Gratian,fend_ne; oil, orotherliquorstothebar-_ barians,though.itbeonlyforthemto taffe. Let" noone_rry goldtothem,taddsGratian,Valenti-_' nian,and Theodofius:rather,if theyhaveany,_' letourthbje&sdeprivethemof it byth_atagem,"The expo_ationof :ironwasprohibitedon painof

•Domitian,aprinceofgreattimidity,orderedthe$vinesi_Gaulto_bepulledup; fromafear,nodoubi,let_.their:.wipesJhoulddrawthitherthe barbarians.ProbusandJjalian,whohadno fuchfears,gaveor-der_fgrtheir_ing,plan_ed_agaio.

Iamfenfible,thatuponthedeclenfionof theRo-manEmpire,the barbariansobligedtheRomansto

o ]beg,adbarbaricumcod. _ rts_xpartarinondtkeant._"Leg._. cod. decommer¢.(_ mercator.

Leg.z, ._,_ resexaoortar_nondebeant2 andProeopius__vornftbe.Perflqm_bookz,

effabliih

CHAP.x6. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 6t

eflablilhftapletowns,_andto tradewiththem..Buteventhisisa proofthatthemindsoftheRomans-wereaverfetocommerce.t

C H A P. XVI.

OftheCommerceof theRomanswithArabia,andtheIndies. "

THE tradeto ArabiaFelix,andthat to theIa_.dies,werethetwobranches,andalm0ft:theonlyonesoftheirforeigncommerce.TheArabianswerepof-feffedofimmenferiches,whichtheyfoundintheirfensandforefts_ andastheyfoldmuchandpurchafedlit-tle,theydrewto_ themfelves,the goldand.filveroftheRomans.Auguftus§beingwellappnfedof thatopulence,refolvedtheythouldbeeitherhisfriends,Orhisenemies.Withthis view,he tent EliusGallusfromEgyptintoArabia, This'commanderfoundthepeopleindolent,peaceable,:and unfldiledin war.Hefoughtbattles,laidfiegesto towns,andloftbiatfeveno(hismenbythefword; but theperfidy"ofhisguides,long marches,the climate,want of provi_fions,diftempers,andill conduc'-t,caufedthe ruinofhisarmy..... .........

Hewasthereforeobligedtobecontentwithtradingto Arabia,inthe famemannerasother:,,_nadons,_tha__is, withgivingthemgoldandl?tl.verin,eichange.fortheircommodities.TheEuropeans.trade!widi_thetW:

*'SeetheChronlclesofEufebiusandCedtenus._,: _ .... i,_ _;SeetheCoafiderationson"thecaufesol_tla_rif_anddeclenfioaof theRo-

mangrandeur. _ . , _:Pliny,lib.vi, cap._$. andStraSoilib.'xvh" § Ibid.

flilli

6_ THE SPIRIT O.FLAWS_B_o_X_r_

_iit iuthefamemanner; thecaravansofAleppo,andltheroyalveffelofSuez,carrythitherimmenfethms.*

Naturehadformedthe Arabsforcommerce,notforwar: butwhentholequietpeoplecameto benearneighboursto the ParthiansandtheRomans,theya&edas auxiliariesto bothnations.Elius Gallusfoundthematradingpeople; Mahomethappenedtofindthemtrainedto war_ heinfpiredthemwithen-thufiafm,whichledthemtogloryandconquer.

Thecommerceof the Romansto the Indieswasvery confiderable.Strabo+ hadbeeninformedinEgypt, that theyemployedin thisnavigationonehundredandtwentyvetTcls: thiscommercewascar-riedonentirelywithbullion.Theylentthitherannu-allyfiftymillionsof fefterces.Ptiny_ lays,thatthemerchandizesbroughtfromthence,werefoldatRomeatce_.t,percent.profit. Hefpeaks,I believe,tooge-nerally; if this tradehad beenfo vaftlyprofitable,everybodywouldhavebeenwillingto engageir_it,andthenit wouldhavebeenatanend.

tt wiltadmitofaqueftion,whetherthetradeto A-rabiaandtheIndieswasof anyadvantageto theRo-mans? Theywereobligedtoexporttheirbullionthi-ther,thoughtheyhadnot,likeus, therefourceofA-merica,whichfupplieswhatwe1?_rodaway. I amper-ft_aded,thatoneof thereafonsof their"increafingthevalueoftheirff_ecie,byeftablifhingbafecoin,wasthe

. fcarcityoffflver,owingtothecontinualexportationofitto theIndies: andthoughthecommoditiesofthiscountrywerefoldatRomeat therateofcent.percent.thisprofitof the Romans,beingobtainedfromtheRomansthemfclves,couldnotenricht:heempire.

Thecar,*vansof AleppoandSuezcarrythitherannuallyto thevalueofabouttwomillionsoflivres,andas muchmoreclande_inclyi theroyalveff¢lofSuezcarriesthlthcralfotwomillions.-

J'"Lib.ii. pug.8z, _.Lib,vi.cap.z3.

It

C_AP._6. THE SPTRIT OF LA_V'S, 63

It may be alledged,on the otherhand, that thiscommerceincreafedthe Romannavigation,and ofcourfetheirpower;that newmerchandizesaugmentedtheirinlandtrade, gave encouragementto the arts,andemploymentto theindut_rious; that the numberof fubje&smultipliedin proportionto thenewmeansof fupport; that this new commercewasprodu&iveof luxury, whichIhaveprovedto beasfavourableton monarchicalgovernment,as fatal to a common-wealth; that thiseftablilhmentwasofthefamedateasthe fallof theirrepublic; that the luxury of Romewasbecomeneceffary; and that it was extremelyproper, that a city whichhad accumulat_all thewealthof theuniverfe,/houldrefundit byitsluxury.

.Strabo*laysthat theRomanscarriedona farmoreextenfivecommerceto the Indiesthanthe kings ofEgypt; butit is veryextraordinary,that tholepeoplewhowerefo little acquaintedwithcommerce,ihouldhavepaidmoreattentionto,that of India, than theE_oyptiankinc_s,_,whofedominions,layfo.convenientlyfor it. Thereafonofthis muffbeexplamed.

After the deathof Alexander,the kingsof E_,pteftablithedamaritimecommerceto the.Indies; whilethe kings of Syria,whowerepoffeffedof the morecavern provinces,and confequentlyof the Indies,maintainedthatcommerce,of whichwehavetakenno-ticein the fixthchapter,whichwascarriedon pardybyland,and partly byrivers,and hadbeenfartherfacilitatedby meansof the Macedoniancolonies;infomuch,that'Europehad a communicationwiththe Indies, both by Egypt and by Syria. Thedifmemberingof the latter king,tom, from_whencewas formed that of Ba&riana,did not prove an_;way prejudicialto this commerce. Marinus the

• He lays, in Ms xzth hook,that t_'_'l_omansempl?yed,a" hu_dradand,twenty/hipsinthat tradei and in the X'Tthb0ok, that the Grecianking_fcalc_lyemployedtwenty.

3 Ty-

64 THE _PiRIT OFLAWS; _oor_,_r_

Tyrian_quotedby Ptolemy,_ mention_thed_co-veriesmadein India by meansof romeMacedo-nianmerchants,whofoundoutnewroads,whichhadbeenunknowntokingsin theirmilitaryexpeditions.Wefindin Ptolemy,-j-that theywentfromPeter'stower,+ asfarasSera; andthe ditcoveriesmadebymercantilepeopleoffodifcanta mart,fituatedin thenorth-eaRpart of China,wasa kind of prodigy,Hence,underthekingsofSyriaandBa&riana,mer-chandizeswereconveyedto theweft:fromthefoutherrtpartsofIndia,bytheriverIndus,theOxus_andtheCafpianlea; whiletholeof the moreeafternandnorthernpartsweretran£portedfrom Sera,Peter'stower,and otherRaples,as far as the Euphrates,Tholemerchantsdire&edtheirroute,nearlyby thefortiethdegreeof northlatitude,throughcountriesfituated.tothewe_of China,morecivilizedat thattimethanat prefent,becaufethey hadnot as yetbeenilffeRedbytheTartars.

NowwhiletheSyrianempirewasextendingitstradeto fucha_ftancebyland,Egyptdidnotgreatlyen-largeitsmark!mecommerce.

The Parthiansloonafterappeared,and foundedtheirempire_ andwhenEgyptfellunderthepoweroftheRomans,thisempirewasat itsheight,andhadreceiveditswholeextenfion.

TheRomansandParthiansweretworivalnations,_at fought_notfordominion,butfortheirveryexift-ence. i_etweenthetwoempiresdefertswereformedsandarmieswerealwaysRationedonthe frontiers; fothatinfteadof therebeinganycommerce,therewasnotfomuchasacommunicationbetweenthem. Am-,biti0n,jealoufy,religion,nationalantipathy,anddif-

_t L;b,|, cap._. _1"Lib.i. cap,z3"Ourbe_mapstflaeePeter'stowerin the hundredthde_¢eof longltude_

andaboutthefortiethoflatitude.

ferencc

Cg_.*7. THE SPIRITOF LAWS. 6_

ferenceofmanners;compleatedthereparation.Thusthetradefromeai_to weft)whichhadformerly£omanychannels,wasreAucedto one; andAlexandriabecomingtheeonlyfhple,thetradetothiscitywasimmenfelyenlarged.

We thallfaybutonewordontheirinlandtrade.Its principalbranchwasthecornbroughtto Romeforthefubfifieneeofthepeople; butthiswasratherapoliticalaffairthana pointofcommerce.Onthisaccountthefaildrswerefavouredwithromeprivi. ,leges,*becaufethefafetyoftheempiredependedontheirvigilance.

C H,_A P. XVII.

Of CommerceaftertheDeflruStionof the tFafler_JEmpire.

AFTE,R the invafionof the Romanempire,oneeffe&of thegeneralcalamltywasthedeftruc_ionofcommerce.Thebarbarousnationsat firftregardedit onlyasanopportunityforrobbery; andwhentheyhadfubduedthe Romans,theyhonouredit nomorethanagriculture,andtheotherprofeffionsof a con.queredpeople.

Soonwasthecommerceof Europealmoftentirelyloft. Thenobility,whohadeverywherethe direc.fionofaffairs,wereinnopainaboutit.

Thelawsofthe-_Vifigothspermittedprivatepeo-pletooccupyhatfthebedsofgreatrivers,providedthe other halfremainedfree fi_rnetsand boats.Theremuffhavebeenverylittle tradein countriesconqueredbytherebarbarians.

w Suet.inClsudlo)leg.$. 0od. Theodof.dena_kulatli_._-Lib.viii.Tit, 4. f¢_, 9"

vo. JI, F In

_ THE sPirit o_ LAW_. Boo_xxL

Intholetimeswereei_bliihedtheridiculousrightsofefcheatageandihipwrecks.Thefementhought,thatasflrangerswerenotunitedto thembyanycivillaw, theyowedthemontheonehandnokindofju-fiice,andontheothernofortofpity.

In thenarrowboundswhichnaturehadoriginallyprefcrihedtothepeopleofthenorth,allwerei_ran-gersto them; andin theirpovertytheyregardedallonlyas contributingto their riches. Beingeita-blifhed,beforetheirconqueR,onthecoaflsof a leaof verylittlebreadth,andfullof rocks,fromthefeveryrockstheydrewtheirfubfiftence.

ButtheRomans,whomadelawsforalltheworld,hadeftabliihedthemolt* humaneoneswith regardtothipwrecks.Theyfuppreffedtherapineoftholewhoinhabitedthecoafts; andwhatwasmoreffill_therapacioufnefsoftheirtreafuries@

C H A P. XVIII.

,/1particularR@uiation.

THE ++law of the Vifigothsmadehoweveroneregulationin favourofcommerce.Itordained,thatforeignmerchantsthouldbejudged,inthedifferencesthataforeamongftthemfelves,by the lawsandbyjudgesof theirownnation. This was foundedonan eftabliihedcuftomamongallmixedpeople,thateverymanthouldliveunderhisownlaw: acuftom_of whichI ihalIfpeakmore at largein anotherplace,

Tototituloft. deintrod,rub/._f naufrag__:cod.dr n_ufr_gHsjk leg. iit,t_.adt_P._rnel, deflcariis.

4( Leg.i. cod..denaufra_,iis,_ Lib,ii, Tit. 3"fe_. z.

CHAP.

C_A_,._o.THE SPIRITO) LAW_; _7

C H A P. XIX.

O/Commerceafterthe;Decayof theRoman-PowerintheEaft_

THEMahometansappeared,conquered;_xtended,anddifperfedthemfelves.Egypthadparticularfo-_,-ereigns; thefecarriedonthe commerceof India,andbeingpoffeffedofthemerchandizesofthiscoun-try,drewto themfelvestherichesofallothernations.Thefultan_ofEgyptwerethemoltpowerfulprincesof thofetimes. HiRoryihformsuswithwhataeon-ftantandweltaregulatedforcetheyl'toppedtheardor,thefire,andtheimpetuofityofthecrufades.

c H a XX,

HowCoi_im_rcebrokethroughtheBarb&-_aof Europe.

ARISTOTLE'sphilof6phybeingearrledto theweft,pleafedthefubtilge_iufes,WhoWerethe vir-tuofiof tholetifiaes0f ignorance.The £choolmenwereinfatuatedwithit, ai_dborrowedfromthatphi-lofopher,*agreatmanynotionsonleadingtiponinte-reR,Whereasitsfourcemig_hthavebeeneafil_¢tracedin thegoFpel; inPaort,theycondemnedit abfolutelyandin allcafes. Hencecommerce,whichwastheprofefliononly of meanperfons,becamethat ofknaves) for whenevera thing i)forbiddefi,whichnaturepermitsorneceflityt_quires_tholewhodo itarelookeduponasdithonefh

Commercewastransferredto a nationcoveredwithinfamy; andfoonrankedwiththemoltthame-

SeeAtiflot,pollt,llb,L cap.9 8¢io.

F z ful

6g THE SPIRIT OF LAWS.Boo_XXI.

fulufury,wlthmonopolies,withthelevyingof rub-tidies,andwithall thedithonei'tmeansofacquiringwealth.

TheJews,*enrichedbytheirexac°dons,werepil-lagedbythetyrannyofprinces; whichpleafed,in-deed,butdidnoteafethepeople.

What paffedin Englandmayferveto giveusanideaof whatwasdonein othercountries.KingsJohnhavingimprifonedtheJews,inorderto obtaintheirwealth,therewerefewwhohadnotat leaf_oneoftheireyespluckedout. Thusdidthatkingadmi-nifterjuflice.AcertainJewswhohadatoothpulledouteverydayfor revertdaysfucceffively,gavetenthoufandmarksoffilverfortheeighth. HenryIll.extorted.fromAaron,aJew,atYork,fourteenthou-landsmarksoffilver,andtenthoufandforthequeen.Intholetimestheydidbyviolence,whatisnowdonein Polandwithromefemblanceofmoderation.Asprincescouldnotdiveintothepuffesof theirrub-jeers,beeaufeoftheirprivileges,theyput the Jewstothetorture,whowerenotconfideredascitizens.

At1afta cufcomwasintroducedofconfifcatingtheeffectsoftholeJewswhoembracedChriftianity.Thisridiculouscuftomisknownonlybythe_ lawwhichfuppreffedit. Themof_vainandtriflingreafonsweregiveninjuffificationof that proceeding; it wasal-ledged,thatit waspropertotrythem,in orderto becertain,that theyhadentirelythakenoffthe flaveryofthedevil. Butit isevident,that thisconfifcati6nwasafpeciesoftherightof§amortifation,to recom-

Seein¢Marcatl_fpan_catheconRitutlonsof Aragonin the years_z25,anclI_33 _andin Bruffel, theagreementin theyearxzo6_betweenthekin$_th_¢ountefsofChampagne,andGuyofDampierre.

-_ Stowe'e8ar_fyrf L_d,n, bookiii.page54.Theedi&paffedatBavi|le,April4, x]9_.

§ InFrance,theJewswereflaresin mortmain,andthe lordstheirfuecef-lots. Mr.Bruffelsmentionsanagreementmadein the yearx2o6,between_ahekingandThlbautCountofChampagne,bywhichit waragrred_thattheJewaof theonelhouldnotlendi_ thelsnclsoftheother.

penfe

_CuAp.2o. THE SP_IRITOFLAWS. 69penfetheprince,orthelords,foi"the taxiesleviedontheJews,whichceafedontheirembracingChrifdani-ty. In thofetimes,men,likelands,wereregardedasproperty; I cannothelpremarkingbythe way,howthisnatiotihasbeenfportedwithfromoneageto another: atonetime,theireffe&swereconfifcatedwhentheywerewillingtobecomeChriftians; andat another,if theyrefufedto turnChriffians,.theywereorderedtobeburnt.

Inthemeantime,commercewasfeento afirefromthebofomofvexationanddefpair.TheJews,pro-fcribedby turnsfromeverycountry,foundoutthewayoffaringtheireffe&s.Thustheyrenderedtheirretreatforeverfixed; forthoughprincesmighthavebeenwillingtoget ridoftheirperfons,yettheydidnotchufetogetridoftheirmoney.

The*Jewsinventedlettersof exchange; com-merce,bythismethod,becamecapableof eludingviolence,andofmaintainingeverywhereitsground;the richermerchanthavingnonebut invifibleef-fe&s,whichhe couldconveyimperceptiblywhere-everhepleafed.

Thetheologianswereobligedto limittheir_rinci-ples; andcommerce,whichtheyhadbeforecon-ned'tedbymainforcewithknavery,re-entered,if Imayfoexprefsmyfelf,thebofomofprobity.

Thuswe oweto the fpeculationsof the fchoo|-menallthemisfortunes-]-whichaccompaniedthede-iirud'tionofcommerce; andtotheavariceofprinces,

t_It is known,that underPhilipAuguftuaandPhilip the Long,the Jewswho werechafedfromFrancetook refugein Lombardy_andthat theretheygaveto foreign'merchantsandtravellersfecretletters,drawnuponthole towhomtheyhadentruftedtheirefl'e_siaFrance,whichwereaccepted.

_-Seetheg3dnoveloftheemperorLeo,whichrevokesthelawof BafiJhisfather. This lawof Bafil is in Hermenopolus,underthsnameof Le%lib.iii. tit. 7, ftCt."7.

F 3 the

70 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 1_oo_X_ff.

the eltablifhmentofa praedcewhichputs it in fom_meafureoutoftheirpower.

Fromthis time it becamene¢effarythat princes_ould governwith moreprudencethantheythem-felvescouldeverhave imagined: forgreatexertionsof authoritywere, in theevent, foundto be impoli-tic ; andfromexperL._nceit is man*fete,that nothingbut the goodnefsand lenity of a.governmentcanmakeit fiour!_.

We begintobe curedof Machiavelifm,and reco-ver fromit everyday. Moremoderationis becomeneceffaryin the councilsof princes. "Whatwouldformerlyhavebeencalleda maffer-firokein politics,would be now, independentof the horror it mightoccafion,the greater imprudence.

Happy is it/'or menthat theyarein a fituation,inwhich, thofigh .theirpaflionsprompt them to bewicked, it is, however,theirintereRto b¢ humaueandvirtuous.

C H A P. KKI.

glaeDifcoveryof twonewWorlds,andin whatMannerEuropeis affedtedbyit.

THE compafsopened,if Imayfo exprefsmyfelf,theuniverfe. AriaandAfricawere found,of whichonly rome borderswereknown; andAmerica,ofwhich we knew nothing.

The Portuguefe,failingon the Atlantic ocean,difcoveredthe molt.fouthern,point of'Africa ; theylaw a vafflea, which carriedthem to thegaff-In-dies. Their dangeruponthis lea, the difcoveryofMofambique,Melinda,and Calicut,have beenlungb_rCamoens,wholepoems make us feel fomething

CsAP.=_. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 7z

of thecharmsoftheOdyffey,andthemagnificenceofthe._Eneid.

TheVenetianshadhithertocarriedonthetradeoftheIndiesthroughtheTurki/hdominions,andpur-ruedit in themidftof opprettionganddifcourage-meats. BythedifcoveryoftheCapeofGood-hope,andtholewhichweremaderometimeafter,Italywasnolongerthecentreofthetradingworld; it was,if

•I maybepermittedtheexprefl_on,onlya corneroftheuniverfe,andis foRill. ThecommerceevenoftheLevantdependingnowonthatofthe greattra-dingnationsto boththeIndies,Italyevenin thatbranchcannolongerbeconfideredasaprincipal

ThePortuguefetradedto theIndiesin rightofconquer.The*conftraininglawswhichtheDutchatprefentimpofeon the commerceof thelittleIn,.

_dianprinces,hadbeeneRabli/hedbeforebythePor-tuguefe.

Thefortuneof the houfeof AuRriawasprodigi_nus. CharlesV. fucceededto thepoffettionof Bur-gundy,Caf_ile,andAragon; he arrivedafterwardsattheimperialdignity; andto procurehima new/dad of grandeur,the globeextendeditfelf, andtherewasfeenanewworldpayinghimobeifance.

ChriRopherColumbusdifcoveredAmerica; andthoughSpainfeatthitheronlya force1"ofmaU,thatthelear princein Europecouldhavefeatthefame,yet it fubduedtwo vaRempires,andothergreatftates.

WhiletheSpaniardsdifcoveredandconqueredtheweR,thePortuguefepu/hedtheirconquersanddif-coveriesin the eaR. Theretwo nationsmeteachother; theyhadrecourfetopopeAlexanderVI.whomadethecelebratedline of partition,andadjudgedthegreatprocefs.

Seetherel;tionof Ft.Pirard,partii. ch_l_,zS_

_ THE _PIRIT OF LAWS. Boo_X_Io]3uttheothernationsof Europewouldnotfuffer

themquietlyto enjoytheir /hares. The Dutchchafedthe Portuguefefromalmoffall theirfettle-fhentsinthe EaftIndies; andfeveralothernationsplantedcoloniesinAmerica.

The Spaniardsconfideredthefe new-difcoveredcountriesas the fubje&of conquer; whileothers,morerefinedin theirviews,foundthemto betheproperfubjec2sofcommerce,anduponthisprinci-pledire&edtheirproceedings.Hencefeveralnationshavecondu&edthemfelveswith fo muchwifdom,thattheyhavegivenakindoffovereigntyto compa-niesofmerchants,whogoverningtherefar-diftantcountriesonlywith a viewto trade,havemadeagreatacceffarypower,withoutembarraflingtheprin-cipalRate.

Thecoloniestheyhaveformedareunderakindofdependance,of whichtherearebut veryfew in-francesin all the coloniesof the ancients: whetherweconfiderthemasholdingof theRateitfelf,orofrometradingcompanyeftabliflaedintheRate.

Thedefignoftherecoloniesisto tradeonmoread-vantageousconditionsthancouldotherwifebedonewith the neighbouringpeople,with whomallad-vantagesarereciprocal.It hasbeeneRablithed,that°the*metropolis,or mothercounn-y,alonethalltradeinthecolonies,andthatfromverygoodreafon; be-eaufethedefignofthefettlementwastheextenfionofcommerce,notthefoundationofacity,orofa newempire.

ThusitisRilla fundamentallawof Europe,thatall comthereewithaforeigneolonyfha11beregardedasa meremonopoly,punithabtebythe lawsof thecountry; andin thiscarewearenotto bedirectedby• '*This,inthelanguageofthean¢icnts_isthet[atcwhich£oundcdtheco*toa_." 4 the

C_AP.t_.THE 9PIIIIT OF LAWSthelawsandprecedentsofthe*ancients,whicharenotatallapplicable.

It is likewifeacknowledged,thata commerceeftablifhedbetweenthemothercountries,doesnotincludeapermiftiontotradeinthecolonies; fortherealwayscontinueinaRateofprohibition.

Thedifadvantageof a colonythatlofestheliberty"Ofcommerce,is vifiblycgmpenfatedbythe protec-tionofthemothercountry,whodefendsit by herarms,orfupportsit byherlaws.

Fromhencefollowsa thirdlawof Europe,fhatwhena foreigncommercewithacolonyisprohibit-ed, itis notlawfulto tradein tholeleas,exceptinfuchcafesasareexceptedbytreaty.

Nations,whoare,withrefpe&tOthewholeglobe,whatindNiduatsareina Rate,likethefearegovernedbythelawsofnature,andbyparticularlawsoftheirownmaking.Onenationmayrefigntoanotherthefen,aswellastheland. TheCarthaginiansforbad-j-the Romansto fail beyondcertainlimits, as theGreekshadobligedthekingsof Perfiato keepasfardiffantfromthefea-coafc_asa hoffecouldgallop.

Thegreatdiftanceofourcoloniesis notanincon-veniencerhataffe&stheirfafety;forif themothercountry,onwhomtheydependfortheirdefence,isremote,nolefsremotearethofenationswhorivalthemothercountry,andbywhomtheymaybeafraidofbeingconquered.

Betides,thisdiffanceis thecaufethatthofewhoareefcablifhedtherecannotconformto themannerof li-vinginaclimatefodifferentfromtheirown: theyare

ExcepttheO.arthagittiansjaswe feebythe treatywhichputanendtothe' fir_Punicwar,

"t"Polyb.lib.iii.Thekingof Perfiaobligedhimfelfbytreaty,nottofailwithanyveil'elof

warbeyondthe CyancanroughandtheCIli¢lido_callifl¢_. P/ytarcb_in t/bt/_¢9'_o".

obliged

' 74 THE SPIRIT OFLAWS. Bo0g.XX_.obligedthereforetodrawfromthemothercountryalltheconveniencesoflife. The*Carthaginians,torendertheSardiniansandCorilcansmoredependant,forb_dtheirplanting,fowing,ordoinganytMngofthelikekind,underpainofdeath; fothattheyfup--pliedthemwithnecefl'ariesfromAfrica.

, TheEuropeanshavecompaffedthefamething,withouthavingrecourfeto fuchfeverelaws. Our.coloniesin theCaribbeeiflandsare underan admi-rableregulationin thisrefpe&; thefubje&of theircommerceiswhatweneitherhave,norcanproduce;andtheywantwhatisthefubje&ofours.

AconfequenceofthedifeoveryofAmericawastheconne&ingAriaandAfricawith Europe; it f_r-niflledmaterialsfora tradewiththatvaRparrofAriaknown thenameby . oftheEaR-Indies.Sliver,thatmetalfoufefulasthe mediumofcommerce,h_camenow,asa merchandize,thebails"ofmegreatercom-mercein the world. In fine, the navigationtoAfricabecameneceffary,in orderto furniflauswithmentolabourinthemines,andtocultivatethelandsofAmerica.

Europeisarrivedto fo high a degreeof power,thatnothinginhifiorycanbecomparedtoit. Whe-ther weconfidertheimmenfityof its expences,thegrandeurof its engagements,the numberof itstroops,and'theregularpaymentevenof tholethatare lear ferviceable,andwhichare keptonlyfor•orientation.

FatherDuhaldelays,+that the interiortradeofChinais muchgreaterthan that of all Europe.That mightbe, ifourforeigntrade did not aug-

- •mentourinlandcommerce.Europecarrieson the,tradeandnavigationof the otherthreepartsof th_

Ari_ofleJn_vonderfultbinzs, Llvy_llb.vii.Dec, __- Tomeii. rage_7o.

world;

_HXr._2. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. _

_'orld; asFrance,England,andHolland,donearlythatofEurope.

C H A P. XXIL

OftheRicheswhichSpaindrewfromAmerica.

IF Europe*hasderivedfomanyadvantagesfromtheAmericantrade,it feemsnaturaltoimagine,that

• 8painmuffhavederivedmuchgreater. Shedrewfromthe newlydifcoveredworldfo prodigiousaquantityofgold andfilver,that allwehad beforecouldnotbecomparedtoit.

But (whatonecouldneverhaveexpe&ed)th_greatkingdomwaseverywherebaffledby itsrail-fortunes.PhilipIL whofucceededCharlesV. wasobligedtomakethecelebratedbankruptcyknowntoall theworld. Thereneverwasa princewhofuf-£eredmorefromthemurmurs,theinfolence,andtherevoltoftroopsconffantlyillpaid.

Fromthattimethe monarchyof Spainhasbeeninceffantlydeclining.Thishasbeenowingtoanin-teriorand phyficaldefe&in the natureof thereriches,whichrendersthemvain; a defe&whichinereafeseveryday.

Goldandfilverareeithera fi&itious,ora repre-fentativewealth. Thereprefentativefignsofwealthareextremelydurable,and,in theirownnature,butlittlefubje&to decay.Butthemoretheyaremulti-plied,the moretheyloretheirvalue,beeaufethefewerarethethingswhichtheyreprefent.• TheSpaniards,aftertheconqueffOfMexicoandPeru,"abandonedtheirnaturalriches,inpurfuitofa

_'Thlshasl_enIlready_ewnina fmalltrmtlfe,writtenbytheauthor_bouttwentyyears,ago_whichhasbecaalmol_infir¢iyiucerporatcdlntheFr©-featwork,

3 rcpre_

_6 THESPIRIT oF LAWS. Boo_Y_XI.reprefentativeWealthwhich dailydegradediffelf.Goldandfilverwereextremelyfcarcein Europe,andSpainbecomingall of a fuddenmiRrefsofa pro-digiousquamity6f theremetals,conceivedhopesto which/hehadneverbeforeafpired.Thewealth/he found in the Conqueredcountries,greatasit was,didnothoweverequaltholeof theirmines.The Indiansconcealedpart of them; andbetides,therepeople,whomadenootherufeof goldandfilverthan to givemagnificenceto the templesoftheirgods,andto thepalacesof theirkings,foughtnot_for.itwithanavaricelikeours. In ihort,theyhadnot the fecretof drawingthefemetalsfromevery"mine; butonlyfromthofeinwhichtherepa-rationnaightbemadewithfire: theywereRrangerstothe mannerof makingufeof mercury,,andper-impsofmercuryitfelf.

Howev_,itwasnotlongbeforethefpecieofEu-ropewas doubled; thisappearedfromthepriceofcommoditieswhicheverywherewasdoubled.

TheSpani_/rdsrakedintothe mines,fcoopedoutmountains,inventedmachinest®drawoutwater,tobreaktheore,andfeparateit; and,astheyfportedwiththelivesof theIndians,theyforcedthemto la-bourwithoutmercy. The fpecieof Europeloondoubled,and theprofitof Spaindiminiflaedin thefameproportion; theyhadeveryyearthefamequan-tityof metal,whichwasbecomeby one-halflefsprecious.

In doublethetimethefpecieRilldoubled_andtheprofitfrilldiminithedanotherhalf.

tt diminifl_edevenmorethanhalf: let us feeinwh_mannero_ToextracCtthegoldfromthemines,togiveitthe

_quifitepreparations,andtoimportitinto_urope,tourbeattendedwithromecertainexpence;Iwillfuppofethistobe as 1to 64. Whenthefpeciewasonce

_sA_._. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. _77

oncedoubled,andconfequentlybecameby one-halflefsprecious,theexpencewasas2to64. ThusthegaloonswhichbroughttoSpainthefamequantityofgold,broughta thingwhichreallywasof lefsvalueby one-half,thoughthe expencesattendingit hadbeenone-halfhigher.

If weproceeddoublinganddoubling,wePaallfindin thisprogreflionthecaufeoftheimpotencyofth_wealthofSpain.

It is abouttwo hundredyearsiincetheyhaveworkedtheirIndianmines. I fuppofethe quantityoffpecieatprefentin the tradingworldisto thatbe-forethedifcoveryoftheIndies,as32istoI ; thatis,it hasbeendoubledfivetimes: intwohundredyearsmore,the£amequantitywillbetothat beforethedif-covery,as64 i_o x; thatis,it willbedoubledoncemore./Nowatprefent,fifty* quintalsof oreyieldfour,dlve,andfigouncesofgold; andwhenit yieldsonlytwo, the minerreceives,nomorefromit thanhisexpences.Intwo hundredyears,whenthemi-nerwillextra&onlyfour,this_toowillonlydefrayhischarges.Therewillthenbebutlittleprofitto bedrawnfromthe goldmines. Thefamereafoningwillholdgoodof filver,exceptLthattheworkingofthe fitverminesis a tittlemoreadvantageousthanthofeofgold.

But,if minesthouldbedifcoveredfo fruitfulasto givea muchgreaterprofit,themorefruitfultheywillbe, thefoonertheprofitwitlCeafe.

ThePortuguefeinBrafilhavefoundminesofgoldforich,+thattheymu_tneceffarilyveryloonmakea

i S_ Frezieds_voyages.•_ Accordingto LordAnfon__uropereceiveseveryy.etrfromBrafiltwo

millionst_erling4ngoldjwtfichis tt'ound-in_fandat-thefootof_e mountains,orin thebedsofriyers. WheoI wrotetheJitt'letreatifementionedintheefirRnote of thls chapter_thereturnsfromBrafilwerefarfrom-I_ingfoconfidera-Idl _ obj¢_as,theyarca_prefgnt, coati-

THE SPIRITOFLAWS. Boo_X_

eonfiderablediminutionin the profitsof thofeof'Spain,aswellasin theirown.

I havefrequentlyheardpeopledeploretheblind-r,efsofthe courtof France,who repulfedChr_o-pherColumbuswhenhemadethepropofalofdifco-veringtheIndies. Indeedtheydid,thoughperhapswithoutdefign,ana&ofthegreaterwifdom.Spainhasbehavedlikethefoolifaking,whodefiredthateverythinghetouchedmightbeconvertedintogold,andwhowasobligedtobegof thegodsto put anendto hismifery.

Thecompaniesandbankseftabli/hedin manyna-tions,haveputa finiflfingttroketo theloweringofgoldandfilver,asa fignorreprefentationof riches;forbynew fi&ionstheyhavemultipliedin fuch amannerthefignsofwealth,thatgoldandfilverhav-ingthisofficeonlyin part,arebecomelefsprecious.

Thugpubliccreditfervesinffeadof mines,anddiminithestheprofitwhichtheSpaniardsdrawfromtheirs.

Trueitis, thattheDutchtradeto theEarl-Indieshasinereafed,in romemeafure,the valueof theSpa-nifamerchandize;forastheycarrybullion,andgiveit in exchangeforthemerchandizesoftheEaR,theyeafetheSpaniardsofpartofacommodity,whichinEuropeaboundstoomuch.

Andthis trade,in whichSpainfeemsto beonlyindire&lyconcerned,is as advantageousto thatna-tionasto tholewhoaredire&lyemployedincarry-ingit on." Fromwhathasbeenfaid,we mayformajud{_-menofthelafforderofthecouncilof Spain,whictlprohibitsthe makingufeof goldandfilveringild-ings, andotherfuperfluities; adecreeasridiculomasitwouldbeforttieflaresofHollandto prohibitthe¢onfumpti0noffpices.

']_y

CKar.2z. THE SPIKIT OF LAWS.My_eafoningdoesnotholdgoodagaln_all,mines;

tholeof GermanyandHungary,whichproducelit-tlemorethantheexpenceof workingthem,areex-tremelyufeful. They are foundin the principalftate; theyemploymanythoufandmen,whothereconfumetheirfuperfluouscommodities; andtheyareproperlyamanufa_ureofthecountlT.

TheminesofGermanyandHungarypromotethecultureofland; theworkingoftholeofMexicoandPerudeftroysit.

The IndiesandSpainaretwopowersunderthefamemat_er;but the Indiesare the principal;whileSpainis onlyanacceffory.It isinvainforpo-liticsto attemptto bringbackthe principalto theacceffory; the Indieswill alwaysdraw Spaintothemfelves.

Of the merchandizes,to thevalueof aboul:fiftymillionsof livres,annuallylentto theIndies,Spainfurnifhesonlytwo millionsanda half: theIndiestradeforfiftymillions,theSpaniardsfortwoandarthalf.

Thatmuffbea badkindof richeswhichdependsonaccident,andnot ontheinduftryofa nation,onthenumberofitsinhabitants,andonthecultivationofitslands. Thekingof Spain,whoreceivesgreatrumsfromhiscuftom-houfeat Cadiz,isin this re-

e&onlyarichindividualin a ftateextremelypoor.verything paffesbetweenftrangersand himfelf,

whilehisfubje&shavefcarcelyanyflaarein it; thiscommerceis independentbothof the goodandbadfortuneofhiskingdom.

WereromeprovincesofCaftileabletogivehimarumequalto thatofthe cuRom-houfeof Cadiz,hispowerwouldbemuchgreater: hisricheswouldbethe effe&of thewealthof the country:therepro-vinceswouldanimatealltheothers,andtheywould

be

b THE SPIRITOF LAWNS.Boo_XX[,

beall togethermorecapableoffupportingtheirre-fpe&ivecharges:inffeadof a greattreafu_,hawouldhavea greatpeople.

C H A P. XXIII.

A Problem.

IT isnotformeto decidethe guef[ion,whetherif Spainbe notheffelfableto carryonthetradeoftheIndies,it wouldnotbebetterto leaveitopentoftrangers.I willonlyfay,thatit is fortheiradvan-tageto loadthiscommercewithasfewobffaclesaspoliticswillpermit. When,themerchandizes,which_'everalnationsfendtotheIndies,areverydear,theinhabitantsofthatcountrygiveaffceatdealoftheii'commodities,whichisgoldandfilver,forveryllttteof tholeof foreigners:thecontraryto thishappenswhentheyareata lowprice. It wouldperhapsbeofufe, thatthefenationsthouldunderfetleachother,totheendthatthemerchandizescarried,to theIndiesmightbealwayscheaP. Thereareprincipleswhiehdelete to be examined,withoutfeparatingthem,howe_er,fromothereonfiderafiom; thefafdtyoftheIndi_, theadvantagesof oneonlycuttom-h6ufe,,fh_dangerofmakinggreatalterations,andtheforefeCninconveniencies,whichareoften]efs_,dangerousthanthofe+_hichcannotbe:forefeen. _; ;

B o o:K

CH_P.z. THE SPIRiTOF LAW_. fit:

B O_ 0 K XXIL

OF LAWS IN RELATION TeTHE USE OF MONEY6

CHAP. I.

-g'heReafonof tie Ufiof Money.

p EOPLE whohavefewmerchandizes,asra-vages,andamongcivilizednations,tholewhohaveonlytwoor threefpecies,tradeby exchange..Tht_the'caravansofMoorswhogotoTomba&u,mtheheartofAfrica,havenoneedofmoney,fortheyexchangetheirfaitforgold. TheMoorputshisfairinaheap,andtheNero hisdultinmmther; if there-is notgoldenough,the Moortakesawayromeofhisfair,ortheNegroaddsmoregold,till bothpartiesmeagreed.

Butwhena nationtrafficswith a greatvarietyofmerchandizes,moneybecomesneceflhry; becaufeametaleafi!ycarriedfromptacetoplace,lavesthegreatexpenceswhichpeoplewouldbeobligedto be at_if

theyalwaysproceededbyexchange.Asallnationshavereciprocalwants,it frequentIy

happensthatoneisdefirous"ofa largequantityoftheothersmerchandizes,whenthelatterwillha-everylittleoftheirs,though,withrefpe&toanothernation,theCafeisdire&lyoppofite.B'utwhennationshavemoney,andproceedbybuyingandfelling,thofewhotakemoltmerchandizes,pay the balancein fpecie.And thereisthisdifference,thatinthecafeof buy.ing, thetradecarriedonis inproportiontothewants

VoL,II. G of

$_ THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BookXXIL

of thenationthathasthegreaterdemands; whilRin bartering,thetradeis onlyaccordingto thewantsofthenationwholedemandsarethefeweft: withoutwhich,thelatter'wqg!dbeunderanl!mpottib'dityofbalancingitsa_coufits.._- / _ : .-,

c H-,A P. iL'_

* Ofthe2_atureof Monej':

MONEYisafignwhichreprefentsthevalueofan merchandizes.Metalistak_58r thisd¢fign,asbeingdurable,®:becaufeit confumesbuthttlehyufe;andbecaufe,wkh0utbeingdeftr0Ieed,_tis capableofmanydivifions.A:preci0usmetalh_ been"d_enasatign,asbeingmOftl3ortable.Ametalis-m0R,pro-perforacommonmdfure,becaufeit canbeeafilyre-ducedtothefameftandard..E_'ciy.._'te_fiXe.suponita particularimprefli0n,totheenddaartheformmaycorrefp0ndwiththeRandardandtheweight,andthatbothmaybeknownbyinfpe&ionOnly.

TheAthenians,nothavingtlaeUfeofmetals,made.ufeofoxen,TandtheRomansofflaeeoi butoneoxisnotthefameasanotherox, ijafhe mannerthat onepieceofmetalmaybethefameasanother.• Asfpecieisthefignofthevalueof_merchandizes,paperistherigaofthevalue_offpeCie: and*Thenitisof the right.fort,i_revrefcntSt_hiS:va'iue.]n"fuct_amanner,thatast6the_dffeftsprdducedby:_g__ereisnotthei!egffdifferenize. _%.: _: ,_

.... . . _ . . ..... _ v"

* The faltmgd_euf'eor fortiffspurboreh abytllnla_ai"th_ddfda;ihatit.is continualli xvaaln_asCay. ; " " "r "*

-_ Herodotus,in Clio,tellsus, that theLydiansfoundouttheart of coin-ingmoney; theGreek_learntat'fromthem; the Atheniancoin hadthe i2'h-preflionof theirancientox. I harefernone of tholepi©cesin the EarlofPembroke'scabinet.

In

!

C_A_._'. _HI_8PIRrT OF LAT_VS. _3

Inthefamemanner,asmoneyisthefignandrepre-fentativeof athing,everythingis a fignandrepre-fentativeofmoney; andthe Rateisin a profperouscondition,when,onfheonehand,moneyperfe_lyreprefentsallthings; and, ontheother,allthingsperfe&lyreprefentmoney,andarereciprocallythefignofeachother; thatis,whentheyhavefuchare-lativevalue,thatwemayhavetheoneasloonaswehavethe other. This neverhappensin anyotherthanamoderategovernment,nordoesit alwayshap-penthere:forexample)if the lawsfavourthedl-f-honeftdebtor,hiseffed_sare nolongera reprefenta-tlve or fignof money.With regardto a defpoti¢.government,it wouldbeaprodigy,didthingstherereprefenttheirfign. Tyrannyanddiitruitmakeeveryon-e-:b_ry"theirTpecie: thingsarenottherethentheof •::E_tors haveibmettmeshadtheart,notonlyto/na_e_liifig_;_intheirownnature,thereprefentatlveoffp_ie, biat_to-co,v.ertthemevenintofpecie,likethecurrentcoin. Ca_far',.whenhe wast di&ator,t_ermitt_d:debtOrsto giCe_theirlandsinpaymeuttotheirer_]itors,at:thepricetheywereworthbeforethe C_I k_'a_.::++Tiberiuso;_dcred,thatthofewhodefired_ecie/hbuldhaveit fromthepublictreafur_;on_ind_iigb'v_rthd_]andto doubIethe"value.Un-de_C-_fai',' the landsWere_heriioney_whichpaidall_)_;'_ UnderTiberius,tenth0ufandfeRerc_sin landl_6_iiiem:currehtmoney;equalto fi_ethoufandfe_-ttercesinfilver. ""'_:........

.Themagnacharmof.EnglandprovidesagainRthefeiging_jielands"dr"r&enuesof a debtor,when-his

-e(It,Jsa#,_tient_u_omh Ayen,'for d=tfatherO_a-Family,coh_)e=u'v,.

. J" C_.ear_on theCivilWar)booklii_. _ Ta_Itu))lib, vJ,G _ move-

84 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS.BooKXXII.moveableorpeffonalgoodsarefu_cientto pay,andheiswillingto givethemup to hiscreditors: thuskllthegoodsofanEng'liflmaanreprefentedmoney.' ThelawsoftheGermanscon_itutedmoneyafa-tisfic_tionfortheinjuriesthat werecommitted,andforthefuffefingsdueto guilt. Butastherewasbutverylittlefpeciein thecountry,theyagainconffi-tutedthismoneyto be paidin goodsor chattels.Thiswefindappointedin _/Saxonlaw,withcertainregulationsfuitableto theeafeandconvenienceofthefeveralranksofpeople. At_firft,_'the lawdeclared

•thevalueofaf0uin cattle; thefouof tWOtremifesanfweredto anox of tweFcemonths,or toanewewithherlamb; thatofthreetremifeswasworthanoxof fixteenmonths. Withtherepeoplemoneybe-camecattle,goods,andmerchandize; andthefeagainbecamemoney.

Moneyisnotonlyafignofthings; it isalfoafignandreprefentativeOf money,as we flaaUfee inthechapteronexchange.

C H A P. ,II-I.

of idealMoney.

THERE isbothrealandidealmoney.Civilizednationsgenerallymakeufeofidealmoneyonly.be-caufetheyhaveconvertedtheirrealmoneyintoideal..Atfirff,theirrealmoneywasromemetalof a certainweightandftandard: but loondithonef_yorwantmadethemretrenchapartofameraIfromeverypieceofmoney,towhichtheyleftthefamename; forex-ample,froma livreatapoundweighttheytookhalfthefitver,andi_illcontinuedto call it a llvre; the

• TheLawsoft.heSaxons_chap.aS.

• piece

C_A_._. THE SPIRIT OF L/_WS. 8£

piecewhichwasthe twentiethpai'tof a poundOf fi|-ver, theycontinuedto callafdu,thoughit is nomorethe twentiethpart of thispound of filver. By thismethodtt_etivre is an ideal iivre, and the fou ariidealfou. Thus of the otherfubdivifions;and i'ofarmaythisbe carried,that whatwecalla livre,flaallbeonly a finatlpart of the originallivreor poundwhich rendersit frillmore ideal. It mayevenhap-pen, thatwe have nopiece of moneyof the precifevalueof a livre,nor any pieceexac_tlywith a fou:then thelivreandthefouwillbe purelyideal. Theymaygiveto anypieceof moneythedenominationofas manylivresandasmanyfous as theypleafe, the•¢ariationmaybe continual; becaufeit is aseafytog!veanothername to a thing, as it is difficulttoch_ge the thing itfetf.

To take awaythe fourceof thisabufe, it wouldbe an excellentlaw for all countries,who aredeft-rous of makingcommerceflourith,to ordain, thatnonebut realmoneyflaouldbe current; and, to pre-ventany methodsfrom being taken, to renderitideal.

Nothingoughtto be fo exemptfrom variation,asthatwhichis the commonmeafureof all.

Trade is in its own nature extremelyuncertain:andit is a greatevil to adda newuncertaintyto thatwl'fichis foundedonthe nature0fthe thing.

C H A P. IV.

Of the_¢antityofGoldand"sRve_r.

WHILE civilizednationsarethemifii'effesof theworld, gold and filver,whetherthey draw it fromamongftthemfelves,or fetchit fromthemines,muffincreafeeveryday. On -the contrary,it diminifhes

G 3 when

when.%_rbarous:nationsprevail.We know.,howgrit _vastheftareir_#ofthefe_metals/_vkenthe:Gothsanti:_.ahdals'ontheonefide,aridan'_the,_therthefSa-a_ac_ssnd Tartars,,brokein"likdatorremonthe,_i-vilizcdworld. _ " ,-' ." ,_. _.;

° "":" "" C H A P. .V. ,'

: ' '" _'hefameSubje_continued..THE bulliondrawnfromthe American'ml.nes)

importedintoEurope,andfromthencelenttoythecart,hasgreatlypromotedthenavig_ti0nof"_e]_u-ropeannations; forit is amerchandizewhlchEu-ropereceivesin exchangefromAmeriCa,and_'h.ich_e fendsin exchangeto theIndies."A prod!g46,'Usquantit3:ofgotdandfilveristherefoi'eanad_'ai_taR_,whenweconfidertheremetalsfi.samer_har/d[zeigu.tit is otherwife,whenweconfiderthem_safigi_;' be-caufetheirabundancegivesanaIlaytotheirq_al!ty_sa fign,whichis chieflyfoundedon-theirfCai'c]t_i'"

Beforethefir_Punicwar,eop[)erwasto.filv_._s*960to i ;t itis atprefentnearlyas 7._an'd_h_h_i|ftox. Whentheproportion/hallbe as it was"f6r-merly,filverwillbetterperformits0ffieeasafign.

c H A V,- Vl. .TheReafon.why.Inter#waslomeredonehalfaftert_e

', . ,:;" "/_:'Con_ue_oJtheIndies, - °' .GARCILASSO.informsus,) �.that:in.Spain,after

theconqueroftheIndies,theintereff,whichwasatSeechap.xii.ofthisbook, _"" " " '" " :"

"1"Sul_pofingainarkorelghtOu.eeeOffilvertobe worthforty-alne_li'vr_)andcoppertwentyroisterpound.

, ,_Hiltoryof _hccivilwar_of th_$_iarddn theWcfHn_i¢_. •., .ten

C_Ap.?, THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 87

"tenpercent. fell to five. Thiswas a neceffarycon-fequence.A greatquantityoffpeciebeingallof afuddenbroughtintoEurope,muchfewerpeffonshadneedof money.Thepriceof aUthingsincreafed,whilethe valueof moneydiminllhed; thepropor-tionwasthenbroken,andallthe olddebtsweredigcharged.Wemayrecolle&thetimeoftheTyftem;*wheneverythingwasatahighpriceexceptfpecie.TholewhohadmoneyaftertheeonqueftoftheIn-dies,wereobligedtOlowerthepriceorhireoftheirmerchandize; thatis,inotherwords,theh-intereiL

Fromthistimethey wereUnableto bringinterefttoitsancientflandard,becaufethe quantityoffpeciebroughtto Europehas beenannuallyincreafing.Betides,as thepublicfundsofromeflares,foundedonrichesprocuredby commerce,gavebut a veryfmallintereft,it becameneceffaryforthecontra&sofindividualsto beregulatedby there. Inihort, thecourfeofexchangehavingrenderedtheconveyingoffpeciefromonecountryto anotherremarkablyeafy,moneycannotbefcarceinaplacewheretheymaybeforeadilyfuppliedwithit, by thofewhohaveit inplenty.

C H A P. VII.

Howthe_Priceof Thingsi;flxedintheFarlationofthe$ignof Riches.

MONEYis the priceof merchandizesormanu-fa&ures.But how /hallwe fix this price? Or inotherwords,bywhatpieceof moneyis everythingto bereprefented?

If we comparethe marsof goldandfilverin thewholeworld, with the quantityof merchandizes

• In France,Mr.Law'*proje_wascalledbytl_snameoG 4 therein

S8 THE SPIRIT 'OFLAWS. Boo_XY_JL

thereincontained,it iscertain,chateverycommodityor merchandizeinparticular,maybecomparedto acertainportionoftheentiremafsof goldandfilver.Asthetotalof theoneis tothe totalof theother,fopartof theonewillbe to partof the other. Letusfuppofe,thatthereisonlyonecommodityormer-chandizein theworld,oronlyoneto be purchafed,andthatthis is divifiblelikemoney:apartofthismerchandizowillanfwerto a partofthemarsofgoldandfikcer_ thehalfofthetotaloftheone,tothehalfofthetotatof theother; the tenth,thehundredth_thethoufindthpartoftheone,tothetenth,thehun-dredth,thethoufandthpartoftheother.But asthatwhichcofit_itutespropertyamongftmankindisnotallat_nceintrade;andasthemetalsor'money,whicharethefignsofproperty,are notallintradeat thefametime; thepriceis fixedinthecompoundratioof thetotalofthingswiththetotaloffigns,andthatofthetatalofthingsin tradewiththetotalof/ignsintradealfo:andasthethingswhicharenotintradeto-daymaybeintradem-morrow,andthefignsnotnowin trademayenterintotradeatthefametime,theera-blithmentof thepriceofthingsfundamentallyde-pendson theproportionof the totalof thingstothetotaloffigns.

Thustheprinceorthemagifiratecannomoreaf-certain°thevalueof merchandizes,fl{athecaneRa-bliihbya decree,thattherelationI hasto lo, isequalto that:of_ tOto. Julian's* loweringthepriceof provifionsat Antioch,wasthe caufeof.amoil:terriblefamine,•

' _.... CH A'P.

.ThefameSubjeCtcontinued.% "_f * * ,

THE negroesontheeoa_ofAfrica*havea _gnof v,luewit_ money. It is afignmerelykk*at_founded_a_he_degreeof et_eemwhichtheyfixinth_-rmindsforeverymerehandize,in proportiontotheneedthey:haveoffit. A certaincommodityormerchandizei3 worththreemacoutes; another,fixmaeoutes; another,tenmacoutes; thatis,asiftheylaidfimplythree;fix,andtern Thepriceis formedbyaeompari/bnofallmerehandizeswitheachother.They_avethereforenoparticularmoney; hot eachkindof.merchandizeismoneytOtheother.

Let_usfora momenttransfertO our/elvesthismannerof valulngthings,-andjoinit w_thours: all_hemerehandlze_andgoodsin zhewor}d,or elfealtthe merchandizesor manufa&uresofa flare,partieu_-larlyeonfide_dasfeparatefromallothers,wouldbeworth_certainnumberof maeoutes; and,dividingthe moneyof thisfiateintoasmanypartsastherearemacoutes,onepartof thisdivifionofmoneywillbethefignofa macoute. '

:Ifwe fuppofethequantityof fpedein a fcatedoubled,it willbeneceffaryto doublethefpecieinthe maeoute;but hC,in doubtingthe fpeeie,youdoublealfotheerrracoute,theproportionWillremainthefameasbeforethedoublingofeither.

IffincethedifcoveryoftheIndies,goli]andfilverhaveinereafedinEuropeintheproportionof 1tozo,

' thepriceof provifio_sandmeri:handize_mu_havebeenenhancedin proportionof I to zo. Butif,ontheotherhand,thenumberof merchandizeshasin-creafedasJ to z, it neceffarilyfollows,thatthepriceof

_ TH_,SPIl%ITOF LAWS. Boo_.XXIL

of theremerchandizesandprovitions,havingbeenrailedinpropoixionof_to 2o,andfallenin propor-tionof i toz, it neceffarilyfoUows,I fay,that theproportionisonlyas:x,toio; ;

Thequantityof goodsandmerchandizesincreafesby,anaugmentationofcommerce,-the:augmentation_ofJcommercebyan.augmentationo_thefpeciewhichfucceflivelyarrives,andbynewcommunicationswithfreth,difcoveredcountriesandleas,whichfurnithuswithnewcommoditiesandnewmerchandizes.

1

C H A P IX._

_ Of therelativeScarcityofGold._a_d-Sil_.ier_',

i: BESIDESthepofitiveplentyandfcarcityofgoldandfilver,thereis _ill a relativeabufidanceandarelativefcarcityof one Oftheremc_a_sc0mpar¢_:tothe:other.;i Theaiaridoushoardup theirg0!dandf_ver,_::f_:rastheyd9notcaretofpend,Chey_e f0nd'df._gns!_t are_noffubje&to decay.T_ey p_eferg6!_t0_ger, becaufeasfhey arealways_afraidof lofi_g,il_dycanbeRc0ncealthat whi6htakesilpthe!eafcr0ohi_/_Gold thereforedifappcarswhentliere is.ple_yof filver,byreafonthatevery0nehasrome_to_'onceal;_it appe_irsagaifiwhenfflverisfcarce,_au(d:tt_f a_ bbii_edto flraw-itfr_tnitsconiine-

I't"is'thenai :"tfiatgOld.iscommonwhenfilveri_fc_/r_,:_anSg0i:d%t'carce"wlienfii_,er'isCo_nfilon..'I'hislet's_U_s:f_e:the_tti_e_ficebe_eeri::theirrelative,an'dtl_eiri_al"abim'dah_ceand_fearcity:of WhichI/hal/l_refentlyfpeakmoreat large. _

-. :: ...... C H AP.

_t_Ar.W. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 9r

C H A P. X.

Of Exchange.

THE relativeabundanceand fcareityof fpeeie_indifferentcountries,formswhat is calledthec6urfeof exchange. _ ....__

Exchange'is a fixingof thead_al andmomentaryvalueof'money. • ".

Silver,as a metal,hasvaluelike.all other mer-chandizes,andan additionalvalueas it is capableofbecomingthe fignofothermerchandizes.If it wereno morethanea.mere merehandize,it would loremuchofitsvalue.

Silver,asmon.ey,hasavalue,whichtheprinceinromerefped_scanfix, andinothershecannot; :

t. The princeeihbliihesa proportionbetween"aquantityof fil_reras metal, andthe famequ_mtit_asmoney, z. He fixestheproportionbetween'thefeoVeral:metalsmade ufe of as money. 3. He efta-blithesthe weight.and i_ndard_6feverypieEeofmoney. Infine__4:he givestOev_e/ypiecetIiatidealvalue,ofwhich Ihave fpoken.: I_fllaIlcalltheV_ilueof moneyin thefefou_refpe_slt_.?Ofltf'veealUe,be-caufeit maybe fixedbylaw.. .........•The coinofeveryftatchas,b_dsthis_,ardati¢2e

value, as it is comparedwith_t_e-mgney0f othercountries. This relativeValu_is eRablifl/edhyfheexchange,andgreatlydeoendson its oofiti_e,,value.Itxsfixedby general0p_h.]onOfthet rc ants,neverb_thedecre_"_ft_:_f_._e'_:'beea_ife'k_i_i_ub-je&to_inceffamVaria00n_S,ai1__pgndsor_a fl{bufandaccments. _........... ,; ,• The feveralnations, m _xingthtsrelattvevaIue,ar¢_lii¢flyguidedby thatwhichhasthegreatetIquan-

tiv

9z THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. Boo_XXI_[_

tity of fpecie. If ihehasasmuch fpecieas all the;otherstogether,it is thenmoffpi'oper,fortheotherto_egutatetheirsbyherflandard: andthe regulationbe-'t_,_n .;illtheotherswill prettynearlyagreewith thereg_iation_madewithShisprincipalnation.:'tn the_ac"tualttate of the globe,• Hollandi_thei_at_onwe are fpeaking of. Let us examinethecourfeOfexchangewithrelationtoher.' TheyhaveinHollandapieceof moneycalleda flo-rin;'k(,bfthtwentythus, or forty half-fousor gros..But, t o renderour ideasas iimpleas poflible,!&usimaginethat theyhavenotanyfuchpieceofmoneyinHollandasa flor_, and that they havenoo_herbuti_egros: a manwhothouldhavea thoufandflorins,]ti6uldhavefortythoufandgrofs; andfoof thereft,NOWtheexchangewith Holland is determinedbyOur'i_fiqwinghow manygtos eveitypieceof moneyin othercontriesis worrh; and as.theFrench com-mbnty-reekonby a crown of thi:eelivres, the ex-izhange-makes it neceffary-for.themto.know howmanygrosarecontainedin a crownof three]/vres.tf:the%ourfeofexchangeis at.fifty:four,a crownofihreeiivresiwi_llbeworthfifty-fourgros; if it is at]i_, it will be worthfixtygros. If filveris'fcarcei_=France,a: crown"ofthree livreswill be wo_damoiegros; if plentiful,it will be Worthlefs/ ••This fcarcityor _lenty, fromwhencerefultsthe

¢nutabflltyof theco_arfeof exchange,tsnot the reals"imt_:,itdativeii:are_i_or lent For exam le; whenl_fitn_e']Jasgreatero.ccafionfor funds in Holland,:th:anttie'Dut_chof hJlvingfundsln'France,fp¢cieis¢/_d(0_ commonin Fran_, andfcaxceinHOnaad;

• The _utch rggulate'_he _xchange£oralmo_ all.Europ_ hy_akind•ofdaer-

i_fion amoagt_ thcmf¢lvcs, _n a m_aaer mol_agreeable ,to their owg m-

_" 4 Let

CaAP._o, THE.SPIRIT OF LAWNS. 93us f_ppofethat the._ffe of exchangewith

Hollandis at fi_:y-fo_r._I£Fra_ce.and'!-Iollandc0mpofcdonlyonecity,theywould._: aswedo_hen.weg_v¢ch_gefora crown: theFrenchmanWoialdtakethreelj_ out of hispocket,andthe .I_tch-manfif_-f_argros:f_r,_mhis. _ as there-_romediftancebetweenParisandAmfl_.rdam,it isneceffary•that he, whofor a crown_1:threel_v_es_iv_smeriley-foureros,whichhe hasinHolland,_uldgi_;emea billof exchangefor fifty-£ourgrospayableinHolhnd. The fifty-fourgrosis_not the th_ng,inqueftion; butabillforthatrum, Thus,in0r_r to uageOfthe-fc rci yOrpietyoff cie,know.if thereare in France;morebillsof-fiat-fontgrosdrawnUponHolland,_antherearecrownsdr_wrtuponFrance. If therearemorebil_fromHolland,ti_gntherearefromFrance,fpeeieisfcarceinFrance,and cQmmoninHolland;it thenbecomesnecegrarythattheexchangethouldrife,andthat they_v_formycrownmorethanfifty-fourgros;otherw,it_Inotpa_withit_ andviceve_a__ • . "

Thusthevariousturnsin the courfeof exchalageformanaccountofdebtorand"creditor,whichmut_befrequentlyfettled; and whichthe ftati_in.debtcanno'mor:edifchargeby.exchange,thanan ind_-;ad .... ......."dualcan.pay ebtbygivingchangefora piece,offilver. " .....

Wewillfuppofethat therearebut threef_tesinthe world,France,St0ain, andH_l|and:_t_a¢_feyera_individualsin Spain:areindebted;to Fr_ce to t_ 7¢_-lueof"onehundredthoufand'marksof filvfe_i:_,_r_thatfeveralindividualsof France/owein_Sl3_fi_::onehundredandtehth6ufandmarks'ino_,;':if fon_:i:ir-cumftancebothin SpainandFrancef_ultt?i:aufe

Therebamuchfpecie_rla p'_ace,'when:ttiereis morel'_¢cld'ih_in_aserjtherets litde, whenflae,':gi,:m_et_ap_aa £_e¢ie. each

94 THE SPIRITOFLAWS. Boox_Leachtowithdrawhisfpecie,whatwill thenbe:;thecourfeofexchange.Theretwonauonsw111reelpro-eallyacquiteachotherofanhundredthoufand_;butFrancewillfrillowetenthoufandmarksin_S13ftfi;andthe SpaniardswillfKllhavebillsuponFran_,:t6thevalueof ten thoufandmarks,whileFrance_i'lt"havenoneatalluponSpain. o:: _'_: .ButifHollandwasina contraryfituation_diq,e-

fig&,toFrance,andin orderto balancetheaecouiitmuff:payhertenthoufandmarks,the French:W6ul/thave.twowaysofpayingtheSpaniards;_6i_erq/jtgi:ring theircreditorsin Spainbills:for_ten_Xbo_a_marksupontheirdebtorsinHolland,_i_i%_lfe_6_fehR_"mgfpecieto the valueof ten :thou_f_ndma_ks_b

Fromhenceit follows,thatwhena_f_/ite'h_,o_,a__fioatoremita fumofmoneyintoane_her'cou_,:itisindifferent,inthenatureofthethi_¢_ah_'fher_'_e_debeconveyedthither,ortheytaket_iltsOF_a_The_/glirantageor difadvantage:offlidfV_O:_)_f01elydependson a6fualcircumfrances._Wezmiii_enqtfirewhichwiHyiddmofl:grbs4n_H011iii_d,_eycarried_hkherinfigcie,orabillh_n:Holl_d_f6/__

: _Vhenanoneyof thefamef_andard_d_¢eig_ff_:_:FranceTieldsmoneyofthe-fameffaffdfird_nd_i_'in_Holland,wefaythat theexchinge:isattar. _]h2the-_,ac'haal-,thteoffpecie,-l-thepar_is.hearty'_f_;four_s_ thecrown;'When_theexehangei_/_ _fif_.-i_om:._gr_ wefayif.ishigh::when_befieath,t_:-

i-h_o_der.m_know_thelofs:andgainof_ ffat_2'_"-apamcutar=_fituation,ofexchange,itxnufcbe'eonfi&e_ag_debt_-at_d.ct_litOr;_as-buye:r,and_fellSr.' -'_-"e_/_6exchan_iSbelow_'p_it:lofesas:adebtor,andgalrislgs_i._ ._i_thCtap_act_ofA:a_iageamlinfaran_dcduOa_d._.... ,_ :L_

•_ a CI'C-

Cuav.xo. THE SPIRIT OF :LAWS. 9_ cre tor;it

is:oDviouait..t.9_:as:dcl_O_¢-_fuppof¢,ffor._.aml_e,

ewer,gr_,.;._e_.?ar¢,:jn:._.¢mw_,.th¢morecrownafl_

-for,a,#.yL'ra__ber.:of gros,:.thc,tel'snumber,_ofgmsthereareinacrown,themor¢_ero.was:_ _,iUsreceive.2,The;:,._te!ofes:#Ifo,asbuycrafor, theremutt:,bethe

me,,r..d_andiz_.,._d .wbh.|ethe.change.is,:tow)-,_e_ry,Fxe_hcmwa _s._w_th_ewergros.:._E.or:-the,ffamer_t, he,Rat_-gains'asafeilea::I:fdl-,mymerchan-dig_hi_Hg_n_f_:ac.er,tain-numbe.r.,ofm'os.;.I.receivetl_._:_rc _q.w._s'_inFrance,-_hen-._r:-every.fiftggrosI receivea crown,thanI thoulddoif I rec iveao.n_.,4_.,_cScro,wnfor._everyfifty-four._:Tbncon_tra_.,_t;o,_;his._p!_.agekuotheother,Rate.,,-If,D,._.'fai_,'_nd(:_)._:a;_ertain:numberof ,ero_wm,toF_'-:_¢'y, ;_:._.'n.).:if-this,-moiaey.is.owingm, i, e,,,ifth y r li,, craofc andif: r

Fzan%,.on,fending,b'zltsof .exchange_o;Holltuafffor

o_, h,and,xhc Dutchfendin-?the-vatue_M--fi,

to e'ranceofmorethan_; fo taatFrance',.w_uldf'l_..ob!i_ ,to _ndtOHolland--_ , re " - ' , .•_,, ,"...... .. . :............ _m.O-,,,l,rtflleCl_as¢_m_

Aqd,g-!them/f_h'[e£:muK,.c.onRantly,_iner_afn,be_6fe?a aeo_of this.kiad.w0uad<bring-lthe..exchange:flill-lo_rer',France'would'intheendberuined. It t&ms,I fay,as if this-fh0uldcertainly"follow;-,and"yet it"

...._to_

do__, b_au_of_th_p_ _h'__Il_i_.-wliCfe_ef_ablifl_d_Whidf4s,_-tli_ _6i_ii_tt_l_ _tow._dsab_alanee,:in•_.di:r_t__l_ _:_d___e_:_''Thus_they_boi_6rily¢m__It_rabLli_],t_paygaridmeafii_flaei_b_gVl_h_Ttl__tt_:':'_d_takingtheeX/_mpteFr_ilVov_iiq_i_-2K.ac_ge fat_s_inFra_e,_o_fgt__o,,r_y;_Dutchwh_buymerizhandize_:in-Fra_tr_;/_t&_d'a:thoufandcrowns,for:_hieh_.Wt@'._t_t_ayfifty-four.thoufanffgros;-__ L:nr_y:p_i_._c_t_thoufand_:if-theFreffdi'-_ld:e_ifei_t::_'i_._i]_Ot_n_rchand_zeofFianceW_:fifeinfenlig_,_ t_fitwillbe,thared:betw_n,lie_re_l__r__Da@t_i_for, when'amerchant:ean.gain;:h¢:__profitt -therearifes:then:a-'eom_n_ni_ffrith_sl_be_recnthe-Fmaehand the_Du¢_.odin"l_f.att_mann_theFrench;.who__ tqi___Hotland_orfifty2f0ur:th_mfaf/d::g//rs_i:_'__be,4,the'exch_,ge_was-at-fi_-f_r,>'3patd__:-f__he1_ttioufand:_-_owns,,wirebe"obliged:__ _ fi_e _M,Frenchcrownsto buythefame,mesre_d_/JtheFrerichmerchant,being.fe_fibld_t%_l_ffa(,3f_rsi:wilFtake-up.leftot_-the___di_e_.j._1_lqr_?:The Frenchand::'theDiateh_iriet_ha_r:_diff,¢tw.m_

- bodi"_fers,_thet_at_wR_.inferilibtyif_t'_gt_Oa _e,andthelowerhgof:the_e:_ch_m'Wi_r_ot:_a_with'al_thofeincom,enieneiesw_iel_we_h_d_._f0wro

_'_merchantmayfendhisf_ockinto_:fordgnamuabtrygwl_ntheexehan_e_s-15elowpar,_ichouvmjuring_his_-fortune;, becaufe,when-it _tu_siw,he,_overhwhathe,hadloft;' b_ta prince,::_h_-ge_a_onlyf_eie_inttya foreigncountry,*whiek_m_/c_r_n#/is_a_.

..:-W_en, the rnerch_ts:have.gt_at_dr_xnug;_*,_an_eo_tvy,theexchangerk_,emfathbly_¢s.,_l_"

•$e_-l_ookxx. chap.zI, .; -L"_ceeds

E_*).xo. THE SPIKIT OF LAWS. 9_c_tg!pfromtheirenteringintomany_ngagements,bg_ng greatquantitiesof merchandizes,anddraw-Lt__l_uforeigncountriestopayforthem.:A_prin_mayamafsgreatwealthinhisdominions,

atu_,_:fpe¢iemaybe reallyfcarce,andrelativelyeaammoni for inflance,if thisflute.is indebtedformanXmer_:handizesto a foreignconntry,the ex-changewillbelow,thoughfpeciebefcarce.

Theexchangeofal!placesconftantlytendstoacer--rainproporti0n,andthatintheverynatureofthings.Ifthec-ouffeofexchangefromIrelandtoEnglandis be-10wpag__a_.thatofEnglandto Hollandisal/'oun-tierparithatofIrelandto Holland,aillbefrilllowerthatisi_¢:_mpoundrati0ofthatofIrelandtoEng:land)madthato_:EnglandtoHolland; foraDutchmer__am0whoca_-have,fpecieindire&lyfromIre,.land,,.by_¢._ayof England,willnotchufeto.paydea_,:_y,ha_v_g,k_nthedire&way. This,,If_,ought,:mmrally_tobe the care:but,however,itisnot-¢_tly_.;,_hefearealwayseircumftanceswhichvarythef_flaiags;_and_e differentprofitofdrawingby,oneplace,:gro£ drawingby another,conflitutes•_e _tieuhr.art_ddextetityofthebankers,,whichdoes:n_tbClong_the.prefentfubje&. . : '_a. _a_B_te_ai'fesitsfpecie,fo_inftance,iwhen

_t,gives:the:nameof fmlivres,_ twocrow_i towhat:masbeforecalledthree!lyres,.oronecrown,thisnewdenomination,whichaddsnothingrealtothe,ero_wn,,aughtnot to pro_r¢atingle.<gr_ :moreby,the_change. We otightonlyto_have_fOr,thetw_newcrowns,thefameinum_o_r:._.,gr(_s:__hid_W¢beforerevivalfor,theoldone.._. thLs,d_c_sn0_h_p...I_., itm_:notbe:imputcglasan,_._:_ _heregu-,lattontffelf;but to the noveltyandfudd_efs ofthg;affair,.:Theexchange._dhete_s:_._h.ar,is°_lre_lyeihblifll_d,.aod,_. nOt_#feted _..._tgr.,a .¢¢rtaialime.,

VoL.II. • - H - ._ghen

98 THE SPIRIT"OF LAWS.BooK-_!!,Whena f_ate,infteadofonlyraifingthefpeciebya

taw,callsit in, inbrderto diminiflaitsfize,it fre-quentlyhappens,that duringthe timetakenup inpaffm•g againthrough_the.mint_._ thereare.twokinds_f money; thelarge,whichistheold,andthefmatl,whichis the new; andas thelargeis criedclown_ss notto bereceivedasmoney,andbillsofexchangernuftconfequenttybe paidin the new,onewouldimaginethen,thattheexchange/houldberegulatedbythenew. If, forexample,in Francetheancient_:rownof three1lyres,beingworthin Hollandfixtygros,wasreducedonehalf,thenewcrownoughttobe valuedonlyat thirty. Onthe other handiitfeemsasiftheexchangeoughtto beregulatedbythe_d c6in; bec_ufethebankerwhohasfpecie,aMre,cei_cesbills,is obligedto carrytheoldcoin.m themint, in orderto changeit for the new; bywhichhemuttbe alofer. TheexchangethenOughtto befixedbetweenthevalueoftheold coin,andthatofthenew. Thevalueoftheold is decreafect_if wemaycallit fo,bothbecaufethereiSalreadyromeofthe new in trade,andbecaufethe bankers,cannotkeepupto therigourof the law; havinganintereRin lettingloofetheoldcoinfromtheirchef%andbe,lagfometimesobligedto make paymentswith it._gain,the valueof thisnewfpeciemuttrife;be-caufethebankerhavifigthi_;findshimfelfinat_tua-tion,in which,aswefhaI1immediatelyprove,heM1tte_tpgreatadvantagebyprocuringtheold. Thee.x-changethouldthenbe fixed,as I have'alreadyfai_betweenthe newandthe oldcoin; For thenthebankersfindittheirintereitto fendtheoldouto£thekingdom; beeaufeby thismethodtheypr0curexhefameadvantageas theycouldreceivefroma_r.eygtilarexchangeoftheoldfpecie,thatis,agreatmany.:grosil_.Holland; andinret_rn_aregularexchangealit-tlelower,betweentheoldandthenewfpecie,whichwouldbringmanycrownstoFrance.

Suppofe

_.I0. THE SPIRITOF LAWS. 99

Suppofethatthreelivresof the oldcoinyieldbythea6tualexchangeforty-fivegros_andthatbyfend-ingthisfamecrownto Holland,theyreceivefixty;butwith a billof forty-fivegr_s,they procureacrownofthreelivresin France,whichbeinglentintheoldfpecietoHolland,Killyieldsfixtygros; thusgl| theoldfpeciewouldbe lentoutofthekingdom__,dthebankerswouldrunawaywiththewholepro-fit,

To remedyth,.'s,new meafuresmuffbe taken.TheKate,whichcoinedthenewfpecle,woulditfelfb¢obligedto fendgreatquantitiesofthe oldtOthe_a_ionychiehregulatesthe exchange,andbythusgai.niJngcreditthere,raifethe exchangeprettynearlytoasmanygrosforacrownofthreetivresoutof the_cOu0try./ fay, to nearlyrl(efame; forwhilethep_fitsare/malt,.thebankerswiUnotbetemptedtO£e_dlt_broad,becaufeof the expenceof carriage,.and¢.hedangerofconfifcation.

tt is_t thatwetlaouldgiveaveryclearideaofthis.Mr.Bernard,or anyotherbankeremployedbytheRate,propofesbillsuponHolland,and givesthematone,two,orthreegroshigherthanthea&uaIex-change; hehasmadeaprovifionin a foreigncoun-try, bymeansoftheold.fpeciewhichhehasconti-nuallybeen:fendingthither; andthushe hasraifedtheexchangeto thepointwehavejuft mentioned.Inthemeantime,bydifpofingofhisbills,hefeizesonallthenewfpecie,andobligestheotherbankers,whohavepaymentsto make,tocarrytheiroldfpecietothemint; and,asheinfenfiblyobtainsallthefpecie,heobligestheotherbankerstogivehimbillsof ex-chan_ataveryhighprice. Bytheremeans,hispro-fit,in theend,compenfates,ingreatmeafui'e,forthe_ofshefufferedat thebegim_g.

Iq 2 It

_oo THt_SPIRiT OFLAWS. BooKXXI]_.

It _sevident,thatduringthefetranfa_ions,thethte muffbein a dangerouscrifis. Speciemuftbe-comeextremelyfcarce; x.becaufemuchthegreatet_partis crieddown; 2.becaufea partwitl be fentintoforeigncountries; 3-becaufeeveryonewilllayit up,asnotbeingwillingto givethatprofittOtheprince,whichhe hopesto receivehimfelf.It isdangerousto doit flowly; anddangerousalfoto doit intoomuchhafte. If thefuppofedgainbeimmo-derate,their_convenienciesincreafeinproportion.

Wefee,fromwhathasbeenalreadyfaid,thatwhentheexchangeis lowerthanthefpeeie,a profitmaybemadeby fendingit abroad; forthe famereafor_,whenitis higherthanthefpecie,thereis profitincaufingitto return.

Butthereis a cafein whichprofitmaybemadebyfendingthefpecieoutofthekingdom,whentheexchangeisatpar; thatis,byfendingitintoaforeigncountryto becoinedoveragain. Whenitreturns,:anadvantagemaybemadeof it,whetherit becircu-latedin thecount_,,orpaidforforeignbills.

Ifa companyhasbeenere&edin afcatewithapro-digiousfcock,andthisfcockhas in a few monthsbeenrailedtwentyor tv_enty-fivetimesabovetheoriginalpurchafe; if,again,thefameRateefcablith-eda bank,wholebillsweretoperformtheoffleeoffpecie,whilethe numeraryvalueof therebillswasprodigious,inordertoanfwerto the numeraryvalueof thefrocks,(thisis Mr.Law'sfyf_em;) it wouldibllow,fromthenatureof things,that therefcocksandthefebillswouldvanifllin the famemanner_astheyarofe._Stockscannotfuddenlvberaifed_xwentyortwenty-fivetimesabovetheiroriginalvatue,_vith-outgivinganumberofpeoplethemeansofpro_ringimmenferichesinpaper:everyonewouldendeavourto fecurehisfortune; andasthe exchangeoffersthemoR

C_AP.It. THE SPIRIT OF"LAWS. zo_

moiteafywayof removingit fromhome,or convey-ing whitherone pleafes,peoplewould inceffant-ly remitapartoftheireffe&sto thenationthatregu-latestheexchange.A proje&for makingcontinualremittancesinto a foreigncountry, mufflowertheexchange. Letusfuppofe,thatatthetimeofthe8)'-flem, inproportionto thettandardandweightof thefilver_:0in,theexchangewasfixedatfortygrosto thecrown;::whena vailquantityof paperbecamemo-ney, they wereunwillingto give morethanthirty-ninegr0sfor:a crown, and afterwardsthirt:y:.eight,:*.hirty;feven,&c.-._Thisproceededfo far,.that :aftera_hile they,iwo¢ldg_vebuteight gros,andat lgRt_here:,_v_excl_nge atall.: . - . . : :.. '

Theexchangeoughtin thiscafetg?_veregulated_,h___I_0p_t_be_.wecnthe£pecieand_the;pap_ of_F_ _t_f¢,:,Oat:by the,_eigh_aad ftaa_lard_ fily_t]_._wu_of_ :three!iviesit_filv:er,:was•_,tl_.fg_rtiy,gr_, _d_thatthe¢xchangebeingmadeinp l ,th0 r v noft_hr_!ivresha:_apes._asmorthonlyeigh,/g_'m_.,tb¢djff¢izenc_mas,four:fifths. The

¢t0wnof:threel_vresin paperwasthen worthfour-:_thsJefsthanthecrownofthree1lyresin fitver.

.i':_';._..... C :H . A _P. XI.

"_::_Oft_e:'J_tocettlingsof t_'eRomanswithVef_e_tto

:,2:.HO_W,,greatfoev_erthe exertion_ofauthorityhad.been._ia,_ur..times,with refpe&.to-the .@ecieofFraneeoMuringthe:adminiftrationof._twofuccefliveminifiers,,_qifi:it:xvas,vafilyexceededby_theRomans;noLat.,theMme._hencorruptionhad creptinto theirrepublic,:norwhen theywerein a ffateof anarchy;but whentheywereas muchbytheirwifdomastheir

H 3 cou-

z0_ THE sPIRIToF LAWS. BooKXXII.

courage,inthefullvigouroftheconffitution,afterhavingconqueredthecitiesofItaly,andat theverytimethat theydifputedforempirewith the Cartha-ginians.

AndhereIampteafedthatI haveanopportunityofexaminingmoreclofelyintothismatter_thatnoexamplemaybetakenfromwhatcanneverjufttybecalledone.

InthefiritPunicwarthe*as, whichoughtto hetwelveouncesofcopper,weighedonlytwo,andinthefecondit wasnomorethanone. Thisretrench-merrtanfwersto whatwe nowcaltthe raifingofcoin. Totakehalfthefilverfroma crownof fixli.vres,inorderto maketwocrowns,orto ralfeit tothe valueof twelve1lyres,is precifelythe famething.

TheyhaveleftusnomonumentofthemannerinwhichtheRomanscondu&edthisaffairin the firf_Punicwar; but whattheydidin thefecond,isproofof the molteonfummatewifdom.The re-publicfoundherfelfunderanimpoflibilityofpayingherdebts: theasweighedtwoouncesofcopper,andthe denarius,valuedat ten ales,weighedtwentyouncesofcopper.Therepublicbeingwillingtogainhalfonhercreditors,madetheasYof anounceofcopper,andbythismeanspaidthevalueofa dena-riuswkhtenounces.This proceedingmuffgivea

•greatfhockto theRate; theywereobligedthereforeto breaktheforceofit aswellastheycould. Itwadiniffelfunjuft,andit wasneceffaryto renderit aslit-lefoaspoffible.Theyhadin viewthedeliveranceof therepubllc,with refpe&to the citizens; theywerenotthereforeobligedto dire&theirviewto thedeliveranceofthecitizens,withrefpe&to eachother,

• Ptiny'_NaturalHitl0ry_lib._xilitart. i3, ,']"Ibid.Thi_

O,_zz. T,HE SPIRIT OF LAWS. xo$Thismadea fecond_epneceffary.Itwasordained,thedenarius,whichhithertocontainedbu_ten ales,flaouldcontainfix'teen:The :efultof thisdoubleoperationwas,thatwhilethecreditorsof_herq_ublicloft_nehalff_ thofeofindividua_lsloRonlyafifth;tthepriceof merchandizewasincreafedonlyafifth;therealchangeofthe moneywasonlyafifth. Theotherconfeque_sareobvious.

The Romansthen conductedthemfelveswithgreaterprudencethanwe, whoin our tranfa&ionsinvolved,thepublictrea(ure,andthefortunesofin;.dividuals.Butthis is notall ; theiraffairwascar-riedon amid0cmorefavourablecircumRancesthanours,

C H A P. XH.

._'heCirntrr_ancesinwhichtheRomanschangedthe[/-ah:eoftheirSDede.

THERE wasformerlyverylittlegotdandfilverin italy. Thiscour_tryhasfewornominesofgoldor filver. When .Romewas takenby the Gauls,theyfoundonlya thoufand$ weightof gold. Andyetthe Romanshad fackedmanypowerfulcities,andbroughthometheirwealth. For a longtimetheymadeufeofnonebutcoppermoney; anditwasnotfillafterthe peacewithPyrrhus,thattheyhad:filverenoughto coin§ money; they madedena-riiofthis metalof thevalueof -tenales,IIor tenpoundsofcopper. At that timethe proportionof

"Theyreceivedten ouncesof copperfortwenty. ._t"They.receivedfixteenouncesofcopperfor twenty, ,$ I_lfny_lib.xxxiil,ai;t.5"§ Frein_hemius,lib.v.of Decad.ii.II Frelnlhemius,lib.v.decad,ii. Theyflruckalfo, laysthe f_meauthorj

_;tlf-deaarii_calledqu_nafii; andquarters,calledfeflcrces.G 4 fitver

_o_ THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BookX,XI!,

filverwasto thatofcopper,as 1to960. Forasthe_Romandenarius_s val.tmdattenales,ortenpoundsofcopper,it wasworthonehundredand twentyou_,_s_:gf:_eopper_;_-artdas:tlie_me-denari_s,_,,,zasva,luedonlyarone-eighthofanounceof fiiver,*thus

•producedtheaboveproportion..W&,_nRomebecamemiftrefsofthatpartof Italy

Wl_i_h:_snearertoGreeceandSicily,by_:degreesflaofoufi_th_rfe|f,betweentworichnations,'theGreeks_ndtheGarthaginians.Silverincreafed.at Rome;andastheproportionofi to 96obetweenfitverande0pp_r¢ouhtbe nolongerfupported,/hemadefeve,ral'regulati0nswithrefpe_m money,,whichto usareunknown.However,at the beginningof thofecondPunicwar,thet Romandenariuswasworthnomorethan_sventyouncesofcopper;andthustheproportion.betweenfilverandcopperWas.nolongerbutasI to 960. Theredu&ionwasvea%confidera-ble,fincethe republicgainedfive-f_xthsupon allcoppermoney.Butfhedidonlywhatwasneceffaryinthe_atureofthings,byeff_blifhing_heproportionbetweenthemetalsmadeufeofasmoney.

TM peacewhichterminatedthefirRPunicwar,lefttheRomansma_ersofSicily, Theyloonenter,ed:Sardinia;afterwardstheybegantoknowSpain;_d thus-zhe q_anrityof filverincr_afedat Rome,They_:t0okmeafure_,to reducethe_ denariusfromtwentyouncesto;ftxteen,whichhad theeffe_ ofP_.L_.g_ainearearproportionbetweenthe fiiverand_p_bp.s. _he.proportion,whichwasbeforeas'zto:_60,i,;W_:,ng_r_e 8S:.t :to.z28. ,- ._,,,-.,_:_

_[fWee_iaminei,n,tothecondu&oftheRomans,wethali_n_e_ndtho_4ogreat.asinchufinga prol_er¢onjun&_reforperformingany_ti_ordlnary_opeta-

¢/'.d_ne|ghth,aecorclingtoBud_.u,;"ae¢ordlrlgtoothera'uthor_,'_fg'_',ath."__Im._s lgat.Hfff.hb.xxx_,!,a_. t3. _ Ibid. CHAP,

p. •Pr_di_gs ._icb.rG_ef_to .Man_Patbt_meofitm.

Emperors '

,IN_the_:hangesmade:inthe,fpecieduringthe_meof therepublic_theyproceededby diminiflaingit •the ftate:repofedinthepeopletheknowledgeof itiwants-;anddidnotpretendto ,deceivethem.-Un-dertheemperors,:theyproceededby way of allay.Thereprincessreducedtodefpairevenbytheie:libe-;rzlities,foundthemfelvesobligedtodegradethefpe-cie; an.iadire6tmethod,whichdiminiflaedtheevil,withoutfeemingto touchit. They-with-helda partof the giftandyetconcealedthehandthat didit ;and,withoutfpeakingof thediminutionofthe pay,orofthegratuity,it wasfounddiminiflaed.

Weevenfrillfee*in cabinetsa kindof medalswhicharecalledplated; andareonlytfiecesofcop-per¢overedwitha thinplateof filver. Thismoney.is mentionedin a .(ragmentof the 77th bookofDio.'_'_ _'....

Didius.JulianEra beganto debafeit. Wefindthatthecoin-of+Caracallahadanallayof m0re,thanhalf;. that OfAlexanderSeverus§Oftwo thirds:thedebatingi'dllincreafed,tillUnderGaltienustl'no-thing-wastobefeenbutcopper£1vered:Over. -

It isevident,thatfuch violencproee_ingse0i_titnottakeplaceintheprefentage', a:'prince_gl_:t_di_,ceivehimfelf,but he could-deceive-:nobBd__elfe2

• Se_]FatherJoubert's$_ience.ofMcdals,Paris-e,dlt__fa_3_,_:_$9. L :}"

'_ SC'c,clam,tie, partii.chap.lz. find of the zt_tho_'July, ona dlfcoveryoffiftyihoufandmedals.

SeeSavotte,ibid. IIIbid. .- ,

xo6 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS.-EooKY-KIIt'

Theexchangehastaughtthebankertodrawa com-parifonbetweenallthemoneyin theworld,and toeitabliihitsjuffvalue. Theitandardof moneycanbenolongeraleered.Weretheprinceto begindoallayhisfilver,everybodyelfewouldcontinueit,anddoit forhim; the fpecieof the trueffandardwouldgo abroadfirR,and nothingwouldbelentbackbutbalemetal. If,-liketheRomanemperors;hedebafedthefilver,withoutdebatingthegold,thegoldwouldfuddenlydifappear,andhe wouldbere-ducedto hisbadfilver. The exchange,as t havelaidin theprecedingbook,*hasdeprivedprincesoftheopportunityof ihewinggreatexertionsofautho-rity,or at lear hasrenderedthemineffe&ual.

C H A P_ xIg.

.How'theExchangeisa Conflraintondefpotict_ower,]_IUSCOVYwouldhavedefcendedfromits det'-

potlcpower,butcouldnot. Theeftabli/hmentofCommercedepended.onnat of,theexchange,andthetranfaC"tionswereinconfiftentwithall itslaws.

In x745,the Czarinamadea law to expeltheJews,becaufetheirremittedintoforeigncountriesthefpecieofthofewhowerebanifhedintoSiberia,aswellasthatof the foreignersentertainedin herfer-vice. As allthefubje&sof the empireare/laves,they can neithergo abroadthemfelves,nor fendawaytheir:effe_'tswithoutpermiffion.Theexchangewhichgivesthemthemeansofremittingtheirfpeciefrom one countryto another,is thereforeentirelyincompatihlewith.the_lawsofMufcovy.,: Commerceitfelfis inconfittentwith the Ruffianlaws, Theproplearecompofedonlyofflavesera-.

"_Chap.xvi,ployed

C_A_.x_,x6.THE gPIRIT OFLAWS. xoy

! ptoyedinagriculture,andof fla'cescalledecclefiaftics; Orgentlemen,whoarethelordsoftholeflares: there

isthennobodyleftforthethirdcrate, whichought:_ to beeompofedof mechanicsandmerchants.•

C H A P. XV.4

7"hePraCticeofromeCountriesin Italy.

THEY havemadelawsinfomepartof Italyto

i prevent:fubje_sfromI'ellingtheirlands,inordertoremovetheiq:fpecieinto foreigncountries.There

- lawsmaybegood,whentherichesof aflare-arefo

conne&edwiththecountryitfelf,that therewouldbegreatdifficultyin transferringthemto another.Butflute,byt:hecourfeof exchange,richesare in

: fomedegreeindependentonanyparticular"Rate,andfincetheymaywitht'omucheafebeconveyedfrom-_ onecountryto another; that muff:be _ bad tawwhichwitlnotpermitperfonsfor theirownintereff

": to difpofeof theirlands,whiletheycan difpofeoftheirmoney. It isabadlaw.becaufeitgivesanad-

" vantageto moveableeffeCets,in prejudicetotheland;; becaufeit detersftrangersfromfettlingin thecourt-

try; and, infhort,becaufeit maybeeluded.

C H A P. XVI.

27_e./lffiflanceaStatemayderivefromBankers.

THE bafikersbufinefsis to_change,notto lendmoney. Iftheprincemakesufeofthemto exchangehisfpecie,as:heneverdoesit butin greataffairs,theleaffprofithecangive:forthe remittance;becomes¢:onfiderable;andif theydemandlargeprofits,we

may

x

lob THE SPIRITOFLAWS, BooKXXIro

mayThecertainthatthereisa faultin theadminittra-tion. Onthecontrary,whentheyareemployedtoa_yaace;f_eie,their art confiftsin procuringthegr_.e:_profit:fortheufeof it, withoutbeingliablet_be chargedwi_ufury.

..........: c:H A P. XVm:==::_ : Offfblic ;Debts.

:I:.,_(J]_IEhaveimagined,thatit wasforthead_ran-ofa Rateto,beindebtedto itfe!f: they_Oug!k

t.h_/tthismultipliedriches,by increafingth9di_[ula-Tho_whoareofthisopinionhave,.!beljeV_e,_i_a_:

founSeda circulatingpaperwhichrep_refen.ts_0_e_,_"0¢'ac_eulatingpaperwhichisthe,fig_bffl_-_.p/Qfi/_ik_atacompanyhas,orwillmakeby_¢omm_i_e,W],fha_palserwhichreprefentsa debt. Th(tw0_,_r_aieext/eme!yadvantageoustotheRate:th¢iaf_'cgu*_fig:vetbefo: andallthatwecanexpe&i_o_ t$ls_t_indi_-idualshave a goodfecurityfromthegO_rh_mentfortheirmoney.Butletus feethe ii_cdwce-niencieswhichrefultfromit.• I. If foreignerspoffefsmuchpaperwhichrepre-lenta debt,theyannuallydrawOUtof thenationaconfiderablefumforintereff.

_._A nationthatisthusperpetually-indebt,opghtfd'l_klV_e'_heexchangeverylow. _ ' _""_

_. :Ti/et_es r_iifedforthepaymentof thetntgr_ttidfthedebt,area hurtto the manufa_tres,by rail-mgt_epr,ceoftliearuficer'slabour.....

who_avea_hvttyandmdultry,toconveytt tothem-Ao!_.:t_:that_s,,tg_ve_the convemenc,es:forlabourto

_Av.*g. _HE SPIRITOF LAWS. to9tothofewhodonotlabour,andclogswithdifficul-tiestheinduth'iousartifc.

Thefeareitsinconveniencles: I knowof no ad-vantages.Tenpeffonshaveeachayearlyincomeofa thoufandcrowns,eitherin landor made; thisralfestothe nation,atfivepercent.a capitaloftwohundredthoufandcrowns. If thefetenpeffonsem-ployedthehalfoftheirincome,thatis,fivethoufandcrowns,inpayingtheintereRofanhundredthoufandcrownswhichtheyhadborrowedof others,thatwouldbeonlyto theRate,astwohundredthoufandcrowns; that is, in thelanguageoftheAlgebraiffs,200,000crowns" IOO,OOOcrowns,+ lO%OOOcrowns -" 200,000.

Peoplearethrownperhapsintothiserror,byre-fle&ing,thatthepaperwhichreprefentsthe_debtofa nationis the fignof riches; fornoneb_!t'arich

: Ratecanfupportfuchpaper,Withoutfallingintode-x:ay.Andif it doesnot fall, it is a proofthatthe

! Ratehasotherrichesbetides.Theyfaythatitis not: an evil,bec_fethereare refourcesagainffh;iand

thatit is aft"advantage,fincethererefourceSfurpafs; theevil. ..... •

C H A P. XVIII. _

Of thePaymentof public'_Debts.:.• / .5 _"..5..'C,,

ITisnecefl'arythattherem0uldbea"i/rVo tlonbetweenthethteascreditor_/indtheflat¢as.kt_St6i;.TheftatemayBea cre&torto mfimty,bn_ ,t/-canonlybe a dei/tort6a certainde_ree; and whenItfurpaffesthatde,re%thetRIe6fcredttorvanifl_ies._' If _l_ee_t_of :fh6',_tat___s;:fieve_e_eff the

lear blemiflglit maydo whath:as'beeii_foh_pp.il.y._-- - ""-:.......'.... '_..... p_'a_ffed

_:o THE,SPIRIT OF LAWS.Boo_XXI[,

pra_ifedinoneof thekingdoms_ oflEUrope;thatis,it ma),acquirea greatquantityoffpecie,and of-,fortoreimbufeeveryindividual,at leattif theywiltnotreducetheir irvtereiLWhentheRateborrows,

• tie iiadividualsfixtheintereft; whenit pays_thein-terettforthefutureisfixedbythettate.

It Jsnotfuflicientto reducetheintere!t: irisneeef-_rytoere&afinkingfundfromtheadvantageoftheredu_ion,in ordertopaXe_,-eryyeara partoftheca,.pital: a proceedingfoh_ppy, thatits fuccefsin,creoleseveryday.

WhenthecreditoftheRateisnot entire,therei_a new re_afonforendeavourhagto forma finkingfund,becaufethisfundbeingoncee_ablifl_ed,wilt

foo_.procurethepublicco!ff_..nc¢.tf the ttateis a repubhc,the govcrnmerrtofwhichisinits ownnatureconfif_eztwkhits,enter,log

toproje&sof a longd_rafion,the capitalof thenldngfundmaybeinconfiderable;but it is necef-

furyin amonarclayforthecapitalto bemuchgreater.e. Theregul_tionaoughtto befo.oedered,_chatall

lahefabje_&softlaettatemayfupporx,the.we_htof.theeftablithrnentoftherefunds,becaufetheyhave.a!!:th_eweightoftheeftablithmentofthedebt; thusthecre-ditorof theRate_bythe£um_he ,conMbutes,payshimfelf.

3- Therearefonrclaffes,ofmenwhopa_ythedebtsofthe ftate; the proprietorsof theland,tholeen-gagedinI:rade,t_ labourersandartificers,_and,infineithe annuitantseitherof theRate,orof privatet_eople.Of there:fourclaffes,theloft, in a careof_aece_ty,onewouldimagine,oughtteafttobefpared,becaufeit isactafsentirelypaffive,whilethettateis$upportedby thea_Ctivevigourof the otherthree.

e _gland.But

CrtAv.r9. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. z_r

Butasit cannotbehighertaxed,withourdeffroyingthepublicconfidence,ofwhichtheftatein general,andtherethreeclaffesinparticular,havetheutmofc

need; asa breachin the.public;faithcamaotbemadeona certainnumberoffubje&s,withoutfeem-ingtobemadeonall; astheclafsof crediror,aisat-

_- waysthemoltexpofedtotheproje&sofminifters,andalwaysintheireye, andundertheirimmediatcin-fpe&ion,the ftateis obligedtogivethema:fingutar

•proteCtion,thatthepartwhichis indebtedmayne-verhavethe lea£tadvantageoverthat-whichis thecreditor. . :

C H A P_ XIX.

| SPECIEis thefignOfvalue, it isevldent,thatg he whohasoecafionforthisfign_oughtto payfor_} theufeofit, aswellasforeverythingelfethathe

hasoccafionfor. All the differenceis, that otherthingsmaybeeitherhiredorbought; whilftmoney,whichisthe_riceofthings,canonlybe hired,andnotbought._

: Tolendmoneywithoutinterefi,is c_tainlyanac-tionlaudableandextremelygood; butitisobvious,thatit isonlya counfetof religion,and _ot a civillaw.

'_ In"or_lerthattrademaybefuccefsful,lycarriedOta,itis:neceffarythatapricebefixedontheufeoffpecie;butthisfhbtatdbe veryinc.onfiderable.If it betoohigh,the merchm_t,whofeesthatit willcolt;him

: morein intereftthanhecangainbycommerce,wiltundertakenothing; if thereis noconfiderationto be

t_Wefpeakaothere0fgo|daaafilverconfideredasamcrchandize.

" pald

ztl THE SPIRIT OFLAWS. BccE.XXH.

paidforthe ufeof fpecie,,nobodywilllendit; aridheretoothemerchantwillundertakenothir_g,

I am miftakenwhenI faynobodywilllend: theaffairsoffocietywillevermakeit neceffary.Ufurywillbeeftablifhed; butwithall the diforderswithwhichit hasbeenconihntlyattended.

The lawsofMahometconfoundufurywithlend-ing uponintereiLUfuryincreafesin Mahometancountriesinproportionto thefeverityof the prohibi-tion. Thelenderindemnifieshimfelfforthe dangerheundergoesinfuffering,thepenalty.

Inthofeea_rncounmes,thegreaterparrof thepeople.arefecureof nothing;thereis hardlyanypropomonbetweenthea_ualpoffettionof a rum,andthehopeofreceivingit againafterhavinglentit : ufurythenmuitberailedinproportiontothedan-gerofinfolvency. '

C H A -P. .XX. ""

THE greatnefsof marifime:.'_ifui_'4sfo_hdedontwothings: the dangeroftile,lea,_hi_:h,makesit

-properthattholeWhoexpofe:their_fp6,ci_lhcoaldnotdoitwithoutconfiderableadvaiiFa_e;_.and_hee_e_withwhichthe borrbwer,hy_fli_/,he_sof com,....-meree,fpeedilyaccomf_lifhesa,,_r_!e_yofgreataf-fai/s. But_fury,v#i/:h_:efpe&tO:_md_ai_n_"notbe-ingfoundedoneit_ief_ftheretwo.@eafons,,iseitherprohibitedbythe legiilat_s,or, W'.ha_is:motera-tional,reducedtOpr_oOiin_ls.. ':::. " . .,_

CHAP.

Ct_A_._Vi_HE SPIRIT_OF_AW'_.:" _:xzj

:-._B_.IDE$theloansmadefor ,he _J_:atlta"eof..__,, Oe_ _S.fhllakindof,lcndip..g:hy,,a#vxl

: co!_._:from._xchencetefultslintereff0r_f_r)Q,.7,._ _':fl_e :i_.o_f_[_)0,f:Bomcincrea(cdeve;y'aa_.in-: Vower,themagj'RyatesfoughttO-infii_ua{ei_e.mi_ixes

an thet¢,favQcr_b_.elaagtmg-fuct/laws,as:weremoff --" __e t_t_[f They.._¢tieficheailcapitalsj ,they{ .fir__owercgli__at:length.p,r0hibitedi_xtcrc_;.,t_y

irr_l_,fl_,a_Otltkig:of"debtswas cont_ndcdTfar,whenevera trtlJunewasdffpofed.to_rcnderhxrgfclfpopnlar, .....

Therecon_._alchattge_twhethermadeby the' laws,orbythe'i_lebifdt_t_aturalifed'ufuryatRome;

forthecreditorsfe_.g tl)epeople-theirdebtor,their-_ legiflatoriandtheirjUdge,hadnolongeranyconfi-

_d_ m &ca_m'gemm_;thepeople,hke_ ebtor_f¢_9..1"_!O_ttis.ca'L_d_ticoul_onlterntthemtolend,•;b.y._in&._/_o_bi_nt.._t_e_ ; efpec_idlyas the:/_¢¢.s_ppt_d:a_cdy to _he._vlionlyfrom.ti_ieto._u,h._pd£Oa_tly_in_ted_hecredkors._i .This

withthndingt]ieftr_t_'proli(b_iOn_./id.t"efe}ifi_'_9_,_helaw. Thise_|lwasa confeqhenceoftlae_ev'e?i_r'bfthe lawsagalnPtufary, Lawsexeeffivelygoodare

Tad¢.Annal. ii_.*i.

'5_d_ IL I the

¢

:x4 "I_HESPIRIT OF LAWS. BookXXILthe fourceof exceffiveevil. Theborrowerfoundhimfelfundera neceffityofpayingfortheintereitofthemoney,andforthedangerthecreditorunderwentoffuffeling_hepenaltyofthelaw.

C H A P. XXII.

_r_eJame8ubje_continued.

THE primitiveRomanshadnotanylawsto re-gulatethe rateof ufury.* In the conteftswhicharofeonthisfubje&betweentheplebeiansandthepatricians,eveninthet feditionontheMonsfacet,nothingwasalledged,ontheonehand,butjufdce;andontheother,butthefeverityofcontra&s.

They thenonly followedprivateagreements,which,I believe,weremoltcommonlyat twelve]:ercent.perannum.]_Ayreafonis, thatin tl_ _ an-cientlanguageofthe Romans,interet_atfixpercent.wascalledhalfufury,andintereftatthreepercent.quarterufury. Totalufurymuffthereforehavebeenintereftattwelvepercent.

Butifitbeafked,howfuchgreatintereftcouldbeeflabliihedamongfia peoplealmofiwithoutcom-merce? I anfwer,thatthispeople,beingveryoftenobligedtogotowarwithoutpay,wereunderafre-quentneeeffityofborrowing: andastheyinceffantlymadehat,pyexpeditions,theywerecommonlyveryableto pay. Thisis vifihlefromthe recitalof theeonteftswhicharofeonthisfubje&;theydidnotthendifagreeco,_cerningtheavariceofcreditors,butlaid,

• UfuryandinterefiamoagtheRomansfign$fiedthefame thing.af SeeDionyfiusHali_r.whohasdefcribedit fowell._.Ufurgfoniffes,triante*,fuadrantes.Seethefeveraltitlesof thedlge/_saM

codesonufury,aadefpcdall.vthez7thlaw,withthenote_, deUfu,_.

that

CHA_._¢oTHE SPIRIT OF LAWS. _S

thattholewhocomplainedmighthavebeenabletopay, hadtheylivedina more* regularmanner,

They then madelaws, which had onlyan in-fluenceon the prefentfituationof affairs:theyor-dained,forinftance,that thofewhoenrolledthem°felvesfor thewartheywereengagedin, flaouldnotbemoleftedby theircreditors; that tholewhowereinprifonihould be fet at liberty; that themoilindi-genttlaouldbetrentinto thecolonies: andfometimestheyopenedthepublictreafury, Thepeople,beingeafedof their prefentburthens,becameappeafed;andas theyrequirednothingfor thefuture, the re-hatewerefarfromprovidingagainflit.

At the,;imewhen.thefenatemaintainedthe caufeof ufurywithfo muchconflancy,the Romansweredifling_ifhedbyanextremeloveoffrugality,poverty.andmoderation: buttheconftitutionwasfuch,thattheprincipalcitizensalonefupportedalltheexpencesofgovernment,whilethe commonpeoplepaidno-thing. Howthenwasit potableto deprivethefor-

; merof the libertyof purfuingtheir debtors,andatthe fametime to obligethem to executetheiro_-ces,and to fupporttherepublicamidftitsmoltpref-ringnecetlities?

Tacitust lays, that the law of thetwelve tablesfixedthe intereflat onepercent. It is evidentthathewas miflaken_andthathe tookanotherlaw,of whichI amgoingto fpeak, for the law of the twelve ta-bles. If this had beenregulatedin the law of thetwelvetables,whydid they notmakeufeof its au-thorityinthedifputeswhichafterwardsarofebetweenthe creditorsand debtors._We findnot any"ve_igeof thislaw uponlendingat intereft; and let ushavebut neverfo littleknowledgeof thelaiftoryof Kome,

t SeeAppius'sfpeeehonthisfubjc&inDionyf.,Halicarnafr."1"Aaaal.lib. vi.

I z we

xx6 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. Boo_XXII.wefllallfeethat a lawllkethiscouldnotbe theworkofthedecemvirs.

The Licinianlaw,made*eighty-fiveyearsafterthatofthetwelvetables,wasoneof thofetempo-raryregulationsof whichwehavefpoken. It or-dained,thatwhathadbeenpaidfor intereftPaouldbe dedu&edfromthe principal,andthe reftdif-chargedbythreeequalpayments.

In theyearof Rome398, the tribunesDuetliusand Meneniuscaufeda lawto be paffed,whichre-ducedtheinterefttot onepercent.perannum.It isthislawwhichTacitus_confoundswiththatofthetwelvetables,andthiswasthefirftevermadebytheRomanstofixtherateofintereft.Tenyearsafter,§thisufurywasreducedone-half; IIandin theenden-tirelyaboliflaed;** andifwe maybelieveromeau-thorswhomLivyhadread,thiswasunderthe con-fulateoftt.C. MartlusRutiliusandQ_.Serviliusjin theyearofRome4i 3.

It faredwith thislawaswithallthofein whichthe legiflatorcarriesthingsto excels; aninfinitenumberofwayswerefoundto eludeit. Theyena&-ed,therefore,manyothersto confirm,corre&,andtemperit. Sometimestheyquitted_:_;the laws tofollowthecommonpra&ice,at others,thecommonprac"tlceto followthe laws; l_utin this care,cuftomeafilyprevailed. When a man wanted

4 tntheyearofRome,38g.Tit.Liv. llb.vi._f Unciariaufura,Tit.Liv.//b.vii. SeetheDelete of the Spiritof Law_

•articleUfusy.Annul.lib.vi.

Underthe eonfulateof L. ManlinsTorquatutand(2.Plautlus,aceord'ng•off. Li_. fib.vii. Thisis thelawmentionedbyTacitus,Annal.hb.vl.

[[S_niunciariasfUra. *QAsTacitusfays,Annal.llb.vi."_'_This law wasl_affedat the inRanceof ]VI.Genucius)tribuneof tl_e

_e_ple. _'it.L_. lib.vii. towardstheend._"¥¢t*ri.jam¢'_'_fwnmrtceptumer_t. P_ppian_on_theCivilWarjlib.io

to

CHA_._2.THE SPIRITOF LAWS. I_7toborrow,hefoundanobftacleintheverylawmadein hisfavour; thislawmuftbeevadedbytheperfonit wasmadeto fuccour,andbytheperfoncondemn-cd. SemproniusAfellus,thepraetor,havingpermit-tedthe*debtorstoacq:in conformityto the laws,was1-flainbythecreditorsforattemptingto revivethememoryofafeveritythatcouldnolongerbefup-ported.

I quitthecity,inordertocat?aneyeonthepro-vinces.

I havefomewhereelfeJ_obferved,thattheRomanprovinceswereexhau_edbyarevereandarbitrarygo-vernment.Butthisisnotall,theywerealforuinedbyamoilfl_ockingufury.

Cicerotakesnotice,§ thatthe inhabitantsof Sala-miswantedtoborrowarumofmoneyat Rome,butcouldnot,beeaufeoftheGabinianlaw. We muffthereforeenquireintothenatureofthislaw.

AsloonaslendinguponinterefiwasforbiddefiatRome,theycontrived[[allfortofmeansto eludethelaw; andastheix;al!ies,**andthe'Latins,werenotfubje&tothec[viH_/_s'6f_e Romans,theyemploy-eda Latin,oranally,to lendhisname,andperfonatethe creditor.The law, therefore,had onlyfub-je&edthe creditorsto a matterof form, andthepublicwerenotrelieved.

'/'hepeoplecomplainedof thisartifice; andMa-riusSempronius,tribuneof thepeople,bytheau-thorityofthefenate,caufedaplebifcitumtobeena&-ed-{-_to this,purport,thatin regardto loans,thelawsprohibitingufury betwixtRomancitizens,

* Perra_tcosleg;basagere. Appian, onthe CivilWar_lib. i. _ndthee_i.tomeofLily, lib.Ixiv.

"I"In the yearofRome,66]. _ Bookxl. r. 19.§ LetterstoAtticus_lib.v.ep.-_t. ][ Livy. *J_lbi4_"_f In theyear$6xofR,:me. SeeLivy.

I 3 fl_ould

_tg THE $PIEIT OF LAWS. Boo_XXII:

_ould equallytake placebetweena citizenand anally,"ora citizenandaLatin.

At that timetheygave the name of alliesto thepeopleof Italyproperlyfocalled,whichextendedasfaras the Arnoand the P,ubicon,and was not go.vernedin theformof a Romanprovince.

It is an obfervationofTacitus,_ that new fraudswereconf_antlycommitted,wheneverany lawswerepattedforthe preventionof ufury. Finding them-felvesdebarredfrom lendingor borrowingin thenameof an ally, they loon contrived to borrowofromeinhabitantof the provinces.

To remedythis abufe,theywereobligedtoena_a newlaw ; andGabiniust uponthepairingofthatfamouslaw,whichwasintendedtopreventthe cor-ruptionof fuffrages,muff naturallyhavereflected,that the bePcway to attainthis end,was to difcou-ragethetendinguponintereff: therewere two ob-jec"tsnaturallyconne6ted; forufuryalwaysincreafedat the timeofeled_ions,_becaufethe),tioodin needof moneytobribethe voters. It is plain, that theGabinian law had extendedthe SenatusConfultumofMarcusSemproniusto theprovinces,fincethepeo.pie ofSalamiscouldnotborrowmoneyat Rome,be-caufe of that very law. Brutus, under fi_itiousnames, lent them romemone3;§at fourper cent. amonth,t] and obtainedfor that purpofetwo SenatusConfuhums; in the formerof which, it was ex-prefslymentioned,that thisloanPnouldnotbe confi-tieredasan evafionof the l;_w,t_ andthattheg0ver-

"o Annal,lib.vi, "t"Intheyear6x5of Rome0S,t CicerotoAtticus)lib.iv.ep. t5 and:16_Ibid.lib.vi. ep.xc.

HPompeyhavinglent6ootalentsto kingAriobar_anes)madethat princeplyhimthirty-threeAttic talentseverythirtydays. Cic.ad.dtt, lib.lii.ep,_I. llb.vi. ep. J_.

OP_: nequ¢Sa|aminiis,nequeCuie._t_edlffebfraudi©fret./bid,.nol'

C_A_.2_ THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. lw9

nor of Sicilyflaoulddetermineaccordingto theftipu-lationsmentionedin the bondof the Salaminians.

Aslendinguponinteret_wasforbiddenby theGa-.binianlaw betweenprovincialsand Romancitizens,and the latterat that timehad all the moneyof theglobein theirhands, therewasa neceflityfor tempt-ing themwiththebaitof extravagantintereft,to theend that the avariciousmightthus lorefightof the

: danger of lofingtheir money. And as theyweremenof greatpowerin l_..ome,whoawedthemagi-t_rates,andover-ruledthelaws,theywereembolden-ed to lend,and to extortgreatufury. Hencethe

! 1Srovinceswerefuccel_velyravagedbyeveryonewho: had anycreditinRome: andaseachgovernor,aten-i tering upon this province,pubtiflaedhis edi6t,_

whereinhe fixedthe rate of interef_in what man-nerhe pleafed,the legiflatureplayedintothehandsof avarice,and the latter fervedthe meanpurpofesof the legifiator.

But the public bufinefsmuffbe carriedon ; andwherevera totalina&ionobtains,theftateisundone.On romeoccafionthe towns, the corporatebodies,andfocieties,as well as privatepeople,wereunderaneceffityof borrowing; aneceffitybut toourgent,wereit 6nlytorepairtheravagesof armies,therapa-cityof magiftrates,the extortionsof colle&ors,andthecorruptptae"ticesdailyintroduced; forneverwasthereat one periodfo muchpovertyandopulence.Thefenate,beingpoffefledof the executivepower,.granted,throughneceffity,and oftentimesthrougkfavour,a permiffionof borrowingfromRomanciti-

Cicero'sediO_fixedit toonepercent.a monfh,x,_ithintereftuponinteref_attheexpirationoftheyear. Withregardto the farmersof the republi¢_heengagedthemtogranta refpite'totheirdebtors.*if the latterdidnotpayat thetlmefixed,he awardedtheintere/_mentionedin the bond. Cir. ad _4tt,lib,vi. ep, x,

I 4 zens,

I*o THE'SPIRIT OF LAWS. BoozXXIII,

zens,foasto ena_decreesforthatpa_cularpur_pofe. Buteven_chefedecreesweredifcreditedbythelaw;_for theymightgiveoccafionto,he people's"infiftinguponnew"ratesof intm'eft,whichwouldaugmentthe dangerof lofmgthecapita!,_¢hiletheymadeafarth_rextenfionOfufury.I flaall¢¢er_repeatit, thatmankindarego_rned,not_by_extTemegg:bu¢byprinciplesofmoderation. _:_......... _ ',

HepaysleafLlaysUlpian,+whopaysiatefLThisdecidesthe queflion,whetherinteret_'belawful?thatis, whetherthe creditorcanfelltime,and_edebtorbuyit. _-_

• B O O K XXIIL

O_ LAWS llq THE RELATIOYq THEY BEAR TO:,TH_

_UMBER OF I_HA_ITA_TS. ,:,"_

CHAP. I.

Of Menandglnimals,wit.brefpeStto.MultiplicationoftheirSpecies,

ELIGHTofhumankind,++andGodsabove;P_eat of,Rome,propitiousqueenoflow;

Forwhenthefifing_fpringadornsthemead,.Andanewfceo¢ofn.atur¢ft_nd_difplay'd;

See what Lucretia, _ys in the $If_ letterrto Attica,, llb. 5" Thet# Weevg_ a I_eneralSenates Confultum_to fi.gth_ _.te _f intue/t al_ per ¢_.a month. See the fame letter_

When

C_Av._. THE_SPIRIT OF LAWS. z_z

Whenteemingbuds,andchearfulgreensappearjAnd_v_e_¢rr_gal_sunlockthe lazyyear;Thej0yousbirds:,thywelcpmefirffexprefs, = _,Whofe_nat_velongsthygenialfireconfefs:Thenravagebeai_sboundo'er theirflightedfood,Struck_wV_.h.thydarts,andtempt theragingflood:Allnatureisthygift, earth,air,andlea, "tOf all that breathes,thevariousprogenyStungwith deligh%is goadedonby thee.O'erbarrenmountains,o'ertheflow'ryplain, "ITheleafyforeff,andtheliquidmain,Extendsthyuncontroul'dandboundlefsreign.Thro'all thelivingregionsthoudoffmove,,Andfcatter'ftwherethongo'ftthe kindlyfeedsof

love.The femalesof bruteshavean almoftconffantfe-

eondity. Butin thehumanfpecies,the mannerofthinking,thechara&er,thepaffions,thehumour,theca.price¢theideaofprefervingbeauty,thepainof child-bearing, andthe .fatigueof a toonumerousfamily,obftruHpropagationa thoufanddifferentways.

CHAP, II.

Of Marriage.

THE naturalobligationof the father to provideforhischildrenhaseiLabliihedmarriage,whichmakesknowntheperFonwhooughtto fulfilthisobligation.

The people* mentionedby PomponiusMclathad no otherway of difcoveringhim but by refem-.blance.

Amongcivillzednations,the father_ is that per.fononwhomthelaws_by theceremonyof marriage,

• The Oaramantes. -_ Lib,i. ¢_tp.$.

-M_e

t_2 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. Boo_XXIII.

havefixedthisduty; becaufetheyfindin himthemantheywant.

Amongftbrutesthisis anobligationwhichthemothercangenerallyperform; but it ismuchmoreextentiveamongftmen. Theirchildrenindeedhavereafon; butthiscomesonlybyflowdegrees.It isnotfufficienttonourifhthem; we muffalfodire&them: theycanalreadylive; but theycannotgo-vernthemfelves.

IllicitconjunCtionscontributebutlittleto thepro-pagationofthefpecies.Thefather,whoisunderanaturalobligationtonourifhandeducatehischildren,is notthenfixed; andthemother,withwhomtheobligationremains,findsa thoufandobftaclesfrom/hame,remorfe,theconftraintofherrex,andtheri-gouroflaws; andbetides,thegenerallywantsthemeans.

Womenwhohavefubmittedtoa publicproftitu-tion,cannothavethe conveniencyof educatingtheirchitdren: thetroubleof educationis incompatiblewiththeirRation: andtheyarefocorrupt,thattheycanhavenoprote6tionfromthelaw.

It followsfromallthis, thatpubliccontinenceisnaturallyconne_edwiththepropagationof thefpe-cies.

C H A P. III.

Of theConditionofChildren.

IT isadi6tateofreafon,thatwhenthereis amar-riage,childrenthouldfollowtheRationorconditionofthefather;andthatwhen"thereis not, theycanbelongtothemotheronly.*

Forthisrcafon,amongnation_thathave /laves_the childalmoRalwaysbillowsthea_afionorcondition_f themother.

CHAP.

C_J_,4,_. T_E SPIRIT OF LAWS, t23

CHAP. IV.

; of Families.

i IT isalmotteverywhereacut"tomfor the wifetopail intothe familyof the hufoand. ThE contraryiswithoutanyinconvenieneyeflabliff_edat Formofa,*wherethehufoandentersintothefamilyof thewife.

This law, whichfixesthe familyina fucceflionofperfonsof thefamerex,greatlycontributes,indepen-dentlyof thefirflmotives,to thepropagationof the

! humanfpecies." The familyis akindof property: amanwhohaschildrenof a fexwhichdoesnotperpe-

i mateit, is neverfatisfiedif he hasnot tholewhocanrenderit perpetual.

Names,wherebymenacquirean ideaof a thing,whichonewouldimagineoughtnottoperifh,areex-tremelyproperto infpireeveryfamilywith adefireofextendingits duration. There are people,among-Itwhomnamesdiflinguifhfamilies: thereare others,wheretheyonlydiftinguifhperfons: the latter havenotthefameadvantageasthe former.

CHAP. V.

OfthefeveralOrdersoflawfulffrives.LAWS and religion fometimeseftablifhmany

kinds of civil conjunctions; and this is the careamongthe Mahometans,where thereare feveralor-dersof wives,the childrenof whomarediftinguifhedbybeingbornin theboule,by civilcontra_s,orevenby the flaveryof the mother, and the fubfequent1acknowledgmentof the father.

• DuHalde_tom.i. p. t65,It

,_¢ THE SPIRIT OF LAWS.Boo_XXIII.

Itwouldbecontrarytoreafon,thatthelaw/houldfligmatizethechildrenforwhatit approvedin thefather. Alltherechildrenoughtthereforetofucceed,at learifromeparticularreafondoesnotoppofeit,asin Japan,wherenoneinheritbutthechildrenof thewifegivenby theemperor.Theirpolicydemandsthatthegiftsoftheemperorfhouldnotbetoomuchdivided,becaufetheyfubje&themtoa kindof fer.vice,likethatofourancientfiefs.

Therearecountries,wherea wifeof the fecohdrankenjoysnearlythefamehonoursinafamily,asinourpartoftheworldaregrantedto anonlyconfort:therethechildrenofconcubinesaredeemedtobelong;tothefirRorprincipalwife.Thusitis alfoeflablifhedin China. Filialrefpe&,*andtheceremonyofdeepmourning,arenotdueto thenaturalmother,buttoherappointedbythelaw.

Bymeansofthisfi&ion,theyhavenobaflardchil.dren; andwherefueha fi&iondoesnot takeplace,itisobvious,thata lawtolegitimatethechildrenofconcubines,muffbeeonfideredasanactofviolence,asthebulkofthenationwouldbefligmatifedbyfuchadecree. Neitheris thereanyregulationin tholecountries,withregardto childrenbornin adultery,Thereclufelivesofwomen,thelocks,theinclofures,andtheeunuchs,renderallinfidelityto theirhufbandsfo difficult,thatthelaw judgesit impoflible.Be-tides,thefamefwordwouldexterminatethe motherandthechild.

CHAP. VL

OfBaflardsi_differentGovernments.THEYhave,therefore,nofuehthingasbaflards,

wherepolygamyispermitted;-this6ifgraeeisknownO Du_ald¢, voLiLp. iz9.

only

CaAP.6. THE SPIRIT OFLAWS. z_0nly in countries,in whicha man is allowedtomarrybut onewife. Here they wereobligedto_ampamarkofinfamyuponconcubinage,andconfe-quentlytheywereunderaneceflityofftigmatizingtheifliaeoffuchnnlawfulconjun&ions,

' Inrepubties,whereitisneceffarythatthere_hould! bethepurefimorals,baftardsoughtto be morede-

gradedthanin monarchies.ThelawsmadeagainftthematRomewereperhaps

toofevere,butas the ancientinftitutionslaidatl thecitizensunderaneceflityof marrying; andasmar-xiageswerealfofoftenedbythepermiflionto repudi-ate,ormakeadivorce; nothingbutanextremeeor-ruptioaofmannerscouldleadthemto concubinage.

It isobfervable,thatasthequalityofacitizenwasa veryconfiderablethingin a democraticgovern-ment,whereit carriedwithit thefovereignpower,theyfrequently,madelawsin refpe&to thefcateofbaftards,whichhadlefsrelationto thething itfelf,andtothehoneflyofmarriage,thantotheparticulareonftitutiowofthe republic.Thus thepeoplehavefometimesadmittedbaftardsintothenurabdr_*_'ofci-tizens,inorderto increafetheirpowerin oppofitiontothe great. ThustheAtheniansexcludedbaftardsfromtheprivilegeofbeingcitizens,thattheymightpoffefsagreater/hareof thecornfentthemby theking9fEgypt. In fine,Ariftotleinformsus,qLthatinmanycitieswherethereWasnotafufficientnumberofcitizens,theirbaftardsfucceededto their poffef-fions; andthat whentherewasa propernumber,theydidnotinherit.

Afiftotlee Politics_lib.vl. cap.4. af Ibld.lib. iii, cap.].

CHh P.,

126 THE $_'IRITOFLAWS. EooKXXIII.{

/

e n a r. WLOf the Father'sCo_t to Marriage.

THE confentoffathersisfoundedontheii"autho..rity,that is, on theirrightof property.It is alfofoundedontheirlove,ontheirreafon,andontheun-certaintyof thatoftheirchildren,whomyouthcon-finesin a Rateofignorance,andpail]onin a fl:ateofebriety.

In thefmallrepublics,or fingularinttitutions_1.readymentioned,theymighthavelawswhichgaveto magiftratesthatrightof infpe&ionoverthe mar-riagesofthechildrenofcitizens,whichnaturehadal-readygiventofathers. Theloveofthepublicmightthereequalorfurpafsall otherlove. Thus Platowouldhavemarriagesregulatedbythemagifcrates:thistheLacedaemonianmagifrratesperformed.

Butin commoninfdtufions,fathershavethedifpo-falof theirchildrenin marriage: theirprudenceinthisrefpe&is alwaysfuppofedtobefuperiortothatof_attranger.Naturegivesto fathersa defireof pro-curingfuccefforstotheirchildren,whentheyhaveal-moil:loftthedefireof enjoymentthemfelves.Inthefeveraldegreesof.progeniture,theyfeethemfelvesin-

' fenfiblyadvancingto a kind of immortality.Butwhatmu_bedone,ifoppreffionandavaricear_fetofucha heightastoufurpalltheauthorityoffathers_.LetushearwhatThomasGage*laysin regardto the_:ondu&oftheSpaniardsintheWet_-Indies.

" Accordingto thenumberofthefonsanddaugh-" tersthatare marriageable,thefather'stributeis"' railedandincreafed,untiltheyprovidehugoandsand

• AnewSurveyoftheWe_Indles_byThomasGage_p.345,3dedit.

" wives

CHAP.8,THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. z_1

" wivesfortheirfonsanddaughters,who,asloonas" t_e_"aremarried,arechargedwithtribute; which," thatit mayincreafe,theywillfuffernoneabovefifo" teenyearsofagetoliveunmarried.Nay,the let" timeof marriage,appointedfor theIndians,isat" fourteenyearsfortheman,andthirteenforthewo-'_ man; alledgingthattheyarefoonerripe for the" fruitofwedlock,andfoonerripeinknowledgeand" malice,andftrengthforworkandfervice,thanany" Otherpeople. Nay,fometimes'theyforcethemto" marry,whoarefcarcetwelveandthirteenyearsof" age,if theyfindthemwell-limbedandffrongin" body,explaininga pointof oneof thecanons," whichallowethfourteenandfifteenyears,Ni/iraalitia"' fuppleat,etatem."Helawaliffoftheretaken. Itwas,layshe, amoilfharnefulaffair. Thusin anac-tionwhichoughtto bethemoltfree,the Indiansarethegreateffflares.

C H A P. VIII.

YbefameSubjec_continued.IN England,thelawis frequentlyabufedbythe

daughtersmarryingaccordingto their ownfanc),'_,withoutconfultingdaeirparents.Thiscuftomis, Iamaptto imagine,moretoleratedtherethanany.whereelfe,fromaconfideration,that asthe lawshavenoteftablifheda monafticcelibacy,thedaughtershavenootherffateto chufebutthatofmarriage,andthistheycannotrefufe.In France,on the contrary,youngwomenhavealwaysthe refourceof celibacy_ andthereforethelawwhichordainsthattheyfllallwaitfortheconfentof theirfathers,maybe moreagreeable.In thislight.,-thecuftomofItalyandSpainmuff:belefsrational; conventsarethereeftablifhed,andyettheymaymarrywithouttheconfentoftheirfathers.

CHAP.

,a8 THESPIRITOF LAWS_Boo_XXlII_

C H A P, IX.

OfyounX Won_en.YOUNGwomenwhoarecondua_dbymarrlag_

aloneto libertyandpleafure; whohavea mindwhichdaresnotthink,a heartwhichdaresnot feel,eyeswhichdarenotfee,earswhichdarenothear,whoa• P"pearonlytothewthemfelvesfilly,condemnedwltkoutintermiffiontotriflesandprecepts,haveful_cientin-ducementsto leadthemon to marriage:it is theyoungmentl_twanttobeencouraged.

CHAP. X.

Whatit isthatdeterminestoMarriaore.WHEREVERaplaceisfoundin whichtwoper-

fonscanlivecommodioufly,theretheyenterintomar-riage. Naturehasa fufficientpropenfitytoit, whenunreftrainedbythedit_cultyoffubfiftence.

A firingpeopleincreafeandmultiplyextremely,Thisis, becaufewiththemitwouldbea _eat incon-veniencyto liveincelibacy; andnoneto havemany"children.Thecontraryof whichis thecarewhenanationisformed.

CHAP. XI.

Of the Severityof Government.

MENwhohaveabfolutelynothing,fuchasbeff-gars,havemanychildren.This proceedsfromtheirbeinginthecareofarifingpeople: it coltsthefathernothingto givehisartto hisoffspring,whoevenin_eir infancyaretheini_rum_ntsof thisart: The_

people

C_A_.x2._rHE Sl'IRi_" OF LAWS. i_9

peoplemultiplyin a richor fuperffitiouscountry,be-caufetheydo notfupportthebulkhenoffociety; butare themfelvesthe btirthen. Butmenwho arepoor,onlybecaufetheyliveunderafeveregovernment;whoregardtheirfieldslefsasthefourceof theirfubfiftencc,thanas a caufeof vexation; theremen, I fay, havefewchildren: theyhavenotevenfubffftenceforthem-felves;howthencantheythinkofdividin_it ? Theyareunableto takecareof theirownpeffonswhentheirare tick; how then cantheyattend to the wantsofcreatureswholeinfancyisa continualficknefs?

It is pretendedby rome,who areapt to talk ofthings which they"have neverexamined,that thegreaterthepoyertyofthe fubje&s,the morenumeroustheir families: that the more theyare loaded withtaxes, themore induftriouflythey endeavourto putthemfelvesin a ftationin whichtheywiilbe able topay them: two fophifms,whichhave alwaysde-Ftroyed,and willfor everbe the'deftru&ionof mo-narchies.

The feverityof governmentmaybe carriedto fuehanextremesasto makethenaturalfentimentsdeftruc-tire of thenaturalfentimentsthemfebces.Wouldthewomenof * Americahaverefufedtobear children,hadtheirmaftersbeenlefscruel?

C H A P. XII.

Of theNumberof MalesandFemalesi_zdifferentCountries.

I HAVE alreadyobferved;-]-that thereare:B0rninEuroperathermoreboys thangirls.,_ttBas.b¢enre-

ffBookxvi.chap._. _ " _" .....

¥oI.. II. K marked,

13o THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BoorXXIII.

marked,thatin _Japantherearebornrathermoregirlsthanboys:all thingscompared,theremuffbemorefruitfulwomenin Japanthanin Europe,andconfequentlyit muffbemorepopulous.

Weareinformed'l-,thatat Bantamtherearetengirls to one boy. A difproportionlike this muffcaufethenumberoffamiliesthere,tobetothenum-berof tholeof otherclimates,as I to 5_;whichisaprodigiousdifference.Theirfamiliesmaybemuchlargerindeed;buttheremuffbefewmenin circum-francesfufficientto provideforfolargeafamily.

C H A P. XIII.

Of Sea-port_'owns.

IN lea-porttowns,wheremenexpofethemfelvesto athoufanddangers,andgo abroadto liveor dieindiftantclimates,therearefewermenthanwomen:znd yet we feemorechildrentherethanin otherplaces. This proceedsfrom thegreatereafewithwhichtheyprocurethe meansof fubfil_ence.Per-hapseventhe oilypartsof fithare morepropertofurnlfhthat matterwhichcontributesto generation.Thismaybe oneofthecaufesoftheinfinitenumberof peoplein ++JapanandChina[l,wheretheylivealmoftwhollyon §fith. If thisbe thecafe,certainmonafticrules,whichobligethe monksto liveonfith,muffbe contraryto the fpiritof thelegiflatorhimfelf.

i SeeKempfer_whogivesa computationof thepeopleof Meaeo.Colle_ionof Voyagesthat contributedto the ef_ablifhmentof t*neEa_

Indiacompany,vol.x. p.347'Japanis compofedof a numberof iflesjwherethere are manyhanksw

andthefenis thereextremelyfulloffi_.11Chinaaboimdsin rivers.§ SeeDuHaldejtom.ii. p. I39. I42. CHAP.

C_M'.z4_ '_HE 6PIRIT OF LAWS. i3t

¢ H A P. XlV.

Of theProdudtionsof theEarthwhichrequli'¢agreateror leftNumberof2_en._

PASTURE landsarebut llttl_peopled,becaufethey find employmentonly for a few. Cornlandsemploya greatm_nymen.,and vineyardsinfinitelymore.

It has been a frequent complaintin England*,that the increafeof pafiureland diminifhedthe in-habitants; and it hasbeen obfervedin France,thatthe prodigiousnumber of vineyardsis one of thegreatcaufesof the multitudeofpeople.

Thofe countrieswhere coal-pitsfurnifha properfubftancefor fuel, have this advantageoverothers,that not having the fameoccafionfor foreits, thelandsmaybe cultivated.

In countriesprodu&iveof rice, they are at vailpainsin wateringthe land; a great numberof menmuft thereforebe employed. Betides,thereis lefslandrequiredto furnifhfubfiftencefor a family,thanin thofe which produceother kinds of grain. Infine, thelandwhichis elfewhereemployedin raifingcattle,fervesimmediatelyfor thefubfiftenceof man;andthe labour,which in other placesis performedbycattle, is there performedby men; fo that thecultureof thefoilbecomesto man an immenfema-nufadt-ure.

t_The greate_numberoftheproprietorsof land,laysBithopBurnet,find-|ng moreprofitin fellingtheirwool than theircorn,inclofedtheircreates:thecommons,readyto peri/hwithhunger,roleup in arms; theyinfil[edona divifionof the lands: the youngkingeven wroteon this fabje&. Andproclamationsweremadeagainittholewho iaclofedtheir lands, afbridg,oftb'ettifl, oftbcReformationo

Kz CHAP,

x3_ THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BookXXI_I.

C H A P. XV_

Ofthe2VumberofInhabitantswithrelationto theArts.

WHEN thereis anAgrarianlaw,andthelandsare equ_illydivided,the countrymaybe extremelywellpeopled,thoughtherearebutfewarts;becaufe

' everycitizenrece,vesfromthecultivationofhislandwhateverisneceffaryforhisfubfittence,andall thecitizenstogetherconfum¢all the fruitsoftheearth.Thusit wasin fomerepublics.

In ourprefentfituation,in whichlandsareun-equallydittributed,theyproducemuch morethantholewhocultivatethemareableto confume;iftheartsthereforethouldbe negle_ed,and nothingmindedbut agriculture,the countrycouldnot bepeopled. Tholewhocultivate,or employotherstocultivate,havingcornto fpare,nothingwoulden-gagethemto Workthe followingyear: thefruitsoftheearthwouldnotbe confumedbytheindolent;fortherewouldhavenothingwithwhichtheycouldpurchafethem. It is neceffarythenthat the artsthouldbe ettabliihed,in orderthat the produceofthelandmaybeconfumedby the labourerand theartificer.In a word,it is nowproperthatmanythouldcultivatemuchmorethanisneceffaryfortheirownufe. Forthispurpofe,theymuithavea defireofenjoyingfuperfluities; andtheretheycanreceiveonlyfromtheartificer.

The m_.chinesdefignedto abridgeart, arenotalwaysufefuh Ira pieceof workmanfhipis of amoderateprice,fuch as is equallyagreeableto themakerandthe buyer,tholemachineswhichwouldrenderthe manufa&uremorefimple,or, in otherwords,dimini/hthenumberofworkmen,wouldbe

pernicious.

CHAr.z6. THE SPIRITOF LAWS. 133

pernicious.Andifwater.millswerenoteverywhereeilabli/hed,I/houldnothavebelievedthemfoufefulasis pretended,becaufetheyhavedeprivedaninfinitemultitudeoftheiremployment,availnumberofper-fensof the ufeofwater,andgreatpartofthelandofitsfertility.

C H A P. XVI.

_._eConcernof the Legi.flatorin the PropagationoftheSpecies.

REGULATIONS on the numberof citizensdependgreatlyon circumftances.Therearecoun-tries,in whichnaturedoesall.;the legiflatorthenhasnothingtodo. Whatneedis thereofinducingmenbylawsto propagation,whenafruitfulclimateyieldsa fufficientnumberofinhabitants? Sometimesthe climateis morefavourablethanthe foil; thepeoplemultiply,and aredeftroyedbyfamine:thisis thecareofChina. Henceafatherfellshisdaugh-ters,andexpofeshischildren. In Tonquln%thetimecaufesproducethefameeffe&s; foweneednot.likethe ArabiantravellersmentionedbyRenaudot,fearchfortheoriginof this in theirfentimentst onthemetempfychofis.

Forthe famereafon,the religionof the i_qeofFormofa_ doesnot fullerthewomentobringtheirchildrenintotheWorld,tilltheyarethirty-fiveyearsofage. theprieftefsbeforethisage,by bruitingthebelly,procuresabortion.

* Dampiere'sVoyagestvol.iL "t"Ibld.p. 167.._Seethecolle_.qlonof voyagesthatcontributedto the ef_abli/hmentof the

_aff-ladiacompany_vol. i. partI. pagexgz_andI88.

K 3 CHAP.

_34 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BooxXXltl.

C H A P. XVtI.

OfGreece,andtheNumberof its Inhabitants,

THAT effe&which in certaincountriesof theV.aftfpringsfrom phyficalcaufes,was producedinGreece by the nature of the government. The.Greekswerea greatnation,compofedof cities, eachof whichhada diftin6tgovernmentandfeparatelaws..They hadnomore the fpirit of conq_eftand ambi-tion, than tholeof Swifferland,Holland, and Ger-many, have at this day. In every republic thelegiflatorhad inviewthe happinefsof'the citizensathome, and their power abroad,left it/laouldproveinferior*to that of the neighbouringcities. Thus,with the enjoymentof a fmallterritoryandgreathap-pinefs, it waseafyfor the numberof the citizenstoincreafeto fucha degreeasm be;omeburthenfome.Thisobligedtheminceffantlyto fendout colonies"l";and, as the Swifsdo now, to let their men out towar. Nothingwasnegle&edthat could hirMerthetoogreatmultiplicationof children,

They had amongftthem republics,wholeconfti-tution was very remarkable. The nationstheyhadfubduedwere obligedto providefubfit_encefor thecitizens. The Laced_emonianswere fed by theI--Ielotes,the Cretansby' the Pefiecians, and theTheffalhnsbythe Peneftes. They were obligedtohaveonly a certainnumber of freemen,that their/lavesmight"be ableto furni/hthemwith fubfiftence.it is a receivedmaximinourdays, that it is neceffaryto limit thenumberof regulartroops• nowtheLace-

In valour,difdptine,andmilitaryexerc]fes.The Gauls__Yhowere ia the fame circumttanees_aftedi_the fame

mannc.r:

d_emonians

CHIT.17. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS, _ _j$\

dmmonianswerean armymaintainedbythepeafants:it was proper thereforethat this army/houldbe li-mited; without this the freemen,who had all theadvantagesof fociety,would increafebeyondnum-ber, andthe labourersbe overloaded.

The politicsof the Greekswereparticularlyem-ployedin regulatingthenumberof citizens. Plato**fixesthem at fivethoufandand forty,and tie'wouldhavethem/topor encouragepropagation,aswasmoRconvenient,by honours,/hame, and the adviceofthe oldmen; he would event regulatethe numberof marriages,in fuch a manner,that the republicmightbe recruitedwithoutbeingovercharged.

I[ the laws of a country,laysAriftotle:_,forbidthe expofingofchildren,thenumberofthofebroughtforth oughtm be limited. If theyhavemorethanthe numberprefcribedby law, he advifesIIto make_hewomenmifcarrybeforethe fa_tusbe formed.

The fameauthor mentionsthe infamousmeansmadeufeof bythe Cretans,to preventtheir havingtoo great a number of children; a proceedingtooindecentto repeat.

Thereare places,laysAriftotle§again,wherethelawsgivetheprivilegeof beingcitizensto_rangers,or to bafiards,or to tholewhole mothersonly arecitizens; but asfoonas theyhavea fufficientnumberof .people, this privilege ceafes. The favages ofCanadaburn their prifoners; but when they haveemptycottagesto givethem, they receivethemintotheirnation,

Sir William Petty, in his calculations,fuppofesthat a man.inEnglandis worth what he wouldfellforat Algiers**'. This canbetrue onlywith refpe&

• RepubliGllb. v. t Ibid. _ Po]it.lib. vii. cap._6. UIbid.§ Polit.llb. ii_.ca_,3" *_"Sixtypoundsfterling.

K4, t_

¢

t36 THE SP1RIT OF LAWS. Boo_XXIII

to.England. There are countrieswhere a man i_worthnothing,there are otherswhere he is worthlefsthan:nothing.

C H A P. XVIII.

Of theStateand .Numberof I_eoplebeforetheRomans.

ITALY, Sicily.AfiaMinor, GaulandGermany,werenearlyin thefameftateasGreece; full of fmaUnationsthataboundedwith inhabitants_theyhadnoneedof l_wsto inereafetheirnumber.

C H A P, XIX.

Of the DeDoDulationof the Globe.

ALL there little republicswerefwallowedup ina largeone_andthe globeinfenfiblybecamedepopu-lated. In orderto beconvincedof this, weneedonlyconfidertheftateof ItalyandGreece,beforeandafterthevi&oriesof the Romans.

" You will atk me," laysLivy*, '_ wherethe" Volfcicouldfindfoldiersto fupportthewar, after" havingbeenfo oftendefeated. There muffhave" beenformerlyan infinitenumberofpeoplein thole" countries,whichat prefentwouldbe little betterc, thana defart,were it not for a few foldiersandcaRoman/laves."

" The oracleshaveceafed,"lays Plutarch, " be-" caufethe placeswherethey fpokeare deftroyed." At prefentwe can fcarcelyfind in Greecethree" thoufandmenfit to beararms."

" I/hall not defcribe,"lays Strabo-_, " F,pirus-_and the adjacentplaces_becaufetherecountriesare

,Lib."¢i. "l"Lib.viLpage496,,a intirel7

Csiv.:or2r.THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. x37

'_ intirelydeferted.Thisdepopulatlon,whichbegan"' longago,frillcontinues;fo thatthe Romanfol-" diersencampin thehoufestheyhaveabandoned."Wefindthecaufeofthisin Polybius,wholays,thatPaulusAgmilius,afterhisvi&ory,deRroyedfeventycitiesofEpirus,andcarriedawaya hundredandfiftythoufandflares.

CHAP. XX.

7"hattheRomanswereundera NeceflityofmakingLaws,toencouragethePropagationoftheSpedes.

THE Romans,bydeflroyingothers,werethem-/'elvesdeflroyed: inceffantlyin action,in theheatofbattle, andin the moilviolentattempts,theyworeoutlikea weaponkeptconflantlyin ufe. ,

I/hall notherefpeakof theattentionwithwhichtheyappliedthemfelvesto procure*citizensin theroomof tholetheyloft,of the affociationstheyen-teredinto,theprivilegestheybeflowed,andof thatammenfenurferyof citizens,their /laves. I /hailmentionwhattheydidtorecruitthenumber,notoftheircitizens,but of theirmen; andas therewerethepeopleintheworldwhoknewbeflhowto adapttheirlawsto theirproje&s,anexaminationoftheircondu&,in thisrefpe&,cannotbe a matterofindif-•ference.

C H A P. XXI.

OftheLawsof theRomansrelatingtothePropagationoftheSpecies.

THE ancientlawsofRomeendeavouredgreatlyto incitethe citizensto marriage.The fenateand

•t I havetreatedof this in the Confiderationsonthe ;a.fesof thorifeand '

dt:d_fionoftheRomanl_randeur, the

r38 THE SPIRIT OFLAWS. BooKXXtlI,

thepeoplemadefrequentregulationsonthisfubje&,asAugfiPtuslaysinhisfpeechrelatedbyDio*.

Diony'fiusHalicarnaffeus"]-cannotbelieve,that_afterthedeathofthreehundredandfiveoftheFabii,exterminatedby the Veientes,thereremainednomoreofthisfamilybutonetinglechild; becaufetheancientlaw,whichobligedeverycitizento marryandto educateallhischildren+, was_illin force.

Independentlyef thelaws,the cenforshada par-ticulareyeuponmarriages,andaccordingto theexi-genciesoftherepublic,engagedthemtoit byIJfhame_.ndbypuniflaments.

The corruptionof mannersthat beganto takeplace,contributedvat_!ytodifguftthecitizensagainftmarriage,whichwaspainfulto _hofewhohad notafteforthepleafuresofinnocence.Thisis thepur-port of that fpeech§ whichMetellusNumidicus,_hea he wascenfor,madeto the people:" If it•' werepofhbleforustodowithoutwives,weflaould"' deliverouffelvesfromthisevil: butasnaturehas" ordained_hatwe cannotliveveryhappilywith"' them,norfubfiRwithoutthem,weoughttohave"' moreregardto our own prefervation,than to"' tranfientgratifications."

Thecorruptionof _annersdeftroyedtheeenfor--flaip,whichwaskfetfe.ftablithedto deft.roy"[hecor-ruptionofmanners:for whenthisdepravationbe-.camegeneral,thecenforlofthispower-**.

Civildifcords,triumvirates,andprofcriptions,weak-enedRomemorethan any war /he had hitherto

Lib. 56. 3_ Lib._.. _ In theyearof Rome277.Seewhatwasdonein this refpe&in T. Livy,lib.45" The Epitomeof

T. Livy,lib.59" AulusOellius,lib. i. cap.6. Valer_usMaximub lib. ii.

§ It is in AulusGelllus,llb. i. cap.6._' SenwhatI havelaidin bookv, ch_p.19.

4 engagM

C_r._x. THESPIRIT OF LAWS. r39

engagedin. Theyleft but fewcitizens-_,andthegreaterpartof themunmarried.To remedythislaRevil,Ca_farandAuguRusre-e_abliihedthecen-forthip,and wouldevent_e+cenforsthemfelves.C_fargave_ rewardsto tholewhohadmanychil-dren. All Itwomenunderforty-fiveyearsof age,whohadneitherhuibandnorchildren,wereforbidto wearjewels,or to ridein litters; anexcellentmethodthusto attackcelibacybythepowerofvanity.The laws of AuguRus§were morepretting:heimpofed**newpenaltieson fuchas werenotmar-ried,andincreafedthe rewardsboth of thofewhoweremarried,andof tholewhohadchildren.Ta-cituscallsthefeJulianlaws_ ; to allappearancetheywerefoundedon the ancientregulationsmadeby thefenate,thepeople,andthecenfors.

The lawof AuguRusmet withinnumerableob-f_acles;and thirty-fouryearsIlllafter it hadbeenmade,theRomanknights]nfif_edon itsbeing.abo-limed. Heplacedononefidefuchas.weremarried,andonthe otherfidethofewhowerenot: thefetaftappearedby far the greaternumber; uponwhichthe citizenswereaftonifhedandconfounded.Au-guPcus,with the gravityof theancientcenfors,ad-dreffedtheminthismanner§§:

C_efar,a_'terthecivilwar,havlngmadea furveyoftheRomanc_tlzenl,rotundtherewerenomorethanonehundredandfiftythoufandheadsoffemilies.Florus'$epitQm_ofLivy,s7th.deead.

"i"SeeDio, lib.43, and Xiphilinusin Augufc.

DiO,lib.43, Su_toniuE,lifeuf Czfar_chap._o_ Appian,_ib.z. ofth_cl war,_]Eufebius,inhisChronicle.§ Dio, lib.54" I_ In theyearofRome736.•]'_ Juliasrogationes,Annal.lib. 3']]]]In theyearofRome76:_.Dio.lib. 56.§§ I haveabridged_hisfpegclbwhich, is of a tediouslengthi it is to'be

foundin Dio, lib, 56,

" While

i4o THE SPIR IT OF L AWS. BookXXIIr.

c_While ficknefsand war £natchaway fo manycccitizens,what muffbecomeof this ftate if mar-" riagesare no longercontra_ed? the citydoesnot•' coni_ofhoufes,of porticos,of publicplaces,but•c ofinhabitants. You do not fee men, like thole,, mentionedin Fable, l_artingout of the earth to" take care of your affairs. Your celibacyis not'_ owingto the defireof livingalone: for noneof,c youeats or ileepsby himfelf. Youonlyleektoc_enjoy your irregularitiesundiiturbed. Do you_ccitetheexampleof theVei_alVirgins? If youpre-" £ervenotthelawsof charity, yououghtto bepu-" ni/hedlike them. You are equallybad citizens," whetheryourexamplehasan influenceonthe refl:•_ of the world,or whetherit be difregarded. My•c only view is the perpetuityof the republic. Ic_have increafedthe penaltiesoftholewhohavedif-6cobeyed; and with refpe&to rewards, they are,, fuch_as I donotknowwhethervirtuehaseverre-_i calvedgreater. Forlefswilla thou£andmenexpofe•c life iffelf; and yet will not thefeengageyouto_' takea wife, andprovideforchildren?""He madea law, whichwascalledafter his name,

_uIia,andPaDiaPopp,ea,fromthenamesof thecon-fuls* for partofthat year. The greamefsof theevllappeared,evenin theirbeingele&ed: Diot tells us,that they were not married_and that they hadnochildren.

This"decreeofAuguf_uswas properlya code oflaws, anda fyffematicbodyof alltheregulationsthatcouldbe madeon this fubje&. The Julian_ lawswere incorporatedinto it; and receiveda greater

* MarcusPapiusMutilus_andQ:,Poppa_us_Sablnus,Dio_llb.56.f /hid._ "l_e"i4_h tltl_ of the fragmentsof t;IpiandiPdngui/hesveryrightly

_etwcentheJulianandtt_ Papianlaw.

f_rength.

Cux_.21. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. z4t

flrength. It wasfoextenfivein its ufe,andhadartinfluenceonfom_nythings,thatitformedthefinefl:partofthecivillawoftheRomans.

Wefind_partsofit difperfedin thepreciousfrag-mentsofUlpian,in thelawsoftheDigeff,colle&edfromauthorswhowroteon the Papianlaws,in thehiftoriansandotherswhohavecitedthem,in theTheodofiancode,whichabolifhedthem,andin theworksofthefathers,whohavecenfuredthem,with-outdoubt,fromalaudablezealforthethingsoftheotherlife, butwithverylittleknowledgeof theaffairsofthis.

Therelawshadmanyheads%ofwhichweknowthlrty-five.But to returnto myfubje&as fpeedilyas poffible,I /hallbeginwith thathead,whichAulusGellius._iinformsus wasthefeventh,andre-latesto the honoursandrewardsgrantedby thatlaw.

TheRomans,whofor the moltpartfprungfromthecitiesoftheLatins,whichwereLacedmmonian[[colonies,andhadreceiveda partof theirlawsevenfromtholecities§,had,likethe Lacedmmonians,

•fuchvenerationforoldage,as to giveit allhonourandprecedency.WhentherepublicwantedCitizens,/hegrantedtomarriage,andtoanumberofchildren,theprivilegeswhichhadbeengiventoagett; She

grantedrometomarriagealone,independentlyofthechildrenwhichmightfpringfr0mit: thiswascalledtherightofhufoands.Shegaveothersto tholewhohadany children,andlargerRillto tholewhohadthreechildren.Thefethreefhingsmul_notbecon-

e JamesGodfreyhasmad#acoiled|onof there."["The35this citedin the 19thlawIT.derim,_uptlarum.

Lib.ii. cap. '5' [1Dionyf.Halicarnafl_us.§ Thedeputiesof Rornejwhowerefeat tofearchintothe lawsof G_ege_

wenttoAthens,andto thecitiesofItaly.tt Aul,*sGellias_lib.ii. cap.x5. founded.

_42 THE SPIRITOFLAWS. Boo_XXIII,

founded. Therelaffhadtholeprivilegeswhichmar-riedmenconflanttyenjoyed; asforexample,apar-ticularplacein thetheatre*; theyhadtholewhichcouldontybe enjoyedbymenwhohadchildren;andwhichnonecoulddeprivethemof but fuchashada greaternumber.

Thefeprivilegeswereveryextenfive.Themar-riedmen,whohadthe moffchildren,werealwayspreferredt,whetherin thepurfuit,orintheexercifeof honours.Theconful,whohadthe moffnume-rousoffspring,wasthe+firffwhoreceivedthefafces;he hadhis choiceof theIIprovinces:the fenator,xvhohadmofcchildren,hadhisnamewrittenfirfcinthecatalogueoffenators,andwasthefirftin givinghisopinion§in thefenate. Theymightevenflaredfoonerthanordinaryforanoffice,becaufeeverychildgavea difpenfafionofa year_. If aninhabitantofRomehadthreechildren,hewasexemptedfromalltroublefomeoffices-1-3u. The free-bornwomenwhohadthreechildren,andthe freed-womenwhohadfour, paffed_,:_out of that perpetualtutelage,inwhichtheyhadbeenIlllheldby theancientlawsofRome.

As theyhad rewards,theyhadalfopenalties§§.Thofewhowerenot married,couldreceivenoad-vantagefromthewill of anyperfonthatwasnotarelationttt; andtholewho, beingmarried,had

Suetonhsin Augu_o,cap.44.Tacitus,lib.2. Ut humeruslibcrorum|n caadldatlspr_poUcreh quod

kx juhebaC.Aulus_Gellius,llb._. cap.15" _1Tacit-s, Ann.llb. _5"

§ SeeLaw6. fe6f.5"dedecurion. _*¢SeeLawz. ft. demlnorib.- _t Law3.andz. fi: devacatio_ete,xcufat,munerum.

I_-Frag.ofUlphn,tit. z9. fe_. 3' II11P]u_reh,llfcof Numa.§§ See the fragmentaof Ulpian, tit. J4, zs, 36, I7, and I$, which

compareoneofthe mo_valuablepiecesoftheancientcivillawof theRoa_ans."1"t"'I"Sozom.lib.i. cap.9" the_'¢ou,ldre4:eivcfromtheirrehtioas. Frag.

ef Ulpian_tit. x6.fe_. hno

C_A_._I. THE SPIRIT O-F LAWS. I43

no children,couldreceiveonly half*. Tke Ro-mans,laysPlutarch%marryonly to beheirs,andnotto ]oavethem.

Theadvantageswhicha manandhiswifemightreceivefromeachotherby will_, werelimitedbylaw. If theyhadchildrenofeachother,theymightreceivethewhole; ifnot, theycouldreceiweonlyatenthpartof the fucceffiononthe accoun_ofmar-riage; and if theyhad anychildrenby a formerrenter,asmanytenthsastheyhadchildren.

If a hufbandabfentedhimfelfI1fromhiswifeon:anyothercaufethanthe affairsof therepublic,hecouldnotinheritfromher.

Thelawgaveto a furvivinghufoandor wifetwoyears§ to marryagain,anda yearandahatfin careof a divorce. The fatherswho wouldnot fuffertheir childrento marry,or refufedto give theirdaughtersa portion,wereobligedto do it by themagif[rates_*.

Theywerenota11owedtobetroth,whenthemar-riagewasto bedeferredformorethantwoyears+t.;andastheycouldnotmarrya girltillthewastwelveyearsold, the),couldnot be berhrothedtoher, tillfhe wasten. The law wouldnot fufferthemto

* Sozom.lib. i. cap.9' et leg. unlc, cod.Thead.de Infirm.pc_nlscmllb.-etorbit.

afMoralWorks_ofthe loveof fatherstowardstheirchildren.See a moreparticularaccountof this ia the fragm,of U1pian_tit. r5.

andt6.UFragm.ofUlpian,tit. x6. feet.z.§ Fragm.of Ulpian,tit. x4. It feemsthe firPcJullan taws allowedthree

years. Speechof Aaguftunin Dio, lib. 56. Suetoaius_Ufeof Augu/h_%_:ap.34. OtherJulianlawsgrantedbut one year: the Papiartlawgave two.Fragm.of Ulpian_tit. s4. Thefetalcs were not agreeableto the p._ple;Auguffusthereforefoftenedor ttrengthenedthem_a_theyweremor_or lefqdifpofedtocomplywiththem.

_ This wasthe 35th headof the Paplanlaw. Leg. a9. ft. deritunuj_.tiarwm.

"1"]"SeeDiot lib,$4' anno736.Saeton_u_in Oaavio, cap.34" trifle

x44. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BOOK_IIfo

trifle* to nopurpofe;andunderapretenceofbeingbetrothed,toenjoytheprivilegesof marriedmen.

It wascontraryto law fora manof fixtyto marrya womanof rift5-. As they hadgivengreatprivi-

legesto marriedmen, thelaw wouldnot fufferthemto enter intoufelefsmarriages. For thefamereafon,the CalvifianSenatusConfuttumdeclaredthe marriageof a womanabovefifty, with a manlefs than fixty,tobe ++unequal; fo that a womanof fifty yearsofagecould notmarry, Withoutincurringthe penaltiesof therelaws. Tiberiusadded[Ito the rigourof thePapianlaw, andprohibitedmenof fixtyfrom marry-ingwomenunderfifty; fo thata manof fixtycouldnot marryin anycafewhatfoever,withoutincurringthe penz:lty. ButClaudiusabrogated§thislawmadeunderTiberius.

All thereregulationsweremoreconformableto theclimateof Italy, than to that of the North, whereamanof fixtyyearsofagehastill a confiderabledegreeof ftrength; andwherewomenof fiftyarenotalwayspart child-bearlng.

That theymightnotbeunneceffarilylimitedin thechoicethey were to make, Auguftus permittedallthe free-borncitizens,who werenot fenators-1--t-,tomarryfreed-women++.++The PapianIII1law forbadthe fenatorsmarryingfreed-women,or thole whohad beenbroughtto theRage; andfromthe timeof§§U1pian,free-bornperfonswere forbid to marry

Dio_lib.54"andin the fameDio, thefpeechof Auguf_us,lib.56.•]- Fragm.ofUIphn_tit. x6. and thez7th law, cod.denuptiis.

Frag.ofUlpiaa,tit. x6. fe_. 3" IISeeSuetoniusin Claudio,cap.z3-§ See Suctonius_life of Claudius_cap.z3. and the Fragm.of UIpianj

tlt..a6, fe_. 3-"l't Dio, lib.54"Fragm.of Ulphnjtlt_13.:_ AuguRus'sfpeechin Di%lib. 56.IIIIFragm.ofUlpian,cap.13. andthe44thlaw_ff,Jerltunu_tiar_ra.§§ Fragm.of UIpian,tit. x3, and16,

women

_/ai+.2r. THE SPIRI'i' OF LAWS. i4_

Womenwhohadledadiforderlylife,whohadplayedin thetheatre,or whohadbeencondemnedbyapub-licfentence.Thismuffhavebeeneftablithedbyadecreeofthefenate. Duringthetimeoftherepublictheyhadnevermadelawslikethere;becaufcthe+cen-forscorrectedthiskindof difordersas loonastheyarofe,or elfepreverltedtheirrifing,

Conftanfine*maaea law, in whichhe compre-hended,in the prohibitionof the Papianlaw,notonlythefenators,butevenfuchashada eonfiderablerankin thet°cate,withoutmentioningperfonsin aninferiorftation:thisconftitutedthelawoftholetimes,Theremarriageswerethereforenolongerforbidden,but to the free-borncomprehendedin the law ofConttantine.Jufiinian-[-howeverabrogatedthelawof Conftantine_andpermittedall fortsof perfonstoeontra_theremarriages: andthuswehaveacquiredfofatala liberty.

It is evident,thatthepenalties_infli&edonfuchasmarriedcontraryto the prohibitionofthelawswerethe fameastholeinflictedon perfonswhodidnotmarry, Theremarriagesdidnotgivethemanyciviladvantage:_;forthe dowryl[wasconfifcated§afterthedeathofthewife.

Auguftushavingadjudgedthefucce_onandlega:tiesofthofe,whomtherelawshaddeclaredincapa-ble,to thepublictreafurytt, theyh_tdthe appear-anceratheroffifcal,thanof politicalandcivillaws.Thedifgu_theyhadalreadyconceivedat a burdenwhichappearedtoo heavy,wasincreafedby theirfeeingthemfelvesa continualpreyto the avidityof

t SeeLaw_r.incod,de_atur.libj _-l'¢ovdh177.Law37'if"denperig,libertorum,fe_. 7"Frag+of Ulpian,t;t_16.fec'L2.

]jFragm.ofUlpian,tit. t6. fe_. _.. § Seebookxxvi. chap.*3""1"3"Exceptincertaincafes. Seethe F:agmeatofUlplan, tit. zS.andthe

#nlylewinCod.deCadug.tollend'.

VoL.II. L the

146 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BookXXIIL

thetreafury.On thisaccountitbecameneceffary,underTiberius, that* therelaws/houldbe foftened,that Nero fhouldlefl_nthe rewardsgivenout of thetreafuryto thet informers,that Trajan$ fhouldputa ftop to their plundering,thatSeverustiihouldalfomoderatetherelaws,andthat thecivilians/houldcon-fiderthemas odious,andinall theirdecifionsdeviatefromtheliteralrigour.

Betides,the emperorsenervated§ there laws, b3rthe privilegestLeygranted,ofthe rightsofhuibands,of children,and of three children. Morethanthis,theygave_-½particularperfonsa difpenfationfromthe penaltiesof thefelaws. But theregulationsetta-blifhedfor the publicutilityfeemedincapableof ad-mittinganalleviation.

It was highly reafonabIe,that they_ould grantthe rightsof childrento the veffals_, whomreli-gion retainedin a neceffaryvi?ginity: theygave, inthe ihmemanner,the privilegeof Illlmarriedmentofoldiers,becaufetheycouldnotmarry. It wascuffo-maryto exemptthe emperorsfrom the conftraintofcertaincivillaves. Thus Augur[us was freed fromthe conflraintof the law, which limitedthe powerof §§enfi'anchifing,and of that whichlet boundsto

• Relatumde moderandaPaplaPoppma. 'Tacit.a'lnnal,lib. ill.pagetl 7,•_ He reducedthemtothefourthpart. 8uetoniusin_Nerene_cap.to.

SeePliny'spanegyric._[Stverusextendedevento twenty-fiveyearsfor the males_andtotwenty

for the females,the timefixedbythePapianlawjaswefeeby comparingtheFragmentofUtpian_tit. ,6_withwhatTertullianfaysjApol.cap,4.

§ P. Scipio,thecenfor_complains_in his fpeeebto thcpeopl%oftheabufeswhichwerealreadyintroducedi that they receivedthe famepri_'ilegesforadopted,as fornaturalchildren. ._ulusGellius,lib.S"cap.19.

-_ Seethe31_ law, ft. deritunuptiarum._ Auguf_us,in thePapianlaw, gavethem theprivilegeofmothers. See

Dio_lib.66. Numahadgrantedthemthe ancientprivilegeof womenwhohadthreechildren_thatis_ofhavingnoguardian.P/utarch_lifeofAVuma.

Ill[This wasgrantedthemby Claudius. DI%llb.6o.§§ Leg.apudearnfi:demanumifllonib,re&.x,

the

CaAP._r. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. i47

theright of* bequeathingby teftament. Therewereonlyparticularcafes:but, at laft, difpenfationsweregivenwithoutdifcretion,andtheruleitfelfbecamenomorethananexception.

The fe&sof philofophershadalreadyintroducedintheempirea difpofitionthateftrangedthemfrombuff-nefs; a difpofitionwhichcouldnot gaingroundinthetimeof the# republic,wheneverybodywasem-ployedin the artsof war and peace. Fromhencearofeanideaof perle&ion,asconne&edwitha lifeoffpeculation;from hencean eftrangementfrom thecaresandembarraffmentsof a family. TheChriRianreligioncomingafterthisphilofophy,fixed,if I maymakeufeof theexpreffion,theideaswhichthathadonlyprepared.

Chriftianityi_ampeditschara&eronjurifprudence;for empirehasevera connexionwith timpriefthood.This is vifiblefromthe Theodofiancode, whichisonlya colle&ionof the decreesof the Chriftianem-perors.

A panegyrift_ of Conflantinelays to that Em-peror, " Your lawsweremade onlyto corre_ vice," and to regulatemanners: you have Rrippedthe" ancientlawsof thatartifice,whichfeemedto have" no otheraimthanto layfnaresfor fimplicity."

It is certain, that thealterationsmade byConttan-finetooktheir rife, eitherfiomfentimentsrelatingtothe eRablifhmentof Chriftianity,or fromideascon-ceivedof its perle&ion. From the firft proceededtholelawswhichgavethchauthorityto bifl_ops,andwhichhavebeen the foundationof the ecclefiafticaljurifdi&ion: fromhence tholelawswhichweakened

_"Dio_lib_55'"t"Seein Cicero'sOffices,his fentimentson this fpirltoffpe_culatio::,$ Nazarlusin panegyricoConltantini,anno_z:,

L 2 paternal

x4B THE _PIRIT OF LAWS. BooKXXIIIpaternalauthority*,by deprivingthe fatherof hispropertyinthepoffeffionsof"hischildren.To extenda newreligion,theywereobligedto takeawaythedependanceofchildren,whoarealwaysleaftattachedto whatisalreadye_ablithed.

Thelawsmadewitha viewtoChriliianperfe&ionweremoreparticularlythofebywhichthe-_penaltiesof the Papi_nIawswereabotithed; theunmarriedwereequallyexemptedfromthem,withtholewhobeingmarriedhadnochildren.

" TherelawswereeRablithed,"laysanecelefiaftie1:hiftorian," as if the multiplicationof thehuman" fpecieswasaneffe&ofourcare;inffeadof being" fenfiblethatthenumberisincreafedordiminithed," accordingto theorderofprovidence."

Principlesof religionhavehad an extraordinaryinfluenceonthe propagationof the humanfpecies.Sometimestheyhavepromotedit, as amongfttheJews,theMahometans,theGaurs,andtheChinefe;atothers,theyhaveput a dampto it, aswasthecareof theRomansupontheirconverfionto Chrif-tianlty.

They everywhereinceffantlypreachedupcont[-nency; a virtuethemoreperfec'r,becaufeinitsownnatureit canbepra&ifedbutbyveryfew.

Conflantinehadnottakenawaythedecimallaws,whichgranteda greaterextentto thedonationsbe-tweenmanandwife,in proportiontothenumberoftheirchildren:Theodofiusthe younger]1abrogatedeventh'efelaws.

**See Raw x, z, 3, in th_ Theodofiar_¢o_e,de bcnhmatern_s_ater_e-generh,&c.andthe onlylaw in the famecode,de b_rh_ua,flliisfamil, at-_ulru_tur.

"_Leg.unic.cod.Theod.deil_firm,pan. cmlib.8:orbit.$otomcntJs_page27. _ Leg.z. &_. cod.Theod.dejm"lilm'o

Juftinian

C_AI,._I.THE SPIRIT OF LAWS, I49

Juftiniandeclaredalltholemarriages_ valid,whichhad beenprohibitedbythe Papianlaws. Therelawsrequire people to marryagain: Juftinian granted•_ privilegesto tholewhodidnot marryagain.

By theancientinftitutions,thenaturalrightwhichevery one had to marry, and beget children,couldnot be taken away. Thus when they receiveda++legacy, on conditionof not marrying,or whenapatron made his ttfreed-manfwear,that he wouldneithermarrynor begetchildren,the Pap!anlawan-nulledboththe§ conditionandtheoath. Theclaufes_oncontinuingin ,widowkood,efiablithedamongfius,contradict the ancientlaw, and defcendfrom theconftimtionsof the emperors,foundedon ideasofperfection.

Thereis nolawthat containsanexprefsabrogationof the privilegesandhonours,whichthe Romanshadgrantedto marriages,and to a numberof children.But where celibacyhad the pre-eminence,marriagecould not be held in honour; andfincetheycouldobligethe officersof the publicrevenueto renouncefo manyadvantagesby theabolitionof the penalties,it is eafyto perceive,that with yetgreatereafetheymightput a flopto the rewards.

Thelamefpiritu,al reafonwhichhad permittedceli-bacy, loonimpofedit evenas neceffary. God forbidthatI fllouldherefpeakagainftcelibacy,asadoptedby religion: but whocanbe filentwhenit isbuiltonlibertinifm; when the two texes corrupting eachother, evenby the naturalfenfiltionsthemfelves,flyfroma unionwhichought to make thembetter, tolivein that whichalwaysrendersthemworfe?

Leg.Sancimus_cod.de nuptiis,of Novel,l. i: 7.cap 3" Novell.llg. cap.5"

Leg,54-"ft. de condit,et demenfL[ILeg.5"fe_. 4"dejurepatronatus.§ Paul_in his fentenccb llb. iii, tit. 4. fc¢'t.15.

L 3 k

_5o THE SPIRIT OF LAWS, Boo_:XXIII.It is a rule drawnfrom nature, that the morethe

numberof marriagesis diminiflaed,the morecorruptarethofewho haveenteredintothatflate: the fewermarriedmen, the lefs fidelityis there"inmarriage;as when there are more thieves, more thefts _recommitted.

c H a r. xxII.Of the E_ofing of Children.

THE Romanpolicywas verygood, in refpe&tothe expofingof children. Romulus, laysDionyfiusI-lalicarnaffeus*,laidthe citizensunderan obligationto educateall their malechildren,andthe elder oftheir daughters. If the infantswere deformedandmonflrous,he permittedthe expofingthem, afterhaving/hewn them to five of their nearer neigh-hours.

Romulusdid not fuffert themto kill anyinfantsunderthreeyearsold : by whichmeanshereconciledthelawthat gaveto fathersthe rightover theirchil-drenof life and death, with that _hich prohibitedtheirbeingexpofed.

We find alfo in DionyfiusHalicarnaffeus+, thatthe law which obligedthe citizensto marry, and toeducateall their children,was in forcein the 277thyear of Rome: we feethat cuftomhadreitrainedthe "law of Romulus,which permittedthem to expofetheiryoungerdaughters.

We haveno knowledgeof what the law of thetwelve tables(made in the yearof Rome3oO, ap-pointedwith refpe&to the expofingof children,ex-cept from a paffageof Cicerojl, who, fpeakingof

AntiquitiesofRome_lib,_, _f Ibid. _ Lib. 9'}]Lib,:_.deleglb%

th_

.C_.a'v,2r, THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. I_i

the o_eeof tribuneof the people,-lays,thatloonafteritsbirth,like the monftrousinfantof the lawof the twelvetables,it wasRifled:theinfantthatwasnotmonRrous,wasthereforepreferved,andthelawof the twelvetablesmadeno alterationin the 'precedinginflitutions.

" TheGermans,laysTaeitus*, neverexpofetheir'" children; amongftthem,thebei_mannershave" moreforce,thanin otherplacesthe beftlaws."TheRomanshadthereforelawsagainftthiseuttom,andyet theydidnotfollowthem. WefindnotanyTRomanlaw, that permittedthe expofingofchil-dren: thiswas,withoutdoubt,an abufeintroducedtowardsthe declineof the republic,whenluxuryrobbedthemoftheirfreedom,whenwealthdividedwascalledpoverty,whenthefatherbelievedthatallwasloftwhichhegaveto hisfamily,andwhenthisfamilywasdiftin&fromhisproperty.

C H A P. XXIII.

Of the Stateof theVTorldaftertheDefiruc"tio;zoftheRomans.

THE regulationsmadebytheRomanstoincreafethe nuroberof theircitizens,hadtheireffe&,whiletherepublic,in the full vigourof her conftitution,had nothingto repairbut the loft&]hefuftainedbyhercourage,byherintrepidity,byherfirmnefs,herloveofglory,andofvirtue. Butloonthewifefflawscouidnotre-effabli]hwhata dyingrepublic,whatageneralanarchy,whata militarygovernment,whata rigidempire,what a prouddefpoticpower,what

DeMorlb.German,/""_Thoreisnotanytitleonthisfubje&intheDigcft_th_tltle,oftheCode

fay_nothingofit_nomorethantheNovels. " '

L 4 a feeble

xSg THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. Boo_XXIII.

afeeblemonarchy,whata Rupid,weak,andfuper.ftitiouscourthadfucceffivelypulleddown. Itmightindeedbe fald,that theyconqueredtheworldonlyto weakenit, and to deliverit up defencelefstobarbarians.The Gothicnations,the Getes, theSaracens,andTartars,byturnsharraffedthem:andloonthebarbarianshadnonetodeftroybutbarbarians,'l'hus,in fabuloustimes,afterthe inundationsandthedeluge,therearofeout of the eartharmedmen,whoexterminatedoneanother.

C H A P. XXIV,

_heChangeswhichhappenedin Europe,withre_ardtotheNumberoftheInhabitants.

IN theftateEuropewasin, onewouldnotima.-gineitpofiibleforit to beretrieved; efpeciallywhenunderCharlemainit formedonlyone raft empire,Butbythenatureofgovernmentat thattime,itbe-camedividedintoaninfinitenumberof pettyfove-reignties; andas the lordorfovereign,whorefidedin hisvillage,or city,wasneithergreat,rich,power-ful, norevenfafe,butbythenumberofhisfubje&s;everyoneemployedhimfelfwithafingularattentionto makehis littlecountryflourifla.Thisfucceededin fuchamanner,that notwithRandingthe irregula-ritiesof government_the wantof that knowledgewhichhasfincebeenacquiredin commerce,andthenumerouswarsanddifordersinceffantlyarifing,moltcountriesof Europewerebetterpeopledin thofedays,thantheyareevenat prefent.

Ihavenottimetotreatfullyof thisfubje&.But! fhallcitetheprodigiousarmiesengagedin thecru.(ades,compqfedof menof all countries,Buffen-doff

CHAP._, 26. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. x_3

_toff*_fays,that in the reignof CharlesIX. therewerein Francetwentymillionsofmen.

It isthe perpetualre.unionofmanylittleflaresthathasproducedthisdiminution.Formerly,everyvil-lageofFranceWasa capital; thereisatprefentonlyonelargeone: ever7 partof the i_atewasa centerofpower; at prefent,all hasa relationto onecenter;_ndthiscenteris, inromemeafure,theflareitfelf.

C H A P. XXV,

ffhefame 8ubje_continued.

EUROPE, it istrue,hasfortheretwoagespat_greatlyincreafedits navigation:this hasboth pro-curedanddeprivedit ofinhabitants.Hollandfendseveryy¢or,agreatnumberof marinerstotheIndies;of whomnot;_bovetwothirdsreturn: thereiteitherperiflaor fettlein theIndies. Thefamethingmui_happento everyothernationconcernedin thattrade.

Wemui_notjudgeof Europeasof a particularflareengagedalonein anex:tenfivenavigation.ThisPatewouldincreafein peoPte,becauf¢alltheneigh-bouringnationswouldendeavourto havea thareinthiscommerce; andmarinerswouldarri¢efromallparts. Europe,feparatedfromtherettoftheworldbyreligion%by vail;leasanddefarts,cannotbere-pairedinthismanner,

C H A P. XXVI,

Confequences.FROM all this we may.conclude,thatEurope

isatprefentina conditionto requirelawsto bemadeIutrod,l_iontothehiftoryofEurope,chap._;.ofFrance.

J"Mahgmetan_ountri_sfurrouralitalmol_oneveryfide,ia

r_4 THE 8PIRI T 0F LAW$. Eoo_XXIII.

in favourof the propagationof ihe humanfpecies.The politicsof the ancientGreeksincefliintlycom-plain of the ineonvenienciesattendihga republic,fromthe exceffivenumberof citizens; butthepoli-ticsofthis agecalluponusto takepropermeanstoincreafeours.

C H A P. XXVII.

OftheLawmadein Francetoencov.ragethe_Propaga-tionoftheSpecies.

LEWIS XIV.appointed* particularpenfionstothofewhohadtenchildren,andmuchlargerto fuchashadtwelve. Butit isnotfufficienttorewardpro-digies. In orderto communicatea generalfpirit,whichleadsto the propagationof the fpecies,itisneceffaryforus to eRablifh,likethe Romans,gene-ralrewards,orgeneralpenalties.

C H A P. XXVIII.

t_r'whatMeanswemayremedya Depodsulatlon.

_rHF_*.Na Rateisdepopulatedbyparticularaeci-dents,bywars,peRilence,orfamine,thereareRillrefourcesleft. The menwhoremainmayprefervethefpiritofinduRry;theymayleekto repairtheirmisfortunes,andcalamityitfelfmaymakethembe-comemoreinduftrious.' This evilis almoftincura-

ble, whenthe depopulationis preparedbefore-handbyinteriorviceandabadgovernment.Whenthisis

"thecare,menperiflawith an infenfibleandhabitualdifeafe:bornin miferyand weaknefs,in violence,

Theedi_ofx666,iafavourofmarriage_,

C_AP.¢9. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. I5_

or underthe influenceof a wicked adminiffration,they fee themfelvesdeftroyed,and frequentlywith-out perceivingthecaufeof theirdeftru&ion. Of thiswe havea melancholyproof,in thecountriesdefolatedby defpoticpower, or by the exceffiveadvantagesoftheclergyoverthelaity.

In vainfhall we wait for the fuccourof childrenyet unborn, to re-eftablitha ttatethus depopulated.There is not timefor this ; menin theirfolitudearewithoutcourageor induftry. With landfufficienttonourifha nation, theyhavefcarcelyenoughto nouritha family. The commonpeoplehavenotevena pro-perty in the miferiesof the country, that is, in thefallowswith which it abounds. The clergy, theprince, the cities,the great men, and romeof theprincipalcitizens,infenfiblybecomeproprietorsof allthe landwhich lies uncultivated:the familieswhoare ruined have left their fields; and thelabouringmanis deftimte.

In this fituationtheyflmuldtake the famemeafuresthroughoutthe whole extent of the empire,-xvhichthe Romanstook in a part of theirs; the),fhouldprad'tifein their diftrefswhat thefeobfervedin themidRof plenty; that is, they thould dittributelandto all thefamilieswhoarein want, andprocurethemmaterialsfor clearingandcultivatingit. This difiri-butionought to be continuedfo tong as there is aman to receiveit ; and in fucli a manner,as notto lofe _t moment, thatcan be induRriouflyem-ployed.

-C H A P. XXIX.

Of HoJpitals.

A MAN is not poor becaufehehas nothing,butb_caufehe doesnot work. The man who witllout

any

x56 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS.BookXXIIh

anydegreeofwealthhasanemployment,isasmuchat hiseafeashewhowithoutlabourhasanincomeofa hundredcrownsa year. Hewhohasnofubftance,andyethasa trade,is notpoorerthanhe whopof-fe/fingtenacresofland,isobligedto cultivateit forhisfubfiftence.Themechanic,whogiveshisartasaninheritanceto hischildren,hasleftthemafortune,whichis muhipliedin proportionto theirnumber.It is notfowithhim,whohavingtenacresofland,dividesitamongfthischildren.

In tradingcountries,wheremanymenhavenootherfubfiRencebut fromthe arts,theRateis fre-quentlyobligedtofupplytheneceffitiesof theaged,thetick, andtheorphan. Awell-regulatedgovern-mentdrawsthisfupportfromtheartsthemfelves.Itgivestoromefuchemploymentastheyarecapableofperforming;others,are taughtto work, and thisteachingofitfelfbecomesanemployment.

Thealmsgiventoa nakedmanin the'ftreetdonotfulfiltheobligationsoftheftate,whichowestoeverycitizena certainfubfiffence,a properhouri/hment,convenientcloathing,anda kindof lifenotincom-patiblewithhealth.

Aurengzebe*beinga/ked,whyhe did notbuildhofpitals,/'aid," I willmakemy empirefo rich,•' thatthere/hallbenoneedofhofpitals."Heoughtto havelaid,I willbegin,by renderingmyempirerich,andthenI willbuildhofpitals.

The richesof the ftatefuppofegreat induftry.Amid_thenumerousbranchesoftrade,it isimpoflioble butfomemufffuffer; andconfequenglythe me-chanicsmuftbein amomentaryneeefl_ty.

Wheneverthishappens,theftatgisobligedto lend_hema readyaffiftance; whetherit betopreventthe

• See SirJohnChardbl'sTravelsthroughPcrfia_vol,$.

ft_fferings

Cu_,_.29. THE SPIRIT oF LAWS. xS_

fufferlngsof thepeople,or to avoida rebellion. Inthis carehofpitals,or romeequivalentregulations,areneceffarytopreventthis mifery.

But when the nation is poor, private povertyfpringsfrom the generalcalamity; andis, if I mayfo exprefsmyfelf,the generalcalamity itfelf. Allthe hofpltalsin the _vorldcannotcurethis privatepoverty; on the contrary,the fpirit of indolence,which it conftantlyinfpires,increafesthe general,and confequenttythe privatemifery.

HenryVIII. * refolvingto reformthe churchofEngland, ruinedthemonks,of themfelvesa lazy letof people,that encouragedlazinefsin others; be..caufe,astheyprac"tifedhofpitality,an infinitenumberof idle perfons,gentlemenand citizens,fpenttheirlivesin runningfromconvehtto convent. Hedemo-tithedeventhe hofpitals,in which the lowerpeoplefoundfubfiftence,as the gentlemendid theirsin themonafteries. Sincetherechanges,thefpiritof tradeand induftryhasbeenei_abliflaedin England.

Attlome_the hofpitalsplaceeveryoneat his eafe,exceptthole who labour,exceptthofe who are in-duftrious,exceptthole who haveland, exceptthofewho areengagedin trade.

I haveobferved,that wealthynationshaveneedofhofpitals,be_aufefortunefubje&sthemto a thoufandaccidents: but it is plain, that tranfientaffii2ancesare much better than perpetualfoundations. Theevil is momentary; it is necefl'ary,therefore,that the,fuccourflaouldbe of the famenature,and that it beappliedto particularaccidents.

SeeBurner'sHL_oryof the Rcformatlon,

BOOK

158 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BooKXXIV.

B 0 0 K XXIV.

OF LAWS AS RELATIVE TO RELIGION, CONSIDEREI_

IN ITSELF, AND IN ITS DOCTIKINES.

CHAP. I.

Of Rdigionin general.

S anfidRfeveraldegreesof darknefswe mayform a judgmentof tholewhichare the leaft

thick, and among precipices,which are the leardeep; fo we mayfearchamongfalfe religionsforthole that are mott conformableto the welfareoffociety; for tholewhich, thoughtheyhave not theeffectof leadingmen to the felicityof anotherlife,maycontributemoltto theirhappinefsinthis.

I/hall examinethereforethefeveralreligionsof theworld, in relationonly to the goodtheyproduceincivilfociety; whetherI fpeakof that whichhas itsroot in heaven,or of thole which fpring from theearth.

As in thiswork I amnot adivine,but apoliticalx(Triter,I mayhereadvancethingswhicharenoother-wifetrue, than as they correfpondwith a worldlymannerofthinking,notasconfideredintheirrelationto truthsof a morefublimenature.

With regardto the true religion,a perfonof _helear degreeof impartialitymufffee,thatI haveneverpretendedto make its intereftsfubmit to tholeof apoliticalnature,but rather to unitethem; now, inorderto unite, it is neceffarythat we thould knowthem.

The Chriflianreligion,which ordainsthat men/houldloveeachother, would, withoutdoubt, have

every

Cm_e.2. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. _9

everynationbleft with the beff civil, the beltpoli-ticallaws; becaufethefe,next to this religion,arethegreatergoodthatmencangiveandreceive.

CHAP. II.

.,4Paradoxof Mr. Bayle's.

MR. * Bayle has pretendedto prove, that it isbetterto be an atheiffthan an idolater; that is, inotherwords, that it is lefsdangerousto haveno reli-gionat all, than abad one. " I hadrather,laidhe," it fhouldbe laid of me that I hadno exiffence,"' than that I ama villain." This isonlya fophifm,foundedonthis, that it is of no importanceto thehuman race to believethat a certainman exifrs;whereasit is extremelyufefulforthemto believetheexifrenceof a God. From the idea of his non-exiffence,immediatelyfollowsthat of ourindepen-dence; or,_ifwe cannotconceivethis idea, that ofdifobedience.To faythatreligionis nota refirainlngmotive, becaufeit doesnotalwaysreftrain,is equally

' abfurd, as to fay,_thatthe civil laws are not a re-: ftrainingmotive. It isa falfewayofreafoningagaint_ ": religion,to colle&,in a largework, along detailof

the evilsit hasproduced,if we do not give, at thefametime, an enumerationof the advantageswhichhaveflowedfromit. Were I to relateall the evilsthat havearifenin the world from civil laws, frommonarchy,and fromrepublicangovernment,I mighttell of frightfulthings. Wereit of no advantageforfubje&sto havereligion,it wouldfrillbe of romeifprinceshadit, and if theywhitened with foamthe

Thoughtson the Comet,

" ,- only2

.z_ THE'SPIRIT OF LAWS. Boo_X_t_

9nlyre.inwhichcanre!traintholeWhofearnothu_ifi m.laws.: "A princewholovesandfearsreligionis a l_01_

whogoopsto.thehandthatilrokes,orto thevoiceHatappeafeshim. Hewhofearsandh_tesreligion_is liketheravagebearthatgrowlsandbitesthechain_hich preventshisflyingonthepaffenger.Hewhohasno religionat all, is thatterribleanimal,whoi_ercelveshislibertyonlywhenhetearsinpieces,mudwhenhedevours.

Thequeitionisnotto know,whetherk wouklbebetterthata certainman,ora certainpeopleshadnoreligion,thanto abufewhattheyhave; buttOknowwh_ is the lea_evil,that religionbe fometimesaBufed,_orthattherebeno fuchreitraintas religiononmankind.

Todimini/hthe horrorof atheifm,theylay toomuchto thechargeofidolatry. It isfarfrombeingtrue,thatwhentheancientsraifedaltarstoaparticularviqe,theyintendedtoihewthattheylovedthevioei;this fignified,on the contrary,thattheyhatedit.Whenthe Lacedmmonianserectedatempleto Fear,st Wasnotto ihewthatthiswarlikenationdefired,thathewouldin themiditofbattlepoffersthehearts

•of:theLaced_emonians.Theyhaddeitiestowhomthey:prayednottoinfpirethemwithguilt; andother_Wht]mtheybefoughtto flfieldthemfromit_ :

C H A P. IlL

_hgt:a-_moderate,Governmentis moltagreealdeto the:Cbrit_ianRe!ixion,._wada defpoticGwoernment¢othe_-_2_abometan; ,,:

THE Chriftlanreligionis a _rangertomeredef-potlcpower. The mildnefsfo frequentlyrecorn-

._ mended

C_A_.3. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. z(St

mended in the gofpel, is incompatiblewith thedefpoticrage with which aprincepuniflleshisfub-je&s, andexerdfeshimfelfincruelty.

Asthis religionforbidsthe pluralityof wives,itsfPurincesare lefs confined,lefs concealedfrom their

bje&s,andconfequentlyhavemorehumanity: theyare more difpofedto be dire&edby laws,andmoreCapableof perceiving,that they cannotdowhatevertheypleafe.• While the Mahometanpr_ncesinceffantlygiveorreceivedeath, the religionof the Chrifliansrendertheirprinceslel_timid, at_dconfequex_tlylefs cruel.The princeconfidesin his fubje_s, andthe fubje&_in theprince. How admirabiethe religion,which,whileit onlyfeemsto haveinv_ewthe felicityof theotherlife, continuesthehappinefsof this!

It is the ChriRianreligion,that, in fpite of theextentof the empireandthe il_fluenceof the climate,hashindereddefpoticpowerfrombeingeftabli/hedin./Ethiopia,and has carried into the heartof Africathe mannersandlawsof Europe.

The heirto the empireof ,'Ethiopiaenjoysaprin-dpality, and givesto other fubje&san exampleofloveand obedience. Not far from thencemaybefeentheMahometan/huttingup the childrenof theKing*of Sennar,at wholedeath,the councilfendsto murderthem, in favourof the princewhomountsthethrone.

Let us fet before our eyes, on the one hand, the -continualmaffacresof the kings andgeneralsof theGreeksand Romans; and, on the other, the de-flru&ionof peopleand citiesby tholefamouscon-querorsTimur BegandJenghiz Khan, who ravaged

DefcriptioaofAgthiopia_byM. P0ace,aPhyficiaa. _tlt_tiouof,d_i_tLtttert.

VOL.II. M Aria;

16z T.HESPI-RITO.FLAWS, BOOKXXIV,_

Aria;andwefhallfee,thatweowetoChri_ianity,in government,a certainpoliticallaw; andin war,a"certainlawof nations; benefitswhichhumanna-turecan.neverfufiicienflyacknowledge.

It is owingto this lawof nations,that amongftus, vi&oryleavestheregreatadvantagesto thecon-quered,life,liberty,laws,wealth,andalwaysrell-gion,whenthe conqueroris not blindto his ownintereff.• Wemaytrulyfay,that the peopleofEurqpeare

notatprefentmoredifunitedthanthepeopleandthearmies,oreventhearmiesamongftthemfelves,wereunderthe Romanempire,whenit was becomeadefi_oficandmilitary'government.Ontheonehand,thearmiesengagedin war againfteachother; and,ontheother,theypillagedthecities_anddividedorconfifcatedthelands.

C H A P. IV.

ConfequencesfromtheCbarac'-terof the Cbrijtia_tReli-gion,andthatoftheMahometan.

FROM thechara&ersof theChriftianandMaho-metanreligions,weought,withoutanyfurtherexa-mination,tOembracetheone,andreje&theother:forit is mucheafierto prove,thatreligionoughttohumanizethe mannersofmen,thanthatanyparti-cularreligionistrue.

It isa misfortuneto humannature,whenreligionisgivenby a conqueror.TheMahometanreligion,_hich fpeaksonly by the fword,ac"tsflilluponmenwiththat deRrucqlvefpiritwithwhichit wasfounded.

ThehiftoryofSabbaco*,oneofthepaftoralkingsof.Egypt,is very extraordinary.The tutelargod

S¢¢Diodorus_lib.z. cf

ofThebesappearingto himinadream,orderedfilmtoputto deathallthepriersofEgypt. Hejudged,that the godsweredifpleafedat his beingon thethrone,flnce-tl_y-commandedhim to commitanac"tioncontraryt_otheirordinarypteafure; andthere-foreheretiredinto2Et.hiopia,

CHAP, V,

7"battheCatholicReligionis moilagreeableto a Mo-narchy,andthe_Prote.flanttoa t_epublic.

_r_VI-_lffa refigionis introdhcedandfixedin aflare,it is commonly£uchas is moltfuitableto thepianofgovernmentthereeftablii_ed;fortholewhorecelveit, andtholewhoarethe catifeof itsbe!ngreceived,havefcarcelyanyotherideaofpolicy,thanthatofrheflareinwhichtheywereborn.

Whenthe Chriftianreligion,t_-o centuriesago.becameunhappilydividedinto CatholicandPro-teftant,thepeopleof the NorthembracedthePro-tenant,andtholeof the fouthadl-ieredftili to theCatholic.

Thereafonisplain: thepeopleof thenorthhave,and will foreverhave,a fpititof libertyandinde-pendence,whichthepeopleof the fouthhavenot;andthereforea religion,whichhasnovifiblehead_ismoreagreeableto theindependencyoftheclimate,thanthatwhichhasone.

In the countriesthemfelveswherethe Proteftantreligionbecameeftablifhed,therevolutionsweremadepuffuantto thefeveralplansofpoliticalgovernment.Lutherhavinggreatprincesonhisfide_wouldneverhavebeenable to rnal_ethemrelifhan ecclefiatticauthoritythat had noexteriorpre-eminence;whileCalvin,havingto do withpeololewholivedunder

M2 repub-

164 THE SPIRITOFLAWS. BookXXIV.

republicangovernments,orwith obfcurecitizensinmonarchies,mightverywellavoideftablithingdig-nitiesandpreferments.

Eachofthefetworeligionswasbelievedtobethemolt perfect;the Calviniftjudginghis moltcon-formableto whatChrifthadlaid,andthe Lutheranto whattheApofileshadpra&ifed.

CHAP. VI.

.&otherofMr.Bayle'sParadoxes.

MR. BAYLE,afterhavingabufedallreligions,endeavoursto fullyChriitianity:he boldlyafferts,thattrueChriRianscannotformagovernmentofanyduration.Whynot? Citizensofthisprofettlonbeinginfinitelyenlightenedwithrefpe&tothevariousdutiesoflife,andhavingthe warmeftzealto fulfilthem,mutt be perfectlyfenfibleof the rightsof naturaldefence.Themoretheybelievethemfelvesindebtedto religion,themoretheywouldthinkdueto theircountry. TheprinciplesofChriftianity,deeplyen-gravedontheheart,wouldbeinfinitelymorepower-ful thanthe falfehonourof monarchies,thanthehumanevirtfiesof republics,or the fervilefearofdefpoticftates.

It is aftonifhing,thatthisgreatman/houldnotbeabletodiftinguifl_betweentheordersfortheeftablifh-mentofChriftianity,andChriftianityitfelf;andthathethouldbeliableto bechargedwithnotknowingthefpiritof hisownreligion.W'henthe legiflator,in_eadof laws,hasgivencounfels,thisis, becaufeheknew,thatif thefecounfelswereordainedaslaws,theywouldbecontraryto thefpiritofthelawsth_.an-felves. "

CHAP.

CHAP.7,8. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 16s

C H A P. VII.

Of theLawsofl_erfee'tionin _Religion.

HUMANlaws,madeto dire&the will,oughtto giveprecepts,andnot counfels; religion,madeto influencethe heart,/houldgivemanycounfels,andfewprecepts.

When,forinflance,it givesrules,notforwhatisgood,but forwhatis better; notto directtowhatis right,buttowhatisperfect; it isexpedient,thatthefethoutdbecounfels,andnotlaws: forperfe_ioncan haveno relationto the univeffalityofmenorthings. Betides,if therewerelaws,therewouldbea in¢ceffityforan infinitenumberofothers,to makepeopleobfervethe firft. CelibacywasadvifedbyChriftianity:whentheymadeit alag'in refpe_to acertainorderof men,it becameneceflhryto mikenew* oneseveryday,in orderto obligetholementoobferveit. •Thelegiflatorweariedhimfelf,andheweariedfociety,to makemenexecuteby precept,whattholewholoveperfectionwouldhaveexecutedascounfel.

C H A P. VIII.,,!i

_f theConnegtionbetweenthemoralLawsandthofeofRel;gion.

jlN a countryfo unfortunateas to havearet]gionthatGodhasnotrevealed,it isneceffaryfor it:to beagreeableto morality; becaufe,evena fat-fe_i'eligi°nisthebefifecuritywecanhaveoftheprobityofmen.

i

Dupin'sEc¢lefia_:.calLibraryofthe6th century_vol.5"

M 3 The

z66 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS, BooxXXIV'.

Theprincipalpointsof religionoftheinhabitantsofPegu _ are, not to commit murder, not to i_eal,toavoid uncleannefs, not to give the leafLuneafinefstotheir neighbour, but to do him, on the contrary, allthe good in their power. V¢ith there rules theythink they ihould be l_vcdin any religionwhatfoever,From hence it proceeds, that thole people, thoughpoor and proud, behave with gentlenefs and c0m-pa_ontotheunhappy.

CHAP. IX.

Of theEffenes.

THE Effenest madeavowto obfervejtffticet_mankind,todonoill toanyperfon,uponwhatfoeveraccount,to keepfaithwith all the world,tohateinjui_ice,to commandwithmodefty,alwaystofidewithtruth,andto flyfromallunlawful_gain,

C H A P. X.

Of theSee7ofStoics,

THE feveralfe&sof philofophyamongflthean.cients,werea fpeciesof religion.Neverwereanyprinciplesmoreworthyof humannature,andmorepropertoformthegoodman_thantholeoftheStoics;andif I couldfora momentceafeto thinkthatI ama Chriftian,I fhouldnot be ableto hindermyfelffromranking"thede_true'tionof the feet of Zenoamongthemisfortunesthathavebefallenthe humanrace.

• Colle£tionof Voyagesthat contributedto the ¢flablilhmentof the Ea_IndiaCompany_vol.iii. part1.page36,

_f Hifl.of theJews_byPrideaux.It

,CHAP._7.THE SPIRIT OF LAW8. q6_

It carried to excelsonly tholethings in whichthereis true greatnefs,the contemptof pleafureandof pain.

it wasthis feetalonethatmadecitizens; thisalonethatmadegreatmen; this alone,greatemperors.

Layingafidefor a momentrevealedtruths, let usfearchthrough all nature,and we flaallnot find_inoblerobje_than theAntoninus's: evenJulianhim-felf, Julian, (a commendationthus wreftedfromme,will not renderme an accompliceof his apoftacy)no, therehasnotbeena princefincehis reignmore_vorthytogovernmankind.

While the Stoicslookeduponriches,humang_an-deur,grief,difquietudesandpleafure,asvanity; theywereentirelyemployedin labouringforthe happinefsof mankind,and in exercifingthe dutiesof tbciety.It feemsas if they regardedthat facredfpirit, whichthey believedto dwell within them, as a kind offavourableprovidencewatchfuloverthehumanrace.

Bornfor fociety,theyall believedthat it wastheirdeftinyto labourforit ; with fomuchthelefsfatigue,as theirrewardswereallwithinthemfelves. Happyby their philofophyalone,it feemedas if only thehappinefsof otherscouldincreafetheirs.

CHAP. XI.

Of Contemplation.

MEN being made to preferve, to nourifla,toclothethemfelves,and do all the actionsoffociety,retigionought not to givethemtoocontemplativealife_.

I Thisi"_theinconvenienceof thedoe2rineofFoeandLaockium,

M 4 The

z_ THe' SPIRIT OF LAWS.- _ooKX_V.

The :Mahometatasbecomefpeculativeby habit;they:prayfivetimesaday,andeachtimetheyareobligedto cartbehindthemeverythingwhichhasa_y.con_;ernwith this world:thisformsthemforfpeculation.Add to this, tl:at indifferenceforall(hingswhichisinfpiredbythedoctrineofunalterablef_.te.

If othercaulksbetidesthereconcurto difengagetheiraffe&ions;for int_ance,if the feverityof thegovernment,if the lawsconcerningthepropertyofland,givethemaprecariousfpirit,all isto:_.

ThereligionoftheGaursformerlyrenderedPerfiaa ttourifhingkingdom; it corre&edthebadeffed'tsofdefpoticpower. Thefameempireis nowdeftroyedbytheMahometanreligion,

C H A P. XII.

OfPenances.

PENANCES oughtto bejoinedwiththeideaof labour,not with that of idlenefs; withtheideaof good,notwith that of fuper.eminent;with theideaoffrugality,notwiththatof avarice..

C H A P. XIII.

OfinexpiableCrimes.

IT ;appearsfroma paffageof the booksof thepontiffs,quotedby Cicero*,thattheyhad_mongfl_e_mans inexpiablecrimes; andit is onthis

Llli.2. of laws.::__t"$_rtifia:commilfiJm',qaodncqueexplarlpotcrib impiecommiffumoR;qtlOd._t'_pot_iLpubli¢!facerdoteaexpiaato.:-_::: that

C_x_.,4.-_ THE SPIRIT OF_L_.

thatZ_zymusfoundsthenarrationfoproperto_bI_l_enthe motivesofConftantine'sconverfion; and:Jaalian,thatbitterrailleryonthiseonverfionin hisCa_fars.

ThePaganreligionindeed,whichprohibiteaon]yromeof the groffercrimes,andwhichftoppedthehand,butmeddlednotwith the heart,might:havi:crimesthat wereinexpiable:but a religionwhichbridlesallthepaflions; whichis notmorejealousofa&ionsthanofthoughtsanddefires; whichholdsUsnot by a few chains,but by aninfinitenumberofthreads_which,leavinghumanjufticeafide,etla-blifhesanotherkindofjuftice; whichisfoordered,asto leaduscontinuallyfromrepentancetolove,andfromloveto repentance; whichputsbetweenthejudgeandthe criminala greatermediator,betweenthejuffandthemediatoragreatjudge; areligionlikethisoughtnottohaveinexpiablecrimes.But,whileit givesfearandhopeto all, it makesusfuftieientlyfenfible,thatthoughthereisnocrimein itsownna-tureinexpiable,yetawholecriminallifemaybefo;that it is extremelydangerousto affrontmercy(byn_wcrimesandnewexpiations; that an uneafinefsonaccountofancientdebts,fromwhichweareneverentirelyfree,oughtto makeusafraidof contra&ingnewones,offillingupthemeafure,andgoingeveato thatpointwherepaternalgoodnefsislimited.

CHAP. XIV.

InwhatmannerReligionhasanInfluenceOn'civilLaws.

.ASbothreligionandthecivillaws_oughttOiha_ea peculiartendencyto rendermengoodcitizens,_itisevident,that whenoneof theredeviates_fromthisend,the tendencyoftheotheroughttobe itrength-ened.

_7o T_H_E_SP_[RI_F_F LAW_ Boo_cX_lrV.

_.n_d.The lefs feveritythereis in religion,themorethereought,tobein thedvillaws.

Thus the reigningreligionof Japanhavingfew,/lo&fines,andpropofingneitherfuturerewardsnorpunifhments,the lawsto fupplytheredefe&shave_beenmadewiththefpiritoffevefity,andareexecuted_rithanextraordinary.pun&uality.

Whenthedo&fineof.necetlityiseliabli/hedbyre-lig'ron,the penalties"of the ,tawsoughtto be morerevere,andthemagifh,ate,morevigilant; totheendthatmen,whowouldotherwifebecomeabandoned,mightbedeterminedbytheremotives; butit isquiteotherwife,wherereligionhaseffablifhedthedoctrineofliberty.

Fromtheina&ivityof the foulfpringstheMaho-met'an_o&rineofpredeffination,andfromthisdoe-•rineof predeftinationfpfingstheina&ivityof the(oul. This,theyfay,is in the decreesof God;theytour thereforeind_tgetheirrepofe,tn a carelikethis,themag_rateoughttowakenby thelaws,tholewhoarelulledatteepbyreligion.

Whenreligioncondemnsthingswhichthe .civillawsoughtto permit,thereis dangerleftthecivillaws,ontheotherband,_houldpermitwhatreligionoughtto condemn.Eitherof thefeis a conftantproofof a wantof trueideasof thatharmonyandproportionwhichoughtto fubfiftbetweenboth.

ThustheTartars*underJenghiz-Khan,amongfcwhomit wasafinandevena capitalcrimeto putaknifeinthefire,to leanagain_a whip,to i'crikeahoffewith hisbridle,to breakonebonewithan-other; didnotbelieveit to beanyfinto breaktheirword,to feizcuponanotherman'sgoods,to doan

Seetherelationwrittenby JohnD_planCarpin,fontto TartarybyPopeInnocentIV.in theyear,z46.

injury

C_AP.x4. T_E _SPIRIT OF LAW£. - _Tz

injury_oaperfonoortocommitmurder.Ina word,lawswhichrenderthatneceffarywhichis onlyin-different,havethis inconveniency,that t.heymaketholethingsindifferentwhichareabfolutelynecef-fury. '*'

Thepeopleof Formofa* believe,thatthereis akindofhell; butit isto puniththolewhoatcertainfeafonshavenotgonenaked; whohavedreffedincallico,andnotinfilk; whohaveprefumedtolookfor oyfters;or whohaveundertakenanybufmefswithoutconfultingthe longof birds: whilftdrun-kennefsanddebaucheryarenotregardedas crimes.Theybelieve,eventhat thedebauchesof theirchil-drenareagreeableto theirgods.

Whenreligionabfolvesthemindbyathingmerely"accidental,it loresitsgreateftinfluenceon mankind,The peopleofIndiabelieve,that the watersof theGangeshavea fan&ifyingvirtue+. Tholewhodieon its banksare imaginedto beexemptedfromthetormentsoftheotherlife,andtobe entitledtodwellin a regionfullof delights; andfor thisre,forttheafhesofthedeadarelentfromthemoltdiftantplacesto be thrownintothis river. Little then doesitfignifywhethertheyhavelivedvirtuouflyornot, fotheybebutthrownintotheGanges.

Theideaofaplaceofrewardshasaneceffarycon-he&ionwiththeideaof the abodesofmifery;andwhentheyhopefor the formerwithoutfearingthelatter,the civillawshaveno longeranyinfluence.Menwhothinkthemfelveslureofthe rewardsoftheotherlife,areabovethepowerofthelegiflator; theylookupondeathwithtoomuchcontempt: howihall

* t%lle2Rionof Voyagesthat contributedto the eftablifllmentof theEaftIadiacompany,vol.v. pageI9z.

J"_difyingLcttcrs_collc_,x5.the

_7_ THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. Boo_XXIV.

themanbe reflrainedby laws,whobelievesthatthegreatei_painthemagiffratecaninfli&,willendinamomentto beginhishappinefs?

C'H A P. XV.

HowfalfeReligionsarefometimescorre_ed,bytheCivilLaws.

SIMPLICITY,fuperflition,or a refpec"tforantiquity,havefometimeseffablithedmyflefiesorceremonies/hockit_gto modeRy: of thistheworRlhasfumifnednumerousexamples.Ariflotle* lays,thatinthiscarethelawpermitsthefathersoffamiliesto repairto thetempleto celebratetheremyftefiesfortheirwivesandchildren.Howadmirablethecivillaw,whichinfpiteof religionprefervesthemannersuntainted!

Auguflust excludedtheyouthof eitherrexfromaffiRingat anyno&urnalceremony,unlefsaccom-paniedbya moreagedrelation;andwhenherevivedtheLupercalia,hewouldnotallowtheyoungmentorunnaked.

CHAP. XVI.

H6"_theLawsofReligioncorreEttheInconvenienciesOfapoliticalConflitution.

ONthe otherhand,rellgionmayfupportafla_e,whenthelawsthemfelvesareincapableofdoingit.

Thus,Whena kingdomis frecluentlyagitatedbycivilwars,religionmaydo much,byobligingonepartof the flateto remainalwaysquiet. Among

t:-_ P'01it.llb.vli. cap.*7. _ Suetoaius_nAugufto_cap.3x.the

CHAr.17. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 173

the Greeks, the Eleans,as prieftsof Apollo,livedalways in peace. In Japan*. the city of Meacoenjoysa conftantpeace,as being a holy city: reli-gionfupportsthisregulation,andthat empirewhichfeemsto be aloneuponearth,and whichneitherhas,nor will have, any dependenceon foreigners,has

: always,in its ownbofom,a tradewhichwarcannotruin.

In kingdoms,wherewarsarenotentereduponby! ageneralconfent,andwherethelawshavenotpointedi out any meanseither of terminatingOr preventing

them, religioneftabliflaestimesof peace,or ceffafioni fromhoftilities,that thepeoplemay be ableto fow! their corn, and performthofeother labours,which_ areabfolutelyneceffaryfor thefubfiftenceoftheftate.

Everyyearallhoffilityceafesbetweenthe-[-Arabiantribes for four months; the leaftdifturbancewouldthen be an impiety. In formertimes,when every]ord in France declaredwar or peace, religiongranteda truce, which was to take placeat certain

i feafons.

' C H A P. XVII.

_7_efame Subje_continued.

i WHEN a ftatehasmanycaufesfor hatred,reli-i glonoughtto producemany ways of reconciliation.

The Arabs, a peopleaddi&edto robbery,are fre-quentlyguiltyof doing injuryand injufiice. Maho-

: met_ ena_ed thislaw: " If anyoneforgivesll_the

*Colle_onofVoyagesmadetoef_ablifhan Indiacompany,vol. iv.13agex27. ' " " """ " " ; :'; g

._, Seeg_rldea.x, life of Mahomet, page-6¢. - : ", : .".... _ .Koran, book.z, chap. of the cow. _.....

• _ On renouncingthe law of retaliation;

" blood

*_4 TId:E"S,FII_IITOFLA'WS.-BooxX_IV." blbod_ofhisbrother,hemaypuffue_hemalefac_r" fordamages_and'interefc:bu_he whoilia11_injure"_the wicked,after _avingreceivedfatisea_ow,'_ ¢hatl_in theday of judgraenr,fufferthe molt"- gri_oustorments."

TheGermans_inherited:thehatred_andenrn_oftheirnearrelations: butthere'werenote_crna_!Ho-micidewasexpiatedby givinga certainnumberofeattle,and all the familyreceivedfatisfa&ior_:athing extremelyufeful,laysWacitus_*',beeaufeen,-mitiesaremot'cdangerousamongffafi,eepeople. Ihelieve,,indeX;thatthen"miniffersofreligion,,whowereheldbythemin:famucheredit_wereconcernedin therereconciliations.

Amongfftheinhabitantsof Malacca+i wherenoformof reconciliafiowis eftablifl_ed,he who hascommittedmurder,certainof beingafl_frinatedbytherelationsorfri_ds,ofthedeceafed,abandonshirri;fetftofiary,andwoundsorkitlsallhemeets.

C H A P. XVIII..

HowtheLawsof"Reh'gfouhavethe EEec7of CivilLaws.

THE rirRGreekswerefmallnations,frequentlydifperf_d,pirates-at,lea)unjufcat land,withoutgo-vernment,andwithoutlaws. The mightya&ionsofHerculesandThefehslet us"fee"the R_teoftliat

•firingpeople. Whatcouldreligion:domore,to in-fpirethemwi_hhorroragairsftmurder? It declaredgthatthemanwhohadbeen+murderedwasenraged

Demorlb.Germanorum."_CollecqJ.onof voyagesthat contributed-to _ eihhllfhmentof th'/__at_

Indiacompany,vol.vii. page303. See aifo bfemolr¢-of:th_C. dg'Fzrb_n_andwhathelaysof thepeopleof Maeal/ir.

Phta_,of laws)lib.9'4 againf_

CsA_.Ig,, THE SPII_I'I_ O:F LAWS. zT_

ag_n_ the affaflin,that he wouldpoffefshismind_,ithterrorandtcouble,andobtig_him to yield,tohimtheplies hehadfrequented_henalive. Theycouldnot touchthe criminal,norconveffewithhim*, withoutbeingdefile-d:the murdererwastobe expelledtheci_, andan_e_piationmadeforthe rime+.

C H, A. P- XIX..

Thatitisnotfo muchtk;eTruth,orFatjltyofa DoftHne• ¢vbichrendersit ufefulorpernicioustoMenin Civil

Government,astheUfeor./lbufeofit,

THE moRtrue andholydo&tines:maybe a_-teaded:with.theretryworffconfequences,whentheyarenot conne&edwiththepfiiacipli_s_of:foolery; and,onthecontrary,d0&rines,the,moR_falfemaybeat=tendedwith,excellenteonfequenoesgwhea.cont,rivedfoastobeconne&edwiththereprinciples.

Thereligionof Confucius_dif0wns_theimmor-talityofthefoul; andthere&of.22enodid notbe-lieveit. Theretwo fe&shavedrawnfrom.their,bad principlesconfequences_not,juff indeed,butmoRadmirableas to their influenceon foeieq;.

e_Tr_%_aiyof OedipusColnneas."_Plat%oflaws_lib. 9"

A Chln¢'f¢philofopherre;fonathan agaiaRxh,e do_tri_eof F=. " It ;_" laid,in a book of that fc&, that the bodyis ourdwellingplace,andthe**foultheimmortalgueftwhichlodgesthere: 'butif the6odle,ofour_eh(ions%arconly.a lodging,it is natur#ltoregard,th_n .wJth_1_famecon_mptw¢__'/houldfeelfora ftru_ur¢of earthanddirt. Is not tiffsend/_avourlng_otear" fromtheheartthe virtue of loveto one'sownparents? Tl:fisleadsusevenc, toneglectthe careof the body_andtorefufeit the¢ompaflionand'affe_ion" foneceffaryforitsprefexvation_ hencethedlf¢iplesof Foe kifl*hemfelc_s" "bythoufands." t¢_Jork_f.an ancientChi_efe'_Idlof_lur_in thecdldtionof].)uttalde_vol.iii. page5z.

Thole

z76 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BooKXXIV.

Tholeof the religionof Tao,andof Foe,believethe immortalityof the foul; but fromthisfaereddoctrinetheydrawthemoltfrightfulconfequences.

Thedo&rineoftheimmortalityofthefoulfalfelyunderftood,has,atmoffin everypartof the globe,andin everyage,engagedwomen,flares,fubje&s,friends,to murderthemfelves,that theymightgoandfervein theotherworldtheobjectoftheirrefpc&orlovein this. Thus it wasin the Weft-Indies;thusit wasamongfftheDanes";thusit isat prefentin Japan%in Maeaffar_,andmanyotherplaces.

Therecultomsdo notfodirc&lyproceedfromthedo6trineoftheimmortalityofthefoul,as fromthatof the refurre&ionof thebody,fromwhencetheyhavedrawnthisconfequence,that, afterdeath,thefameindividualwillhavethefamewants,thefamefenfiments,thefamepaffions.In thispointofview,thedo&rineoftheimmortalityof thefoulhasa pro-digiouseffe&onmankind; becaufethe ideaof onlya fimplechangeof habitation,is morewithinthereachofthehumanunderfhnding,andmoreadaptedtoflatterthe heart,thantheideaof a newmodifi-cation.

It is notenoughforreligionto effabli_a do&rine,it mu_alfodire_its influence.ThistheChrifiiaareligionperformsinthemoRadmirablemanner,par-ticularlywithregardto the doc_rlnesof whichwehavebeenfpeaking.It makesus hopefora ftate,whichis the obje&of ourbelief;not for a Ratewhichwehavealreadyexperienced,orknown: thuseveryarticle,eventherefurre&ionofthebody,leadsusto fpiritualideas.

SeeTho.Barthol]n'sAntiq.oftheDanes._"AnAccountofJapan,in the Co[l¢_ioaofVoyagesthatcontributedto

e/hbli_anEaRIndiacompany.Forbia"smemoirs.

CHAP.

L_

Ca,_p.2o,zr. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. i77

d H A P. xx.

_l'hefame Subje_continued.

THE facredbooks*of the ancientPerfiansfay,_ If youwould be holy, inffru&)Tourchildren,be-,¢ caufeall thegoodactionswhichtheyperformwill" be imputedtoyou." They advifethemto marrybetimes,beea.u£echildrenat thedayofjudgmentwillbe as a bridge,over which tholewho have nonecannotpats. There do_rin_s w_re falfe, but ex.tremelyufeful, .

CHAP. X'XI.

Df the]i¢etempfychofis.

.THE do&rlneof the immortalityof the foulisdividedintothreebranches,thatof pureimmortality,that of a fimplechangeof habitation,and that of ametempfychofis; that is, thefyftemof the Chriftians,that of the 8cythians,anddratofthe Indians. Wehaveju(t been fpeakingof the two firf_,and [ flaaUfayof thelaft, thatasit hasbeenwellorillexplained,ithas had good or bad effe_s. As it infpiresmenwith a certain horroragainftbloodfhed,very fev¢murdersare comro{ttedin. the Indies; and thoughthey feldom punilh with death, yet they enjoyape;fe&tranquility...... ,- ,

On theotherhand, womenburn themfelvesatthedeathof their hutbands; thus it is onlythe innocent_'ho fuffera violentdeath.

Mr, Flyd¢. - ....

Vc ,.IL N C H AP.

x79 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. Booz XXIV.

C H A P. XXII.

_fT:atit is dangerousforReligiontoinfpireanAver.fionfor7"kings!nthen_lvesindi_erent.

A KIND of honoureflabliihedin the Indiesby"theprejudicesofreligion,hasmadethefeveraltribesconceivean"averfionagainfleachother.This honouris foundedentirelyon religion; therefamilydifotin&ionsformnocivildiflin&ions; thereareIndianswho wouldthink themfelvesdi/honouredbyeatingwiththeirking.

Therefortsof diflin&ionsareconne&edwith acertainavertionfor othermen,verydifferentfromtholefentimentswhichnaturallyarifefromdifferenceofrank; which,amongfius, comprehendsalovefor 'inferiors.

Thelawsof religionfllouldneverinfpireanaver-fion to any thing but vice, and,aboveall, they/houldnevereflrangemanfromaloveandtendernefsforhisownfpecies.

TheMahometanandIndianreligionsembraceaninfinitenumberofpeople: theIndianshatetheMa-hometans,becaufetheyeateows;the MahometansdetefttheIndians,becaufetheyeathogs.

C H A P. XXIII.

Of Feflivals.

WHEN religionappointsaceffationfromlabour,it oughttohavea greaterregardto the nece_tiesofmankind,thanto thegrandeurofthebeingitdefignstohonour.

Athens

C_AP.=3. T'HE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 179

Athens¢wasfubje&togreatinconvenienciesfromtheexceffive]mmberof its feRivals.Therepower-ful people,to wholedecifionallthecitiesofGreececameto fubmittheirquarrels,couldnothavetimeto difpatchfuchamultiplicityofaffairs.

WhenConi_antineordainedthat thepeoplethouldleftonthefabbath,hemadethisdecreeforthecitiest,andnotfor the inhabitantsof theopencountry; hewasfenfible,thatlabourin thecitieswasufeful,butin thefieldsneceffary.

For the famereafon,in a countryfupportedby'commerce,the numberoffeftivalsoughtto be rela-tiveto thisverycommerce.ProteftantandCatholiccountriesarefituated+infucha mannerthatthereismoreneedoflabourin theformerthaninthelatter;thefuppreffionoffefdvalsisthereforemorefuitabletoProtefcantthanto Catholiccountries.

DampierIIobferves,thatthediverfionsofdifferentnationsvarygreatly,accordingto the climate. Ashotclimatesproducea quantityofdelicatefruits,thebarbarianseatilyfindneceffaries,andtherefore@endmuchtime in diverfions.The Indiansof coldercountrieshavenot£omuchlelfure,beingobligedtofiflaandhuntcontinually; hencetheyhavelefsmufic,dancing,andfeftivals.If a newreligionfllouldbeeftablifhedamongi_thefepeople,it oughtto haveregardto thisin thein_itutionoffefdvals.

w Xenophononthe republicof Athens."1"Leg. 3' Cod.de Ferlis. This law was doubtlefsmadeonly for the

Pagans._.The Catholicslie moretoward_the fauth, andthe ProteNantstowards

thenorth.Dampiere'svoyages_vol.ii.

" Nz CHAP.

zSo. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS.Boo_XXI.V_

C H A P, XXlV.

Of thelocalLawsof Religion,

THERE aremanylocallawsinvariousreligionsandwhenMontezumawith fo muchobftinacyin,rifted,thatthereligionoftheSpaniardswasgoodfortheircountry,andhisforMexico,he didnotaffectanabfurdity; becaufe,infa&,legiflatorscouldneverhelphavinga regardto whatnaturehadeftablithedbeforethem.

Theopinionof the metempfychofisis adaptedtotheclimateof the Indies. An exceftiveheatburns-":up all the country; theycanbreedbut veryfewcattle; theyare alwaysin dangerof wantingthemfor tillage;their blackcattlemultiplybut indiffe-rently-l-;andtheyarefubje&to manydiftempers:a lawof religionwhichprefervesthem,isthereforemorefuitableto thepolicyofthecountry.

While the meadowsare fcorchedup, rice andpulfe,bythe attiftanceof water,arebroughtto per-re&ion; a lawof religionwhichpermitsonlythiskind of nourifllment,muffthereforebe extremelyufefultomenin tholeclimates.

Theflethillofcattlein thatcountryisinfipid,butthe milk andbutterwhichtheyreceivefromthemfervesfora part of theirfubfiftence;thereforethelawwhichprohibitsthe eatingandkillingof cows,isin thelndiesnoturireafonable.

Athenscontainedaprodigiousmultitudeofpeople,bu_itsterritorywasbarren. It wasthereforeg reliv

+ SeeBernJer'stravelb vol.ii. pageI37.•_ Edifyingletters,col xii. page95";_Bernier'stravels_vo!:ii. pagex_7#

g_ot]s

C_A_.25. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. ISt

glousmaximwiththispeople,thattholewhoofferedromefmallprefentsto the gods*, hoi_ouredthemmorethantholewhofacrifieedanox.

C H A P. XXV.

fbeInconveniencyof tranfflantino_a _Religionfi'omoneCountrytoanother.

i T followsfromheni_e,thattherearefrequeritiymanyinconvenienci_sattendingthetranfplantingareligionfromonecountryto anyother.

" Thehog,"laysMr.deBoulainvilliers_-," muff*_beveryfearceinArabia,wheretherearealmoRno*_woods,andhardlyanythingfit for thenourith-*' mentofthereanimals: betides,thefaltnefsof the*_wateraridfoodrendersthepeoplemoRfufeeptible*_ofcutaneousdiforders."Thislocallawcouldnotbe goodin other._countries,wherethehogis almoffanhniverfal_and in fomeforta neceffarynourith-ment.

I flaallheremakearefle_ion. San6toriushasob-fervedthat porktranfpiresbutlittleII,andthatthiskindof meatgreatl)rhindersthetranfpirationofotherfood; hehasfoundthatthisdiminutionamountstoa third§. Betides,it is knownthat the want oftranfpirationformsor increafesthe difordersof the/kin. Thefeedingonporkoughtrathertobeprohi.bitedin climateswherethepeoplearefubje&totherediforders,as in Paleffine,Arabia,./Egypt,andLybia.

* EuripidesinAthemeus,lib.:_._f Lifeof Mahomet. _ As in China. 1

Mtdi¢inaStatica_f_Ct.iii. aphor._3. § Ibid.

N 3 CHAP.

xSz THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BooKXXIVo

C H A P. XXVI.

Thefa#zeSztbje_7continued.

SIR JohnChardin* lays,thatthereis not a n_t-vigableriverin Perfia,exceptthe Kur, whichis attheextremityoftheempire. TheancientlawoftheGaurs,whichprohibitedfailingonrivers,wasnotthereforeattendedwith any inconveniencein thiscountry,thoughit wouldhaveruinedthe tradeofanother.

Frequentbathingsareextremelyufefulin hotcli-mates. On this accounttheyare ordainedin theMahometanlaw,andintheIndianreligion. In theIndiesit isamottmeritoriousa&topraytot Godinthe runningftream:buthowcouldthefethingsbeperformedinotherclimates?

When a religionadaptedto the climateof onecountryclafhestoomuchwiththeclimateofanother,it cannotbe thereeltablithed; andwheneverit hasbeenintroduced,it hasbeenafterwardsdifcarded.It feemsto all humanappearance,as if theclimatehadprefcribedthe boundsof the ChriftianandtheMahometanreligions.

It followsfrom hence,that it is almot2zlwaysproperfora religiontohaveparticulardo&rines,anda generalworthip.In lawsconcerningthe pra&iceof religiousworfhip,thereoughtto bebutfewpar-ticulars: forinftance,theythouldcommandmortifi-cationingeneral,andnotacertainkindof mortifica-tion. Chriflianityis fullofgoodfenfe: abflinenceisofdivineinftitution; but a particularkindof abfti-nenceis ordainedbyhumanauthority,andthereforemaybechanged.

TravchintoPcrfia,vohz. _ Bernier'sTravels,vol._.BOOK

Cu,_P._,_.THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. _S3

B 0 0 K XXV.

OF LAWS AS RELATIVE TO THE ESTABLISHMENTOF RELIGION AND ITS EXTEKNAL POLITY,

CHAP. L

Of religiousSentiments.

HE piousmanand the atheit_alwaystalkofreligion; theonefpeaksofwhatheloves,and

theotherofwhathefears.

CHAP. If.

OftheMotivesofAttachmenttodifferentReligions.

THE differentreliglonsofthe worlddo notgiveto tholewhoprofefsthemequalmotivesofattach-ment; thisdependsgreatlyonthe mannerinwhichtheyagreewith theturn of thoughtandperceptionsofmankind.

We areextremelyaddic%dto idolatry,andyethavenogreatinclinationfor thereligionofidolaters:weare notveryfondof fpiritualideas,andyetaremoltattachedto tholereligionswhichteachus toadorea fpiritualbeing. Thisproceedsfromthefatis-rationwe findin ourfelvesat havingbeenfointel-ligentas to chufea religion,whichraifesthedeityfromthat bafenefsin whichhe hadbeenplacedbyothers. Welookuponidolatryasthereligionofanignorantpeople; andthereligionwhichhasafpiritualbeingforitsobje_ as thatof the moltenlightened_ations,

N 4 When

I_4 T.HE sPiRIT OF LAW'S; Boo_X_.

When with a do&rinethat givesus the ideaof afpiritualfupremebeing, we CanRilljoin tholeof afenfiblenature, and admitthemintoourworfhip,wecontra&a greater attachmentto religion; becaufethole motives, which we havejuff mentioned,areaddedto our natural ilMinationsfor the obje&soffenfe. Thus the Catholics,who havemoreof thiskind of worflfipthan the Proteftants,are moreat-tachedto their religionthan the Proteftantsare totheirs, andmorezealousfor its propagation.

Whenthe * peopleof Ephefuswereinformedthatthefathersof the councilhad declaredtheymight callthe VirginMary the motherofGod,theyweretranf-portedwithjoy, theykiffedthe handsof thebiflaops,they embracedtheir knees,and the whole city re-foundedwithacclamations.

When an intelle&ualreligionfuperaddsa choicemadebythedeity, anda preferenceto tholewhopro-fefsit to tholewho donot, thisgreatlyattachesus toreligion. The Mahometanswouldnotbe fuchgoodrnuflialmans,if onthe onehandthereu erenot idola-trousnations,whomakethemimaginethemfelvesthechampionsof the unity of God; and on the otherChriflians,to make them believe that theyare the_bje&sof hispreference.

A religionburthenedwith many$ ceremonies,at.taches us to it more ftronglythanthat whichhasa(ewer number. \Ve havean extremepropenfitvtothingsinwhichwearecontinuallyemployed; wffnefsthe obftinateprejudicesof the _:Mahometansand the

St.Cyril'sletter.This doesnot contrad_c"twhatI have faldin thela_chapterof the pre.

cedingbook: :Iherefpeakof the motive_ofattachmentto religion_a._dthereof themeansof renderingit moregeneral.

This hasbeenremarkedoverall the world. See, as to the Turks, themiflionsof the Levanti the Colle_ionof Voyagesthat co_trlbote4totheefta-bllfl_mentofan EaRladlacompany,vol.iii. p. zox. ontheMoorsof BataviaandFatherLabatonthe Mahometanne_ro_s_&c.

Jews;

CaAP.3. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS: 1_

Jews; and the readinefswith which barbarousandravagenationschange their religion,who, as they"areemployedentirelyin hunting, or war, havebutfewreligiousceremonies.

Men areextremelyinclinedto thepa_onsof hopeand fear; a religiontherefore,that had neither aheavennora hell, couldhardlypleafethem. This isprovedby theeafewithwhich foreignreligionshavebeeneflablithedinJapan, and the zeal andfondnefswithwhichthey werereceived*.

In orderto raifean attachmentto religion,it isneceffarythat it ihouldinculcatepuremorals. Menwhoareknavesby retail, areextremelyhoner in thegrofs: they love moralitT. AndwereI not treatingof fogravea fubjed't,I fhouldfay,that this appearsremarkablyevidentin our theatres: we are lure ofpleatingthe peopleby fentimentsavowedby mora-lity ; we are lure of ihockingthem by tholeit dif-approves.

Whenexternalworihlpisattendedwithgreatmag-nificence,it flattersour minds,andRronglyatt0chesus to religion. The richesof temples,and tb,ofeoftheclergy,greatlyaffeCtus. Thus, eventhe miferyofthe people,is a motivethatrendersthemfondof areligion,which hasfervedas apretext to tholewhowerethecaufeof their mifery.

C H A P. III.

Of 7"emples.

ALMOST all civilizednationsdwellin boules;from hencenaturallyarofetheideaof buildinga houfe

t, The (2hri_ianandthe Indianreligions; therel_avea hellanda ?arad_fiGwhickthereligionof Sintoshasnot.

for

116 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. Boo_XXV.

forGod, in whichtheymightadoreandfeekhim,amidttalltheirhopesandfears.

And, indeed, nothingis morecomfortableto man-kind, thanaplacein whichtheymayfindthedeitypeculiarlyprefent,andwheretheymayaffembleto-getherto conferstheirweaknefs,andtelltheirgriefs.

Butthisnaturalideaneveroccurredtoanybutfuchascultivatedtheland; thofewhohavenohoufesforthemfelves,wereneverknownto buildtemples.

This wasthe caufethat madeJenghis-Khandif-coverfuch a prodigiouscontemptformofques*.This prince-1"examinedthe Mahometans,he ap-provedofalltheirdo&rines,,_xeeptthatof thenecef-fity of goingto Mecca:he couldnotcomprehendwhyGodmightnotbeeverywhereadored.AstheTartarsdidnotdwellin houfes,theycouldhavenoideaoftemples.

Thofepeoplewho havenotemples,havebut afmallattachmentto theirownreligion. Thisisthereafonwhy the Tartarshavein all timesgivenfogreatatoleration_ ; why thebarbarousnationswhoconqueredtheRomanempire,did nothefitatea mo-mentto embraceChriftianity;why the ravagesofAmericahavefolittlefondnefsfortheirownreligion;why, finceourmittionarieshavebuilt churchesinParaguay,thenativesof that countryarebecomefozealousforours.

As the deityis the refugeof theunhappy,andnoneare moreunhappythancriminals,menhavebeennaturallyled to thinktemplesan afylumfortholewretches.Thisideaappearedfrillmorenatu-

'_ ]_nteringthe mofqueof Bocharajhe tookthe Koran)andthrewit underhishorfe'stent. ttifl,of theTartarJ_p. z73,

+ Ibid. page34z.Thisdifpofitionof mindhasbeencommunicatedto theJapanefe_who_a

it maybeeafilyproved_derivetheiroriginalfromtheTartars.

z ral

CHAr.3. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. i87

ral to the Greeks,wheremurderers,chafedfromtheircityandtheprefenceofmen,feemedtohavenohoufesbutthetemples,norotherprote_orsbutthegods.

At firftthefewereonlydeflgnedfor involuntaryhomicides; butwhenthepeoplemadethema fanc-tuaryforthofewhohadcommittedgreatcrimes,theyfellintoa grofscontradi&ion,if theyhadoffendedmen,theyhad muchgreaterreafonto believetheyhadoffendedthegods.

ThefeafylumsmultipliedinGreece. ThetemplesjlaysTacitus*, werefilledwith infolventdebtors,andwicked/laves; the magiftratefoundit difficultto exercifehisoffice; thepeopleprote&edthecrimesofmenas the ceremoniesofthegods; at lengththefenatewasobligedto retrencha greatnumberofthem.

ThelawsofMoleswereperfe&lywife. Themanwhoinvoluntarilykilledanother,wasinnocent; buthewasobligedtobetakenawayfrombeforetheeyesoftherelationsof thedeceafed: Molesthereforeap-pointedan afylumt for fuch unfortunatepeople,Theperpetratorsofgreatcrimesdeferrednotaplaceoffafety,andtheyhad none_, theJewshadonlyaportabletabernacle,whichcontinuallychangeditsplace:thisexcludedtheideaof a fan&uary.It istrue, thattheyhadafterwardsa temple; butthecri-minals,whowould refortthitherfrom all parts,mightdifturbthedivinefervice. If perfonswhohadcommittedmanflaughter,hadbeendrivenoutofthecountry,aswascuftomaryamong_theGreeks,theyhadreafonto fearthat theywould worl'hipftrangegods. All thereconfiderationsmadethemet'cablilhcitiesoffafety,wheretheymightflayfill the deathofthehigh-prieR.

Annal.lib.z. afNumb.xxxv. _ Ibld.CHAP.

THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. Book XXV_¢

C H A P, IY.

Of the21_n_ersof Religion.

THE firt_men, laysPorphyry,facrifieedonlyVegetables.Ina worfhipfotimple,everyonemightbeprieftin hisownfamily.

Thenatural&tireofpleatingtheDeitymultiplied!ceremonies.Fromhenceit followed,thatmenem-ployedin agriculturebecameincapableofobt_rvingthemall, andoftillingupthenumber.

Particularplaceswereconfecratedto thegods; itthenbecameneceffarythattheythouldhaveminittersto takecareof them; in thefamemanneras everycitizentookcareof hishoufeanddomefticaffairs.Hencethepeoplewhohaveno priersarecommonlybarbarians:fuch wereformerlythePedalians*,andfucharefrilltheWolgufkyT-

MenconfecratedtotheDeityoughttobehonoured,efpeciallyamongftpeoplewhohaveformedanideaofa pertbnalpurityneceffaryto approachtheplacesmoltagreeableto the gods,andfortheperformanceofparticularceremonies.

Thewor_ipofthegodsrequiringacontinualap-plication,moltnationswereledtoconfidertheclergyas a feparatebody. Thus,amongfttheEgyptians,theJews, andthePerfians+, theyconfecratedtOtheDeitycertainfamilieswhoperformedandperpetuatedthefervice. Therehavebeenevenreligions,whichhavenotonlyef_rangedecclefiafticsfrombufinefs,buthavealfotakenawaytheembarraffmentsofafamily;

LiliusGiraldus,page7:t6."l"A peopleofSiberia.Seetl:eaccountgivenbyMr,EverardY/brantIdes_

in theColle_ionofTravelstotheNortbjvol.$.Mr.Hyde.

and

C_A_.5. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. IS9

llndthisisthepra6liceoftheprincipalbranchofChrittianlty.

I/hall notheretreatof theconfequencesof thelawof celibacy:it is evident,that it maybecomehurt-ful, inproportionasthe bodyof the clergymaybetoonumerous; and, in confequenceof this, thatofthe laitytoo fmall.

Bythenatureofthehumanunderftanding,we lovein religioneverythingwhich carriesthe ideaof diffi-

.culty; as in point of moralitywe havea fpeculativefondnefsfor everything whichbearsthe characReroffeveriry.. Celibacyhasbeenmoftagreeableto tholenationsto whomit feemedleaft adapted,and with.whomit mightbe attendedwith themoltfatal con-fequences. In the foutherncountries of Europe,,where,by thenatureof the climate,the lawof celi-bacyis moredifficultto obferve,it hasbeenretained;_n thole of the north, where the paffionsare lefslively, it has been banithed. Further, in countrieswherethereare but few inhabitants,it hasbeenad-mitted; in thofethatarevaftlypopulous,it hasbeenrejected. It is obvious,that thereretie&ionsrelateonly to the too great extenfionof celibacy,andnogto celibacyitfelf.

CHAP. V.

Of the BoundswhichtheLawsoughtto_r_ribeto tl:..eRichesof theClergy.

A S particularfamiliesmaybeextin&,their wealthcannot be a perpetualinheritance. The clergyis afamilywhich cannot be extin&; wealthis thereforefixedto it for ever, and cannotgo outof it.

Particularfamilies may increafe, it is neceffarythen that th.eirwealth ihould altb increafe. The

clergy

rgo THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. Boo_cXXV.

clergyisa familywhichoughtnotto increafe; theirwealthoughtthento belimited.

We haveretainedtheregulationsoftheLeviticallawsastOthe poffettionsof the clergy,excepttholerelatingto the boundsof therepoffeflions: indeed,amongRus wemut_everbe ignorantof thelimit,beyondwhichanyreligiouscommunitycannolongerbe permittedto acquire.

Thefeendlefsaequifitionsappearto the peoplefounreafonable,that he who flaouldfpeat¢in theirdefence,wouldbe regardedasanidiot.

The civillawsfindfometimesmanydifficultiesinalteringeftablithedabufes;becaufetheyare con-t_e&edwith thingsworthyof refpe&;in thiscafean indire&proceedingwouldbe a greaterproofofthe wifdomof the legiflaror,thananotherwhichflruckdire&lyat the thingitfetf. Infteadofprohi-bitingthe acquifitionsoftheclergy,wePaouldleekto givethema diftat_efor them; to leavethemtherighg andtotakeawaythedeed.

In romecountriesofEurope,arefpec"tforthepri-vilegesofthenobilityhaseftablithedintheirfavoura.rightof indemnityoverimmoveable.goodsacquiredin mortmain.The intereftof the pnncehasin thefamecaremadehimexa&a rightofamortization:InCaftile,whereno fuchrightprevails,theclergyhavefeizeduponeverything. In Arragon,wherethereis romerightof amortization,theyhaveob-tainedlefs:in France,wherethisright andthat ofindemnityare eftablithed,they haveacquiredlefst_ill; andit maybe laid,thattheprofperityofthiskingdomis ina greatmeafureowingto the exercifeof theretwo rights. If poffiblethen,increafethererights,andputa ftoptothemortmain.

Renderthe ancientandneceffarypatrimonyoftheclergyfattedandinviolable: letit befixtandeternallike

C_r. 6,7. THE SPIKIT OF LAWS. t9t

likethatbody itfelf: but let new inheritancesbe outof the_.rpower.

Yermit them to break the rule, when the ruleisbec,_mean abufe; fufferthe abufe, when it entersinto therule.

They12111rememberat Romea certainmemorialfer,t thither on rome difputeswith the clergy, inwhichwasthismaxim; " The clergyought to con-" tribute to the expencesof the _ate, let the Old_' Teftamentfay what it will." They concludedfrom this pmTage,that the authorof this memorialwas betterverfedin the languageof the tax-gathererspthan in thatof religion.

CHAP. ¥I.

OfMonafleries.

THE leaftdegreeof commonfenfewill letus fee,thatbodiesdefignedfor aperpetualcontinuancethouldnot be allowedto felltheirfundsfor life, norto bor-row for life; unlefswe want themto be heirs toalltholewhohaveno relations,-andto tholewhodo notchufeto ha_'eany. Thefemen playagainffthe peo.ple, but theyholdthe bank themfelves.

C H A P. VII.

Of theLuxuryof Superflition.

ccTHOSE are guilty of impiety towards the" gods, JaysPlato"_,who deny their exiftence; or" who, while theybelieveit, maintainthat*theydo" notinterferewithwhatis donebelow; or, in fine," who think that they can eafilyappeafethem by

OfLaws_hook Io,facrifices;

xg_ THE SPIRIT OF LAWS, BoolcXXIV.

" faerifices:three opinionsequally'pernicious."Platohasherefaidallthattheclearerlightofnaturehaseverbeenableto fay,in pointofreligion.

The magnificenceof externalwodhiphasaprin-cipaleonne&ionwith the conRitutionof theRate.In goodrepublics,theyhavecurbednot onlytheluxuryof vanity,buteventhatoffuperftition.Theyhaveintroducedfrugallawsintoreligion.Of thisnumberaremanyofthelawsofSolon,manyofth0feof Plato on funerals,adoptedby Cicero; and,inline,fomeofthelawsofNuma* onfaeriflccs.

Birds,laysCicero,andpaintingsbegunandfiniflaedin a day,aregiftsthe moRdivine. Weoffercom-mon things,laysa Spartan,that we mayalwayshaveit inourpowertohonourthegods.

Thedefireofmanto payhiswor/hipto thedeity,is verydifferentfromthe magnificenceofthiswor-]hip, Let us not offerour treafuresto him,ifweare notproudof/hewingthat we efleemwhathewouldhaveusdefpife.

" What tour the godsthink of thegiftsof the" impious"laidtheadmirablePlato," whenagood" manwouldblufhto receiveprefentsfromavil-"" lain.,'"

Religionoughtnot,underthe pretenceof gifts,to drawfromthe people,whattheneceflitiesofthettatehaveleft them; but, asPlatot lays," The" chafieandthepiousoughttooffergifts,whichre-" femblethemfelves."

Norisit properforreligionto encourageexpenfivefunerals.What is theremorenatural,thanto takeawaythedifferenceoffortuneina circumftance,aridin theverymoment,whichequalsallfortunes?

*Regurnvinonerefpcrgito.LawoftheTwelveTables.OnLaw_b'a0kii.

CHAP.

C(_,8_9. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS, x9_

C H A P. VIII.

O)itbePontificate.

WHEN religionhas manyminitters,it is natural}'orthemto havea chiet:,and fora fovereignpontif_tobe eflablilhed. In monarchies,wherethefeverat_i'dersi_fthe ffatecannot be kept toodiftin&,andwhereall powersOughtnot to bel&Igedin thefameperfon; it is proper that the pontificatebe diffin&fromthe empire. The fameneceffityis notto bemetwith in a defpoticgovernment,the natureof whichis tounite all the differentpowersinthe fameperfon.But in this cafeit mayhappen,that the princemayregardreligionas he does the laws themfelves,asdependenton his ownwill. To preventthisincon-Venienej,,thereought to be monumentsof religlon,for i_nffanee,faeredbooks, whichfixand ePcabliflait.The kingof Perfiais the chiefof the religion; butthisreligionis regulatedbytheKoran. The emperorof Chinaisthefovereignpontif ; but therearebooksin thehandsof everybody, to Whichhe himfelfmu_conform. In vain a certaia emperorattemptedtoabolifhthem: theytriumphedovertyranny.

CHAP. IX.

Of folerationinpointofgeligiom

WE areherepoliticians,and notdivines: but thedivinesthemfetvestour allow, that there is a greatdifferencebetweentoleratingand approvinga "reli-gion.

Whenthe legiflatorhas believedit a duty to per-mitthe exercifeof manyreligions,it is neceffarythat

VoL. iI. 0 het

_94 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. Boo_XXV.he fhouldinforcealfoa tolerationamongfttherereli-gionsthemfelves.It isaprinciplethateveryreligionwhichisperfecuted,becomesitfelfperfecuting:foras loonas by romeaccidentalTurnit arifesfromper-fecution,it attacksthereligionwhichperfecutedit:notasareligion,butasa tyranny.

It is neceffarythenthatthe lawsrequirefromthefeveratreli_ons,notonlythattheyflaallnotembroiltheftate,but that theyflaallnot raifedilturbancesamongftthemfelves.A citizendoesnot fulfilthelawsbynotdifturbingthegovernment; it isrequifitethathe/houldnottroubleanycitizenwhomfoever.

CHAP. X.

g'befameSubjedtcontinued.

AS therearefcarceanybutperfecutingreligionsthat haveanextraordinaryzealforbeingettabliflaedin otherplaces(becaufea religionthat cantolerateothers_feldomthinksof its ownpropagation);itmuffthereforebe a verygoodcivillaw,whentheftateis alreadyfatisfiedwith theeflablithedreligion,notto fuffertheeftablifhment_ofanother*.

Thisisthenafundamentalprincipleof thepoliticallawsinregardto religion: Thatwhentheflareisatlibertyto receiveor to reje&anewreligion,it oughtto berejected_whenit is received,it oughtto betolerated.

I do not mean to fpeak in this chapterof the Chri_anreligion_for,as I havedfewhcreobferved,the Chrif_ianreligionis ourchiefblefling._eetheendo_"the precedingchaptcr_andlh_ dcfone¢cf th¢ Spiritof Laws.partz,

CHAP.

C_P_r_i. THE sPIRIT OF LAWS: 19£

(3 H A P, XI.

Ofchan,_inga Religion.

APRINCEwhoundertakestodeftroyortOchangetheeftablifhedreligionofhiskingdom,mu_ greatlyexpofehimfelf. If his governmentis defpoti¢,herunsamuchgreaterri_ of feeinga revolutionarifefromfuchaproceeding,thanfromanytyrannywhat-foever,anda revolutionisnotanuncommonthinginfuchftates.The reafonof this is, becaufea thtecannotchangeits religion,mannersandcu/toms,inaninttant,andwiththe famerapidityastheprincepublithestheordinancewhichethbli/hesa newreli-

• gl°no

Betides,theancientreligionis conne&edwiththeconftitufionofthekingdom,andthenewoneis not;theformeragreeswith the climate,_and veryoftenthenewoneisoppofiteto it. Moreover,thecitizensbecomedifguftedwiththeirlaws,andlookuponthegovernmentalreadyeftablifhedwithcontempt; theyconceiveajealoufyagainftthetworeligions,infteadofa firmbeliefin one; ina word,thereinnovationsgiveto the ftate,at leaftfor rometime,both badcitizensandbadbelievers.

C H A P. XH.

.Ofpe_alLaws,

PENAL lawsoughttobe avoided,in refpe&toreligion:theyimprintfear,it is true; but as reli-gionhasalfopenallawswhichinfpirethefamepaf-fion,the oneis effacedby theother; andbetweenthefetWOdifferentkindsof fear_themindbecomeshardened.

0 2 TheL

196 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. I3oox3_'_r;

Thethreateningsofreligionarefoterrible,anditspromifesfogreat,thatw_entheya&uatethe mind.whatevereffortsthe magifcratemayufeto obligeusto renounceit, hefeemstoleaveusnothingwhenhedeprivesus of the exercifeof our religion,andtobereaveusofnothingwhenweareallowedxo]n'ofefsit.

It is notthereforebyfillingthefoulwiththeideaofthisgreatobje&,bybatteningherapproachxothatcriticalmomentinwhichitoughtto'beofthehighcffimportance,thatreligioncanbemot1fuccefsfutiyat-tacked: a morecertainway :isto tempt_herbyfavours,by the convenienciesof tife,by hopesoffortune;not by that whichrevives,but by thatwhichextinguiOaes_hefenfeofherduty; notbythatwhich]hocksher,butbythatwhichthrowsherintoindifference,at the timewhenotherpaflionsa_'uatethemind,andtholewhichreligionmfpiresarehuflledintofilence.A generulrulein changingaTdigion;the invitations]houldbe muchf_rongerthanthepe-nalties.

Thetemperofthehumanmindhasappearedevenin the natureof punifl_ments.If wetakeafurvey"oftheperfecufionsinJapan*, we_'hallfindthattheywere more]hockedat crueltormentsthanatlongfufferings,whichratherwearythanaffright,whidharethemoredifticulttofurmount,fromtheirappear-inglefsdifficult.

In a word,hifforyfufiicientlyinformsus, thatpenallawshaveneverhad anyothereffe&but todeffroy.

* Inthecolle_ioaof vo,/age_thatcontributedto theethbliOameat_sEaf_-I_diacompany_voLv,

CHAP.

ChAP.I3. THE SPIRITOF LAWS. I_?

C H A P. XIII.

.4moilhumbleRemonflranceto theInqui_torsofSpainandPortugal.

A JEWESSoftenyearsofage,whowasburntatLifoonat the laft_luta-de-f_,gaveoccafionto thefollowinglittlepiece; themoltidle,I believe,thateverwaswritten. Whenweattempttoprovethingsfoevident,wearelurenevertoconvince.

Theauthordeclares,thattl_ougha Jew, he hasa_refpe&for the Chriftianrellgion;and that hethouldbe gladto takeawayfromthe princeswhoarenotChfiftians,a plaufiblepretenceforperfecutingthisreligion.

" Youcomplain,layshe to the inqulfitors,that" the emperorof JapancaufedalltheChriftiansin" hisdominionsto be burntbya flowfire. Buthe*' willanfwer,we'treatyouwhodonotbellevelike" us,asyouyourfetvestreattholewhodonotbelieve" likeyou:you canonlycomplalnof yourWeak-;" hers,Whichhashinderedyoufromexterminating" us, andwhichhasenabtedus toexterminateyou.

" BUtit muffbeconfeffed,thatyouaremuchmore, cruelthanthisemperor.Youput us to death," whobelieveonlywhatyoubelieve,becaufewedo" not belieyeall that youbelieve. We followa" religion,whichyouyourfelvesknowto havebeen" formerlydearto God. WethinkthatGodloves" it Rill,andyouthink thathe lovesit no more:" andbecaufeyoujudgethus,youmaketholefuffer" by fwordandfire,whoholdanerrorfopardon-" ableas to believe,thatGod* Rillloveswhathe" onceloved.

* The fourceof the hlln_nefsof theJew8i*, their n,_tperceivingthat theeconomyof the gofpelis in theorderofthe cl¢¢reesof Gcd; amtthatit is inthi_lighta ¢onfetluenceofhis immutability.

0 3 " 1_

z98 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BooKXXV.

" Ifyouarecrueltous, youaremuchmorefo to_cour children; you caufe them to be burnt, be-" caufethey followthe infpirationsgiven them by"c_tholewhomthe law of nature, and thelawsof all_ nations,teach-themto regardasGods.

" You depriveyourfelvesof the advantageyou_chave over the Mahometans,with refpe&to the" mannerin which their religionwas eftablifhed." Whentheyboal2of thenumberof theirbelievers_"' you tell them that they haveobtainedthem by"" violence,landthat they have extendedtheirreli-_" gionby the fword; why then do you eftablithf: yoursbyfire?

" When you would bring us over to you, wec, objecta fourcefrom whichyouglorytodefcend._' Youreplytous, that thoughyour religionis new,j" it is divine; and you prove it fromitsgrowing_' amidftthe perfeclationsof Pagans,andwhen wa-c, teredbythe bloodofyourmartyrs: but at prefent" youplay the part of the Diocletians,andmakeusf' t_keyours.

:' We conjureyou, notby the mightyGodwhom*' both you and we ferve,but by that Chriftwho,,! youtell us, tookuponhima humanform, to pro-" pole himfelffor an examplefor you to follow;" We _onjureyou to behaveto us, as he himfelf_' wou!d behavewas he upon earth, You would" have us be Chriltians_and you will riot be fo_' yourfelves.

" But if you will not be Chriftians,be at leaft_: men; treat us as you would, if havi_ngonly the" weaklight of juflice which naturebefiows,you_ ht_driota te!igionto condu&,a.n,d,a rev¢latior_to" enlightenyou.

" If heavenhas hadfo greata lovefor you, asto_' make you feethe truthi .youhave receiveda fin-

" gyl_l'

ChAr.t3. THE SPIRIT Ott LAWS. i99

" gular favour: but is it for children,who havere"" ceivedtheinheritanceof theirfatheGto hatethole_"whohavenot?. " If youhave this truth, hideit not fromus, byc_the mannerin which you propofeifl The cha-_ ra&erii_icof truth is its triumph overheartsandc_minds,and not that impoLencywhich you con-" fe£%when you would force us to receiveit by" tortures.

" If you were wife, youwould not put us toc, dcathfor nootherreafon,but becaufewe areun-" willing to deceiveyou. If ),ourChriffis the fon" of God, we hope he will rewardus for beingfo" unwillingtoprofanehismyfteries; andwebelieve,'¢ that theGodwhombothyouandwe ferve,will not" punifl'ius for having fuffereddeath for a religion"' which he formerlygaveus, onlybecaufewe be-" lievethat he Rillcontinuestogiveit.

" Youlive in an age inwhichthelight ofnaturec, thlnesmorebrightthanit haseverdone; in which" philofophyhasenlightenedhumanunderflandings;" in which the moralityof 3,ourgol]3elhas been" more known; in which the refpe&iverights of" mankind,with regardto eachother, and the era-" pire which one confciencehas overanother, are"bett underfiood. If youdo not thereforethakeoff" yourancientprejudices,which,whilRunregarded," minglewith your pafl]ons,it mui_be confeffed," that youare incorrigible,incapableof an),degree" of light, or inRru&ion; and a nation tour be" veryunhappythatgivesauthorityto fuchmen.

q;i; "Wouldyouhaveusfranklytellyouourthoughts._" You confiderus ratheras your enemies,thanas" theenemiesof yourreligion: for if youlovedyour" religion, youwould not [ufferit to be corrupted" byfuchgrofsignorance.

O 4" " It

2oo THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BooxY,_.

" Itisneceffarythatwelhouldadvertifeyouof" onething;thatis,ifanyoneintimestocome" /halldareto affert,that in the agein whichwe" live,thepeopleofEuropewerecivilized,youwill_' becitedto provethattheywerebarbarians; ands' theideatheywillhaveofyou,willbefuchaswill_' difhonour3:ourage,andfpreadhatredoverallyour" cotemporaries."

C H A P. XIV.

I4rhytheChri._ianReligionisfo odiousinJapan.

WE havealreadymentioned* theperverfetemperof thepeopleofJapan. The magiftratesconfideredthe firmnefswhichChriitianityinfpires,whentheyattemptedtomakethepeoplerenouncetheirfaith,asinitfelfmoltdangerous: theyfanciedthat'itincreafedtheirobftinacy.ThelawofJapanpunithesfeverelytheleaftdifobedience.ThepeoplewereorderedtorenouncetheChriftianreligion;theydidnotrenounceit ; thiswasdifobedience:the magiftratespunithedthiscrime;andthecontinuanceindifobediencefeemedto deferveanotherpunifhment.

,Punilhmentsamongftthe Japanefeareconfideredastherevengeof an infultdonetotheprince. Thelongsoftriumphlungby ourmartyrsappearedasanoutrageagainffhim; thetitleofmartyrprovokedthomagiflrares; in theiropinionit fignifiedrebel; theydidallin theirpowerto preventtheirobtainingit."/'henit wasthattheirmindswereexafperated,anda horridftrugglewasfeenbetweenthe tribunalsthatcondemned,andtheaccufedwhofuffered; betweenthecivilJaws,andtholeofreligion.

*Rookiv.chap.z4,-- CHAP,

Ca6e. _5- THE SPIRIT 01_ L_AW$. _o_

CHAP. T¢.

Of the_PropagationofReligion.

ALL the peopleof the EaR,exceptthe l_aho-metans,believeallreligionsin themfelvesindifferent.They fearthe e_ablifhmentof anotherreligion,nootherwifethanasa changein government.AmongfttheJapanefe,wheretherearemanyfe_s, andw.herethe Ratehashadfor fo long a timea_aecclefiaRiefuperior,they* neverdifputeonreligion.It isthefamewiththe peopleofSiam_-. TheCalmucks+domore,theymakeit a pointofconfcienceto tole-

rate everyfpeciesof religion:at CalicutIJit is amaximoftheRate,thateveryreligionisgood.

Butitdoesnotfollowfromhence,tkata religionbroughtfroma fardiffan_country,andquitedifferentin climate,laws,manners,and cuftoms,wil!haveallthefuccefsto whichits holinefsmightentitleit.Thisis moreparticularlytruein greatdefpoticera,.pires: hereRran.gersare toleratedat fi_, becauf¢thereis noattenuongivento whatdoesnotfecmtoftrikeat the authorityof the prince. Asth0yareextremelyignorant,anEuropeanmayrenderhimfelfagreeable,bythe know.ledgeheeommunicatos: thisisveryw.eUin thebeginning.Butasloonashehasanyfuecefs,whendifputesafire,andwhanthenwhohaveromeinterctt,becomeinformedof it;. astheirempire,byitsverynature,abov._:all thingsrequirestranquility,andastkeleaftdiffurhancemayoverturnit, they:profcfib¢t.h¢newreligion,a_d-_hofewho

a SeeKempfer,_fForbin'sMemoirs.

HiftoryoftheTartars_F_u__° •Pirard'sTravds,ch_.=7,

4 preach

_2_ THE SPIRIT OFLAWS. BoolcXXVi.

preachit: difputesbetweenthepreachersbreakingout, theybe_n to entertaina dit2afteforreligion,onwhicheventholewhopropofeit arenotagreed.

B 0 0 K XXVI.

OF LAWS, AS RELATIVE TO THE ORDER OF THINGS01_ WHICH THEY DET_RMIlqE.

CHAP. I.

Ideaof thisBook.

w_ichEN are governedby t'everalkindsof laws;by the law of nature;by the divinelaw,isthatofreligion; byecclefiaftical,otherwife

calledcanonlaw,whichis thatof religiouspolity;by thelawof nations,whichmaybe confideredasthecivillawofthewholeglobe,inwhichfenfeeverynationis a citizen; by the generalpoliticallaw,

whichrelatestothathumanwifdomfromwhenceallfocietiesderivetheirorigin; bytheparticularpoliticallaw, theobjeCtofwhichiseachfociety; bythelawofconquerfoundedonthis, thatonenationhasbeenWillingandable,orhashada rightto offerviolenceto another; by the civillawof everyfociety,bywhicha eltizenmaydefendhis poffeffionsandhislife,againfttheattacksof anyothercitizen; infine,by domefticlaw,whichproceedsfroma fociety'sbeingdividedinto feveralfamilies,all whichhavelacedOfaparticulargovernment.

Thereare thereforedifferentordersof laws;andthe fublimityof humanrcafonconfiftsin perfe&ly

knowing

CaAp.z. THE SPIRITOF LAWS. _o3

knowingto whichofthefeordersthethingsthatareto be determinedoughtto havea principalrelation,andnottothrowintoconfufiontholeprincipleswhichthouldgovernmankind.

CHAP II.

OfLawsdivineandhuman.

WE oughtnot to decideby divinelawswhatfaouldbedecidedbyhumanlaws; nordeterminebyhumanwhatthouldbedeterminedbydivinelaws.

Thefetwo fortsof lawsdifferin theiroriginal,intheirobje&,andintheirnature.

It is univerfallyacknowledged,that humanlawsare in theirown naturedifferentfromthofeofreli-gion; thisisan importantprinciple; but thiswin-cipleis itfelffubje&to others,whichmuftbeen-quiredafter.

I. It isin the natureof humanlawstobefubje&to all theaccidentswhichcanhappen,andto varyin proportionas the will of manchanges:on thecontrary,bythenatureofthe lawsofreligion,theyareneverto _rary.Humanlaws appointforromegood; tholeofreligionforthebelt: goodmayhaveanotherobje&,beeaufetherearemanykindsofgood:butthebe_is bt_tone,it cannotthereforechange.We mayalterlaws,becaufetheyarereputednomorethangood; buttheinffitutionsofreligionarealwaysfuppofedto bethebell

2.Therearekingdoms,,in whichthe lawsareofnovalue,astheydependonlyonthe capriciousandficklehumourofthefovereign.Ifintherekingdomsthe lawsof religionwereof the famenatul:easth_humanint_itutions,thelawsofreligiontoowouldbeof novalue. It is howeverneeeffaryto thefociety,

that

_Q4 THE SPIKZT OF LAW_. BoogX_VIo

thatit fhouldhavefomethingfixed; andit isreligionthat hasthisftability.

3"Theinfluenceofreligionproceedsfromitsbeingbelieved;that of humanlaws, fromtheirbeingfeared. Antiquityfuitswith religion,becaufewehavefrequentlyafirmerbeliefofthings,in proportionto theirdiftance:for we haveno ideasannexedtothemdrawnfromtholetimes,whichcancontradictthem. Humanlaws,on the contrary,receivead-vantagefromtheirnovelty,whichimpliestheae't'ualandparticularattentionof the legiflatortoputtheminexecution.

C H A P. IlL

OfCivilLawscontrarytott_eLaz_ofNature.

tF a flare,laysPlato*, defendshimfelf,andkillsa freeman,he oughtto be treatedas a parricide.Thisis a civillaw whichpuniPaesfelf-defence,thoughdiEtatedbynature.

Thelawof HenryVIII.whichcondemnedamanwithoutbeingconfrontedbywitneffes,wascontraryto felf-defence.In orderto pafslenienceof con-detonation,it is neceffarythatthe witneffesfhouldknow,whetherthe managainftwhomtheymaketheirdepofition,is hewhomtheyaccufe,andthatthismanbeat libertyto fay,I amnot theperfonyoumean.

Thelawpaffedunderthefamereigaa,whichcon-demnedeverywoman,who,havingcarriedona cri-minalcommerce,didnotdeclareit to thekingbefore_hemarriedhim,violatedtheregarddueto naturalmode_,. It isasunreafonabletoobligea womanto

Lib._.oa laws.make

C.A_.:5. THE SP:IRIT OF LAWS. _

makethisdeclaration,asto obligea man not to at-temptthedefenceofhisownlife.

The law of Henry II. which condemnedthewomanto deathwho loftherchild,in care fhe didnot make known her pregnancyto the magiftrate,was not lefscontraryto fell-defence.It wouldhavebeen fufficientto obligeher to informone of hern:areRrelations,who might watch over theprefer-rationof the infant.

What otherinformationcouldfinegivein thisfitu-ation,fotorturingtonaturalmodeRy? +Educationhasheightenedthe notion of preferringthat modefty;and in thofecriticalmoments_fcarcehas/heanyide_remainingof the lofsof life.

There has beenmuchtalk of a lawin *Englatad,which permittedgirls fevenyearsold to chufe ahuiband. This law was flaockingtwoways; it hadno regardto thetime whennaturegivesmaturitytothe underthnding,nor to that in which finegivesmaturityto thebody.

Amongft the Romans,a father might obligehisdaughterto repudiate-1+herhufband,thoughhe him-felfhadconfentedto themarriage. But it is contrarytonature, for a divorcetobe in the powerof a thirdperfon.

A divorcecanbe agreeableto natureonlywhenit is by confentof thetwo parties, orat leaffofoneof them: but whenneithei"confents,it isamonftrousreparation. In ihort, the powerof divorcementcanbe givenonlyto thofewhofeeltheinconvenienciesofmarriage,and who are fenfibleof the momentwhenit isfor theirintereffto makethemceafe.+:....

++ ++. , .

• Mr.Bayle,in his Crhldfmo_ the Hi_o_ of Calvinifmjf_ealraOf.thislaw_page:63.

"i"$cclaw 5'in the coded©repudiitotjudlclodcmoributfublato.

CHAP.

_o6 THE SPIRIT OFLAWS. Boo_XXVI.

C H A P. IV.

g'hefame8ubja."tcontinued.

GUNDEBALD a king of Burgundydecreed,thatif thewifeor fonof a perfonguiltyof robbery,didnotrevealthecrime,theywereto become/laves.Thiswascontrarytonature: awifetoinformagalnRher huiband!a fortto accufehis father!to avengeonecriminala&ion,theyordainedanotherRillmorecriminal.

ThelawofReceffulnthus+ permitsthechildrenoftheadulterers,or tholeofherhuiband,toac_feher,andto put the flaresof the houfeto the torture.How iniquitousthelaw,which,toprefervea purityof morals,o'¢erturnsnature,theorigin,thefourceofallmorality!

Withpleafurewe beholdin our theatresayoungheroexprefsasmuchhorroragaint_the difcoveryofhismother-in-law's,guilt,asagaintt,the guiltitfelf.Inhtsfurprize,thoughaccufed,3udged,condemned,profcribed,andcoveredwith infamy,he fcarcelydarestoretie&onthe abominablebloodfromwhencePhaedrafprang:heabandonsthemolttenderobje&,all thaiis moRdear,allthatliesneareffhisheart,allthatcanfillhimwithrage,to deliverhimfelfuptotheunmeritedvengeanceof thegods. It is nature'svoice,thefweeteffofallfounds,thatinfkfiresuswiththispleafure.

_'Lawof theBurgundlansjt_t.47-1"In thecodeof theVifigoth,s llb.3. tit. 4. fe_. I_

CHAP.

CsAp. 5. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. _o7

CHAP. V.

Cafesin whichwemayju@eby the PrinciplesoftheCivilLaw,in limitingtbe PrinciplesoftheLawof2qature.

AN Athenianlaw obliged* childrento providefortheirfathers,whenfallenintopoverty;itexcepted

: tholewhowerebornof a t courtezan,tholewhofechattityhad been infamouflyproftitutedby theirfather,andtholeto whomhe_ hadnotgivertanymeansofgaininga livelihood.

The law confidered,that. in the firf_cafe,thefatherbeinguncertain,he hadrenderedthenaturalobligationprecarious; thatinthefecond,l-.ehadful-liedthelifehehadgiven,and donethegreaterinjuryhe coulddo to his children,in deprivingthemoftheirreputation;that in the third,hehadrenderedinfupportablealifewhichhadnomeansoffubfi_ence.Thelawfufpendedthenaturalobligationofchildren,becaufethe fatherhadviolatedhis; it lookeduponthefatherandthe fonasnomorethantwo citizens,anddetermined, in refpec"tto them,onlyfromci_filand politicalviews; everconfidering,that a goodrepublicoughtto havea particularregardtomanners.I amapt to think,thatSolon'slawwasa wiferegu-lationin the firfttwo cafes,Whetherdaatin whichnaturehasleftthefortin ignorancewithregardto hisfather,orthatin which_e evenfeemsto ordainheflaouldnotownhim; butit cannotbeapprovedwithrefpeEtto thethird,wherethefatherhadonlyviolateda civilin_itution.

• Underpainofinfamy, anotherunderpainoflmprlfoltment,"l"Plutarch_llfeofSolon.

Plutarchllfeof Solon_andGallienusinexhort,adaru ¢. g.CHAP.

_'0"8'rH_ SPIRITOFLAWS_ Boo_XX-V_

c HAP.

_ibatth_Orderof8ucceflionorInberftancedependsontl_eP_qncfplesdfPoliticalorCivilLaw_andnotontbofeoftheLawofNature.

_'HE Voconianlawordained,that no womanffhouldbelefthelrefsto aneftate,notevenif/hewasan onlychitd. Neverwas therea law, laysSt._uguffine*, moreunjuR. AformulaofMarculfus-l-treaesthateuRomasimpious,whichdeprivesdaugh-tersof the rightof fucceedingto theeRateoftheirfatke'ts.Ju_nian_ givesthe appellationof barba-l'olas,to the right WhichthemaleshadformerlyOffucceedinginprejudiceto the daughters.Therenotionsproceedfrom their havingconfideredtherightofchildrento fu¢ceedto theirfatherspoffeffions,as a confequenceof the lawof nature; whichit isllot.

Thelawof natureordains,thatfathersflmll"pro-_idefoi-theirchildren; butit doesnotobligethemto makethemtheirheirs. Thedivifionofproperty,thelaw_ofthisdivifion,andthefucceffmnafterthedeathoftheperfonwhohashadthisdivifion,canberegulatedonlyby thecommunity,andconfequentlybypoliticalorcivillaws.

Trueitis, thata politicalorcivilorderfrequentlydemandsthatchildrenihouldfucceedto theirfather's_ftate; butit doesnotalwaysmakethisneceffary.

Theremayberomereafonsgivenwhythelawsofourfiefsappointthattheelderoftherrrales,or thenearerrelationsof the malefide,/hotrldhaveall,andthefemalesnothing: andwhybythelawsofthe

t DecivRat¢Dci_lib.4. _fLib,il,cap.xz. _ N0vell._r,Lombards

CaAP,6. iTHESPIRITOF LAWS. _o9

Lombards*theriflers,thenaturalchildren,theotherrelations; and,in theirdefault,thetreafury,mightiharetheinheritancewiththedaughters.

It wasregulatedinromeoftheDynafliesofChina,thatthebrothersoftheemperorfhouldfucceedtothethrone,andthat the childrenihouldnot. If theywerewillingthat the prince/houldhavea certaindegreeof experience,if theyfearedhis beingtooyoung,andif it wasbecomeneceffaryto preventeunuchsfrom placingchildrenfuccef[ivelyon thethrone,they mightveryjuRlyeflablifha likeorderoffucceffion; andwhenrome-_writershavetreatedtherebrothersasufurpers,theyhavejudgedonlybyideasreceivedfromthelawsoftheirowncountries.

Accordingro the cuftomofNumidia;I;,Defalces,b(otherof Gala,fucceededto the kh_gdom;notMafllniffa,hisfon. And evento thisdayIt,amongthe Arabsin Barbary,whereeachvillagehasitschief,theyadhereto thisancientcufrom,bychufingtheuncle,or romeotherrelation,tofucceed.

Therearemonarchiesmerelyele&ive; andfinceitisevident,that the orderof fucceflionoughtto bederivedfromthepoliticalorcivillaws,it isforthereto decidein whatcafesit isagreeableto reafon,thatthe fucceffionbe grantedto children,andin whatcafesitoughtto begiventoothers.

In countrieswherepolygamyis eftablifhed,the.princehasmanychildren; andthe numberoftbemas muchgreaterin fomeof thefecountriesthan inothers. Thereare§ Rates,whereit is impoffibleforthe peopleto maintainthechildrenoftheking:

* Lib,il. tit. I4. [¢_,6j 7__:$' 2"DuHaldeon the fecondDyna_y._.Livy_decad.3"lib. 9, IIShaw'sTravels,vol.I. page4oz.§ Seethe colle&ionof voyagesthat contributedtothe eftabli/hmentof an

_aftIndiacompany_voLiv. partI. p_geJI4. And /Clr.Smith'svo_fagctoGuinea,part_. pagexSo.concerningChekingdomnfJudia.

¥OL.II. P they

_.xo THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BookXXVI.

they mightthereforemake it a law, that thecrownthall devolve,not on the king's children,but ontholeof his fiRer.

A prodigiousnumberof childrenwouldexpofetheRateto the moffdreadfulcivilwars. The orderoffucceffionwhichgives the crownto the childrenofthe rifler,the numberof whom is not larger thanthofeof a princewho hasonlyonewife, muffpre-ventthereinconveniencies.

Therearepeople,amongffwhom reafonsof Rate,or romemaximsof religion,have made it neceffarythat the crown thouldbe always fixedin a certainfamily: from hence, in India, proceedsthe jealoufyof their* tribes, and thefear of lofing the defcent:theyhavethereconceived,thatnevertowant princesof thebloodroyal, theyought to take thechildrenofthe elder filterof theking.

A generalmaxim: It is anobligationof the lawofnature,toprovideforourchildren; but tomakethemour fucceflbrs,is an obligationof the civilor poli-ticallaw. From hencearederivedthedifferentregu-.lations, with refpe_ to baffards,in the differentcountriesof the world; there are accordingto thecivilor poF.ticallawsof eachcountry.

C H A P. VII.

Thatweoughtnot to decideZythePrecepts¢ Religion,whatbelongsonlyto theLaw ofNature.

THE Abaffineshave a moil:fevereLent of fiftydays,which weakensthem to fuch a degree, thatfor a long time-they are incapableof bufinefs:the

* See EdifyingLetters,let. _4. andthe voyagesthat contributedto theeftabliPamentof the£aft-lndiacompany,vol.iii. part_. page644.

Turks

IC_Ai,.8. THE SPIRIT OF LAw_. _l

Turks* do not fail to attackthemaftertheirLent.Religionought, in favour of the natural right offell-defence,to letboundsto therecul_oms.

The Jews wereobligedto keepthe fabbath; butit was an in_anceof great ffupidityin this nation,not to defendthemfelveswhenthei_enemieschoretoattackthemonthisday.

Cambyfeslayingfiegeto Pelufium,let in thefirftrank a great number of tholeanimals,which the_3Egyptiansregardedas facred; theconfequencewas,that thefoldiersof thegarrifondurffnotmoleftthem.Who doesnot fee thatfell-defenceis a dutyfuperiorto everyprecept?

C H A P. VIII.

_hat we oughtnot to regulatebythe_PrbzdplesoftheCanonLaw, ThingswhichflouldberegulatedbytholeoftheCivilLaw.

BY thet civillawof theRomans,hewho tookathingprivatelyfromafacredplace,waspuni/bedonlyfor theguilt of theft: by the:_canonlaw, he is pu-nifhed for the crime of facrilege. The canonlawtakescognizanceof the place; the civillawsof thefa_. But to attend only to the place, is neithertoretie&onthe natureand definitionof a theft, nor or;thenatureanddefinitionof facrilege.

As thehutbandmaydemandareparation,byreafonof the infidelityof his wife; the wife might for-merlytldemandit, on accountof the infidelityof

I Col/e_ioaof voyagesthat contributedto the e/Iablifhmeatof anEa.eK.IndiacompanD vol.iv. page35, andIo3.

"1"Leg.IT.adleg.Juliampeculatus.Capitequifquin_7.queltlone4.Cujasobfervat,lib.x]ii.cap.19,tom.3.

]]Bea_fm_aoiron the ancientcuRomsofBeauvoi/ib chap,LS.

"P 2 the

2_: THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BoolcX.I_VI.

thehuiband. Thiscuftom,contraryto a regulationmadein the"_Romanlaws,-,_-asintroducedintotheecclefiaRiccourtst, wherenothingyeasregardedbutthe maximsof canonlaw; andindeed,if wecon-fidermarriageas a thingmerelyfpiritual,andasre-latingonlyto thethingsof anotherlife,theviolationis in bothcafesthe fame,but the politicalandcivillawsof almoffallnations,have,withreafon,madea diftind'tionbetweenthem.Theyhaverequiredfromthewomenadegreeofreferveandcontinency,whichtheyhavenot exa&edfromthe men; becaufe,inwomen,aviolationofchaftityfuppofesarenunciationofallvirtue; becaufewomen,byviolatingthe lawsofmarriage,quittheRateoftheirnaturaldependence;becaufen_turehas markedthe infidelityofwomenwithcertainfigns; and,infine,becaufethechildrenof the wifeborninadulteryneceffarilybelong,andare an expenceto the hu/band,whilethechildrenproducedbytheadulteryofthehull)and,arenotthewife's,norareanexpencetothewife.

CHAP. IX.

_'hatThin_swhichoughtto beregvlate,tbythePrin-citiesof C,vil Law,canfeldomberegulatedbytholeof_Religion.

THE lawsof religionhaveagreaterfublimity;thecivillawsagreaterextent.

Thelawsof perfec°dondrawnfromreligionhavemoreinviewthegoodnefsoftheperfonthatobfervesthem,thanofthefocietyin whichtheyareobferved;the civillaws,on thecontrary,havemorein view

*"LawofthefirRcodeadleg.Juliarndeadulterlis.Atprefenttheydonottakecognizanceoftherething*inFxanc¢.

the

CHae.9. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. _i$

the moralgoodnefsof men in general,thanthatofindividuals.

Thus, venerableas thole ideasarewhich imme-diatelyfpringfrom religion,they ought not alwaysto ferveas a firi_principleto the civillaws; becaufetherehaveanother,the generalwelfareoffociety.

The Romansmaderegulationsamongffthemfelves,to prefervethe moralsof their women; therewerepoliticalinRitutions. Uponthe eRablifllmentof mo-narchy, theymadecivillawsonthishead,andformedthem on the principlesof their civil government.When theChriffianreligionbecamepredom;nant,thenew lawsthatwerethenmade,hadlefsrelationtothegeneralre&itudeof morals,than to the holinefsofmarriage; they had lefs regardto the unionof thetwofexesin a civil, thanin a fpiritualRate.

At firf_,by the *Roman law, a huPoand,whobroughtback his wife into his boule, after/he hadbeen found guilty of adultery,was punifhedas anaccomplicein herdebauch. JuRiniant, fi'omotherprinciples,ordained,that during the fpace of twoyearshe might go andtake heragainoutof the mo-naflery.

Formerly,whena woman,whole hufoandwasgoneto war, heardno longeranytidingsof him, fl_emighteafilymarryagain,beeaufeihe.had in herhandsthepowerof makinga divorce. The lawof$ Conf'tantineobligedthewomanto waitfour years,afterwhich(hemightfendthe bill of divorceto theget:eral; and,if her huibandreturned,hecouldnotthen chargeher with adultery. But Juflinian[1de-creed,that let the time be neverfo long after the

Leg.xl. fc_. ult. ft. ad leg.Juliamde adultcriis.J- Nov._34.col.9" c*p.Jo tit. 17o.

Leg.7. dcreFud_is&judlcloden_orib,fuklato,[[ _.utb,hodlequaJ_tifcumqu_cod.de repudlis,

P 3 departure

214 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BooKXXVI,

departureof her hufoand,/he/houldnotmarry,un.,lefsbythedepofitionand oathof thegeneralfhecouldprove the death of her huiband. JuRinianhad inview the indiffolubilityof marriage; but we mayrarely fay, that he had it too much in view. Hedemandeda pofitiveproof, whena negativeonewasfufficient; herequireda thingextremelydifficult,togivean accountof the fateof a man at a greatdlf-tance, andexpofedto fomanyaccidents;heprefumeda crime,that is, a defertionof thehutband, whenitwas fonaturalto prefumehis death. He injuredthecommonwealth,by obligingwomen to liveout ofmarriage;he injured individuals,by expofingthemto a thoufanddangers.

The lawof Juftinian_, whichrankedamongftthecaufesof divorcetheconfentofthe hufoandand wifeto enterintoa monaitery,wasentirelyoppofitetotheprinciplesof the civil laws. It is naturalthat thecaufesof divorce/hould have theiroriginincertainimpediments,which could not be forefeenbeforemarriage; but this defireof preferringchaflitymightbe forefeen,finceit is inourfelves. This law favoursinconftancyin a ftate, which is by its very natl:reperpetual; it thook the fundamentalprinciple ofdivorce,which permits the diffolutionof one mar-riageonlyfromthe hopeof another. In/hort_ if weviewit in a religiouslight, it is nomorethangivingvi&imsto Godwithouta facrifice.

CHAP. X.

In whatCafewe oughtto followtheCivilLaw whichper_dts,andnottheLaw ofReligionwhichforbids.

WHEN a religionwhich prohibitspolygamyisintroducedinto a countrywhereit is permitted,we

Auth.quodhodiecod.derepudiis,cannot

Cm_._I,Is. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. _l5cannotbelieve,(fpeakingonlyas a politician)thatthe lawsof the countryoughtto fuffera manwhohasmanywivesto embracethisreligion; unlefsthemagiftrateorthehufoandfhouldindemnifythem,byreftoringthemtbmewayor otherto theircivilftate.Withoutthis,theirconditionwouldbe deplorable;nofoonerwouldtheyobeythelaws,thantheywouldfindthemfelvesdeprivedofthegreateftadvantagesoffociety.

CHAP. XI.

_hathumanCourtsof_uflicefl:ouidnotberegulatedbytheMaximsof thole_rribunalswhichrelateto theotherLife.

THE tribunalof the inquifition,formedbytheChriffianmonkson theideaof thetribunalofpeni-tence,is contraryto all goodpolicy. It haseverywheremetwithageneraldiflike,andmuffhavefunkundertheoppofitionsit metwith,if tholewhowererefolvedto eRabli/hit hadnotdrawnadvantagesevenfromthefeoppofitions.

Thistribunalis infupportablein allgovernments.In monarchies,it onlymakesinformersandtraitors;in republics,it onlyformsdiflmne_men; ina deS-poticftate,it is as deRru&iveas the governmentitfelf.

C H A P. XIL

_rhefameSubje_continued.

IT is oneabufeofthistribunal,that oftwoper-fonsaccufedof the famecrime,he whodeniesiscondemnedto die; andhe whoconfefl_savoidsthe

P 4 punifl_-

_x6 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. Boo_rXXVI.

punithment.This has its fourcein monafticideas, ,wherehe whodeniesfeemsina Rateofimpenitenceanddamnation;andhe whoconfeffesin a Rateofrepentanceandfalvafion.But a diRin&ionof thiskindcanhavenorelationtohumantribunals.I/u-manjuRice,whichf_esonlythea&ions,hasbutonecompa&withmen,namelythatofinnocence; divinejuRice,whichfeesthe thoughts,has two,that ofinnocenceandrepentance.

C H A P. XIII.

.inw]aatCafes,withregardto Marriage,_aeoughttofollowtheLawsof _Religion; andin whatCafesweIhouldfollowtheCivilLaws.

IT hashappenedinallagesandcountries,thatre-ligionhasbeenb/endedwithmarriages.Whencer-tainthingshavebeenconfideredasimpureorunlawful,and wereneverthelefsbecomeneceffary,theywereobligedto call in religion,to legitimatein theonecare,andto reprovein others.

On the otherhand,as marriageis ofallhumanactionsthatin whichfocletyis moltinteretted,itbecameproperthat thisthouldbe regulatedbythecivillaws.

Everythingwhichrelatestothenatureofmarriage,its form,the mannerof contra&ingit, thefruitful-nefsit occafions,whichhasmadeallnationsconfiderit asthe objectof a particularbenedi&ion; a bene-di&ionwhich,notbeingalwaysannexedto it, isfuppofedto dependon certainfuperiorgraces; allthis, I fay,is withintherefortofreligion.

The confequencesof thisunion, with regardtoproperty,the reciprocaladvantages,everythingwhichhasa relationtothenewfamily,tothatfrom

which

CuAr.x3. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. _x7

which it fprung,and to that which is expe&edtoarife; all thisrelatesto the civillaws.

tks one of thegreat obje&sof marriageis to takeaway that uncertaintywhichattendsunlawfulcon-jun&ions, religionhere ftampsits real, andthe civiltaws join theirsto it ; to the end that it maybe asauthenticas poffible. Thus, betidesthe conditionsrequiredby religionto makea marriagevalid, thecivillawsmayRillexa&others.

The civil lawsreceivethis powerfromtheirbeingadditionalobligations,and not contradi6toryones.The law of religionintiftsupon certainceremonies,the civillawson theconfentof fathers; in this care,they demandfomethingmorethan that of religion,but theydemandnothingcontraryto it.

It followsfromhence, that the religiouslaw muftdecidewhetherthe bondbe indiffoluble,or not; forifthelawsof religionhad madethe bondindiffolubte,and the civiltaws had declaredit mightbe broken,theywouldbe contradicqoryto eachother.

Sometimesthe regulationsmadeby the civillaws,with refpe&to marriage,arenotabfolutelyneceffary;fucharetholeeftablithedbythelaws, which, infteaclof annullingthe marriage,only puniflathole whocontra&it.

Amongffthe Romans,the Paplan law declaredthole marriagesillegalwhich had beenprohibited,and yet only fubje&edthem to a penalty*; but aSenatusConfultum,made at the inftanceof theem-perorMarcusAntonlnus,declaredthemvoid; therethen no longerfubfiftedt any fuchthing asa mar-riage, wife, dowry, orhufband. The civillawsde-

See what has beenfadon this fubje&,in bookxxili, chap.zx. in'therelationthey bearto thenumberoflnhabitants.

"t SeeLaw _6. IT.de ritu nuptiarum_ andLaw 3' fe_, _, alfoDige_odedonatj_njbu_inter¢,'trun:_ uxorem.

termine

_t$ THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. Boo_XXVI.

termineaccordingto circumftanees: fometimestheyaremoffattentiveto repairtheevil; at others,topreventit.

C H A P. XIV.

!n whatInflancesMarriagesbetweenRelationsfbouldbe regulatedbythe Lawsof Nature; andin whatInflancesbytheCivilLaws.WITH regardto theprohibitionofmarriagebe-

tweenrelations,itisa thingextremelydelicate,tofixexat_tlythe pointat whichthe lawsof natureftop,and wherethe civillawsbegin. Forthispurpofe,wemuffeftablithromeprinciples.

Themarriageofthefonwiththemotherconfoundsthe ftateof things: the(onoughtto haveanunli-mitedrefpecq:to hismother,thewifean unlimitedrefpe&for herhut_and; thereforethe marriageofthemothertoherfonwouldfubvertthenaturalRateofboth.

Betides,naturehasforwardedin Womenthetimein whichtheyareableto havechildren,buthasre-tardeditin men; and,for the famereafon,womenfoonerlofethisability,andmenlater. If themar-riagebetweenthemotherandthefonwerepermitted,it wouldalmoftalwaysbe the care,thatwhenthebut'bandwascapableof enteringinto the viewsofnature,thewifewouldbeincapable.

Themarriagebetweenthe fatherandthedaughteris contrarytonature,as wellas theother;butit isnotlefscontrary,becaufeit hasnottheretwoobfta-des. ThustheTartars,whomaymarrytheirdaugh-ters% nevermarrytheirmothers,aswefeein theaccountswehaveofthatnationt.

* Th_slaw is veryancientamo:agl_them. Attila_laysPrlfcusin hisem-baft_,_optina certainplaceto marryEfca hisdaughter'. a thingpermltted_he adds,by theLawsof theScythia:as,pagezz0

-_Hi_. ofthe Tartarsjpart 3"page236. It

CHAP.14. THESPIRITOFLAWS. _i9

It haseverbeenthe naturalduty of fatherstowatchoverthecharityof theirchildren.Intrufledwiththecareof theireducation,theyareobligedtoprefervethebodyin thegreaterperfe&ion,andthemindfromthelearcorruption;toencouragewhateverhasa tendencyto infpirethemwithvirtuousdetires,andto nourifha becomingtendernefs.Fathers,al-waysemployedinprefervingthemoralsoftheirchil-dren,mufthavea naturalaverfionto everythingthat canrenderthemcorrupt. Marriage,youwillfay,is not a corruption:but beforemarriagetheytour fpeak,theymuffmaketheirperfonsbeloved,theymuffreduce: itis thisfedu&ionwhichoughttoinfpireuswithhorror.Thereflaouldbethereforean unfurmountablebar-rierbetweenthofewhooughtto givetheeducation,andthofewhoareto receiveit; in orderto preventeverykindofcorruption,eventhoughthemotivebelawful. Why do fathersfo carefullydeprivetholewhoareto marrytheirdaughters,oftheircompanyandfamiliarity?

Thehorrorthatarifesagainfttheinceftofthebro-therwith the filter,fhouldproceedfromthe fame£ource,Thedefireoffathersandmotherstoprefervethemoralsoftheirchildrenandfamiliesuntainted,isfufficientto infpiretheiroffspringwith a deteftationofeverythingthatcanleadto theunionofthetwofexes.

The prohibitionof marriagebetweencoufin-ger-roans,hasthefameoriginal. In theearlyages,thatis,inthetimesofinnocence; intheageswhenluxurywasunknown,it wascuftomaryforchildren*,upontheirmarriage,notto removefromtheirparents,butto fettlein thefamehoufe: asa fmallhabitationwas

* It wasthtlsamongfttheancientRomans.at

2_o THE SPIRIT OF I_&WS. Book XXV_[o

at that timefuflicientfora largefamily:thechil-dren_oftwobrothers,orcoufin-germans,werecon-fideredbothby othersandthemfelves,asbrothers.The eRrangementthenbetweenthe brothersandfilters,as to marriaget, fubfiftedalfobetweenthe,coufin-germans.

Thereprinciplesarefoftrongandfo natural,thattheyhavehadtheirinfluencealmoftoveralltheearth,independentlyof anycommunication.It was nottheRomanswhotaughttheinhabitantsofFormofa+,that the marriageof relationsof the fourthdegreewasinceftuous:it wasnot the Romansthat com-municatedthisfentimentto theArabsII: it was nottheywhotaughtit to the inhabitantsoftheMaldi-vianiflands§.

But if famenationshavenot reje&edmarriagesbetweenfathersandchildren,filtersandbrothers,welaavefeenin thefirftbook,thatintelligentbeingsdonot alwaysfollowthe law of nature. Who couldhaveimaginedit! Religiousideashavefrequentlymademenfall intotheremiRakes.If theAfl_riansandthePerfiansmarriedtheirmothers,thefirftwereinfluencedbya religiousrefpe&forSemiramis; andthefeconddidit, becaufethe religionof Zoroaftergave a preference**to thefe marriages.If theJEgyptiansmarriedtheirfiRers,it proceededfromthewildnefsofthe./Egyptianreligion,whichconfecrated

Amongf_the Romanstheyhad thefamename)theeoufin.germanswerecalledbrothers.

"1"It wasthusat Romeinthe fir_ages,till thepeoplemadea lawto permitthem; they werewillingto favoura manextremelypopular,who hadmar-riedhis ccaufin-gexmaa.Plutarch'sTreafife,intitled,._eflion_concerningtl_affairs_ftkeRomans.

J_Collegianof Voyagesto theladiesjvol.5"partx. An accountof thettateof theillsof Formofa.

[[ Koran,chap.ofwomen. § SeeFrancisPirrard.** They wereconfideredas morehonourable.See Philo, defpedaliJ_u_

iegib,fu,e_ertinentada_r¢c_tadtca/ogl,t'arib z64o.page778. there

_3xtA_.z4.THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. _m_t

thefe marriagesin honourof. Iris. Asthe fpiritofreligionleadsus to attemptwhateveris great anddifficult,we cannotinferthata thing isnatural, fromits beingconfecratedbya falfereligion.

The principlewhichinformsus thatmarriagesbe-tween fathersand children,betweenbrothersandfiRers,are prohibited, in orderto prefervenaturalmodeib]in families,will help us to thedifcoveryofthole marriagesthat are forbiddenby the law ofnature, andof thofewhichcanbe foonlyby thecivillaw.

Aschildrendwell, or arefuppofedtodwellin theirfather'shoufe,and confequentlythe fon-in-lawwiththemother-in-law,thefather-in-lawwiththedaughter-in-law, or wife's daughter; the marriagebetweenthemis forbiddenby thelaw of nature. In thiscafethe refemblancehasthe fameeffedas thereally, be-caufe it fpringsfrom the famecaufe: the civil lawneithercan, norought topermittheremarriages..

There are nations,as we havealreadyobferved_amongffwhomcoufingermansare confideredasbro-thers, becaufethey commonlydwell in the fameboule: there are others,where this cuftomis notknown. Among the firft, the marriageof coufin-germansoughtto beregardedascontraryto nature;not foamongtheothers.

But the laws of naturecanfiotbe local. There-fore,when theremarriagesare forbidden,or per-mitted, theyare,accordingto thecircumRances,per-mittedorforbiddenbya civillaw.

It is nota neceffarycuRomfor thebrother-in-lawandtherifler-in-lawtodwellin thefamehoufe. Themarriagebetweenthemis not thenprohibitedto pre-fervecharityin the family; andthe law whichfor-bids orpermitsit, is nota law of nature,but a civillaw, regulatedby circumflances,anddependenton

4 the

a_ THE SPIRITOFLAWS. BooxXXVL

thecuftomsofeachcountry: thefearecafesinwhichthe lawsdependon the moralsor cui'_omsofthein.habitants.

The civil laws forbidmarriages,whenby thecuftomsreceivedin a certaincountrytheyarefoundto beinthe famecircumfcancesasthofeforbiddenbythelawofnature; andtheypermitthemwhenthisisnotthecare. Theprohibitionsofthelawsofnatureareinvariable,becaufethethingonwhichthe),dependis invariable; thefather,the mother,andthe chil-dren,neceffarilydwellin the famehoufe. Buttheprohibitionsofthe civillawsareaccidental,becaufetheydependon an accidentalcircumftance; coufin-germansandothersdwellingirtthehoufebyaccident.

ThisexplainswhythelawsofMofes,thofeofthe_.'Egyptians*, andof manyothernations,permittedthemarriageofthebrother-in-lawwiththefilter-in-law; whilftthefeverymarriagesweredifallowedbyothernations.

In the Indiestheyhavea verynaturalreafonforadmittingthisfortof marriages.Theuncleis thereconfideredas thefather,andis obligedto maintainandeducatehisnephew,asifhewerehisownchild:this proceedsfromthe difpofitionof thefepeople,whichisgood-naturedandfull of humanity.Thislaw,orthiscuftom,hasproducedanother;if ahuf-bandhaslofthiswife,hedoesnot failto marryherfilter:whichis extremelynatural,forhisnewcon-fortbecomesthemotherof herfilter'schildren_andnotacruelRep-mother.

SeeLaw8, of theCodedeint_ltls_ inutili_usnuzotiis.

CHAP.

Caxr.l_. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 22_

CHAP. XV.

_'hatwefhouldnotregulatebythe-Principlesofpoliticallaw, thole_ehingswhichdependonthe .PrinciplesofcivilLaw.

A S menhavegivenup their naturalindependenceto liveunderpoliticallaws, they have givenup thenaturalcommunityof goodsto liveundercivillaws.

By thefirft, theyacquiredliberty; by the fecond,property. We flaouldnot decideby the laws ofliberty, which, as we havealreadylaid, is only thegovernmentof the community,what ought to bedecidedby the laws concerningproperty. It is aparalogifmto fay, that the good of the individual/houldgivewayto thatof the public: this cannevertake place, but when the governmentof the com-munity,or, in otherwords, the libertyof the fub-je6t, is concerned; this doesnot afire&fuchcafesasrelate to privateproperty,becaufethe public goodconfiftsin everyone's havingtheir property,whichwas given him by the civil laws, invariablypre-ferved.

Ciceromaintains, that the Agrarian laws wereunjuft; becaufethecommunitywas eftablifhedwithnoview,but thateveryonemightbeabletoprefervehis property. •

Let us thereforelay down a certainmaxim,thatwheneverthe publicgood happensto be the matterin quefiion,it is not for the advantageof the publicto deprivean individualof his property,or even toretrenchthe leaftpart of it by a law, or a politicalregulation. In this carewe thouldfollowthe rigourof the civil law, which is the Palladiumof pro-perry.

Thus

224 "1"HESPIRIT OFLAWS.BooxXXVLThuswhenthepublichasoccafionfortheeflateof

an individual,it oughtneverto a&bytherigourofpoliticallaw: itisherethatthecivillawoughtto tri-umph,whowiththeeyesofamotherregardseveryindividualas thewholecommunity.

If thepoliticalmagiftratewouldere&apublicedi-rice,or makea new road,hemuffindemnifythofewhoareinjuredby it: the publicis in thisrefpe£tlike an individual,whotreatswith an individual.It isfullenoughthatit canobligea citizento fellhisinheritance,andthatit canftriphimofthisgreatpri-vilegewhichhe holdsfromthe civillaw, thenotbeingforcedtoalienatehispoffefl]ons.

Afterthenationswhichfubvertedthe Romanem-pire hadabufedtheirveryconquers,the fpiritoflibertycalledthembackto that of equity. They"exercifedthemoltbarbaroustawswithmoderation: "and if anyonefhoulddoubtthe_uth of this,theyneedonlyreadBeaumanoir'sadmirableworkonjufif-prudence,writtenin thetwelfthcentury.

They mendedthehighwaysin histime,aswedoat prefent.Helays,thatwhena highwaycouldnotbea'epaired,theymadea newoneas neartheoldaspoflible;butindemnifiedtheproprietorsat the"a:ex-penceof tholewhoreapedanyadvantagefromtheroad. They determinedat that timeby the civillaw; in ourdays,wedetermineby the lawofpo-litics.

Ttle lordappointedeotleEt_sto rexdvethe_ fromthe peafant9 the,_entlemcnwereobligedw ¢ontributchy thecountpaml t/_ ¢lcr[yby thebifl_op.,_szna_/r_¢.b_.zz,

C H A_P.

CaAp.t6. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 22_

C H A P. XVI.

T]._atwe oughtnot to decideby t]:eRulesof t]_ecivilLaw, whenit is propertodecidebytholeof thepoli-ticalLaw. '

MOST difficultieson this fubjec"tmay be eafilyfotved,by not confoundingthe rules derivedfrompropertywith tholewhichfpringfromliberty.

Is the demefneof a flareor governmentalienable,or is it not-?Thisquefiionoughttobe decidedbythepoliticallaw, and not by the civil. It oughtnot tobe decidedbythe civillaw, becaufeit is asneceffary"that therefhouldbe demefiaesfor thefubfiftenceof aftate, as that.theftatethouldhavecivillaws to regu-latethe difpofalofproperty.

If thentheyalienatethedemefiae,the flarewill beforcedto make a new fund for another. But thisexpedientoverturns the political government,be-caufe,by thenatureof thething, for everydemefnethat ihall be eRablithed,the fubje&will alwaysbeobligedto pay more,and the fovereignto receivelefs; in a word, the demefneis neceffary,and thealienationis not.

The orderof fuccefi%nis, in monarchies,foundedon the welfareof the ftate; this makesit neceffarythatfuchan orderlhould be fixed,toavoidthe mis-fortunes,which, I have/'aid, muffafirein a defpotieldngdom,where all is uncertain,becaufeall is ar-bitrary.

The orderoffilcceffionis not fixedfor the fake ofthereigningfamily; but becaufeit is the intereffofthefiate, that it fl_ouldhavea reigningfamily. Thelaw which regulatesthe(ucceffionof individuals,isa civillaw, v;h_fcviewis theintereftofindividuals;

VoL.II. Q., tha_

2=6 THE' SPIRIT OF LAWS. Boo_XXVI.

that whichregulatesthe fucceftionto monarchy,is apoliticallaw, whichhasin viewthe welfareand pre-fervationof thekingdom.

It followsfromhence,that when the politicallawhas eftablifhedan orderof fucceltionin government,and thisorderis at an end, it is abfurdto reclaimthefuccettionin virtueof the civil law of any nationwhatfoever. One particularfocietydoes not makelawsforanotherfociety. The civillaws of the Ro-mansare no more applicablethan any other civillaws. They themfelvesdid not make ufeof them,whentheyproceededagainftkings: and the maximsby whichtheyjudgedkingsare fo abominable,thattheyoughtneverto be revived.

It followsalfofrom hence, thatwhenthe politicallawhasobligeda familyto renouncethefuccettion,itis abfurdto infittuponthe reftitutionsdrawnfromthecivillaw. Reftitutionsare in the law, and maybegoodagaintttholewho livein the law: but theyarenot properfor fuchas have been raifedup for thelaw, and who livefor thelaw.

It is ridiculousto pretendto decidethe rightsofkingdoms,of nations,and of the whole globe, bythe famemaximson which (to make ufe of an ex-preffionof *Cicero)we flaoulddeterminethe rightof a gutter betweenindividuals.

C H A P. XVII,

Tbefi_meSubjec2continued.

OSTRACISM ought to be examinedby therules of politics,andnotby tholeof the civil law;and fo far is this cuftomfrom renderinga popular,governmentodious,that it is, on the contrary,ex-

_,ib.x._r,Laws.tremely

C,aP.,8.THE SPIRITOF LAWS. 2_7

tremelywelladaptedto proveitslenity. Wefhouldbe fenfibleof thisourfelves,if, whilebanifhmentisahvaysconfideredamongffus asa penalty,weareable to feparatethe ideaof of_racifmfromthat ofpunithment.

Ariffotle* tellsus, it is univerfallyallowed,thatthispra&icehasfomethingin it both humaneandfPeOpUlar.If in thofetimesandplaceswherethis

ntencewasexecuted,theyfoundnothingin it thatappearedodious; isit forus, whofeethingsatfuchadiffance,to think otherwjfethanthe accufer,thejudges,andtheaccufedthemfelves?

.Andif weconfiderthatthisjudgmentofthepeo-pleloadedtheperfonwith gloryon whomit waspafl_d; that whenat Athensit fell upona manwithout_-merit,fromthat verymomenttheyceafedto +ufe it; we fhallfindthat numbersof peoplehaveentertaineda faifeideaof it; for it wasanadmirablelawthatcouldpreventtheill confequenceswhichthegloryof a citizenmightproduce,byload-inghimwithnewglory.

C H A P. XVlII.

7"batit isneceffarytoenquire,whethertheLawswhichfeemcontradiftory,areofthefameClafs.

AT Romethehufbandwaspermittedto lendhiswifeto another.Plutarchtellsus riffs]]in exprefsterms. WeknowthatCatolenthis§ wifeto Hor-tenfius,andCatowasnot a manto violatethelawsof hiscountry.

# Repub.llb,iii, cap.x3."_Hyperbolus.SeePlnrarch_llfeofArifHdes.

It wasfoundoppofiteto the fpirkufthe legiflator.Plutarchin hiscompari_bnbetweenLycurgusandNuma.

§ Plutarchlifeof Cato,

_8 THE SPIRIT OFLAWS. BdozXXVI.On the otherhand,a hufoandwhofufferedhis

wife to be debauched,whodid notbringher tojuttice,or whotook heragainafterher* condem-nation,waspunithed.Therelawsfeemto¢ontradi&eachother,andyet arenotcontradicqory.Thelaw"whichpermitted_Romanto lendhiswife,wasvifi-bly a Lace&ernonianinflitution,eftablithed_yithaviewofgivingtherepublicchildrenofagoodfpecies,if I maybeallowedtheterm: theotherhadinviewtheprefervationof morals.The firtIwasa law ofpolitics,thefeconda civillaw,

C H A P. XlX.Thatwefl3ouldnotdecidethole"ThingsbythecivilLaw,

whichoughttobedecidedbydomeflicLaws.

THE lawoftheVifigothsenjoins,thatthet flavesofthe houfe/hallbe obligedto bind themanandwomantheyfurprizeinadultery,andtoprefentthemto the hutbandandto thejudge: a terriblelaw,whichputsintothe handsof fuchmeanperfonsthecareofpublic,domeflic_andprivatevengeance!

Thislawcanbe nowhereproperbutin thefera-gliosoftheEaft,wheretheflarewhohasthechargeof the inclofure,isdeemedan ac.comp!iceuponthedifcoveryof the leaffinfidelity.Hefeizesthecri-minals,notfomuchwith a viewto bringthemtojuttice,as to dojutticeto himfelf,andto'obtainafcrutinyintothecircumfiancesofthea&ion,in orderto removethefufpicionof hisnegligence,

But,in countrieswherewomenarenotguarded,it is ridiculousto fubje&thofewhogovernthefa-mily,tOtheinquififionoftheirflaves.

,_Leg.xh re&.air. IT.adleg. Jul. deadulteriis.Lawof the Vifigoth_;lib,iii. tit. 4. re&._: This

C_AP.20,2i; THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. _2_

This inquifitionmay, in certaincaius,be at themolt a particulardomeRicregulation,but neveracivillaw.

C H A P. XX.

Thatweoughtnotto decidebythe_PrinciplesofthecivilLaw, tbofeThingswhichbelongto theLaw ofNa-tions.

LIBERTY cont_sprincipallyinnotbeingforcedto doa thing, wherethe lawsdonot oblige: peoplearein this Rate,onlyas they are governedby civillaws; andbecaufethey live under thole civil laws,theyare free.

It follows from henee_that princeswholivenotamong themfelvesunder civil laws, ate not free;they are governedby force; they may continuallyforce, or be forced. From henceit follows,thattreatiesmadeby force, areasobligatoryastholemadeby free confent. When we who live under civillaws, are, contraryto law, conftrainedto enterintoa contrac"t,we may, by the affiffanceof the law, re-coverfromtheeffectsof violence: but a prince,whois alwaysin thatflateinwhichheforces,or is forced,cannotcomplainof a treatywhich he hasbeencom-pelledto fign. This would be to complainof hisnaturalftate; it wouldfeemasif hewouldbe aprincewith refpecq:toother princes,andas if otherprincestlaouldbe fubje&swith refpe&to him; that is, itwouldbe contraryto the natureof things.

C H A P. XXI.

g'L'at_,vefhouldnot decideby politicalLar_'s, Thh2gswhichbelongto theLaw of_Nations.

POLITICAL laws demand,that everymanbefabje&to the natural and civil courtsof the coun-

e.3 try

_3o THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BooKXXVI.

tr.ywhereherefides,andto thecenfureofthelove-reign.

Thelawofnationsrequires,thatprinces/hallfendambafli_dors; anda reafondrawnfromthenatureofthingsdoesnotpermitthefeambaffadorstodependeitheronthefovereigntowhomtheyarelent,oronhistribunals.Theyarethevoiceoftheprincewhofendsthem,andthisvoiceoughttobe free; noob-flacleflaouldhindertheexecutionoftheiroffice; theymayfrequentlyoffend,becaufetheyfpeakfora manentirelyindependent; theymightbe wrongfullyac-cured,if theywereliableto,bepuni/hedforcrimes;if they couldbe arreRedfordebts,theremightbeforged.Thusaprince,whohasnaturallyaboldandenterprizingfpirit,wouldfpeakby themouthofa manwhohadeverythingtofear. We tourthenbeguided,with refpe&to ambafl_dors,byreatbasdrawnfromthelawof nations,andnotbythofede-rivedfrompoliticallaw. Butif theymakeanill ufeoftheirreprefentativechara&er,a i_opmaybeputtoit byfendingthemback. The),mayevenbeaccufedbeforetheirroarer,whobecomeseithertheirjudgeortheiraccomplice.

C H A P. XXII.

U/._eunhappyStateoftheYncaAthualpa.

THE principleswe havejufcbeeneftabli/hlng,werecruellyviolatedbytheSpaniards.TheYncaAthualpa_couldnetbe triedbythelawof nations;theytriedhimby politicalandcivillaws; theyac-curedhimforputtingto deathromeofhisownft_b-je&s_forhavingmanywives,&c. andtofillupthe

SecGar¢ilaffodclaVega.meafure

C_A_.2 3. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. =St

meafureof theirf_upidity,theycondemnedhim,notbythepoliticalandcivillawsof hisowncountry,butbythepoliticalandcivillawsof theirs,

C H A P. XXIII.

_'hatwhen,byfomeCircum/tance,thepoliticalLawbecomesdeflru_tiveto theState,weoughttodecidebyfuchapoliticalLawaswillpreferveit, whichrome-timesbecomesa LawofNations.WHEN that politicallawwhichhaseftablifhedin

the kingdoma certainorderoffucceffion,becomesdeRru&iveto the bodypoliticforwhofefakeit waseftablifhed,thereis not the leaftroomto doubtbut

. anotherpoliticallaw maybe madeto changethisorder; andfo far.wouldthis.lawbe.fromoppofingtilefirft,it wouldm themarebeentirelyconformabletoit, fincebothwoulddependonthisprinciple,that,THE SAFETY OF THE PEOPLE IS THE SUPREMELAW.

I havelaid*, thata greatRatebecomingaccefforyto another,is itfelfweakened,andevenv_eakenstheprincipal.Weknow,thatit isfortheintereftoftheRateto havethe fuprememagiftratewithinitfelf,thatthe tmblicrevenuesbe welladminittered,andthat its fpeciebe not tentabroadto enrichanothercountry. It is of importance,that he who is togovern,hasnotimbibedforeignmaxims:therearelefsagreeablethantholealreadyeRablifhed.Betides,menhaveanextravagantfondnefsfortheirownla,vsandcuftoms: thereconflitutetilehappinel_ofeverycommunity; and, as welearnfromtlle hiftoriesofallnations,arerarelychangedwithoutviolentcom-motions,anda _eat effufionofblood.

* Se_book5"chap. l 4. book8. chap. 16,"17,lg_ xg_and_o, book9-chap.4_5, 6,,and7. andbookzo.chap.9 and xo.

0..4 It

_3._ THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. Boo_XXVI.

It followsfrom hence,that if a greatRatehastoits heir the pofl_fforof a greatRate, the formermayreafonablyexcludehim, becaufea changein theorderof fucceffionmuffbe of ferviceto both countries.Thus a law of Rufiia, madein the beginningof thereign of Elizabeth, molt wifelyexcludedfrom thepoffeffionof thecrown, everyheirwho poffeffedan-othermonarchy; thusthelawofPortugaldifqualifieseveryfiranger,wholaysclaimto the crownby rightof blood.

But if a nationmay exclude,it maywithgreaterreafonbe alloweda right to obligea princeto re-nounce. If the peoplefear that a certainmarriage"willbe attendedwith fuchconfequencesas fhall robthe nationof its dependence,or difmemberrome ofits provinces,it mayveryjuftlyobligethecontraCtorsandtheirdefcendantstorenounceall rightoverthem;while he who renounces,and thole to whofepre-judice he renounces,havethe lefsreafonto complain,as thel'tatemightoriginallyhavemade a law toex-cludethem.

C H A P. XXIV.

_battheRegulationsof thePoliceareofa differentClafsfromothercivilLaws.

THERE arecriminals,whomthe mag_ftratepu-n]thes, there are otherswhom he reproves. TheformerarefubjeCtto thepowerofthe law, the lattertohisauthority,tholeare cut offfromfociety; theretheyobligeto llveaccordingto therulesof fociety.

In the exercifeof thepolice,it is rather the magi-ftrate who punifhes,than the law; in the fentencepar on crimes,it is ratherthe law whichpunithes,_hanthemagiftrate. The bufinefsof thepoliceconfifts

in

CHAr.:5. THE SPIRIT 0F LAWS. '23_

in affairswhicharifeeveryinRant,and arecom-monlyof a triflingnature:thereis thenbutlittleneedof formalities.Thea&ionsof thepolicearequick; theyareexercifedoverthingswhichreturneveryday; it wouldbe thereforeimproperforit toinflictfeverepuniflaments.It iscontinuallyemployedaboutminuteparticulars; great examplesarethere-forenotdefignedforitspurpofe.It isgovernedra-therbyregulationsthanlaws; tholewhoarefubje&toitsjurifdi&ion,areinceffantlyundertheeyeofthemagiftrate:it is thereforehisfaultif theyfall intoexcels. Thusweoughtnot to confoundaflagrantviolationof the laws,witha fimplebreachof thepolice; therethingsareofa differentorder.

Fromhenceit follows,thatthelawsofanItalian*republic°wherebearingfire-armsispuni_edasacapitalcrime,andwhereit is notmorefataltomakeanill ufeofthem,thanto carrythem,is notagree-ableto thenatureofthings.

It follows,moreover,thattheapplaudedactionofthatemperor,whocaufeda bakerto be impaledwhomhefoundguiltyof a fraud,wastheac"tionofa fultan,whoknewnothowto bejuftwithoutcom-mittinganoutrageonjuftice.

C H A P. XXV.

Thatwefl:outdnotfollowtl_egeneralDifpofitionC thadv;lLaw, in 5rhlngswhichoughttobefubje_topar-ticularRulesdrawnfromtkeirownnature,

IS it a goodlaw, thatallcivilobligationspalledbetweenfailorsin a flaipin the courfeof a voyageflaouldbenull? FrancisPirardt tellsus, thatinhistime it wasnotobfervedbythePortuguefe,though

Venice. "l"Ch;_p.xiv.p. x2.z it

_4 THeE SPIRIT OF LAWS. Eoo._XX_qt,

it was bythe French. Men who are togetheronlyfora _horttime; whohavenowants,fincetheyare,providedforbytheprince; whohaveonlyoneobjeCtin view, thatof theirvoyage; whoareno longerinfociety_butareonlytheinhabitantsof a _ip, oughtnot tocontrac°cobligationsthatwereneverintroduced,

, but to fupporttheburthen.ofcivilfociety.In the famefpirit was the law of the Rhodians,

madeata timewhentheyalwaysfollowedthecoaRs;it ordained,that tholewhoduringa temperRaidina veffel,_houldhavefhipand cargo,andtholewhoquittedit thouldhavenothing.

B O O K XXVII.

O1? THE ORIGIN AND REVOLUTIONS OF TIlE ROMANLAWS ON SUCCESSIONS.

CHAP. I.

T H IS affairderivesitseRablilhmentfromthemoffdiRantantiquity;andtopenetratetoitsfoundation,permitmetofcarchamongthefirRlawsoftheRomans,forwhat,Ibelieve,nobodyyethasbeenfohappyastodifcover.We knowthatRomulus"_dividedthelandofhis

littlekingdomamonghisfubje6ts;itrectustome,thatfromhcnccthelawsofRomeonfucceffionswerederived.Thelawofthedivifionoflandsmadeitneceffary,

thatthepropertyofonefamily_houldnotpalsinto

Dionyf.Halicar,lib.ii._.3" Plutarch'scompar'ifonbstwccnNumaandLycursus.

4 another:

Ca_r.I. THE SPIRITOF LAWS. _3#

another':fromhenceitfollowed,thattherewerebuttwoordersofheirsegablilhedby law%thechildrenandallthedefc'cndantsthatlivedunderthepowerofthefather,whom theycalledf_ hwredes,orhisnaturalheirs;and,intheirdefault,thenearerrelationsonthemalefide,whomtheycalleda_,mti.Itfollowedlikewife,thattherelationsonthe-fe-

malefide,whom theycalledcognati,oughtnottofucceed;theywouldhaveconveyedthecRa_cintoanotherfamily,whichwasnotallowed.Fromthencealfoitfollowed,thatthechildren

ought not to fucceedto the motheG northe motherto herchildren; for this mightcarrytheeftateofonefamilyinto another. Thus we fee them excluded_-bythe law of the TwelveTables; it _:allednoneto the fucce_on but the agnati,and there was noagnationbetweenthe fonand themother.

But it was it,differentwhetherthefuus h_eres,or,in defaultof fuch, thenearer byagnation,was maleor female; becaufe,as the relationsonthe mother'sfidecouldnot fucceed,thougha womanwho wasanheirefsthouldhappento marry_yet theeftatealwaysreturnedinto the fam;.lyfromwhenceit came. Onthis account,the lawof theTwelveTablesdoesnotdiftinguifh,whetherthe perfon_ whofucceededwasmaleor female.

Thiswasthecaufe,that thoughthe grand-childrenby the fon fucceededto the grandfather,thegrand-childrenby the daughterdid not fucceed; /or, topreventthe eftatefrom paflinginto anotherfamily,

t Aftfi intef_atbmorlturcui fuusha_resneeeXtatfib agnatasproximtasfamiliamhabeto. Fragmentof t_ law of the_Tgvel_e_aMesin Ul2bian,thelapt_tl,.

"l"Seethe Fragm.ofUIplan_¢-d_.$. tit. _.6, ][rtfLtit. 3" in pro_mioad$. C.Tertullianum.

Pa-lus_lib.iv. f¢nt. tit. st. re&.3.uhe

a36 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. Boo_XX_FIL

the agnatiwere preferredbeforethem. Hencethedaughter,and not her* children, fucceededto thefather.

Thus amongftthe primitiveRomans,the womenfucceeded,whenthiswasagreeableto the law of thedivifionof lands; and they did not fucceed,whenthis law mightfufferbyit.

Suchwerethe lawsof fucceffionamongtheprimi-tiveRomans; and as thefehada naturaldependenceon the conftitution,and werederivedfromthe divi-/ionof lands, it is eafyto perceive,that theyhadnota foreignoriginal,and were not of the numberofth0febroughtinto die republicby the deputiestentintothe citiesof Greece.

DionyfiusHalicarnaffeustells us+, that ServiusTullius fnding the lawsof RomulusandNuma onthe divifionof landsaboliflaed,he reRoredthem, andmade new ones, to give the old a greaterweight.We cannotthereforedoubt, but that the laws wehavebeen fpeakingof, made in confequenceof thisdivifion,were the work of therethreeRomanlegif-lators.

The orderof fucceffionhavingbeeneftablifhedinconfequenceof a politicallaw, no citizen was al-lowed to breakin uponit by his privatewill ; thatis, in the firft agesof Rome, he had not thepowerof makinga teftament. Yet it would havebeenhard to deprivehim, in his laft moments,of thefriendlycommerceof kindandbeneficenta&ions.

They thereforefound a methodof reconciliating,in thisrefpe&,thelawswith the defiresof the indi-vidual. He waspermittedto difpofeofhis fubftancein an affemblyof the people; and thus everytel"ca-ment was, in rome fort, an ac2of the legiflativepower.

.t Inf'. tit. llb. 3. "I"Lib,iv. pagez76.The

CHAP.*. THE SPIRITOF LAWS. _37

ThelawoftheTwelveTablespermittedtheper°fonwhomadehiswill, to chufewhichcitizenhepleafedfor his heir. The reafonthatinducedtheRomanlawsfoRri&lytoreRrainthenumberoftholewho mightfucceedabinte#ato,wasthe lawofthedivifionoflands; andthereafonwhytheyextendedfowidelythepowerof the teffator,was, thatasthefathermight* fell his children,he mightwithgreaterreafondeprivethemof hisfubflance.Therewerethereforedifferenteffe&s,fincetheyBowedfromdifferentprinciplesl andfuchis, in thisrefpe6'%thefpiritoftheRomanlaws.

TheancientlawsofAthensdidnotfuffera citizento makea will. Solont permittedit,with anex-ceptiontotholewhohadchildren: andthelegiflatorsof Rome,filledwith theiideaof paternalpower,allowedthe makinga willevento theprejudiceoftheirchildren. It muRbeconfeffed,thattheancientlaws of AthensweremoreconfiRentthantholeofRome. The indefinitepermiffionof makinga will,whichhadbeengrantedto the Romans,ruinedbylittleandlittlethepoliticalregulationon thedivifionoflands: it wasthe principalthingthatintroducedthefataldifferencebetweenrichesandpoverty: manyfhareswereunitedin thefameperfon; fomecitizenshadtoomuch,andamultitudeofothershadnothing.Thustheepeoplebeingcontinuallydeprived9f theirfhares,wereinceffantlycallingoutfora newdiffri-butionoflands. Theydemandedit in an agewhenthefrugality,the patrimony,andthepovertyof theRomans,weretheirdiflinguithingcharaSeriflic;as

DionyfiusHallcarnaffeusproves,bya lawofNuma,thatthelawwhichpermitteda fatherto fellhis fortthreetime%wasmadebyRomulu%andnol:bytheDecemvirs,lib. z,

SeePlutarch'slifeo_Solon.well

'23S THE SI_IRIT ,OF LAWS. _ Boo_XX_L

wellasat a timewhentheirluxurywasbecomettillmoreaftonithing.

Tefhmentsbeingproperlya lawmadein the af-femblyof the people,tholewhowerein the armyweretherebydeprivedofa te_amentarypower.Thepeoplethereforegavethe foldiersthe privilege* ofmaking beforetheir companions,the difpofitionswhicht/houldhavebeenmadebeforethem.

Thegreataffemblyof the peoplemetbuttwiceayear; betides,boththepe0pleandtheaffairsbroughtbeforethemwereincreased: theythereforejudgeditconvenientto permitallthe citizensto maketheir

willbeforeromeRomancitizensof ripeage,whoweretoreprefentthe bodyof thepeople:theytookfive{Icitizens,in wholeprefencetheinheritor§ pur-.chafedhisfamily_that is, his inheritanceofthetel-taltor; anothercitizenbroughta pairof fcalestoweighthevalue; fortheRomans**,as yet,hadnomoney.

Toallappearancetheftfivecitizenswereto repre-fentthe fivedaffesof the people; and theyfeenovalueon the fixth,asbeingcompofedof menwhohadnoproperty.

We oughtnot to fay,withJuf_inian,that theftfalesweremerelyimaginary; theybecame,indeed,imaginaryin time,butwerenotfooriginally.Mo_of thelawswhichafterwardsregulatedwills,were

• This tefiament,calledinprocin_u,wasdifferentfromthat whichtheyf_iledmilitary,whichwase_ablifhedonlyby thecon/H_tionsof theemperors,Y_g._. ft. demilltariteflamento.Thiswasone of the artificesbywhich theycajoledthe foldiers.

"l"This teffamentwas not in writing,and it was withoutformalitD finelibra_ tabulis,asCicerolays, lib. z.deOratore.

$ lnftitut, lib. _..tit. 1o. feet.r. AulusGellius,lib. I5. c_p.z7. The)"tailedthis formof teffament_er_esf_ libram.

}]Ulplan,tit. x. feet.z. § Theoph.inf,. ilb.ii. tit, _o.• **T. Livy.llb.4"n_#dumargentum/ignatumerat. He fpeaksof the time

ef thefiegeof Veil.built

CaAp.x. THE SPrRIT OF LAWS. z39builton therealityof thefefiles: wefindfufficientproofofthisinthefragmentsofUlpian*. Thedeaf,thedumb,theprodigal,couldnotmakeawill; thedeaf,becaufehecouldnothearthewordsofthebuyer_ftheinheritance; thedumb,becaufehe couldnotpronouncethe termsof nomination; the prodigal,becaufeashewasexcludedfromthemanagementofall affairs,hecouldnotfellhisinheritance.I omitanyfartherexamples.

Willsbeingmadein the affemblyof thepeople,wereratherthea&sofpoliticalthanofcivillaws,apublicratherthana privateright; fromwhenceitfollowed,thatthefather,whilehis fonwasunderhisauthority,couldnot givehimleaveto makeawill.

Amongffmoltnations,willsare not fubje&togreaterformalitiesthanordinarycontra&s:becaufeboththeoneandtheotherareonlyexpreflionsofthewill of himwho makesthe contra&,andbothareequallya privateright. But,amongthe Romans,whereteffamentswerederivedfromthepubliclaw,theywereattendedwithmuchgreaterformalities-[-,thanotheraffairs; andthis is i_illthe carein tholeprovincesof France,whichare governedby theRomanlaw.

Teftamentsbeing,as I havelaid,a law of thepeople,theyoughtto be madewiththeforceofacommand,andin fuchtermsasarecalleddiredtandimperative+. Hencea rulewas formed,thattheycouldneithergivenortranfmitaninheritance,with-outmaltingufeoftheimperativewords: fromwhenceit followed,that they mightveryjuftly in certaincafesmakea fubftitution[[; and ordain,that the

Tit. zx. fec'Lx_, t" Inftit.lib.ii. tit, _o. lee't.,.Let Titiushemyheir,Vulgarjpupillary,andexemplary,

inlle.i

•4o THE SPIRITOFLAWS.BooKXX¥_II,

inheritancethouldpalstoanotherheir; butthattheycouldnevermakeafiduciarybequeR%thatis,chargeanyoneintermsof intreatyto rettoreaninheritance,ora partofit,ktoanother.

Whenthe fatherneitherin_tutedhisfonhishek,nordifinheritedhim, the will wasannulled;_but_twasvalid,_houghhedidnotdifinherithisdaughter,nor in_itutedherhis heifers.The reafonis plain:whenheneitherinRitutednordifinheritedhisfon,hedid an injuryto hisgrandfon,whomighthave_fuc-eeededabinteflatoto hisfather; butin neitherinfii-tutingnordifinheritinghisdaughterihedidnoinjuryto hisdaughter'schildren,whocouldnot fucceedabinteflatoto theirmothert, becaufetheywerenei-therfui h,eredesnoragnati.'The lawsof the ancientRomansconcetning(uc-

ceflionsbeingformedwith the famefpirit:_,hichdictatedthe divifionof lands,didnotfufficientlyre-Ri'aintherichesofwomen; thusa doorwasleftopento luxury,whichisalwaysinfeparablefromthisfortof opulence. Betweenthe fecondandthirdPunicwar, theybeganto perceivetheevil, andmadethe¥oconianI_law: butastheywereinducedto thisbythemoltimportantconfiderations; asbut fewmo-numentshavereachedus thattakenoticeofthislaw]

" andasit hashithertobeenfpokenof in a mof'c;_on-fufedmanner,I flaallendeavourto clearit up, :

Auguftus,forparticularreafons,fidt beganto authorifethe fiduciarybequeR,whichin the Romanlaw wascalled_dei commiffum.InfL lib. ii.tit. z3, inpr_umio.

"1"Ad liberosmatrisinteffatmh_ereditas,llb.xz. tab. nonpertinebat_quiaf_minaefaoshmredesnonhabent. Ulpian_fragm,tit. z6. fe_'t;7.

It waspropofedbyQ_intusVoconius,tribuneofthe people. SeeCicero'¢fecondorationagalnl_"Verres. In the Epitomeof T. LivT_lib4b we/hduldreadVoroaius_inffeadof Volumnius,

: Cicero

tgiiAP_i. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. ,4t

Cicero has preferred a fragment,which forbidsthe inititutinga woman an * heirefs, whetherfilewas marriedor unmarried.

The Epitomeof Livy, where he fpeaks of thislaw, layst nomore: it appearsfrom _ CiceroandSt. Auguftin, that the daughter, though an onlycMldll, wascomprehendedin theprohibition.

Catotheelder§ contrihutedall inhispowerto getthislaw paffed. AulusGelliuscitesa fragment**ofa fpeech,' whichhe madeon thisoccafion. Bypre-ventingthe fucceflionof women,his intent was totakeaway theefource"of luxury: asby undertakingthedefenceof theOppianlaw, he intendedto put afropto luxury'itfelf.

In theInRitutesof Juftlnian-_½andTheophilus++ �±mentionqs madeof a chapterof theVoconianlaw,

whichlimitsthepowerof bequeathi1_g.In readingthefeafithors,every body would imagine,thatthischapterwas madeto preventthe inheritancefrombeingfo exhauRedby legacies,as to renderit un-worthy of the heir'sacceptance.But thiswasnotttiefpirit of the Voconianlaw. We havejuff feen,thattheyhadin viewthe hinderingwomenfromin-heritingan effate. The articleof this law, whichlet bouncls'tothepowerof bequeathing,enteredintothis _;iew:for if peoplehad been poffeffedof thelibet:tyto bequeathas much as they pleafed,thewomenmight havereceivedas legacies,what theycouldnotreceivebyfucceftion.

Slnxlt..... ne qulshmredemvirginemnevemulleremfacerct.C/cirri,_c,_ o_ar;_agai,flIr_rm.

_"Legemtulit, nequishmredemmuliereminf_itueret_lib.Ct._, SecondOrationagaint_Verres. l]Of thecityofGo_t_lib,_,§ Xpitomeof Livy,lib.4.o. w#Lib,xxvli._;al_.6.tt Iaf_it.lib. iii. tit_22. ** Ibid.

VOL.II. R Th_

_4_ THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BOOK_XVI_.

TheVoconianlawwasmadetohinderthewomenfromgrowingtoowealthy; for this endit wasne-eeffaryto deprivethemoflargeinheritances,andnotoffuchaswereincapableoffupportingluxury.Thelawfixeda certainrum,to be givento the womenwhomit deprivedofthefuccefl_on.Cicero_i_fromwhomwehavethisparticular,doesnottelluswhatwastherum; butbyDiot weareinformed,it wasa hundredthoufand]'efierces.

TheVoconianlawwasmadeto regulateopulence,notto laya reitraintuponpoverty; hence°Ciceroinformsus, thatit relatedonlyto thofewholenameswereregit_eredinthecenforsbooks.

Thisfurnifhedapretenceforeludlngthelaw: it iswellknownthattheRomanswereextremelyfondofletforms; andwe havealreadytakennotice,thatitwasthefpiritoftherepublictofollowtheletterofthelaw. Therewerefatherswhowouldnotgive:intheirnamesto be enrolledby ,thecenfors,becaufetheywouldhaveit in theirpowertoleavethefuceeffiontoadaughter: andthepraetorsdetermined,thatthiswasno violationof the Voconianlaw,finceit wasno.tcontraryto theletterof it. :.

OneAniusAfellushadappointedhisdaughterhis,roleheirandexecutrix.Hehadarighttomakethis_dlfpofition,laysCicero][; he wasnot reftrainedbythe Vocol_ianlaw,fincehe wasnotincludedin theeenfus. Verres,duringthe timeof his pr_etorfl_ip,haddeprivedAnius'sdaughterofthefucceilion; andCiceromaintainsthatVerreshadbeenbribed,other-

Nemoeenfu]t,plusFadla_dandum_quampoffctad earn lege Vocolli_pervenlre.DefinibusboM_ mali,lib.6.

"l"Cumlege Voconlamulieribusprohiberetur,ne o_ua'majorcmcentaremillibusnummumh_ereditatempoffetadire,lib. 56.

Quicenfuseffet. SecondOrationagainflVerre:.Cenfusnonerat. Ibid.

wife

wife¢_:e:would"nothaveannulleda difpqfitionwhichall'theotherpr_torshadconfirmed.

Wh_tkin_dof citizensthenmufftholehavebeen,wh6'wei'enot regit%redin the cenfus,in whichallthe'ftdemenof Romewereincluded? Accordingtoth$[nftitutlon0fServklsTulliuS,mentionedbyDio-nyfiUs6fHaticarhamls*, everycitizennotenrolledinthe cenfus'bt;camea flare: evenCicerohimfelf-_obferves,thatfuch a manforfeitedhis-liberty:aridthe famething"is af/irmettby Zonaras.Theremuffhavebeenthereforea differencebetweennotbeinginthecenfusaccordingtothefpiritoftheVoconianlaw,_ndnotbeingin it ac_brdingto thefpiritofServiusTullius'sInRitutions.•TheywholenamesWerenotregifteredin thefive

firfl:_:l/LffeS,in whichthe inhabitantsrankedin pro-portionto theirfortunes,Werenotcomprizedin thecenfu_+ accordingto thefpifitof theVoconianlaw.theyWhowerenotenrolledin oneoftherefixclaffes,orWhowere:notrankedbythecenforsamongfuch-aswerecalledwrarii;werenotincludedin the cenfus,accedingtothe'fpiritofServius'sInftitutions.Suchwastheforceof nature,thatto eludetheVoconianlaw_' fathei'sfubmittedto thedifgraceofbeingcon-fottndedin_thefixthclafswiththeproletariiandcap_terenfi;_Orpei'hapsto havetheirnamesenteredin the

We:haveelfewhereobferved,thattheRomanlaws'did_hOtadmitof _duclarybe_uefls.•The hopesofevadiflgtheVoconianlawwerethecaufeoftheirbeifigintroduced:they inftitutedan heirqualifiedbythelaw_,' andtheybegg_lhe wouldrefignthefucceffion

* Lib.iv. _ ,_ Inoratione_pro_mcina.Therefivefirflclaffcs'werefoconfiderablejthatauth0rsfomefim¢_men.

tlonnomorethanti_e.

•I]In¢_ritumtab_l_r_fcrrii zrar_s_ier|.Rz to

244 THE SPIR.IT OF LAWS. BooKXXVIt.

• to a perfonwhom the law hadexcluded: thisnewmethodof dlfpofitionwasprodu&iveof verydifferenteffe6ts. Somerefignedtheinheritance; and thecon-du& of SextusPeduceus* on an occafionof thisnature was very remarkable.A contiderable£uc_ceffionwasleft him, andnobodylivingknewthat hewasdetiredto retignit to another; whenhe waitedupon the widowof the tet'cator,and made overtoher thewholefortunebelongingtoherlatehutband.

Otherskeptpoffeffionof theinheritance;and herethe exampleof P. SextiliusRufus is alfo famous,havingbeenmadeufe of by Cicerot in his difputa-tionsagainfftheEpicureans. " In myyoungerdays," layshe, I was detiredby Sextiliusto accompany" himto his friends,in orderto knowwhetherhe" oughtto reftorethe inheritanceof QuintusFadius" Gallusto his daughterFadia. There werefeveral- youngpeopleprefent,withothersof morematurity" andjudgment; andnotoneofthemwasof opinion" that he flaouldgivemoreto Fadia, thanthelady" was intitted to by the Voconianlax,,'. In confe-" quenceof this, Sextiliuskept poffeflionof a fine, eftate,ofwhichhewouldnothaveretaineda tingle" feftercius,had he preferredjut_iceto utility. Itc; is poflible,addedhe, thatyouwouldhaverefigned"' the inheritance:nay, it is poffiblethat Epicurus" himfelfwould haverefignedit; but you would" nothavea6tedaccordingto your ownprinciples.'_Here I flaallpaufea littleto retie&.

It is a misfortuneinherentto humanity,that legif-latorsflaouldbe fometimesobliged"toena&laws.re-_ugnant to the di&atesof nature: fuch:was theVoconianlag,. The reafonis,the legi_atureConfidersthe focietyrather than•the citizen,and the citizen

_'e'_¢ero,d:fiaib,bonietmali_llb._ "_Ibid,rather

e_Ar.r. _I'HESPIRIT OF LAWS. _45ratherthanthe man. The lawfaerificedboththecitizenandtheman,anddire&edits viewsto theprofperityof therepublic.Suppofea perfonmadeafiduciarybequeffin favourofhisdaughter; thelawp_iidno regardto thefentimentsof naturein thefather,nor to the filialpietyof thedaughter;allithad'aneyeto, wastheperfonto whomthebequeftwasmadeintruff,andwhoonfuchanoccafionfoundhimfelfin a terribledilemma.If he reftoredtheeffate,hewasabadcitizen; ifhekeptit, hewasabadman. Nonebutgood-naturedpeoplethoughtofeludingthelaw; andtheycouldpitchuponnonebut"honeffmento helpthemto eludeit; fora truft0fthiskind requiresa triumphoveravariceandinor-dinatepleafure,whichnonebut honeftmenareliketo obtain. Perhapsin thislightto lookuponthemas badcitizens,wouldhavefavouredtoo muchoffeverity. It is notimpoffiblebut the legiflatorcar-riedhispointina greatmeafure,fincehislawwasoffucha nature,as obligednonebut honeftmentoeludeit.

At the timewhenthe Voconianlawwaspaired,theRomansKillpreferredromeremainsoftheiran-cientpurityofmanners.Theirconfciencewasfome-timesengagedin favourof thelaw; andtheyweremadeto t\veartheywouldobferveit* : fothatho-nefty,in fomemeafure,wasfetin oppofitlonagainftitfelf. But latterlytheir moralswere corruptedtofucha degree,that the fiduciarybequeftsmuffhavehadtefs¢fficacytoeludetheVoconianlaw, thanthatverylegiflatorhadto etfforceitsobfervance.

Thecivillawswerethedeffru&ionof an,infinitenumberof citizens.UnderAuguftus,Romewasalmol_deferted: it wasneceffarytorepeopleit. They

* Sextiliu.*fa_dhe hadfwornto obferveit Clc,deflnibusboni_Ymall,4;b.z.

!t 3 made

_4fi THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BooxY_.Vt]L

madethePapianlaws,whichomittednothingthatcouldencourage"*thecitizenstomarry,andproere.atechildre_a..Oneof the principalmeanswasto m-creafe-{%in favourofthot_whogaveintotheviewsof tke law,theh9pesofbeingheirs,andtodiminifhthe expe&ationsof tholewhorefut_ed,;and as the"Voconianlawhadrenderedwomenincapableoffuc-ceeding,the Papianlaw, in certaincafes,dil'penfcdls'iththisprohibition.

Womenj:, efpeciallythofewhoh_dchildren,wererenderedcapableofreceivirlgin virtueofthewillof,theirhufbands;theyevenmight, whentheyhadchildren,receivein virtueof the willof ftran,gets.All thiswas111dire&oppofitionto theregulauonsoftheVoconianlaw: andyetit isremarkable,thatth.cfpirito/-thislawwas1;otentire.Ivabandoned.Forexample,tl)ePapianlaw, whicllt'grmitteda manwhohadonechildl],to recelveanentireinheritancebythewi!lof a flranger,grantedthelhmefavourtothewifeonlywhenfhehadthreechildren§.

It muffbe remarked,thatthePapianlawdidnotrendertlaewomenwhohadthreechildrencapabteoffueceeding,exceptinvirtueofthe willof ftrangers;andthat vzithrefpe&tothefuccefiianofrelations,itleft the ancientlaws, andparticular!y_*the Voco-.nian, in all theirforce. _t this did not longfubfiff. "

.... Ymme,corruptedbytherichesofeveryl_ation,hadfhangedhermanners; theputtingat_optothefuxury"'_ Seew_[athasbeenlaidin bookxxlli, chap.=Lj- The famedi,qi_'renceoccurs'in"feveralreguiationsofthe Papianlaw, S_:

theFrag'mentsofUlpian,f_:¢"t.4, 5, and6.SeeFragm.¢,fU1pian_tit. 15.re&,.I6.

11Q._odtibifiliolus_velfilianafciturexme,• JuraParenti_ babesi proptermet_rlberlsh_ere._. _uv_aL Sat. 9"

See law 9"C"Theod.de bom=profcriptorum,& Dio, t!b.5' SeetheFragm.of Ulpian,tit. lafi, fec'i'.6. ar.dtit. 29. fe_. 3.

.*r Frag.of t,qpian,ti:. aft. feet,r, Soz,omenu_,lib. z. cap.9"of

_C_A_,._._:_ THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 247

of womenwasno longerminded.AulusGellius,_ho livedunder* Adrian,tellsus, thatin his timetheVoconianlawwasalmoftaboliflaed; it wasburiedundertheopulenceofthecity. Thuswefindin the

fentencesof Paulust, wh6 livedunderNiger,ahdin thefragmentsofUlpian_, whowasinthetimeofAlexanderSeverus,thatthefiRersonthefather'sfidemightfucceed,andthat nonebut therelationsofamorediflantdegreewerein the careof tholeprohi-bitedbytheVoconianlaw.

The ancientlawsof Romebeganto be thoughtrevere. Thepraetorswerenolongermovedbut byreafonsofequity,moderation,anddecorum.

_re havefeen,that by the ancientlawsofRomemothershadno thareintheinheritanceoftheirchil-dren. The Voconianlawaffordeda newreafonfortheirexclufion.But the emperorClaudiusgavethemotherthefucceffionofher childrenasa confolationfor her lofs. The Tertullianfenatusconfultum,madeunderAdrianII,gaveit themwhentheyhadthreechildren,if freewomen; orfour,if theywerefreedwomen. It is evident,that thisdecreeofthefenatewasonlyanextenfionofthePapianlaw,whichin the famecafehadgrantedtowomentheinheri-tancesleftthemby flrangers.At lengthJuftinian§favouredthemwith thefucceffionindependentlyofthe numberoftheirchildren.

The famecaufeswhichhaddebilitatedthe lawagainftthe fucceffionof women,fubvertedthatbydegreeswhichhadlimitedthe fucceffionof the rela-tionson the woman'sfide. Therelawswereex-

Lib.xx. cap._. "t"Lib.iv. tit. $. f¢6L3"Tit. z6. fe_t.6.

]1That is, theemperorPlus,whochangedhis nameto that of Adrianbyi_doption.

§ Lib,ii. cod,dejure liberorum,lnl_it.,tit. 3. fe_t.4. defenatu_confult.

_g4 tremely

24_ THE 8PIPIT OF LAW6. BQog_"

tremelyconformableto the fpiritof agoodrepublie_where they ought t9:havefuch an influence, as topreventthis fdxfromrenderingeither the poffeffaon,orthe.expe_atipnof_y_:alth,:an in_r_m_rof luxtWy_.On_tfii_-cbfitrar_r_the_!ux.uryOfa_mo0a_h3,rendering.marriageexpenfi_:eand cofliy,it ought"to be thereencouraged,both by.the richesv,'bich,womenmaybeftow,madbythe hopeof the inheritancesit is intheirpowertopr%cpje. "rhys when mon._rcby_w_s_eft_iblifl__d' at Rome, the whole fyftemof fucceffionswas changed. The prmtorscaUedthe relationsofthe woman'sfidein defaultof tholeof themalefide.;though by the ancient laws, the relations of thewoma!a'sfidewerenevercalled. TheOrphitianfena-tus confultumcallcdchildrento the fucceffionof theirmother; andtheemperorsValei_tinian*,Theodofiua__ndArcadius, calledthegrandchildrenby thedaugh-_ter, to the fucceffionof the gr_ndtather. -In fhort,theemperorJuRinian?f left not the lea_ve_qigeofthe ancientright of_fuccefiions: he eflablithedthreeordersof heirs, thedefcendants,the zfcendants,andthe.¢ot!aterals,without any ,diftin6_don,between-,the'-.ma.!¢_and females.;betweenthe relationson the.womon'sfide, andtholeon themalefide; and abro-:-g_ed:allof this kind, which were,frillin force:hebet!ey_d,.=thathe, followednatmeeven in de_-iatingfrom,_vhathe called the embarraffi_entsof_thean,ci_tdpr@tudence. .... :

¢ L_b.i_t.cod.defuls & legltimi_h_eredibug.L/b_xiv.cod.defals8¢l_gitimis_h_redihus_& No¢._,/_. lz7_:Dr_S,5: •

' _ '._b.'7,.+

,OF__g_E -O_tt_ ND'REVOLUTIONS OF THE _eIVILA:: -'_'L_7¢$-A'MONG.THE FRENCH,

:_-6_C_ mS_-' ' ' "" OvzvMZTA_e,

; , C H A P. I.

DifferentCharaEterof theLawsof thefeveralPeople._. , ofGermany.

A,,,FTER theFrankshad theirquitted own coun-

try,theymadeacompilementoftheSaliclawss_,viththeafliRanceof _ theragesoftheirownnation.q_e tribeoftheRipuarianFrankshavingjoinediffelflanderClovist to thatof the Salians,preferreditsown.cuftoms;.and _heodoric+ king of Auftrafiaorderedthemto be reducedintowriting. He col-lc&cdlikewife:_thecuftomsof tholeBavariansandGermanswhoweredependentonhiskingdom;FdrGermanyhaving:beenweakenedby.themigrationoffuch_-amultitudeof people,theFranks,after_on.quermgallbefore;,hem,madea- retrograde_rn_areh,andextendedtheirdominionintothe foreRsO__thfiifancet_ors.Verylikelythe Thuringiancode§:was

• .-o -

Seetheprologueto the Sallclaw. "Mr.Leibnitzlays, in histreatlfeofthe originoftheFranks,that thislaw wasmadebeforethe reignof Clovis:but it couldnot bebeforethe FrankshadquittedGermany,forat thattime

-lheydidnot underP_andtheLatintongue.t S(eGregoryofTours.

See the prologueto the law of the Bavarians,and that to the Salle_law. ]1Ibid.

§ LexAn_liorumWerinoru_hoc¢aThuringorum,

given

!I_ T_HE-$P:_Rq_T0F L AW _.BookX_Vi_I.

given bythe fameTheodoric,fincethe Thuringianswerealfohis£ubjec"ts.Asthe Frifianswerefubdtied"by CharlesMarteland Pepin, their* law cannotbe

. priol:to tholeprinces.- Charlem_in,the.firftthat:!'e-duced the Saxons,ga,_:ethemthe law ftilt extar_t;and we needov_lyread thefetwo laft codes,:to beconvincedtheycamefrom the handsof con.querors.As loonas the Vifigoths,the Burgzundians,andtheLombards,had foundedtheir refpe&ivekingdoms,Jtheyreducedtheir laws into writing, not with anintentof obligingthe vanquilhednations to conformto theircufloms,but witha defignof followingthemthemfelves. _

There is an admirablefimplicityin the_Salicand_Ripuarianlaws, as wellas in tholeof the Atemans,Bavarians,Thtiringians,andFrifians. Theybre_he

an originalcoarfenefs,and a fpirit whichno changeor corruptionof mannershad_eakened. They re-ceivedbu_ very few alterations,becaufe,all thofepeople, exceptthe Franks, remainedin Germany.Eventhe Franksthemfelveslaidtherethe foundationof a greatpartoftheir empire; fothat theyhad.n0nebut Germantaws. The famecannot be:aidof_helaws of the Vifigoths,of the Lombardsand theBur-gundians; their chara&erconfiderablyalteredfromthe greatchangewhichhappenedin thechara&eroftholepeople,aftertheyhadfettledin theirnew habi,rations.

The kingdomof theBurgundiansdidnot-laftlongenoughto admitof greatchangesin the laxvs of theconquerln_nation. Gundebaldand Sigifmond,who.eollecq:edtheircu_oms, were ahnoft the lastof theirking_. The tawsof theLombardsreceivedadditiolTsrather than changes. The laws of Rothariswc,e

_*Theydidnot knowhowto write,folio,vec_

_axP.Xo THE SPIRITOF LAWS. ,_51

.followedby thofe of Grimoaldus,Luitprandus_/LachisandAffulphus;but did not affumea newform. ItwasnotfowiththelawsoftheVifigoths_;

.;theirkingsnew-mouldedthem,andhadthemalfo;new-mouldedbytheclergy.

•Thekingsindeedof the firf_raceffruckout oft_heSalicandRipuarianlaws,whateverwasabfolutelyinconfiffentwithChriffianity; but leftthemainpart_touched. This cannotbelaidof the lawsof theyifigoths.

Thelawsof theBurgundians,andefpeciallythofeoftheVifigoths,admittedof corporalpunithments:thefewerenottolerated_ bytheSalicandRipuariar_iaws; theyprefervedtheirchara6%ermuchbetter.

TheBurgundiansandVifigoths,whofeprovince_were greatlyexpofed,endeavouredto conciliatethe#fie&ionsoftheancientinhabitants,andtogivethemthemoi_cimpartialcivillaws[[; but as the kingsoftheFrankshadeftablifhedtheirpower,theyhadnofuch§confiderations.The Saxons,wholivedunderthedominionofthe

Franks:wereofanintra6_abletemper,andproneto_,evoh.Hencewefindin their_*lawsthefeveritiesofaconqueror,whichare nottobe metwithin theothercodesofthelawsoftheBarbarians.

* They weremadebyEuric,andamendedbyLeovigildus.Seei_idorus.'schronicle,ehaind_fainthusandReceflhinthusreformedthem. Egigasorderedthe codenowex:._:,tto be made_andcommiffionedbifhopsforthat phrpofe'Jneverthelefs,the laws_fChaindafuintlmsandReceffulnthuswe.repreferveeha__ppearsbythe fixfl_councilof Toledo.' .... '•"l"Seetheprologuetothe lawofthe Bavarians.

W'e'_nda fewonlyinChildebert_sdecree._1Seetlle prologueto thecodeof the Burgundlans_andthecodoitfelf_e_e-.

cia]lythe Iz_h. tit. fec_.5"andtit. 38. SeealfoGregoryof Tqurs_beokii-._hap.33. andthe codeof theVifgoths. ' ':

§ Seelowerdown,chap.3"_,,_ oh:z.(ce_,s.a,,d9.and_h.4.Cca.-._ _. Vee

,J[zTIIESPIR'ITOF LAWS. BookXXVI[I.

"Wefeethefpiritof:theG_rmanlawsinthepecu-,rila_'ypunithments,and_hefpirit of a conqueror'in:t,hofeofanaffti&ivenature.

Theerimesthey,commitinthelrowncountryarefubje&to corporalpuniff,ment; andthe fpiritofthe_¢Germanlawsis followedonlyin thepuniflamentof-crimescommitted'beyondthe extentof theirownterritory.

Theyareplainlytold, thattheircrimesfhalImeetwithnomercy,andtheyarerefufedeventheafylumofchurches.

Thebithopshadanimmenfeauthorityat thecouitof the-¥ifigoth,ldngs; the mottimportantaffairsbeingdebatedin councils.All the maxims,win-

•cipIes,andviewsoftheprefontinquififion,areowing•otheeodeoftheVifigoths; andthemonkshaveor,lycopiedagainRtheJews,thelawsformerlyenagtedbybithops..

In-other"refpe&sthe lawsof Gundebaldfor'theBurgundiansfeempretty.judicious; andthot_of.Ro,tharis,andof the otherLombardprinces,are iiillmorefo. Butthe lawsof the_'ifigoths,thof_,for"i_Rance,ofReceffuinthus,Chaindafuinthus,andEgi-_gas,-are"profile,rldiculous,andfoolifh; theyattain•nottheirend';theyareRuffwithrhetoric,andvoidof fenfe; frivolousinthefubffance,andbombafficin

CHAP. II.

_batthelawsofIbeBarbarianswereallperfonal.

IT is a diftingui_ingchara_erofthefelawsofthoBai'barians,that theywerenotconfinedto a certaindifiric"t;theFrankwastriedbythelawoftheFrafiks_

;(b;e:Alemanbythatofthe Aleman%theBurgundianby

CHAP.2. T_IESPIRIT OFLAWS. _5_

Bythatof theBurgundians,andthe Romanby_theR_gman_law: nay,.fofarweretheconquerorsinthofe_daysfromreducingtheirlawsto an uniformfyfiem.or body,that theydidnoteventhinkof becoming]egifla_orsto thepeopletheyhadconquered.

Theoriginalof thisI find in the mannersoftheGermans. Thefepeoplewerepartedaf'anderbtr_marthes,lakes,andforefts; and C_:far_ obferves,theywerefondof fuchreparations.Theirdreadoftke,Romansbroughtabouttheirreunion_:;a_ct_yeteachjn&vidua.!amongthetemixtpeople:wasfrilltohetriedbythe eflablifl_edcuftomsofhisownnation.Eachtribeapartwasfreeandindependent; andwhentheycameto beintermixt,the_ndependencyfrillcon-tinued; the countrywascommon,theg9vernmentpeculiar; theterritorythefame,andthenationsdif-ferent. Thefpiritofperfonallawsprevailedtherefore.amongtholepeoplebeforeevertheyletoutfromtheirownhomes,andtheycarriedit withthemintotheconqueredprovince.s.

._V,e findthiscutkomeftablifhedi.ntheformu!a's0fMarculfust, Anthecodesof the tawsoftheb.arl_-rians,,butchieflyinthe lawof_th¢Ripuarigns_AthedecreesofthekingsofthefirRrace11,fromwtlenoe_he:capitalariesonthat fubje&in the_fecond§ race_¢rederived,Thechildren-l'_followedthe-l_vcsoftheirfgther, thewife_$ that of her hutband,thewidow1111camebackto her ownoriginallaw,andthefreedman§§wasunderthatofhispatron.Betide.s,

DehelloG_llice,lib.6. "l"Lib.i. formul.8. _ Chap.3;._1Thatof Clotariusin the year56o, in the editloaof the Capitulariesof

Balu£us,vol.i. art.4" lb.in fine.§ Capitul.addedto'thelawofthe Lombards,lib.i. tit. _5"cap.7I.'lib. _.

t_t_4a. c_¢lr.,7.,ifidzlt. _56.cap._. snd:_. , "_ •

•: af]"Ibld, _ Ibld. lib,vi. tit. 7. cal_.I. IlllIbidr,_:_ez._ "Ibid.lib.ii, tit, 35.¢. z.

e;cery

e'_'erymancouldmakechoiceof_chatlawshepleafed-__.butthe conftitution-of*LothariflsI: re:qui_'edthis_"choicefhouldbemadepi_blic.' :_

C H A P. IIL '--

CapitalDifferencebetweenibeSaticLawsand'thofeoJ"theVifigothsandBurgundians.

WE havealreadyobferved,thatthe lawsoftheBurgundiansandVifigothswere'impartial;' but itwasotherwifewith regardto the Saliclaw, forit_ef_ablithedbetweentheFranksandRomansthemoffmortifyingdiffin&ions.WhenaFrank,aBarbarian,or onelivingunderthe Saliclaw,happened.to bekilled,acompofitionof 2oothiswastobepaidtohisrelationst; only Ioo uponthekillingof a Roman'proprietor_,andno morethan45fora Romantri2:butary. The compofitionfor the murderof-oneof'theking'svaffals,if a FrankIJ,was 6oo fols; if aRoman,thoughthe king'sgueff§,only'3oo_++.TheSaliclawmadethereforea crueldiffin&ion_'b°e-_tweenthe FrankandRomanlord,andthe Fran_andRomancommoner. ": " '

Farther,if a numberof-peopleweregottogetherto:affaulta Frankin h_shoufe,_,andhehappenedto bekilled,the8at:clawordaineda compofifionof

-*In the]awof the Lombard_,lib.li. tit. 57", " "'"1"Saliclaw, tit. 44"re&.I._ O,_iresinpagoubi remanetpropriashabet. Salielaw_tit.44-re&,I j,

Q.uiin truftedominic_ell Ibid.tit. 4t. fe&,4, -_§ SiRomanushomoconvivaregisfuerit, Ibld.feet,6.-]:3p,The principalRomansfollowedthe court_asmaybefcenbythelivesof

feveralbiflaops,whowere thereeducatedi therewerehardlyanyhutRomansthatknewhowtowrite.g:l:Sa}ielaw, tit, 45,

600fols',

Cn_.P,._, THE S_PIRIT OF LAWS. _

600 fols; but if a Roman or a freedman* wasaf-faulted, only lt_lf that compofition._By the fame]aw% if a Romanput aFrankinirons, hewasliabletoa compofitionof 30 fols; but if a Frankhad thus

•ufeda Roman, hepaidonly I5. A Frank,ftriptby,a Roman,wasintitledto thecompofitionof6zl fols,and a Romanftript by a Frank, receivedonly30.Suchunequal treatmentmuff needshave beenverygrievousto aRoman..

And yet a celebratedauthor_ formsa fyftemoftheeflablidCbmentof:theFranksin Gaul,on a fuppofitionthat theywere the l_eftfriendsof theRomans. The"Franksthenthebed friendsofthe Romans,theywho_did, andtheywho fuffered[]from, theRomansfuch:an infinitedealof mifchief! The Franks, the £riendsof the Romans, they who, after fubduing_thembytherirarms_ oppreffedthem in coldbloodby theirlaws! They wereexa6tlythe friendsof the Romans,asthe Tartars,who conqueredChina,werethefriendsof the Chinefe,

If tbmeCatholict_iihopsthoughtfit to makeufeoftheFranksin deftmyingthe Arian kings, doesit fol-low, that theyhad a defireof livingunderthofebar-barouspeople? Andcanwefromhenceconclude,thatthe Franks hadanyparticularregardto theRomans?I ihoulddraw quite differentconfequences; thelefstheTranks hadto fear from theRomans,the lefsin-dulgencetheythewedthem.

The Abb6du Boshas confultedbut indifferentau-thoritiesfor his hiftory, fuch as poets and orators:works of paradeandoftentationareimproperfounda-tionsfor buildingfyftems.

Lidus,wholeconditionwasbetterth_nthatof a bondman,Lawofth_Alemana,daap_9._"

-[-Tit. xxxv.fe_, 3; and4"3_TheAbb_duBos. .'I! Witucfsthc,e_pcditionof Arbosaf_¢_in Grre_ot7 ofTours_Hill lib.z.

' "CHAP.

a56 THE SP_IRIT OF LAW.S. BoogXXV_l_

l_hat-Manner,theRomanLaWcaratto beloftintire•Countryf_bje27to tbeFranks,:_ndprefemedin thatfubje_totheGothsandBufgundians.

W.HAT hasbeenabove#aid,will throwromelight uponotherthings,whichhavehithertobeer_involvedingreatobfcurity. "•The:countryat thisdaycalledFrance,was,under

thefirft,race,governedby the Romanlaw, or theTheodofiancode,and by the differentlawsof theBarbarians*,whofettledinth0feparts.

In thecountryfub_e&to theFranks,theSalielaw-waseflabliflaedfortheFranks_andthe1-TheodofiancvdefortheRomans..In thatfubje&totheVifigoths,acompilemenvoftheTheodoflancode,madeby6rderof Alaric_, regulateddifputes"amongthe Roman_;andthenationalcuftomswhichEuric_{caufedtol_reducedinto writing,determinedthofeamong"the•Vifigoths.Buthowcomesit, fomewitlfay,thattli_Saticlawsgained_almofta generalauthorityin _hecountryoftheFranks,andtheRomanlaw_adtlall_declined':whilttinthejurifdi_ion.ofthe*Vifig0ths_th_Romanlawfpreaditfelf,and obtained,at laft_a ge-neralfway.

Myanfweris, thattheRomanlawcametobe dif-ufedamoiigthe Frank's,bccaufeof thegreatadvad-ragesaccruingfrombeinga Frank,aBarbafian:§_or

# TheFr_tks,Vifigoth#_andBurgundians_, "__jtwasfinifltedin 438, - o:/::_. "_.,h¢;:tlth.ye_°Qfthereignofthisprince,andpubH_-'_L,two_af4_"_

_t;, as appearsfromtheprefacetothatcode. ., __--_i_he ye_ 5o_.of _e Spa_i&=era_the Chronicleof Ifidarus. ., _- "§ Francum_a-t Barbarum_aat hom,la_mcluiSalicaleg¢-*Di_ _/kih_arr

I

a perfonlivingundertheSaliclaw; everyone,.inthatcare,readilyquittingtheRoman,to liveundertheSaliclaw. The*clergyaloneretainedit, asachangeWofildbeof noadvantagetothem. Thedifferenceoft_of_ditionsand1"ankseonfiftedonlyin the hrgenefsof thecompofitihfi,as I flaallthewin anotherplace._ow+ particularlawsallowedtheclergyasfavour-_bl_compofidoris,astholeofthe Franks; forwhich_r_afonthey retainedthe Romanlaw. This Iawbroughtno hardPaipsuponthem; andin otherre-fpe_sit wasprdpereftforthem,asit wasthework0fChril_ianemperors.

O1ithe 0therhand,in the patrimonyofthe¥ifi-g0ths,asthe¥ifigothlaw$ gavenociviladvantagestothe Vifigothsover the Romans,thelatterhadnor_iaf0nt0 difcontinuelivingundertheirownlaw_inb_derto embraceanother. Theyretainedthereforetheir°ownlaws,withoutadoptingtholeof the¥ifi-gqt_iS._:Tiaisis ftiI1fartherconfrmed,in proportionaswei_fo_dedih ourenquiry. ThelawofGundebald.wase:xtreihel_,impartia]_notfavouringthe Burgundiansm0rd_thanthe/Lomans.It appearsbythepreambletot_fl_w, thatit WasmadefortheBurgundians,andtffregulatethe:difputeswhichmightarifebetweenthemand the Romans; andin the lattercare,:the

_ccordingto the Romanlaw_underwhichthe churchliveh as is laid_nthe li_#I the-Kipuariifis,tic. 5_.fe_. x. See'alfffthenumbe_id_autho/.iiidsonthisheadpronourtcedbyDa Cange_underthewordLeggomaha.' '_ .

"t"See the (2apitulariesaddedto theSaliclaw in Lindembrock,at theend ofthat law, andthedifferentcodesof the lawsof theBarbat-ia'ns_'coa'c'_rhlngtheprivilegesofecclefiaftiesin thlsrefpe_. See alfo th_ letterof Charle'maln;10his ('on_"Pephak|hg of' Italy, in the }'ear8o7, in theedition"of Baluziu_._.tom. i. page46z. whereit is f_i|d,that an ei_clella/l:iethbnlds:eddVha tr31_l#¢nmpofitioa; andxh¢_2ollc_ionof the C_apitulark*silib; _'i_trt,[6-_."tom;a,.l_-di_ionofBaluzius. ................

See thatlaw' ...' • _

_ri_r_._II. S judges

_5_ THE'SPIRIT OF LAWS. BooKXXVIH.'

judgeswereequallydividedofa fide. Thiswashe-,cefl_ryfor particularreafons,drawnfromthe poli_ticalregulationsof tholetimes*. :TheRomanlhwwascontinuedin Burgundy,in orderto regulatetb_difputesof Romangamongthemfelyes.Thela_erhadnoinducementto quit their,ownlaw,asin th_countryof the Franks; andthe rather,astheSalielawwasnot eftabtiflaedin Burgundy,asappearsbythefamousletterwhichAgobardwroteto LewisthePious.

Agobardt defiredthatprinceto effabliihtheSaliclawin Burgundy: confequentlyit hadnotbeenefta-blifhedthereat thattime. ThustheRomanlawdid,andRill does,fubfi_in fo manyprovinces,whichformerlydependedonthiskingdom.

TheRomanandGothiclawscontinuedlikewifeinthecountryoftheefiablifhmentoftheGoths; wherethe Saliclawwasneverreceived.WhenPepin_dCharlesMartelexpelledthe Saracens,thetowns_dprovinces,whichfubmittedto thereprinces_jpeti-tionedfor a continuanceoftheirownlaws,ando13.rainedit; this, in fpiteof the ufagesofth0fe_swhenall lawswereperfona!,foonmadethe Romanlawto beconfideredas a realand territorialJawintholecountries.

This appearsby the edi6t:of Charlesthe Baid,givenatPiftesin theyear864,which[]diftinguithes

Of thisI/hall fpeakinanotherplace_bookx:tx.chap.6j 7,$, and9._f Agob.opera.

See Gervaisde Tilbury,in Duchefne'=colle_ion_torn. ill. page_66.F_&apa&ionecam Francis,quodiJHcGothip_ii_ legibcsJ moribaspatemisvivant, t_t fie NarbonenfisprovineiaPipplnofubjlcitur. Anda chronicleofthe year759. producedby Catel. hif_;of Languedoc. And the uncertainauthorof thelifeofLewistheDebonnalre,upo_the demandmadebythe lieopleof Septimaaiajat the af_mblyin Cariliago,inD_hgfn¢;.sr._lle+qiolb tam,ii.page3_6.

IIInilla terrain quaindiciafecundumlegemRomanumtercainantl_r,f©cun.tlum ipfamiegemjudicetur_& ha il._aterrain 8ua_&c. Art,X6o SeealfoArt. gO.

the

OZAI,._, THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 2£9

thecountrleswherecaufesweredecidedbytheRomanlaw, fromwhereit wasotherwife.

The edi&6_Pitiesthewstwothings; one,thattherewerecountrieswherecaufeswere decidedbythe Romanlaw,and otherswheretheywere not;andtheother,thattholecountrieswheretheRomanlawobtained,wereprecifely"-'_thefamewhereit is_ill followedat thisverydaysasappearsbythelaidedi_: thus_hediftin&ionoftheprovincesofFranceunderruflom,andtholeunderwrittenlaw,wasalreadyeffabliflaedatthetimeoftheedi6t-of-Piftes,

I haveobferved,thatin thebegilaningofthe too*narchy,all lawswereperfonal; andthuswhentheedic"tofPitiesditiinguifhesthecountriesoftheRomanlaw,fromthofewhichwereotherwife; themeaningis_that in countrieswhichwerenot of theRomanlaw, fucha multitudeof peoplehadchofento liveunderromeor-otherof the lawsof theBarbarians,that"therewerefcarceanywho"wouldbefubje&totlieItomantaw;:and that in the countriesof theRomantawtherewerefewwhowouldchufe_toliveunderttielawsoftheBarbarians.

Iamnorignorant,thatwhatishereadvancedwillBereckonednew; butif the thingswhichI affertbetru%furelytheyareveryancient. Afterall, whatgrit matteris i%whether.theycomefromrneifromth¢_Valelius%,orCromtheBignons?

CHAP. V,

.... : _ _rhef_me8u_je_continued. "

THE 4aw of Gundebaldfubiif_eda long timeamongtheBurgundians_in con_un&ionwithc/m

_6o THESPII_IT 'OF LAWS; _Boo_XXV_"

manlaw:it wasRillin ufe underLewisthe P_iot_%as Agobard'sletter plainlyevinces. In likemarmero_thoughthe edi_ of Piftes,calls the,,countryoccupiedby the Vifigothsthe countryof the Romanlaw,_y_tlae law of the Vifigothswas alw_aysin forcethere;_asappearsby thefynodof TroyesheldunderLewisthe Stammerer,in the year 878, that isj fourtecayearsaftertheedit: of Piffes.

Inprocefsof timetheGothicand Burgundian_W$felt intodifufeevenin their owncountry_ whichwasowing to thole generalcaufesthat every,coherefup-preffedthe perfonallawsof theBarbarians.

CHAP. VI.

HowtheRomanLaw keptitsGroundin theDemef72eoftheLombards.

THE fa&sall coincidewithmyprinciples. Thelaw of the Lombardswas impartial_and theBQmanswereunderno temptation,to quit _eir own for it.The motivewhichprevailedwith the Romansund¢_the Franksto make choiceof the Saliclaw, did_ottakeplacein Italy; hencethe Roman,lawmaima'mediffelfthere, togetherwith thatof the:Lomba,ds._: I_ ewea_fell out, that the lattergave wayto theRoman inRitutes,and ceafedto be the law of;therulingnation; and though!t continuedto be that oftheprincipalnobility,yetthegreateffpart of thecitiesformed themfelvesinto republics,and the nobilitymoulderedaway of themfelves,or weredeflroyed%The citizensofthenewrepublicshadnoinclinationto_dopta law, whicheftablifhedthe cuftomofjudiciaryCombats,andwhofe !nftitutionsre.tainedmuchof the

• $ecwhatMachiavclfay'8_fifl_ruiaofthe-anckl_t,aobilhyofFlorence.:_:' CL1t_onl$

CaA_.?. "THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. _6i

euitoms and ufagesof chivalry. As the clergyofth_fedays, a ctergyeven then_£opowerfulin Italy,liveddlmoftallundertheRoman'law, thenumberofthoi'ewho followedthe inftitufionsof theLombardsmuffhavedailydiminithed.

Betides,theinflitutionsof the Lombardshadnotthat extent,that majeftyof theRomanlaw, bywhichItaly was remindedof heruniverfaldominion. TheinRitutionsoftheLombardsand'theRomanlawcouldbe'then of no otherufe than to furnifhout flatutesforthofecitiesthatwereere&edintorepublics. Nowwhichcouldbetterfurnilhthem,theinflitutionsoftheLombardsthat determinedon romeparticularcafes,or theRomanlawwhichembracedthemall?

, C H A P, VII,

HowtheRomanLawcametobeloftinSpain..5 "[

"_HINGS happenedotherwifein Spain. Thelaw of the Vifigothsprevailed,and the Romanlawwasloft. Chaindafuinthus*andReceffuinthust pro-f6i_ibedtheRomanlaws,andevenforbadcitingthemin theircourtsofjudicature, Receffuinthuswaslike-wifeauthor++of thelaw which tookoff the prohibi-tionof marriagesbetweentheGothsandRomans. Itis evident'thattheretwo laws had the fame fpirit:this kingwantedto i'emovetheprincipalcaufesof£eparation,whichfubfiRedbetweenthe Gothsandthe Romans. Now it was thought, that nothing •madea widerreparationthantheprohibitionof inter-' "_'Hebegantoreign,intheyear6_.

"1""Wewillnolongerbe,harraffed.either_byforeignor by the Romanlaws,La_a6ftbeFifflgotbs_lib.ii; tit. X.left. 9"andxo.

Ut tam G?tho-Romanam,quem Romano-Oothammatrim0nlolieeatfo¢iari." _,a_ofthel,'Tjigotbs__lib.ili. tit. _.'cal_.,_.

S 3 marriages_

_6_ THeESPrRITOF LAWS. l)ooxXXVlII.

marriages,andthe libertyof livingunderdifferentinftitutions.ButthoughthekingsoftheVifigothshadproferibed

theRomanlaw, itTtill"fubfiftedinthe demefne'_theypoffeffedin SouthGaul. Therecountriesbeingdif-rantfromthecenterof themonarchy,livedin a ftateofg?eatindependence.We feefromthe hit_oryofVamba,whoafcendedthe thronein 672, that thenativesof thecountrywere becomethe prevailingparty*. Hencethe Romanlaw had greaterautho-rlty, andthe Gothiclefs. TheSpanifhlawsneitherfuitedtheirmanners,nor theira&ualfituation; thepeoplemight !ikewifebe obftinatelyattachedto theRomanlaw,becaufetheyhadannexedto it theideaof liberty. Betides,the laws of Chaindafuinthus,andof Receffuinthus,containedmoltrevereregula-

•tionsagainfttheJews; but thereJewshadavaftdealof powerin SouthGaul, The authorof thehiftoryofkingVambacallsthereprovincesthebrotheloftheJews. When the Saracensinvadedthefeprovinces,it was by invitation;and who couldhaveinvitedthembuttheJewsor theRomans? TheGothswerethefirftthat wereoppreffed,becaufetheyweretherulingnation.•We fee in Procopius"I',thatduring;theircalamitiesthey.withdrewoutofNarbonneGaulinto Spain. Doubttefs,underthis misfortune,theytook refugein tholeprovincesofSpain,whichftiUheldout; andthe numberof thole,whoin SouthGaulWedunderthelawoftheVifigoths,wastherebygreatlydiminiflaed.

t TIlerevoltof thefoprovinceswas a g_neralde/eeqionI as appearsb_"thel'entencein the fequelof the hil_ory. Paulasandhis adherentswgr¢Romansllh©_t:wen_gven favouredhy the bi_ops. Vambaduranot put to deaththelrJbelswhomhe had quelled, 'The author"ofthe hi_o_ callsNarbonneGaulth_ nu_feryoftreafo_,

't"Gothl,qui¢ladlfuperfuerant,ex Galliat:um.xoribunfiberifquoegref_IIn I-/]f/patdamad Teudilta_ampalamtyratmumfc lrece_erunt.DeBellsGstba.

,m/ib.i.,,_.,3. CHAP,

Cm_P.I,9. THE 8PIKIT_.OF LAWS. _65

c H A P. vm.falfeCapitMary.

DID not that wretchedcompilerBenedk't-usLe-vitaattemptto transformthis X/ifigotheftablifhment,whichprohibitedthe ufeof the Romanlaw, intoacapitulary*,afcribedfinceto Charlemaign?Hemadeofthisparticularinftitutiona generalone,asifheintendedto exterminatetheRomanlawthroughouttheuniverfe.

CHAP. IX.

InwhatMannertheCodesofBarbarianLaws,andthe•• CaDitulariescametobeiofl.

THE Satic,theRipuarlan,Burgundian,andVifi-goth laws,camebydegreesto bedifufedamongtheFrenchin thefollowingmanner:

As fiefswerebecomehereditary,andarrlere-fiefsextended,many.ufageswere introduced;to whichthefelaws were nolongerapplicable.Theirfpirith:deedwas continued,whichwas to regulatemoi_difputesby fines. But as the valueof moneywas,dOubtlefs,fubje&to change, the fineswereatfochanged;andwe fee feveralchartersT, wherethelordsfixedthefines,thatwerepayablein theirpettymutts. Thus thefpirit of the taw wasfollowed,withoutadheringtothelawitfelf.

Betides,as Francewasdividedintoa numberofpe:itylordflaips,_vhiehacknowledgedrathera feudal

_ Capitularies_l_b. v|; cap. _69. o_ the year _6_3, editiori of "Baluzlus,

•f M. de la Thaumaflier¢has ¢olle_cd ma_y of them. See,-for in/_anee,¢h_tp_6Ji 66_ andotl_crs.' .... "_ ....

" S:4" _" : t_hart

264. THE SPIRIT:OF LAW;S,--,t_ooKXX_I;)tha_al)oliticaldependence,it wasverydifficultfor,onl__6n_"lawI;obeauthorlfed " ": ...... , .. - Andmdeed,atwo dbe Imff6ffibleto fee it obfervea T_L.... ,, _tlonger"prevailedof fendi-,--,_-_"_--_-__:Y_-cmtom.no-.... -s ,.auuul_alnaryomcers.intothe provinces,to infpe&intothe adminiRrat{ono_juftice,and politicalaffairs; it-appears,evdn.'bvthechartersthat ,_

- , . whennew,,efsweree_aPhli/hed,_Ourkingsdivefiedthemfelvesoftherightoffendingtfio]_officers.Thus_whenalmoffeve_thingwasbecomea fief,thereofficerscouldnot be employed; therewasno longera commonlaw,becaufenoonecouldenforcetheobfervanceofit.

The Salic,Burgundian,_ndYifigothlaws,werethereforeextremelynegle&edat theendof thefecondrace; andat the beginningof_e third,theywerefcarceevermentioned.

UnderthefirRandfecondrace,thenationwasoftenaffembled;thatis, thelordsandbiflaops; the com.monswerenotyet thoughton, In thereaffemblies,attemptsWeremadeto i'egulatethe clergy,a bc;dyWhichformeditfelf,if I mayfo fpeak,underl;heconquerors,andetLabli/Iaedits privileges.TheJawsmadeinthereaffemblies,arewhatWecallthecapitu-laries. Hencefour thingsenfued;_thefeudallawswereeffablithed,andagreatpartoftlaechurchreve-n_e&e_'7wadm1_effteredby thofeJaws; the clergT-,_ paranon,andnegle&ed+ thofede.cfee'sof reformation,Wheretheythemfelveswere-notthud'6n]_,!reformers; a collegtio+...... .:_..._,a=_,.... . . . . .n,,.wasmadeof th,.

- 5.'-:_',,. - • ._ canonst MiffiDomlni.

"_'_n°t ehe't_i&ola,raysCharlestheBald, in the eapitularyof $44.Irt.g.unde_"-IYr_ehee"of-theaut]i'orityofmakingcanons,oppofethis conRitutlon,ornegi_ liffeol/fe_*ane_6f it. _1tTeemshe alreadyforefawthe fall thereof.

"_':lh'_qc6tte_r°nofcafion_'a vaRnumberof the decretalsof pop_ wereinferred; th'_- _re/dveryfewin the'ancienteollee'tlon'._DionyfiusEatiguuspuj:a greatmanyinto hi_: but that of IfidorusMercatorWhsRuffedwithgenuino

csa_.4e._ THE SPII_IT OF LAWS. 26_

canbnsofcouncilsandof thedecretalsofpopes;andtherethe clergyreceived,as comingfrom a purerfource. Everfincetheere&ionofthegrandfiefs_ourkings,as we havealreadyobferved,hadnolongeranydeputiesin theprovincestoenforcethe0bfervanceoftheirlaws;andhenceit is; thatunderthe•thirdrace,wefindnomorementionmadeofcapitul_ries.

' CHAP. X..

27aefameSubjec'tcontinued,

SEVERAL capitularieswereaddedto the lawoftheLombards,aswellasto theSalicandBavarianlaws. The reafonof thishasbeena matterof en-quiry:butit muffbe foughtfor in the thingitfelf.Therewerefeveralfortsof capitularies.Somehadrelationtopoiificalgovernment,otherstomconomical,moltofthemto ecclefiaf[icalpollry,andfomefewtocivil government.Thofeof the laftfpecieswereaddedto thecivillaw,thatis, totheperfonallaws9[eachnation; forwhichreafon'it is laidi_,the.capi:tularie_,thatthereisnothingfdpulated* thereincon-traryto theRomanlaw. Ineffe&,thofe_cap]tu!arj_sregarding9e_conomical,ecclefiaf'dcal,or politicalgo-vexnment,hadnorelationtothat'law;andtholecon-cerningcivilgovernmenthadreferenceonly t_'theiawsofthebarbarouspeople,whichwereexpia!ne_,amended,enlarged,or abridged.Buttheaddifigofthel_capitu1_rie_to the perfonallaws,occafioned,I

andfpurlousdecretals. The oldcolleEHonobtainedin Fraueetill_h_|ema_gnoThih'princereceiv_fromthehand_ofpopeAdrian!. the¢o!l_Etio%of.:l_onyfi_sExlguus,anff'caut:edit i_ beaccepted. Thecollec_ionof _fidorusMerca_,uppeare/tin Franceabqut,thereignof C_l_arlemaig.';people.grewp,_onatelyfondof it_ to'this_fucceedefitwhatwenowcal!the¢quffeofs_o _law,.... :_ ,

See_heedi_ ofPiltes_art_zo.

.:, ima_ne,

_66 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. Boo_XXVIIL

imagine,thenegle&of the verybodyofthe capim-lafiesthemfelves: in timesofignorance,theabridge-mentof a workoftencaufesthe lofs of thewqrkitfelL .- :

CHAP. XI.

Otlm"Gaufesof the Difufeof theCodesof Bar,at;anJAws,aswellas of theRomanZaw_andof theCapitularies.

WHEN theGermannationsfubduedtheRomanempire,theylearntthe ufeof writing;and,inimi-tationof the Romans,theywrotedowntheirownufages*, anddigef[edthemintocodes. The un-happyreignswhichfollowedthatof Charlemaign,the invafionsof theNormans,and thecivilwars,plungedtheconqueringnationsagainintothedarknefsoutof whichtheyhademerged: fothatreadingand_'ritingwerequitenegle&ed.Henceit is, thatinFranceandGermany,thewrittenlawsoftheBarba-rians,aswellastheRomanlaw, andthecapitularies,fellintooblivion.Theufeofwritingwasbetterpre-ferredin Italy, wherereignedthe popesand theGreekemperors,andwheretherewereflourifhingcities,whichenjoyedalm6fttheonlycommerceintholedays. To this neighbourhoodof Italyit wasowing,thattheRomanlaw wasbetterpreferredintheprovincesof Gaul,formerlyfubje&to theGothsandBurgundians; andfomuchthemore,asthislawwastherea territorialinffitution_anda kindofpri-vilege. It is probable,thatthedifufeoftheVifigoth

s This-isexprefslyletdowninromepreamblestotherecodes• weevenfindinthelawsof theSaxonsandFrifiansdifferentregulations,accordingtothedifferentdiffric'ts.To thef_ufageswereaddedromeparticularrcgulationsjfuitableto theexigencyof circumftanceslfuchwereth; fcvcrclawsaga_KtheSax0ns. _ .

laws

C_A_oI_. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. _67

law_ in Spainproceededfromthe wantof writing;andby theloisof fo manylaws, cui_omswereeverywhereeRabliflaed.

Perfonallaws fell to the ground. Compofitions,and what theycall Freda_, were regulatedmore b),cuttomthanby the text of therelaws. Thus, as inthe eftabliihmenJ;of the monarchythey had paffedfrom Germancuftoms to written laws; rome agesafteGtheycamebackfromwrittenlaws to unwrittenculioms.

C S A P. XII.

OflocalCu/toms.Revdutionof the Laws of barbarousNations,aszvellasof theRomanLazy.

BY feveralmonumentsit appears,that therewerelocal cuftoms, fo earlyas the firftand fecondrace;We findmentionmadeof the cuflomof theplacet, oftheancientufage_, of thecufloraIt,"ofthetaws§, andof the cufloms.It has been the opinion of romeauthors,that whatwentby thenameofcuffomswerethe lawsof the barbarousnations,and what had theappellationof law were the Romaninfiitutes. Thiscannot poitiblybe. King Pepin**ordained, thatwhereverthere/hould happento be no law, cuftom/hould be compliedwith ; but that it thould neverbe preferredto the law. Now, to pretendthat theRomanlaw was preferredto the codesof the tawsoftheBarbarians,is fiabvertingall monumentsofanti-quity, and efpeciallythole codesof Barbarianlaws2whichconftantlyaffirmthe contrary.

Ofthis!/hall fpeaketfewhere. ,[-Pref.to Mareuifus'$Formul_e,:t Lawof the Lombards_bookii. tit. 58.re&.3"[I Lawofthe Lombards_bookii, tit. 4I. re&.6.§ Lifeof .qt.Leger.tt_ /_awof theLombards_bookii. tit. 4t. re61.6.

So

¢8S THE SPIRIT OF LAW_.Boo_XXVtH.:

S0farwerethelawsofthebarba_rousnationsfrombeingthofecuffoms,that it wasthereverylaw§',a_perfonalinffitutions,whichintroducedthem. TheSalielaw,for inftanee,was apeifonallaw; b,3i_gd2nerally,or almofl-generally,in placesinhabited'bytheSatianFranks,thisSaliclaw,howperfonalfoe{)er,became,in refpe&tothofeSalianFranks,a territorial'inf'dtution,andwasperfonalonlyin regardto tholeFrankswholivedelfewhere.Now,if feveraIBur-gundians,Alemans,orevenRomans,thouldhap_ertto havefrequentdifputes,in a placewheretheSaliclawwasterritorial,theytour havebeendeterminedby thelawsof tholepeople; anda greatnumberofdecifionsagreeableto romeof tholelawsmuffhaveintroducednewcuffomsinto the country. Thisex-plainstheconfl-itutionofPepln. It wasnaturalthattholecuttomsfhouldaffe&eventhe Franks,wholivedon the fpot,in cafesnotdecided.bytheSaticlaw; but it wasnotnaturalthat theyihouldprevailovertheSaliclawitfelf. :':

Thustherewerein eachplaceaneftablithedl_w,andreceivedcuRoms,whichfervedasa fuppiemen_:tOthatlawwhentheydidnotcontradi&it.

Theymightevefihappento fupplya lawthat:Qa_.nowayterritorial: andto continuethefameexample,if_ Burgundianwasjudgedby the law ofhlsoWnr_atiou,in a placewheretheSaliclawwasterritorial,and thecarehappenednotto beexplicitlymentionedin th;eVerytext of thisPaw,there"is nomannerofdoubtbutjudgmentwouldhavebeenpaffeduponhimaccordingto thecuffomofthe.place.

In thereignof kingPepin,thecuffomsthenef_a-blithedhadnotthefameforceasthelaws; but itwasnotlong beforethe lawsgavewayto the cuffoms..4nd as newregulationsare generallyremediesthatimplyaprefentevil,it maywellbeimaginedthatfo

early

_At_. ,THE SPIRIT OF LAWS, _

earlyas Pepln'stime_,theybegantopreferthe cuff0mstO_h6ef_abli_edlax_s.'W'hat has beenlaid, fu_cientlyexplainsthe man-net inwhichth_ l_omanlaw began fo very earlytobecometerritorial,:as may be feenin the edi& of_Piffes; and how the Gothic law continued.filllinforce, as appearsby the fynod of Troyes* above-mentl0ned. The Romanwasbecomethegeneralper-£0fiallaw, andthe Gothictheparticularperfonallaw ;¢onfequentlythe Romanlaw was territorial. Buthow cameit, romewill a/k, that the perfonallawsofthe Barbariansfell everywhereinto difufe,whiletheRomanlaw was continuedas a territorialinftitutionin the Vifigothand Burgundianprovinces? I ani'wer,that eventhe Romanlaw had verynearthe famefateas theotherperfonalinffitutions: otherwifewe fhouldi'dll have the Theodofiancode in thofe provincesWherethe Romanlaw was terrltorial, whereaswehave the inffitutesof Juffinian. Tholeprovincesre-tained fcarceany thing morethan the nameof thecQuntryunder the Roman, or writtenlaw; thanthenaturalaffe&ionwhichpeoplehavefor theirowninfti-tutions, efpeciallywhenthey confiderthem as privl-leges; andafewregulation_ofthe Romanlawwhichwerenot yet forgotten. This was howeverfufficientto producefuchan effect,thatwhenJuffinian'_!_:om-pilementappeared,it was receivedin the pro_;in_sof the Gothicand Burgundiandemefneas a _xittenlaw, whereas_twas admittedonly as wnttenxeafonin theancientdemefneof theFranks. ,_,_

•_6 THE SPIRIT OFLAWS. _oogXX_III_,o + +

c H _aP, Xm,l_'.ffereneebetween_e SalleLaw, orthatoftheSalhn

Franks,andthatoftheRipuarianFranks,andvthirbarbarousNations.

THE Saliclawdid not allowoftheCutk_mofnegativeproofs; thatis, if a perfonbrough_a de-mandor chargeagainftanother,he wasobligedbytheSaliclawto proveit, andit wasnotfufficientfortheaccufedtodenyit; whichisagreeabletothelawsofalmoftallnations.

ThelawoftheRipuarianFrankshadquitea dif-ferentfpirit*; it wascontentedwithnegativeproofs,andtheperfonagainftwhoma demandoraceufationwasbrought,mightclearhimfelf,in mo_cafes,byfwearing,in conjun6tionwith a certainnumberofwitneffes,thathehadnotcommittedthecrimelaidtohis charge.The number_ of witneffeswhowereobligedto fwear,increafedin proportionto the"+_t_+porranceof the affair;fometimesit amounted,to._feventy-two.ThelawsoftheAlemans,Bavarians,Thuringians,Frifians,Saxqns,Lombards,and Bur-gundians,wereformedonthe fameplanas thofeofthePdpuarians.

! obferved,thatthe Saliclawdidnotaltowofne-gativeproofs. TherewasIIone cafe,however,inwhichtheywereallowed; but eventhentheywerenotadmittedalone,and withoutthe concurrenceo_

This relatestowhatTacituslays,that_e Germanshadgeneralandpar-t_cular¢ul_om_.

-_ Lawof theRipuarlans,tlt. 6j 7, $_andothers./bid,tit. 11, Iz_ andI7,

tl It was whenan accufatlonwasbroughtagalnf_anAntruftio,thatis, the_ing't _al_aI_who was fuppofedto be poffeffedof a greaterdegreeofliber_.Seetit.76.ofthePa&uslegisSalicm.

. _ pofifive2

_p.,x 4. THE-SPiRIT OF LAWS. :)7_pofitiveproofs. The plaintiff*caufedwitneffestobe heard,in orderto groundhisaction; thedeles.dantproducedalfowitneffesOfhisfide; andthejudgeWaSto comeat the truth, by comparingtholetel'd-monies"1--This pra&icewasva_lydifferentfromthat of the Ripuarian,and other barbarouslaws,whereitwascuftomaryfor thepartyaccufedto clearhimf¢lf,byfwearinghewasnotguilty,andbymakinghis relationsalfofwearthat he hadtold thetruth-_Thefelawscouldbefuitableonlytoa peopleremark-able for their nafur_ fimplicityand candour; we/hallfeeprefentlythat the legiflatorswereobligedtotakepropermethodsto preventtheirbeingabufed.

C H A P. XIV.

•./lnotberDiff'ertnce.

•THE 8aliclawdidnot admitofthetrialbycom-bat; thoughit had beenreceivedbythe lawsoftheRipuarians+, and:of almbftall[1the barbarousna-tions; To me it feems,thatthelawofcombatwasa naturalconfequence,anda remedyofthelawwhichefia131iflaednegativeproofs. When an a&ionwasl_rought,anditappearedthatthedefendantwasgoingto eludeit by an oath,whatotherremedywaslettto a militaryman§, wholawhimfelfuponthepointof beingconfounded,thanto demandfatisfaEtionfortheinjurydonetohim; andevenfor theattemptofperjury?The Saliclaw, whichdid not allowthe

_' Seethe'76thtit. of thePa_uslegisSalicm."t"Accordingtothe praEticenow"followedin England:

Tit. 3z. tit. 57.feet.z.'dt. 59"feet.4"IISeethenote underneath.§ This fpirit appearsinthetaw of theR;puaiians)tit. 59"feet"_" aad tit.

67. ,foet.5" andin theCapitularyof LewistheDebonnairejaddedtb the lawof theKipuahansin theyear8o3,art. 22. = " "_' : " : :

• ,, cu_om

• Tz THE SPIRIT OF LAWo_. BoogXYVIIL

cui'comof negativeproofs,neitheradmittednorhadanyneedof the trialbycombat: butthelawsoftheBipuarians"_andof the otherbarbarousnations%whohadadoptedthepra&iceofnegativeproofs,wereobligedto eftabliPathetrialbycombat.

Whoeverwillpleafeto examin_the twofamousregulations_ of Gundebaldking ofBurgundycon-cerningtMsrubieS,wil!findtheyarederivedfromtheverynatureof thething. It wasneceffary,ac-cordingto the languageof the Barbarianlaws, torefcuethe oathout ofthehands,of a peffonwhowasgoingto abufeit.

Amongthe Lombards,the lawsof Rotharisad-mittedofcafes,inwhicha manwhohadmadehisdefencebyoath,flaouldnot be fufferedto undergothefatigueof a duel. Thiscuffomfpreaditfelffar-ther: IIwe ihallprefentlyfeethe mifehiefsthatarofefromit, andhowtheywereobligedto returnto theancientpra&iee.

CHAP. XV.

.4 Refleaion._1DO notpretendto deny,butthatin thechanges

madein thecodeoftheBarbarian-laws,in theregu-lationsaddedto that code,andin,thebodyofth_

• Seethatlaw.t"Thislawof the FrifiaaSjLombards,Bavarians,Saxons?Thnrlngian's,

andBurgufidians. _ "Iaihe lawoftheBurgundlans_tit. g. fee_.s andz. oncrlminalafYairs;

andtit._-5.whichextendsafroto civil affairs. See alfothe law of the Thu*ringians,tit. z.re&.3x.tit. 7. fe_.6.andtit.8,andtheLawoftheAlcmaas,tit. 89. thelawof theBavarians,tit. 8.chap._.'fe_.6. andchap.z, fe6_x.andtit. 9.chap.4. fe_.4,, thelawof theFrillans_tit.xi.fe_.3'andtit,i4.fe£t.4_ thehw ofthe/.,omba_ds_back x. tit, St, f©v_._. andtih 35' f©¢_*xoandbook2. tit, 35-fe_. z.

_ ¢_p. Z$;towardsthetm_.i_apitu-

_ffzttalar;}es,q_ ispoffibleto fui'dfomepaffa_s@tier¢fl_etrialb_,combatisnota _rifequenceof the nega;ti_e_pr96t_. Partiizutarcircuni_ah,c_:m]ghti:iffthe_0_rfe_f manylig_,gi_:er_fet0po_ticutarlaws;-Ifpeakonlyaf ttie_efieralfplrltofthelawsof_he'Ger:.m_, "oftheii'i_at_reandofigii_;"!fp_akoffla:_:an-cientouffoms-6fth0fe:people,thatwere either-hi:nted"atb'r:efl_blifhddby thofelaws; andthisis"theohlymatterin quefftpn._

_;H- A'P_ XVI.

OftheOrdeal,_r.if'riMby,boilinEH,rater,#abli[hedby__, the8alicLaw.

TFIESalic law.,* aHo_:edofthe ordealortrialbybpil_ng-water; _')d_: this.tria)wasexceifi_:elycruel,thelaw"t"foundaq.exp.edientto foften.itsrigour, it.permittedthe ,perf6nwhohadbeenfummonedto-m..akethetrialwithboilingwater,toranfomhishandjwi._theconfent,o£theadverfeparty. -,Theaccufer,_for_9articularrumdeterminedbythelaw,mightbefatisfied.withtheoathof a fewwitneffes,declaringthattheaccufedhadnotcommittedthecrime, This._v_._particularoafe,inwhichtheSaliclawattmltted9f,:_!ae._gativeproof. , ->Thistrialwas_athingprivatelyagreedupon,which

-thelaw permittedonly,but did notordaiu. Thetaw.l_av¢al)ar.ticular_ndemnityto theaccut-eG"_;ho.-ribalda!low'thead&/'ed"/6mai_e'hi,defe_gg_:_k.aa!e_'ve9ropf:_e plaintiffwaz.a_-.liberty,to.be:_tiv-flewwith¢heoath:6f.thedefendant,ashe was_it:hb_rty'toforg_¢e_mth_xnjury.' .

_e.la_, co=r_,a:_a medium,thatbeforef_n-_e p_ffed_..both_parties_the onethrough._earof-a

t_ As alfo romeother law_ of the Barbarians°..-_'r-_i_$_ -':_ IdOl, tit.*5_

¥o_,. II. T terrlbl¢

zy4 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. Boo_cXXVIII,

tdrribletrial, theotherfor thefakeof a fmallindem.,nity, fhouldterminatetheirdifputes,and putan endto theiranlmofities. It is plain, thatwhenoncethisnegativeproofwasover,nothingmorewasrequifice;and, therefore,that_the practiceof legalduelscouldnotbe a confequenceof this particularregulation.ofthe Saliclaw.

C H A P. XVIL

ParticularNotionsoJourAtnceflors.

IT is a_toni/hingthat oui anceftors/houldreffthehonour, fortune,and life of the fubje&,on thingsthat dependedlefs on reafonthan on hazard; andthat theyfhouldinceffantlymakeufe of proofsinca-pableof convi&ing,andthat had nomannerof con-nexioneitherwith innocenceor guilt. •

The Germanswho had neverbeenfubdued*,en-joyed an exceffiveindependence.Differentfarnilleswagedwar-]-with eachother, to obtainfafisfaeefi0nfor murders,robberies,oraffronts. This cuftomwasmoderated,byfubje&ingthefehofiilitiesto rules; itwasordainedthat theyfhouldbe nolongercommittedbut bythedirectionand underthe eye:_of the raa_-firate. This was farpreferableto a generallicenceo( annoyingeachother.

Asthe Turks in theircivilwarslookuponthe fi_:_vi&oryasa decifionof heaveninfavom:of the vi_oi";fo theinhabitantsof Germanyin theirprivatequarrels,confideredthe eventof a combatasa decreeof Pro-

* This appearsby whatTacltuslays,omnibusiderab4bhus,YdleiusPaterculu%lib, ii. cap.zS. fal%I;hatthe Germansdecidedall

theirdifputesby thefword.See the codesof Barbarianlaw,, and_u ref._eRto lcfs aacicattime_

Bcaumanoiron thecuitomof Bcauvoifis. . •

vidence,

CaAr.x7. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. _7£

vidence,ever.attentiveto punifhthecriminalortheufurper.

.Tacitusinformsus_tha_whenoneGermahnationintendedtodeclarewar againftanother,theylookedout£oraprifonerwhowasto fightwithOneoftheirpeople,andbytheeventtheyjudgedofthefuc_efsofthewar. A nationwhobelievedthatpUblicquarrelscouldhe determinedby atinglecombat, mightverywell think that it wasproperalfofordecidingthedifputesof individuals.

Gundebald*, kingofBurgundy,gavethegreatefflane"richto thecuffomoflegalduels. Thereafonheaffignsforthisfanguinarylaw, is mentionedin hisedi&. '_ It is, layshe, inorderto preventourrub-" je_s fromatteftingbyoath,whattheyarenotcer-" tainof, nay,whattheyknowto befalfe." Thus,whiletheclergy# declaredthatanimpiouslawwhichpermittedcombats;theBurgundiankingslookeduponthatasafacrilegiouslav_3 whichauthorizedthetaking0"f_anoath.

Thetrialby:combathadfomereafonforit foundedonexperience.In a militarynation,cowardicefup-.pgfes0ttiervices;it is anargumentof a perfon'shavingdeviatedfromtheprinciplesof hiseducation,ofhisbeinginfenfibleof honour,andof havingre-luredto be dire&edby tholemaximswhichgovernothermen; it Paews:that he neitherfearstheircon-tempt,norfets_an'¢_valueupontheirefteem.Men ofanytolerableextra.ionfeldomwanteitherthedex-terityrequifit__tb_co2operateWithftfength,:or theftrengthneceffarytoconcurwithcburage;fi31_stheylet avalueuponhonour,theyarepratqffedinmatters,withoutwhichthishonourcannotbe obtairied_Be-,

t "lawoftheBurgundi_nsjchap.45._©¢thgW0rksofAgobard.

T 2 /ides,

_76 THE SPIRIT OF LAW$. BOOK_V]_I_.

tides,in a militarynation,whereRrength,_courage,and prowefsare etteemed,o'imes reallyodiousaretholewhicharlfefromfi'aud,artifice,andcunning,thatis, fromcowardice. '

Withregardtothetrialbyfire,afterthepartyac_cufedhadput hishandon a hot iron,orin boilingwater,theywrappedthehandin a bag,andfealeditup: if afterthreedaysthereappearedno mark,hewasacqfiitted.Is it notplain,thatamong_peopleinuredto-thehandlingof arms,theimpreffionmadeon a roughor calloustkinby thehot iron,or byboilingwater,couldnotbe fo great,.as to be feenthreedaysafterwards? And if thereappearedanymark,it flaewedthattheperfonwhohadundergorrethe trial_wasaneffeminatefellow. Ourpeafantsat/:notafraidtohandlehotiron,withtheircatloushands;and,withregardto thewomen,thehandsoftholewhoworkedhard,mightbe verywellabletorefiRhot iron. The ladies* didnotwantchampionstb

. • . • • _, ,_}c;efendthe,rcaufe; andin a nationwherethere,,asnoluxury,therewasnomiddlettate.

womanaecut'&t_,Thurmglans,_a ...... 'Bythelawofthe " " ' "of.adultervwas condemnedto the ti']alby bbi!ifigwater,onlywhentherewasnocha_apmntodef'dfitther; andthelawof the:_Ripuariansadmitsof't'hlstrial,onlywhe_aa 'perfonhad nowitneffesto _ippearm.lusju_ficat!on.Now a wom.an_that couldndtprevaitttponanyo!_erelation_todefendhercaiife,'6ra manthat couldnot produceonefing!ewitndsto

• l'C _ll

veryc_rcum-atteR,,hi.dhgnefty,._;ere,_fromtholet!ances,.fiaNcientlyconvi&ed.

I conclude,therefore,thatundertheci?cumltan&softimeinwhichthetrialb)?combatandthe tr]aft_)"

• See Beaumanoiron the customof Beauvoifi_chap. liz, $ee 91fothelaw of the Angli, chap.14.wherethe'trialbyboilit_gwateri_o_ltltaf_abfidiar_"proof.

t Tit. _4, _ Chap.3I- re&.j. hot

C_Av.18. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 277hot ironandboilingwaterobtained,therewasfuchanagreementbetweenthofelawsandthemannersofthepeople,thatthelawswereratherunjuRinthem-fe[vesthanprodu&iveof injufiice,thattheeffe&sweremoreinnocentthanthe caufe,that they_weremorecontrarytoequitythanprejudicialto itsrights,moreunreafonablethantyrannical.

C H A P. XVIII.

InwhatMannertheCuflomofjudicialCombatsgainedGround.

FROMAgobard'slettertoLewistheDebonnaire,.iit mightbeinferred,thatthecuRomofjudicialcom-batswasnoteRabli/hedamongtheFranks; forafterhavingreprefentedtothatprincetheabufesofthelawofGundebaid,hedefires*thatprivatedifputesfhouldbe decidedinBurgundyby thelawof theFranks.Bit asit iswellknownfromotherquarters,thatthetrialby combatprevailedatthattimeinFrance,this_asbeenthecaufeof romeperplexity.However,theditiicuttymaybe folvedby whatI havefaid;th(taw of theSalianFranksdidnotallowof_his:kindof trial, andthatof the RipuarianFrankstdid._

But,n6twithttandingtheclamoursof theclergy,thecuitomofjudicialcombatsgainedgroundcol_]-nuallyinFrance_ andI _all_prefentlymake-itap-pear, that the Clergythemfelveswerein a greatmcafurethe0ccafionof it.

It is theLawof theLombardsthatfurniflaes_uswiththisproof. Therehasbeenlongfincea d_teflable

cuflomTntroduced,laysthepreambleto theconftitution

# Si placeretDomino noRrout costransferretad legem Franco_um.

'_Sc_flfi_slaw_tit.$9;_t. 4.andtit.67.fc_t.$?T 3 of

478 _I'HE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BooxXXVII_.

of* Otho_ILThi_ is_that if the title to an eftate_,'aslaidto be falfe_theperfon_;h0claimedunderthat title made_atlauponthe g0fpelsthat it wasge-nuine; andwithout an_,farther judgmenthe took_offetfionof theefiate: fothat theywho wouldper-3ure themfelves,were J'ureof gainingxhelr point.The emperorOtho_i. havingcaufed him/elfto becrownedat Rome'l"at the verytime that a councilwasheldthereunderpopeJohnXIL all the lordsof Italy reprefentedto that princethe neceflityofena&inga law to reformthis horrid _bufe. Thepopeandthe emperorwereofopinio!_,that the affairthould be referredto the council,which was to befhor_lyheld[1atRavenna. Therethelordsmadethefame rcprefentations,and reptated their inftances;_buttheaffairwasput offoncemore, underpretenceof the able.neeof p2rticularFerfons. VChenOthoII.•and Conrad§ kingof BuJgundyarrivedin Italy, the}¢had a conferenceat Veronat--1"with the Italianlords$_; and at their reFeatedrcmonflrances,theemperor,withtheirunanimousconfent,madea law_thatwh¢nevertherehappenedany difputesaboutin-heritances,and one of the parties infiftedupon the_legalityof his title, and the other maintaineditsbeingfalfe, the affairfhouldbe decidedby combat;th_th e famerule fhotaldbe obfcrvedin conteftsre.

_)Lawof thisLombards_bookii. tit. 55"chap,34.-_ The year96z.

Ab Italla_procer_l)usef_proelamatum,ut irnperaterfan_quspmutat_!ege_fa¢inusiadignumdeflrueret. Lawof the .Lombards_bookii. tit. _i5.

'_hap. 34"]1It washeIglin the year967__r_theprefen_:eof popeJohnXIII. a_ndpf

/he EmperorOthoL§ Otho the Seeond;suncle_for)to Rodolphus,,andklng of T_-ans_url/u')

_urgundy."1"t"_lhthe year98g._ Cureinhoeabolpnlb.usimperJ_}esantes_ulfarentur.Lawo[theLore.

i,a._d_book!i.tit.S#.,ha_._: tatin_

CaAP. If. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 279

i !atingto fiefs; andthat the clergyfhouldbe fubje&toIthefamelaw, but/houldfightbytheirchampions.Here we fee, that the nobilityinfiftedon thetrialbycombat,becaufeof the inconveniencyof _theproofifi_oducedbythe clergy; that notwithffandingtheClamoursof the nobility,the notorioufnefsof theabtlfewhich calledout loudlyfor redrefs,and theauthorityofOthowho cameinto Italyto fpeakanda&asmafter, Rillthe clergyheld out in two coun-cils; in fine, that the jointconcurrenceof thenobi-lityand princeshavingobligedthe clergyto fubmit,the cuffomofjudicialcombatsmuffhavebeen con-fideredas a privilegeof the nobility,as a barrieriigainftinjuftice,and as a fecurityof property,andfromthatverymomentthis cuttommuffhavegainedground. Thiswaseffectedat a timewhenthepowerof the emperorswas great, andthatof thepopesin-Cbnfiderable;at a time when the Othos camgtorevivethe dignityof the empirein Italy.' i fhallmakeonereflection,whichwillcorroborateWhathas beenabove laid, namely,that thecuffomof negativeproofsproducedthatof judicialcombats.The abufecomplainedof to the Othos, was, thataperfonwhowaschargedwithhavinga falfetitleto aneftate,defendedhlmfelfbya negativeproof,declaringuponthegofpelsit wasnot falfe. What was it theydid to reformthisabufe? Theyrevivedthe cuffomofjudicialcombats.

I was in a hurry to fpeakof the conftltutionofOthoII. in orderto givea clearideaof thedifputesbetweentheclergyandthelaityofthofetimes. Therehad beenindeeda conffitutionof * Lotharius1. ofan earlierdate, who, uponthe famecQmplalntsand

InthelawoftheLombards,bookil.tit.55"re&.$3'Inthee_pywhich_luratorilnadeuf_of,it isattributedto theemperorGuid0r

: T 4 difputes_

_o T_ E SPIRIT 0 F L--A_S. 1_ooK_xvirL

difputCs,be-iAg'defir6usoffecuftr_gthejuft"pbffdfioa6f property,ha_tordained,that _e notarythoglldmakeOaththatthe deedortidewasnotforged;-andffthenotaryfhouldhal'_pento:die,thewitneffe_fhouldbefwornwhohadfigbed_t, Theevilhoweverflillcofititmed,fillthey wereobligedat lengthto havetecouffetotheremedy_bove-menfioned,

Beforethattime,I find,thatinthegenerala'ff'ern,bliesheldbyCharlemaign,thenationreprefenredtoihim*, thazin the a&ual'flareof thingsit Wasex-tremelydifficult,but that eitherthe accuferor theaceu£edmuffforfwear_h_mfelves; and"thatfor this "¢eafonit wasmuchbetterto'rdvivetl_ejudidalcom-bat; Whichwasaccordinglydone.

The ufageof judicialcombatsgainedground_amongtheBt_rgundians,andrh/_tof an oathwaslimited, TheodorickingofItalyfuppretlredthetingle_:ombatamong_theORrogoths;andthe taws ofChainchfuinflmsandiReceflbinthust_emedas if theywouIdabolifhthe wry ideaof it. Butt½felawsWerefolktlerefpe_edin NarbonneGal__l,thattheylookedupon the legal_uel asa privilegeof theGothsf,

The Lombardswh'ocenqueredItaly, after theD_r6gothshadbeendeftroyedbytheGreeks,:intro-ducedthecuRomofjudicialcombatintothatcountry;but theirfirftlawsgave"a checkto it _;. .Charle-¢na;gnll, Lewisthe Debonnaire_and the Othos_

J In the,tawof the.Lombards,ho,,kJi. _it.5_"feC_.z 3._"In pa|atioquoque,:BezacomesB_rclno,_enfi%cum impeteretura quo-

_t_am'S_nih,_ infic[_litatisargueretur,cureeodemfecundum_egempro_*iam_,utpo[e,q_/'ia,_tercjheOothuser-at,equettrit;r_lio._ngrefl'u_eR & vi_usl.-_l'heano,ymousauthorof thelhe ofLewxstheO:b_nna_re.

_:_e in'thelaw ofthe Lombards,hooki, th. 4. ondtlt. 9" feEL_j. and,bookzi tlt. 35"fe_. 4. _nd5' andtit, 55"fr_. b z, and], The r_uhtio__9fRotharis;and inreck,"I5"thatofLuir.praq#,.uss

,_l,[b,id",bookii, tit, 5_. fec-t.zal._.ade

_uAp.¢9. THE SPIRIT OFLAWS. _$t

madedlverfegeneralconffitutions,whichwe findinferredin the tawsoftheLombards,andaddedto_heSaliclaws,wherebythepra&ieeof legalduels,at firCcin criminal,_ndaCterwardsin civilca(es,ob-tainedagreaterextent. Theyknewnotwhatto do.TheIregativeproofbyoathhaditsinconven_eneies;_hatoflegalduelshaditsineonvenienciesatfo; hencet_eyoftenchanged,accordingastheoneortheotheraffe&edthemmoff.

Ontheonehand,the clergywerepleafedto fee,thatinatlfecularaffairs,peoplewereobligedtohavereeourfeto thealtar*3 andontheother,ahaughtynobilitywerefondof maintainingtheirrightsby thefword.

Iwouldnothaveitinferred,thatitwastheclergy_vhointroducedthe cuffomfomuchcomplainedofbythenobility.Thiscuftomwasderivedfi:omthefpiritoftheBarbarianlaws,andfromthe eftabli/h-mentof negativeproofs. Butapra&icethatcontri-hutedtotheimpunityoffuchanumberofcriminals,havingRivenromepeoplereafonto thinkit waspro-perto makeufeof the fan&ityof thechurches,i_ordertofffiketerrorintotheguilty,andtointimidateperjurers,theclergymaintainedthisu£age,andthep_a&icewhichattendedit; forin otherrefpec'__heyWereahfolutelyaverfeto negativeproofs.VVefindinBeaumanolr+, thatthiskind of proofwasneverallowedin ecclefiafliecourts; x_'hichcontributedgreatly,wkhoutdoubt,to its fuppreffion,and to

* The judicialoathsweremadeat that time_nthe churches,andduringthe fir/'¢s:aceof ourkings therew_sa chapelfetapartin the royalp_laceferthe affairsthat were to be thus _leelded.See the Formulasoi:M_rculfus,booki. chap. 3g. The lawsof theRipaariar_s,tit. 59"re&.4. tit, 65.re&.5.The hittoryof Gregot_tof Tours; aunttheCapitularyof t_e $'ear_/o3.added_totheSalicLaw.

_' C.hap.39"page_I_..weaken,'

_dlz THESPIRIT OF LA-WS.Boor:XXVItLweaken,in thisrefpe&,the regulationof the codesoftheBarbarianlaws,

Thiswillconvinceusmoreflronglyof thecor_-he,ion betweenthe ufageof negativeproofs,andthat of judicialcombats,of whichI havelaidfomuch. The lay tribunalsadmittedof both; andbothwererejectedbytheec¢lefiafticcourts.

In chufingthetrialb),duel,thenationfolloweditsmilitaryfpirit;for whilethis wasethblifhedasadivinedecifion,the trialsby the crofs,by coldorhoilingwaters,whichhadbeenalforegardedinthefamelight,wereaboliflaed.

Charlemaignordained,_thatifanydifferencesfhouldafirebetweenhischildren,theythouldbeterminatedhy thejudgmentof the erofs. Lewisthe Debon-Jnaire* confinedthis judgmentto ecc!efiafiicaffairs;hisionLothariusaboiifhedit in all cafes:nay,he

.fupprett_d"_eventhetrialbycoldwater.1donotpretendtofay,thatata timewhenfofew

ufageswereuniverfall),received,theretrialswere_otrevivedin romechurches; efpeciallyasthe3,aremen-tionedin a charter_ of Philip Augufius: but Iaffirm,theywereveryfeldompra&ifed.Beauma-nc,irII,wholivedatthetimeofSt.Lewis,aI_dalittleafter,enumeratingthe differentkindsoftrial,men-tionsthatofjudicialcombat,butnota wordoftheothers.

We findhisconftltutlonsinferredin thelaw of theL6mbar_ls3 an_tattheendoftheSaliclaws.

"1"In acon_tutianinferredin the law of the Lombardsa bookii, fit.5_'

In the year_.zoo.Cu_l_mofReauv,_i_sa chap.3,9.

,_. CHAP.

i CHA_.x9. THE SPIRIT OF LAVES. _85

C I-IA P. XIX.!

,4 new]_eafonof theDifufeof the SalicandRomanLaws,asalfooftheCad_itularies,

_IHAVEalreadymentionedthereafonsthatocca-i fionedthedifufeofthe SaticandRomanlaws,asalfo

OftheCapltularles; hereI thalladd,thattheprinci.! palcaufewasthegreatextentgiventojudiciarycom-bats.

AstheSaliclawsdidnotadmitofthiscuflom,theybecameinromemeafureufelefs,andfellintooblivion,In likemanner,theRomanlaws,whichalforeje&edthiscuftom,werelaidafide:theirwholeattentionwasthentakenupin eftabliflaingthelawofjudicialcombats,andin formingaproperdigeftofthefeveralcafesthatmighthappenon tholeoccations.There-gulationsof theCapitulariesbecamelikewlfeofnomanneroffervice. Thusit is,thatfucha numberoftawsloftalltheirauthority,withoutourbeingabletotellthe precifetimein whichit wasloft; theyfellintooblivion,andwecannotfindanyothersthatwerefubftitutedintheirplace.

Sucha nationhadnoneedofwrittenlaws; henceitswrittenlawsmightveryeafilyfallintodifufe.

If therehappenedto beanydifputesbetweentwoparties,theyhadonlyto orderatinglecombat. Forthisnogreatknowledgeorabilitieswererequifite.

Allcivilandcriminala&ionsarereducedto fadts.tt is upontherefacetstheyfought; and.notonlythefubflanceoftheaffair,butlikewifethe incidentsandimparlancesweredecidedby combat,asBeaumanoirobferves,*whoproducesfeveralinftances:

I findthattowardsthecommencementof thethirdrace,thejurifprudenceofthofetimesrelatedentirelyto perfonalquarrels,andwasgovernedby thepointI_ l_hap.6*. pag. 309 and 310,

•t[4 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BooKXXVIIt.

of honour. If the judge wasnotobeyed,he infifteduponfatisfac'tionfrom the perfonthatcontemnedhi_his authority. AtBourges,ift thepmvoffhadfum-moneda perfonandhe refufedtocome: his way ofproceedingwas, to tell him, " I tent for thee,and'" thou didft not think it worth thy while to" come; I demandtherefore[afisfacqionfor thisthy" contempt." Upon which they foug,ht. Lewisthe Fat reformedthis cuflom._

The cultureof legal duelsprevailedat ]IOrleans,even inall demafidsof debt. Lewisthe Youngde-clared,that thisculturefhouldtakeplaceonly whenthedemandexceededfivefous. This ordinancewasa locallaw; for in St.Lewis'stime_it wasfut:ficlentthatthevaluewas morethantwelvedeniers. Beau-manoir_ hearda gentlemanof the laxvaffirm,thatformerlythere had beena bad cuRomin France,of hiringa championfor a certaintime,to fighttheirbattlesinall caufes. This_hewsthat theuflageofju-diciarycombatstour havehad, at that time,a pro-digiousextent.

C H A P. XX.

Originof tbc Point of Ha._ou,'.

::WE meet.with.inexplicableenigmasin the codes•ofxhelawsof theBarbarians. The lawoft111theFri-f_ansallowsoalvhAf a fou in c_mpofifiontoa per-fan that had bc;enbeatenwith a _ick ; and yet foreverfo £ma!ta wot:ndit allowsmore. B_"the Saliclaw, ,if a freemangave threeblows\vith a flick taanotherfreeman,he paidthreefous; ifi_edrewblood,

"]"eha_er of Lewislhe Fat_in theyear ir45, in the colle_ior/OfQrdi-

_[Charterof LewistheYoung,in llgst in theCo]!e&!qfiot Ordinance!,4-S_eBeau_amfir,chap..63_pag.32-.§'Sd_ thecul_omofge_uvmfio,c,_p._-g,p_g.zo_.. : . , : :

t 1[IiAdditiofapientmnWi'dcmarl,tit. _, he

CHA_._o. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. _g_

he waspunifhedasif he hadwoundedhimwithfl,eel,i and he,paid fifteenfous: thus the punithmentwasi pro,por,tionedtothegreamefsofthewound. Thelaw

of the Lombards,+ ef_ahlilheddifferent-compofitionsfor one,two,three,fourblows; and foon. Atpre-feat, a fingi_blowis equivalentto a hundredthou-land.

i The conftitutionof Charlemalgn infertedin thelaw.of the§ Lombards,ordains,that tholewhowere al-loezedthe trialbycombat,_ould.fightw:ith bafto_as.Perhapsthis wasoutof regard to theclergy; or pro-bably, as,heufageof legalduelsgainedground,theywanted.torenderthemlefsfanguinary. The capitu:laryof _ t ewis theD,ebonnaire,allowsthe libertyofchufingto fightcitherwith the fw.ordor barton. Inproc¢lg:of timenonebut bondmenfoughtwith thebarton@

Here t feetlw firftrifeand formationof theparti-cular articlesof our point of honour. The accuferbeganwith declaring,in the prefenceof the judge,thatfucha perfoa,had committedfuch an a&ion;andthe accufedmadeanfwer,that he lied_ ; uponwhichthejudgegaveorder,for theduel. It becamethenan ettabliff,ed rule, that whenevera per.fonhadthe liegivenhim, it wasincumbentonhimtofight.

Upona man'sdeclaringhe-wouldt[fighg,liecouldngtafterwards.departfiom his word ; if he did,he was condemnedto a penalty. Hence thisa'utee0fued, that whenevera pertbn had engaged,hisword, honourforbadehimto recalit. _..: ,:,

Gentlement_ foughtone anotheron horfebaek,

Bookz.tit. 6. f¢_. 3" § Bookz, tit.$, fe.6L:z2l.". _Added'totheSallctaw,-in8r9. ' ' "

t" SeeBeaumanoir_chap,6_,,pag.3zg. _ IMd. "_'• |1 _bid,chap.3"pag._5"and329. " ......

t'l" See_inregardtothe armsof thecombatants__Beaumdao'trpthap. 6t.lpaS.3o8,andchap.64.pag,32L

and

a86 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS, BooKXXVIII,

andarmedat all points; villains* foughton foot,andwithbafions. Henceit followed,thatthebar-tonwaslookeduponastheini_rumentofinfultsandaffronts; + beeaufetofl-rikeamanwithit, wastreat_inghimlikea villain.

Nonebut villainsfoughtwith their:_facesun-covered; fo thatnonebuttheycouldreceivea blowontheface. Thereforea box ontheearbecameaninjurythatmuffbe expiatedwithblood,becaufetheperfonwhoreceivedit, hadbeentreatedasavillain.

ThefeveralpeopleofGermanywerenolefsfenfibiethanwe of the pointof honour; nay,theyweremorefo. Thusthemoltdiftantrelationstooka veryconfiderable/haretothemfelvesin everyaffront,andonthisalltheircodesarefounded.Thelaw11oftheLombardsordains,that, whofoevergoesattendedwithfervantstobeata manby.furprife,in orderto]oadhimwith /hame,andto renderhimridiculous,fl_ouldpayhalfthecompofitionwhichhewouldoweifhehadkilledhim§; andif throughthefamemotivehetiedorboundhim,hewouldpaythreequartersofthefamecompofition.

Letus thenconcludethatourforefatherswereex-tremelyfenfibleofaffront_; butthataffrontsofapar-ticularkind, fuchas being itruckwith a certair_inttrumentona certainpartofthebody,andinacer-tainmanner,wereas yetunknownto them. Allthiswasincludedin theaffrontof beingbeaten,andin _a_scaretheproportionoftheexcelsconi_itutedthegreamefsoftheoutrage.

• /bid. chap.64. page3z$. Seealfo the chartersof S.Aubinof Anjouquotedby Galland,pagez6_t.

"1"AmongtheRomansit wasnot infamousto be beatenwith attick_ltgeiEiusfufllura. Deii;_ul_otanturinfamia.

Theyhadonlythe buttonandbuckler. Beanmanolr,chap,64. P.32,$.Booki. tit.6,fe_.I. § Booki, tit.6.feR.o.

CHAP.

_HAV. at. THE SPIRIT OFLAWS. _8_

C H A P. XXI.

A newI_e.fle_t_onuponthe Pointof HonouramongtheGermans.

" ITwasagreatinfamy,"laysTackus*,"among" the Germansfora perfonto leavehisbucklerbe-" hindhiminbattle; forwhichreafonmanyaftera" misfortuneofthiskindhavedeftroyedthemfelves."ThustheancientSalielawt'allowsaeompotitionoffifteenfoustoanyperfonthathadbeeninjuriouflyre-proachedwithhavinglefthisbucklerbehindhim.

WhenCharlema_gn_ amendedtheSallclaw,heallowedinthiscarenomorethanthreef_usin com-pofition.Asthisprincecannotbefufpe&edof hav-inghada defignto enervatethemilitarydifcipline;itismanlfeftthatfuchachangewasowingto thatofarms,_ndthatfromthischangeofarmsagreatnum-ber'ofufagesderivetheirorigin.

C H A P. XXII.

Of theMannersrelativetojudicialCombats.OURconnexionswiththefairrexarefoundedon

thepleafureofenjoyment; onthehappinefsoflov'mgandbeingbeloved; andlikewifeontheambitionofpleatingtheladies,becaufetheyarethebelt.judgesofromeof tholethingswhichconftituteperfonalmerit.This generaldefireof pleatingproducesgallantry,whichisnotloveitfelf,butthedelicate,thevolatile,theperpetualdiffembleroflove.

DemoribusGermanorum. _ In the Pa_usleglsSall¢_.$_We haveboth the ancientlawandthatwhichwa_amencledby thb

p*ince.

According

1_ THESPIRIT OFLAWS. _ooKXXVIII.

Accordingto the differentcircumffancesofevery'countryandage,loveinclirtesmoreto oneof tholethreethingsthanto theothertwo. NowI maintain,that theprevailingt_piritat the timeof ourjudicialcombats,muttnaturallyhavebeenthatofgallantry.

I findin the lawof the Lombards% thatifoneofthetwochampionswasfoundto haveanymagicherbsabouthim, thejudgeorderedthemto betakenfromhim,andobligedhimtofivearhe hadnomore.This lawcouldbe foundedonlyonthevut_r opi-nion;it was fear,thefuppofedcontriverof fuehanumberof inventions,that madethemimaginethiskiM of prefliges.As in the tinglecombats,thechampionswerearmedat all points; andas withheavyarms,bothoftheoffentiveanddefenfivekind,tl3ofeofa particulartemperandforcewereofinfiniteadvantage; thenotionofromechampionshavingin-chantedarms,muffcertainlyhaveturnedthebrainsofa greatmanypeople.

Hencearofethe marvellousfyflemof chivalry.The mindsof all fortsof peoplequicklyimbibedthereextravagantideas. Then it wastheyhadtheromanticnotionsof knlght-errants,necromancers,andoffairies,of wingedorintelligenthoffes,ofin-vifibleor invulnerablemen,of magicianswhocon-cernecithemfel('esin thebirthandeducationofgreatperfonages,ofinchantedanddifinchantedpalaces,of•a newworldin the midRof theoldone,the ufualcourfeofnaturebeing!eftonlyto thelowerclafsofmankind.

Knight-errantseverin armour,in a part of theworldaboundingwith caflles,forts,androbbers,placedall theirgloryin puni_inginjuRice,andinprote&ing;w_.aknefs.Henceourromancesarefullof

Bookii. tit.55're&.II,gallantry

CR_-*3. THE SPIRITOF LAWS. =B9

gallantryfoundedontheideaof lovejoinedto thatofftrengthandprote&ion.

Suchwasthe originalof gallantry,when theyformedthenotionof anextraordinaryraceof men,whoat the fightof a virtuousandbeautifulladyindiftrefs,wereinclinedto expofethemfelvesto allhazardsforher fake,andtoendeavourto pleafeherin thecommona&ionsoflife.

Ourromancesflatteredthisdefireof pleating,andcommunicatedto a partofEuropethatfpiritof gal-lantry,whichwemayventuretoaffirmwasverylittleknownto theaucients.

TheprodigiousIuxuryofthatimmenfecityRomeencouragedfenfiblepleafures.ThetranquilityoftheplainsofGreecegaverifeto tender* andamorousl_ntiments.The ideaof knlght-errants,protecCtorsof the virtueandbeautyof the fair-rex,waspro-du&iveofgallantry.

Thisfpiritwascontinuedby the cuffomof tour-naments,whichunitingthe rightsof valourandlove,addedRill a confiderableimportanceto gal-lantry.

C H A P. XXIII.

OftheCodeofLawsonjudicialCombats.SOME perhapswill havea curiofityto feethis

abominablecuftomof judiciarycombatreducedto"principle,andto finda codeof fuchextraordinarylaws. Men, thoughreafonablein themain,reducetheirveryprejudicesto rule. Nothingwas morecontraryto goodfenfe,thanthofecombats: andyetwhenoncethispointwaslaiddown,a kindof pru-

Se0theGreekromancesofthemiddleage,Vor..II. U dential

__9o THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. Boo_XXVIII.

dendalmanagementwas ufedin carryingit into exe-cution.

In ordertobe thoroughlyacquaintedwiththejurif-prudenceof tholetimes, it is neceffaryto readwithattentionthe regulationsof St. Lewis, who madefuch great changesin the judiciaryorder. D_fon-taineswascotemporarywith thatprince: Beaumanoirwroteafter* him; and the ret_livedfincehis time.We muI'cthereforelook for the ancientpra&iceinthe amendmentsthat havebeenmadeof it.

C H A P. XXIV.

Rzzkseflabl_ediJzthejudicialCombat.

WHEN therehappened,+to be feveralaccufers,they wereobligedtoagreeamongthemfelvesthat thea&ionmight be carriedon by a tingle profecutor;and if theycouldnotagree_the perfonbeforewhomthe a&ionwas brought, appointedone of them toprofecutethequarrel.

When _ a gentlemanchallengeda villain, he wasobligedto prefenthimfelfon footwith bucklerandbaron ; but if hecameonhorfeback,andarmedlikea gentleman,the)' took his horfeand his armsfromhim; andfirippinghim to hisfhirt, they compelledhim to fightin thatconditionwith the villain.

[Beforethe combatthe [Imagittratesorderedthreebannsto be publifhed. By the firRthe relationsofthe partieswerecommandedto retire; bythe fecondthe peoplewere warned to be filent; and thethirdprohibitedthe giving any affittanceto eitherof theparties, under feverepenalties; nay, even on pain

Intheyearx_g3._- Beaumanolr,chap.vL page40.and4_.

Ibld.chap.64.page3zg. _ Ibid.page33o.of

CaAP.=4, THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. a9,

ofdeath,ifbythisaffiftanceeitherofthecombatantsflaouldhappentobe vanquithed.

The officersbelongi_gto the civil magiRrate*guardedtheliftor inclofurewherethe battlewasfought; andincareeitherofthepartiesdeclaredhim-felfdefirousof peace,theytookparticularnoticeofthe actualRatein whichthingsRoodat thatverymoment,totheendthatthe),mightbereRoredtothefamefituation,incafetheydidnotcometoanaccom-modation"l--

Whenthepledgeswerereceivedeitherfora crimeor forfalfejudgment,thepartiescouldnotmakeupthematterwithouttheconfentofthelord: andwhenoneofthe partieswasovercome,therecouldbe noaccommodationwithoutthepermiflionofthecount++,whichhadromeanalogyto ourlettersofgrace.

Butif it happenedto be a capitalcrime,andthelord,corruptedbyprefents_confentedto anaccom-modation; he was obligedto paya fine of fixty1lyres,andtherightHhehadofpuniflningthemale-factordevolvedto thecount.

Therewerea greatmanypeopleincapableeitherofoffering,or of acceptingbattle. Butlibertywasgiventhemin trialofthecaufetochufeachampion;andthathe mighthavea ftrongerintereftindefend-ingtheparty,inwholebehalfheappeared,hishandwascutoff'ifheloftthebattle§.

Whencapitallawsweremadein thelaftcenturyagaint'cduels,perhapsit wouldhavebeenfufficient

Beaumanolr_chap.64.page330. _- Ibid.Thegreatvaflhlshad particularprivileges.

1[Beaumanoir_chap. 64. page_3o. fays_he 1o1_his jurlfdiEtlon"thefewordsin the authorsof tholedayshavenot a generalfignificatlon_but afignificationlimitedto the affairin quettion. Dgfontainesscbala,zI. art,29. "

§ This cuttom9whichwemeetwith in the capitularies_wasflillfubfiftingat the timeofBeaumanoir,Seechap.61. page315.

U 2 to

29_, THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BooKXXVIIL

to havedeprivedawarriorofhismilitarycapacity,bythelofsofhishand;nothingingeneralbeing,agreat-er mortificationtomankind,thanto furvlvethelofsoftheirchara&er.

When§ hacapitalcafesthe duelwasfoughtbychampions,thepartieswereplacedwheretheycouldnotbeholdthebattle; eachwasboundwiththecordthatwasto beufedathisexecution,incarehischam-pionwasovercome.

Theperfonovercomeinbattle,didnotalwayslorethepointcontefted;if,forinftanee,IItheyfoughtonanimparlance,heloft:onlytheimparlance.

C H A P. XXV.

Of theBoundsprefcribedto theCuflomof judicialCombats.

WHENpledgesof battlehadbeenreceivedupona civilaffairoffinallimportance,thelordobligedthepartiesto withdrawthem.

If a fa&wasnotorious;* for inftance,if a manhadbeenaffaffinatedintheopenmarket-place,thentherewasneithera trialbywimeffes,norbycombat;thejudgegavehisdecifionfromthenotorietyof thefa&.

Whenthecourtofalordhadoftendeterminedaf-terthefamemanner,andtheufagewasthusknown,tthe lordrefufedto grantthe partiestheprivilegeofduelling,totheendthattheufagesmightnot be al-teredbythedie,rentfuccefsof thecombats.

Theywerenot allowedto infiftuponduellingbutfor$ themfelves,foribmeonebelongingtotheirfa-mily,orfortheirliegelord.

§ Beaumanoir_chap.64,p. 330. I!Ibid.chap.6bp.309•Ibid.chap.61,p. 308. Ibid.chap,4_,P.z39_

"1"Beaumanoir,chap.6_ p.314. 5¢ealfoD6_ontalnes_chap.z_ art.z4.

Ibid.chap.63_p.3zz. When

.CHAr.z5. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. _93

When the accufedhad beenacquitted,§ anotherrelationcouldnot infifton fighting him; otherwifedifputeswouldneverbe terminated.

If a pertbn appearedagaininpublic, wholerela-tions, upon a £uppofitionof his being murdered,wantedto revengehisdeath, therewasthennoroomfor a combat: the fame may be t'aidIIif bya noto-riousabfencethefa&wasprovedto be impoffible.

If aman*whohadbeenmortallywounded,had dif-culpatedbefore his death the pertbn accufed,andnamedanother,theydidnotproceedto a duel; butifhe hadmentionednobody,his declarationwasonlylookedupon as a forgivenefsonhis death-bed;theprol_cutionwas continued,and evenamonggentle-mentheycouldmakewaragainfteachother.

Whenthere wasa war, and oneof theirrelationshad given or receivedpledgesof battle,the rightofwar ceafed; for thenit wasthought that thepartieswantedtopurfuethe ordinarycourt_ofjuftice; there-fore he that continuedthe war wouldhavebernfen-tencedto repairalldamages.

Thus the pra&iceofjudiciarycombathad thisad-vantage,that it was apt tochangea generalinto aparticularquarrel, to reftorethe courtsofjudicatureto theirauthority,and to reduceto a civil ftatetholewho were no longergovernedbut by thelawof na-tions.

As thereareaninfinitenumberof wifethingsthatare managedin a very foolithmanner; fotherearemanyfoolifb_thingsthatareverywifelycondu&ed.

Whena mant whowasappealedof acrime,vifiblyt'hewed,that it had beencommittedbythe appellanthimfelf,therecouldbe thennopledgesof battle; forthereis nocriminalbut wouldprefera duelof uncer-taineventto a certainpuniflament.

§ D_fontaines,chap.63, p.3zz. IIIbid, _ Ibid. p. Sz3._"Bcaumanoir_chap.63_p.324.

U3 There

294 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BooKXXVIII.

Therewerenoduels1:in affairsdecidedby arbi-ters,norby ecclefiafticcourts: norin cafesrelatingto women'sdowries.

A " woman,"laysBeaumanoir," cannotfight."Ifa womanappealeda perfonwithoutnaminghercham-pion,thepledgesof battlewerenotaccepted.Itwasalforequifitethatawomanfhouldbeauthorized§ byherbaron,thatis, by her hufband,to appeal,bur/hemightbeappealedwithoutthisauthority.

If eithertheappellant,ortheIIappelleewereunderfifteenyearsofage,therecouldbenocombat.Theymightorderit, indeed,indifputesrelatingtoorphans,whentheirguardiansor trufteeswerewillingto runtheritkof thisprocedure.

Thecafesinwhichabondmanwasallowedtofight',are,I think, asfollows.He wasallowedto fightanotherbondman; to fighta freedman,or evenagentleman,incaretheywereappe!lants;butifhewasthe appellant* _himfelf,the othersmightrefufetofight;andeventhe bondman'slordhada righttotakehimoutof the court. Thebondmanmightbyhis lord'scharter"l-orbyufage,fightwithanyfree-man; andthechurch_ pretendedthisrightforherbondmen,asamarkofrefpe&§§due to herbythelaity,

C H A P. XXVI.

Ofthejudicia_CombatbetweenoneoftheParties,andoneof theH/Ttn_es.

BEAUMANOIRinformsusfllJthata perfonwholawawitnet_goingtofwearagainfthim,mighteludethefecond,by tellingthejudges,thathisadverfaries

Beaumanoir,p.325." § Ibid.p.3:_5._1Ibld.chap.63,p.323. SeealfowhatI have/'aidintheIgthbook.

Ibid.chap.63,p,3zz. t D_fontalnes,chap.zz, art.7"_ Habcantbellandiet teftificandilicentlara.Charter_.fZtv,vistheFa6h

thcjeari_I8. §§ Ibid. _]]Chap.6J,p,3_5._ro_

CNAF.J6. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. =95

produceda falfeandflanderingwitnefs;andif thewimefswaswillingto maintainthe quarrel,he gavepledgesofbattle. Theytroubledthemfelvesnofar-theraboutthe inqueit; for if thewitnefswasover-come,it wasdecided,thatthepartyhadproducedafalfewitnefs,andhelofthiscaufe.

It wasneceffarythe fecondwitnefsfhouldbepre-ventedfromfwearing; forifhehadmadehisattef!a-tion,theaffairwouldhavebeendecidedbythedepo-fitionof twowitneffes.But by frayingthe fecond,thedepofitionof thefirftwitnefswasof nomannerofufe.

Thefecondwimefsbeingthusreje&ed,thepartywasnot allowedto produceanyothers,butheloft:hiscaufe; incare,however,therehadbeennopledgesofbattle,hemightproduceotherwimeffes.

Beaumanoirobferves,tthatthe witnet_mightfayto thepartyhe appearedfor, beforehe madehisde-pofition: " I donotcareto fightforyourquarrel," nor to enterintoanydebaze; but if youarewil-" lingto ftandbyme,I amreadyto tellthetruth."The partywasthenobligedtofightforthewitnet?,andifhehappenedtobeovercome,hedidnotlofehiscaufe,_ butthewimefswasrej.e&ed.

This,I believe,wasalimitanonoftheantientcur-tom; andwhatmakesmethinkfo, is, thatwefindthisufageof appealingthewitneffes,e_ablifhedinthelawsofthe§BavariansandIIBurgundianswithoutanyreftri&ions.

I havealreadymadementionoftheconftitutionofGundebald,againftwhichAgobard_andSt.Avitust#madefuchloudcomplaints." Whenthe accufed,"laysthisprince," produceswitneffesto fwearthat

J- Chap.6,p.39and4o.Butifthe battlewasfoughtbychampions,thechampionthatwasover-

comehadhishandcutoff.§ Tit.I6, fe_._.. IITit.45.

LettertoLewi_theDebonnalre. J'J"LifeofSt,Avitus.U 4 " he

_96 THE SPIRIT OF LAVES. BoogXXVIII,

" hehasnotcommittedthe crime,the accufermay" challengeoneofdiewimeffesto a combat; forit is" veryjuff,thattheperfonwhohasofferedto fwear," andhasdeclaredthathewascertainof the truth,"' thouldmakenodifficultyto maintainit." Thusthewitneffesweredeprivedbythiskingof everykindoffubterfugetoavoidthejudiciarycombat.

C H A P. XXVII.

OfthejudicialCombatbetweenoneoftheParties,andoneoftheLord'_Peers.Appealoffalfe_udgment.

ASthenatureofjudicialcombatswasto terminatetheaffairforever,andwasincompatiblewith*a newjudgment,andnewprofecutions; anappeal,fuchasiseftablifhedbytheRomanandCanonlaws,that-is,,toa fuperiorcourt,in orderto re-judgetheproceed-Jngsofaninferior,wasathingunknowninFrance.

Thisisa formofproceedingtowhichawarlikena-tion,entirelygovernedbythepointof honour,wasquiteaftranger; andagreeablyto thisveryfpirit,thefamemethods-[-wereufedagainfl:thejudges,aswasallowedagainfttheparties.

An appealamongthe peopleofthis nationwasachallengeto fightwitharms,a challengedecidedby *blood,andnotbyaninvitationto apaperquarr,cl,theknowledgeofwhichwasdeferredtofucceedingages._

ThusSt.Lewisinhisinftitutions,fays,thatanap-pealincludesbothfelonyandiniquity. ThusBeau-manoirtellsus, thatif a vaffal§wantedto makehisComplaintofanoutragecommittedagainPchimbyhislord, hewasfirftobligedtodenouncethathequittedhisfief; afterwhichhe appealedto his lordpara-

Beaumanoir_chap,_ p.2z,"t"/bld.chap.61,p.3Iz, andchap.67,p.338._

Bookz, chap.15.§ Bcaumanoir_chap.6bp. 370and3I_ andchap,67_p. 337,

2 mount_

CHAP.27* THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. _97

mount,andofferedpledgesofbattle.Inlikeman-nerthe lordrenouncedthehomageof hisvaffal,if heappealedhim beforethecount.

A vaffalto appealhis lordof fakejudgment,wastellinghim, that hisfentencewas unjuf¢and mali-cious: now, to utter fuchwordsagainfthis lord,wasin romemeafurecommittingthecrimeof felony.

Hence,in_eadof bringingan appealof faltejudg-mentagaint_the lord,who appointedanddire&edthecourt, they appealedthe peersof whomthe courtitfelfwas formed: by whichmeanstheyavoidedthecrimeof felony; for they infukedonly their peers,withwhomtheycouldalwaysaccountforthe affiont.

It wasa very IIdangerousthingto appealthe peersof fakejudgment. If the party waitedtill judgmentwaspronounced,he was obligedto fightthemall,*whentheyofferedto makegoodtheirjudgment. Iftheappealwas madebeforeall thejudgeshadgiventheiropinion,he was obligedtO fightall who hadagreedin their judgment. To avoidthisdanger,itwasufual to petitionthe lord t to dire&that each.peerfhouldgivehisopinionout loud; andwhenthefirt_hadpronounced,andthefecondwas goingto dothefame,the party told him that he wasa liar, a

, knave, anda flanderer,and thenhehad to fightonlywith thatpeer.

Ddf_ntaines1:wouldhaveit, thatbeforeanappealwasmadeof fakejudgment,it wascut_omaryto let

- threejudgespronounce;and hedoesnot fay, that itwasneceffaryto fight themall three, much lefsthattherewas any obligationto fightall tholewhohaddeclaredthemfelvesof thefameopinion. 'fhefedif-ferencesarifefromthis, that therearefewufagesex-

]_Beaumanoir,chap.6i, p.313. * Ibid.p.3z4.afIbid.chap.6_,p. 314.

Chap.zz, art._)_oandii) helaysonly)that eachofthemwasalloweda fmallfine.a&ly

29_ THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BooKXXVIII.

a&lyinallpartsthefame; Beaumanoirgivesanac-countofwhatpaffedinthecountyofClermont; andDdfontainesofwhatwaspra&ifedinVermandois.

When_oneofthepeershaddeclaredthathewouldmaintainthejudgment,thejudgeorderedpledgesofbattletobegiven,and likewifetookfecurityoftheappellant,that he wouldmaintainhisappeal. Butthepeerwhowasappealedgavenofecurity,becaufehewasthelord'svafl_il,andwasobligedto defendtheappeal,orto paythelordafineoffixtylivres.

If the-[-appellantdidnotprovethatthejudgmentwasfalfe,hepaidthelorda fineoffixtylivres,thefamefine_ to thepeerwhomhehadappealed,andasmuchto everyoneoftholewhohadopenlyconfentedto thejudgment.

Whena perfonviolentlyfufpe&edof a capitalcrime,hadbeentakenandcondemned,hecouldmakenoappealIfoffalfejudgment: forhewouldalwaysappealeithertoprolonghislife,ortogetanabfolutedifcharge.

If a perfon§ laidthatthejudgmentwasfalfeandbad,anddidnotofferto makehiswordsgood,thatis tofight,hewascondemnedtoafineoffixfous,ifagentleman,andtofivefous,if a bondman,forthein-juriousexpreffionshehaduttered.

Thejudgesorpeers++whowereovercome,for-++feitedneitherlifenorlimbs; but the perfonwhoappealedthemwaspunithedwithdeath,if ithap-penedtobeacapitalcrime.llll

B__aumanoir,chap.6I.page3z4.afIbid.D_fontaines,chap.zz. art.9"

D_fontaines,chap.zz.art.9" I]Beaumanolr,chap.6z.page316.§ Ibid.chap.16.page314.andD_fontaines,chap.z_.art.z_._ D_fontaines,chap.zz.art.7"I1_SeeD6fontaines,chap.zI. art. II andIz. andfollowing,whodiffln-

guitheathecafesin whichtheappellantoffal/ejudgmentlof¢_hislife_thepointcontcffcd_ol-oatytheimparlancc, This

CHA1%27, THLESPIRIT OF L_-W$. _}

This mannerof appealingthepeers of falfejudg-ment,wasto avoidappealingto the lordhimfelf. Ifthelord§§hadnopeers,orhadnotafutticientnumber,he might,athisownexpence,hire._ipeersofhislordparamount; but therepeerswerenotobligedtopro-nouncejudgmentif theydidnotlike it ; they mightdeclare,that they were comeonlytogivetheiropi-nion: in that particularcafeIIthe lordhimfelfpro-nouncedfentenceasjudge; and if an appealof falfejudgmentwasmadeagainfthim,it was hisbufinefstottandthe appeal.

If the lordhappened* tobe fo verypooras not tobe ableto hirepeersof his paramount,or if heneg-le&ed to atk forthem,or theparamountrefufedtogivethem,thenthe lordcouldnot judgeby himfelf,andasnobodywasobligedto pleadbeforea tribunalwherejudgmentcouldnot be given, theaffairwasbroughtbeforethelordparamount.

This, I believe,was oneof theprincipalcaufesofthe reparationbetweenthe jurifdi&ionandthefief,from whencearofethat maximof the Frenchlaw-yers," Thefiefis onething,andthejurifdicCtionan-" other." Forastherewas araft numberof peerswhohad nofubordinatevaffalsunderthem,theywereincapableof holdingtheircourt; allaffairswerethenbroughtbeforetheirlordparamount,andtheylofttheprivilegeof pronouncingjudgment,becaufetheyhadneitherpowernorwill toclaimit.

All the peerst who hadagreedto thejudgment,wereobligedto be prefentwhenit waspronounced,that theymightfollowoneanother,andfayYzs tothe perfonwho, wantingto makean appealof falfe

§§ Beaumanolr,chap.6a.page3zz. D(:fonta'me%chap.az.Thecountwasnotobligedto lendany. Beaumanoir,chap.67.p. 337°

]lNobodycanpafsjudg.-ne_atin hiscourt,faysBcaumanoir,chap.67. p.33tiand337,

• ibid.chap.6:_,page3zz. "_D_fontain_bchalk,zI. art.z7 and_$,

judgment,

500 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BooKXXVIII-judgment,afkedthemwhethertheyfollowed; forDdfontaineslays,_ " thatit is an affairof courtefy" andloyalty,andthereis nofuchthingas evafion" or delay." Fromhence,I imagine,arofethecuf-tomfrillfollowedin England,of obligingtth¢jurytobe allunanimousin theirverdi&in cafesrelatingto lifeanddeath.

Judgmentwasthereforegivenaccordingto theopinionof the majority:andif therewasan equaldivifion,fentencewaspronounced,in criminalcafes,in favourof theaccufed; in cafesof debt,in favourofthedebtor; andin cafesof inheritance,in favourofthedefendant.

D6fontainesobfervesII,thatapeercouldnotexcufehimfelfby layingthat he wouldnot fit in courtiftherewereonlyfour§, or if thewholenumber,orat leaftthewifeftpart,werenotprefent. Thisisjuftasifheweretofayintheheatofanengagement,thathe wouldnotaffifthis lord, becaufehe hadnot allhisvaffalswithhim. But it wasthelord'sbufinefsto caufehiscourtto be refpe&ed,andto chufethebraveftand mo_knowingof his tenants. ThisImentionin ordertofhewthedutyof vaffals,whichwasto fightandto givejudgment;andfuchindeedwasthisduty,thatto givejudgmentwasallthefameasto fight.

It waslawfulfora lordwhowentto lawwithhisvaffalin his owncourt,andwascart,toappealoneof his tenantsof falfejudgment. Butas the latterowedarefpe&to hislordforthefealtyhehadvowed,andthelordontheotherhandowedbenevolencetohisvaffalforthefealtyaccepted; it wascuftomarytomakeadiftin6'cionbetweenthelord'saffirmingin ge--

D_fontaineschap.zI. art.z$.Chap.zx.art.37.

§ This numberat leaf_wasnecefl'ary.D_fontaines,chap,_I. art,36.neral,

CHA_._7.THESPIRIT OFLAWS. _orneral,thatthe judgment_ wasfalfeandunju_,andimputingperfonal-_prevaricationstohis tenant. Intheformercare,he affrontedhis owncourt,andin£omemeafurehimfelf,fothattherewasno roomforpledgesofbattle. Buttherewasroomin the latter,becaufehe attackedhisvaffal'shonour; andtheper-Conovercomewasdeprivedof lifeandproperty,inordertomaintainthepublictranquility.

Thisdif{in&ion,whichwasneceffaryin thatparti-cularcafe,hadafterwardsa greaterextent. Beau-manoirlays,thatwhentheappellantof falfejudg-mentattackedoneofthepeersbyperfonalimputation,battleenfued; butifheattackedonlythejudgment,thepeerappealedwasat libertyJ_to determinethedifputeeitherbybattle,orbylaw. Butas the pre-vailingfpirkinBeaumanoir'stimewasto retraintheufageofjudicialcombats,andas this libertywhichhadbeengrantedto thepeerappealed,ofdefendingtheiudgmentbycombatornot, isequallycontrarytothe ideasof honoureffablithedin thofedays,andtotheobligationthe vaffallay underof defendinghislord'sjurifdi&ion; I am aptto thinkthat thisdifotin&ionof Beaumanoir'swasowingto a newregu-lationamongtheFrench.

I wouldnothaveit thought,that all appealsoffalfejudgmentweredecidedbybattle; it faredwiththisappealaswithallothers. The readermayre-colle&theexceptionsmentionedin the25thchapter.Hereit wasthebufinefsofthefuperiorcourtto exa-minewhetheritwasproperto withdrawthepledgesofbattleornot.

Therecouldbe noappealoffalfejudgmentagain_theking'scourt; becaufeastherewasno oneequal

'l Beaumanolr,chap.67.page337- "-_Ibid.Ibid.¢hai_.67, page337and33g.

to

_oz THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. Boo_:XXVIILto theking, no onecouldappealhim; andastheking had nofuperior,nonecouldappealfromhiscourt.

Thisfundamentalregulation,whichwasneceffaryasa politicallaw,diminifhedalfoas a civillawtheabufesof thejudicialproceedingsof tholetimes.Whena lordwasafraid_ thathiscourtwouldbeap-pealedoffalfejudgment,orperceivedthattheyweredeterminedto appeal; if jufficerequiredtherefl_ouldbe no appeal,hemightpetitionforpeersfromtheking's court, whocouldnot be appealedof falfejudgment.Thus king Philip, laysDdfontaines-[-,lenthiswholecounciltojudgeanaffairin the courtoftheAbbotofCorbey.

If thelordcouldnothavejudgesfromthe king,he mightremovehiscourtintotheking's,ifheheldimmediatelyof him: but if therewereintermediatelords,he had recourfeto hisparamount,removingfromonelordto another,till he cameto thefove-reign.

Thus,notwithflandingtheyhadnotin thofedaysneitherthepra_iceor eventheideaofourmodernappeals,yettheyhadrecourfeto theking,whowasthefourcefromwhenceall thoferiversflowed,andtheleaintowhichtheyreturned.

C H A P. XXVIII.

OftheAppealofDefaultofyttJtice.

THE appealof defaultofjuf{icewaswhenthecourtofa particularlorddeferred,evaded,or refufedtodojuflicetotheparties.

Duringthetimeofourprincesofthefeeondrace,thoughthecounthadfeveralofficesunderhim,their

D_fontalnes,chap."-z. $ Ibid.perfort

CHXP.$. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 303

perfonrwasfubordinate,but not their jurifdi&ion.Thefe"officersin their court-days,affizes,orplacita,gavejudgmentin the laftrefortasthecounthimfelf;all tbe differenceconfiRedin the divifionofthejurif-di&ion. For inftance,the counthad*the powerofcondemningtodeath, of judging of liberty, and ofthereRitutionof goods,whichthe centenariihadnot.

For the famereafontherewere highercaufes_-re-ferredto theking ; namely,thofewhichdirectlycon-cernedthe politicalorder of the Rate. Such werethe difputesbetweenbifhops, abbots, counts, andothergrandees,which weredeterminedbythe king,togetherwith thegreatvaffals+.ll.a

Whatromeauthorshaveadvanced; namely,thatan appeallayfromthe counttothe king'scommiffaryor rniffusdominicus,is notwellgrounded. The count:rodthemiffushad an equaljurifdi&ion[[independentof eachother: The wholedifference§ was that theazifl'usheld his placitaor affizesfour monthsin theyear, and the counttheothereight.

If aperfonwhohad beencondemnedatanattize**,demandedtohavehis caufetriedover,again,andwasafterwardscaR,he paid a fineof fifteenfous, or re-ceivedfifteenblowsfromthejudgeswhohaddecidedthe affair.

Whenthecountsor theking'scommiffariesdidnotfindthemfelvesabletobringthegreatlordstoreafon,

Third capitularyoftheyear$1z.art. 3. editionof Baluzius,p.497. andof CharlestheBald,addedto thelaw ofthe Lombards,bookii. art.3"

"t"Thirdcapltularyofthe yearglz. art. 3"editionof Baluzius,p. 497-Cum fidelibus.Capitularyof Lewis the Pioub editionof Baluzius,

page667.IISeethe capitularyofCharlestheBald_addedto thelawof theLombardv

bookii. art.3"§ Third capitularyof theyeargx_,art, $.o$,Placitum.

they

_o4- THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. B'ooKXXVIIL

they made them give bail or fecurity-[-,that theywouldappearin the king's court: this wasto trythecaufe,and not to rejudgeit. I findin thecapitulary

z whichthe appealof falfejudg-of Met +, a bymentto theking'scourt is eftablithed,andallotherkindsof appealareprofcribedandpuni/hed.

If theyrefufedto thbmit to thejudgmentof thetheriffsII, andmade nocomplaint,theywere imprl-fonedtill theyl_adfubmitted: but if theycomplained,theywerecondu&edundera properguardbeforetheking, end the affairwas examinedin his court.

Therecouldbe hardlyallyroomthen for an appealof defaultofjuftice. For intteadofitsbeingufualinthole days to complain,that the countsand otherswhohad a right ofholdingaffizes,werenot exa&indifchargingthis duty§ ; it was a generalcomplaintthat theyweretooexac°c.Hencewefind fuchnum-bersof ordinances,by whichthecountsandall otherotficersofjutticeare forbidto holdtheiraffizesabovethricea year. It was not fo neceffaryto chaitifetheirindolence,asto checktheira&ivity.

But, afteran infinitenumberof pettylordthipshadbeenformed,and differentdegreesof vaffalageefta-blittied, the negle&of certainvaffalsin holdingtheircourtsgaverife to thiskindof appeal* ; efpeciallyasveryconfiderableprofitsaccruedtothelordparamountfrom thefeveralfines.

As the cuttom of judicial combatsgained everyday moreground,therewereplaces,cafes,andtimes,

"t"Thls appearsbytheformulab charters_andthe¢apltolaries.Ill the year757_editionof Baluzius_pageJ$o. art. 9 and Ie. andthe

fynodapudVernasin the year 755"art. 59"editionof Baluzlus_pagex75.Thefetwoeapitulariesweremadeunderking Pepino

I[TheofficersunderthecountScabini.§ geethelaw ofthe Lombardsjbookii. tit, 5z. art.zz,

Thereare inttancesofappealsof defaultofjuffieefo earlyas the timeofPhilipAugultus.

in

CHA_._g.TIlE SPIRIT OF LAWS, 3o_

in whichit was difficultto affemblethe peers,andconfequentlyin whichjufticewasdelayed. The ap-pealof defaultofjuRicewasthereforeintroduced,anappealthat has beenoften a remarkable_erain ourhiftory; becaufemoftof thewarsof tholedayswereimputedto a violationof the politicallaw; as thecaufe,or at lear the pretenceof our modernwars_isthe infringementofthe law of nations.

Beaumanoir+ lays, that incafeofdefaultofjuftice,battlewasnot allowed: thereafonsarethere, _. theycould not challengethe lord, becaufeof therefpe_dueto his perfon; neithercouldthey challengethelord'speers,becaufethe carewasclear,andtheyhadonly to reckonthe daysof the fummons,or oftheother delays; there had been no judgmentpaffed,confequentlytherecouldbe noappealof falfejudge-ment: in fine, the crimeof the peersoffendedthelordas wellastheparty, and it wasagainftrulethattherethouldbebattlebetweenthe lordand hispeers.

But + as the defaultwasprovedbywitneffesbeforethe fuperiorcourt; the witneffesmight be chal-lenged,andthenneitherthe lord nor his courtwereoffended.

In carethe defaultwasowingto the lord'stenantsor peersby deferringjufticeor byevadingjudgmen_after par delays, thentherepeers wereappealedofd_faultofjufticebeforethe paramount; and if theywerecaR, they]]paidafineto theirlord. Thelattercouldnot givethemanyaffiRance; on the contrary,he feizedtheir fief till they had eachpaid a fineoffixtylivres.

z. Whenthe defaultwasowingto the lord,whichwas the care whenevertherehappenednot to be _,

Chap.6:t.page315._.Beaumaaolr_chap.6I, page3,t_,

D_foataines,chap,al. art._4"VOL.II. _ futt_clcn_

306 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. Boox XXVIII.

fufficlentnumberofpeersin hiscourtto patsjudg-ment,or whenhe hadnotaffembledhis tenantsorappointedfomebodyin hisroomto affemblethem,anappealmightbemadeofthedefaultbeforethelordparamount;but thenthe party+andnot the lordwas fummoned,becaufeof the refpe&dueto thelatter.

The lorddemandedto be triedbeforethe para-mountsandif he wasacquittedof the default,thecaufewasremandedtohim,andhewaslikewifepaida fineoftlfixtylivres. Butif thedefaultwasproved,thepenalty§ infli_edonhimwasto lorethe trialofthe caufe,whichwasto be thendeterminedin the

, fuperiorcourt. Andindeed,thecomplaintofdefaultwasmadewithnootherview.3- Ifthelordwasrued* in hisowncourt,which

neverhappenedbutupondifputesrelativetothefief;afterlettingall the delayspals,the lord himfelftwasfummonedbeforethe peersin the fovereign'sname,wholepermiflionwasneceffaryonthatocca-fion. Thepeersdidnotmakethefummonsin theirownname,becaufetheycouldnotfummontheirlord,buttheycouldfummon**:fortheirlord.

Sometimes#t theappealofdefaultofjufticewasfollowedbyan appealof falfejudgment,whenthelordhadcaufedjudgmentto beFafl_d,notwithttand-ingthedefault.

D_fontaines,chap.zI. art.31. _ Beaumanoir_chap.6x. page3rz.§ D_fontaines,chap.zl, art.z9.

Thiswasthe cafoin thefamousdifferencebetweenthe lordofNeleandJoan cmmtefsof Flanders,underth¢ reignof LewisVIII. He ruedherinheroen courtof Flanders_andfummonedherto givejudgmentwithinfortydays,andafterwardsapp'_alcdin defaultof ]uftieeto the king's court. Sheanfwered,he fl_ouldbe judgedby his peersin Flanders.The king'scourtdeterminedthat he t'houldnot beremanded,andthat the countersthouldbe/ummoned,

"1"Beaumanoir,chap.34" awD_fontaines_chap.zz. art.9.t"f Bcaumanolr_chap.6x.page_zg.

The

CHAV.H. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 507

The vaffal§ whohad wrongfullyappealedhis lordof defaultofjufflce,was fentencedto paya fineac-cordingto his lord'spleafure.

The inhabitantsof Gaunt_t hadappealedthe earlof Flandersof defaultof juflicebeforetheking, forhavingdelayedto givejudgmentin his own court.Uponexaminationit was found, that he had ufedfewerdelaysthaneventhe cuftomofthe countryal-lowed. Theywerethereforeremandedtohim; uponwhichtheireffe&sto thevalueoffixtythoufandlivreswerefeized. They returnedto the king's court inordertohavethe finemoderated; but it wasdecidedthat theearlmightinfiftuponthefine, andevenuponmore if he pleafed. Beaumanoirwas prefentat tholejudgments.

4. In other difputeswhichthe lord might havewith his vaffal,in refpe&to thebodyor honourofthe latter, or to goodsthatdid notbelongto thefief,therewasnoroomforanappealof defaultofjuftice;becaufethe caufewas not tried in the lord'scourt,but in that of the paramount:vaffals,laysD6fon-taines*,havingno powerto give judgmenton thebodyoftheir lord.

I havebeenat rometroubleto givea clearideaoftholethings, which are fo obfcureand confufedinancientauthors,that to difentanglethem from thechaosin whichtheywereinvolved,maybereckoned,a new difcoreery.

§ Beaumanoir,chap.6x. page31_. Buthe that was neithertena_ notvaffalto thelord, paidonlya fineoffixtyllvres, lbid,

_f_-Beaumanoir,chap.6x. page31_,t Chap.2x.art._$.,

X-z CHAP.

3o8 T.HE SPIRIT OF LAWS..Boo_XX¥III,

C H A P. XXIX.

Epochof theReignof St.Lewis.ST. LEWIS aboli_edt/hejudicialcombatsin all

the courtsof hisdemefne,as appearsbythe ordi-nance-t-hepubli_edon that account,and_ bythei,_qilutions.

Buthedidnotfupprefsthemin thecou_tsof hisIIbarons,exceptinthe careof appealof falfejudg-ment.

A vafFalcouldnotappealthecourtof hislordoffallejudgment,withoutdemandingajudidalcombatagainf_the judgeswho had pronouncedfentence.ButSt.Lewis§ introducedthe pra&iceof appealingof falfejudgmentWithoutfighting,a changethatmaybereckonedakindofrevolution.

lde declaredit, thatthere_ouldbenoappealoffalt_judgmentinthelordfhipsofhisdemefne,becaufeit wasa/:rimeoffelony.If it wasa kindoffelonyzgain'l_the lord, by a muchftrongerreafonit wasfelon.yagainfttheking. Butheconfentedtheymight&mandanamendment++++of thejudgmentspaffedinhiscourts; notbecaufetheywerefalfeoriniquitous,butbecaul_theydidromeprejudicelilt.Onthecon-rrary,he ordained,thattheyfnouldbe obligedtomakean appealof fatfejudgmentagainftthecourtsofthebarons§§, incareofanycomplaint.

_"11".the ye._r126C._.B_oki. chap.2. and7,and.booki{.chap.xo.andzI.

11.4_appearseverywin'erein the inftitotions,&e.aad Beattmanoir,.cha_._. pag: 3_9.

§ Ia|hturion._,booki. chap.6. andbookl|. ahap.15."_"t"Ibid. bookii. chap. /5"It tbld.booki. chap.75.and bookiLchap.15.1_t_[bid,hooki. chap.7s. §§ Ibid.'bookih chap,aS. It

i

_.29. THE SPIRIT OF LKWS. 309

It washotallowedby the inftitutions,aswe havealreadyobferved,to bring an appealof f_alfejudg-mentagainftthecourtsin theking'sdemefnes.Theywere obligedto demandan amendmentbeforethefamecourt: andin carethebailiffrefufedtheamend-ment demanded,the king gave leave to make anappeal_to his court; or ratherinterpretingtheinft_-tutionsby themfelves,tOprefenthim t- a requeRorpetition.

With regardto the courtsof the lords, St.Lewisby permittingthemto beappealedof falfejudgment,wouldhavethe caufebrought+ beforethe royaltri-bunal, or that of the lord paramount,not 11to bedecidedbyduel, but by witneffespurfuantto a cer-tainformof proceeding,the rules of Whichhe lalddownin theinftitutions§.

Thus, whethertheycouldfalfifythejudgment,asin the courtof thebarons; or whetherthe),couldnotfalfify,as in the court of his demefne,he ordained,that they might appeal, without the hazard of aduel.

D_fontaines**givesus the two firft examplesheeverlaw, in which they proceededthus withoutlegalduel: one, in a caufe tried at the courtof St.Quintin,which belonged to the king's demefne;and theother, in the court of Ponthieu,wherethecount, who was prefent,oppofedthe ancientjurif-prud:nce; but there two caufcs were decidedbylaw.

Here, perhaps,it will be a/ked, why St. Lewisordainedfor the courtsof his baronsa differentform

w lat_,itutlO_s_book ii. chap. 78. J- Ibld. chap. t 5._. But ]f they wanted to appeal withot_tfalfifying the judgmenb the app_at

_as not admitted. In_itutions_ book ii. ch_p. _5:

II Book i, chap. 6. and 47. and book il. chap.15. and Beaumanoir, chap. I _.page5g.

Boaki. chap. r_ _ and3" et Ctlap. _z. art. _6. and._7.X3 of

3xo THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BoozXXVIII.t

of proceedingfromthat whichhe had eftablifhedinthecourtsof his demefne? The reafonis this: whenSt. Lewis made the regulationfor thecourtsof hisdemefnes,hewasnotcheckedorconfinedinhisviews:but he hadmeafuresto keepwith thelordswho en-joyed thisancientprerogative,thatcaufesfhouldnot:be removedfrom their courts, unlefsthe partywaswillingto expofehimfelfto the dangersof an appealof falfejtldgment. St. Lewisprefervedthe ufageofthis appeal; but he ordained,that it fhouldl_emadewithot:tajudicialcombat, that is, inorderto renderthe changemoreinfenfible,he fuppreffedthe thingandcontinuedthe terms.

"lhis regulationwas not univerfallyreceivedin thecourtsof the lords. Beaumanoir*lays, that in histime thereweretwo ways of trying caufes; oneac-cordivgto theking'seflablifllment,and theotherpur-fuantto the ancientpra&ice; that the lordswere atlibertyto followwhichwaytheypleafed; but whenthey had pitchedupon one inanycaufe,the),couldnotafterwardshaverecourfeto theother. He adds%that thecountofClermontfollowedthe new.pracqice,whilfthis vaffa!skeptto theoldone; but thatit wasin his powerto re-ettablifhtheancientpra&icewhen-everhe pleafed,otherwifehe wouldhavelefsautho.ritythanhis vaffals.

It is properhere to obferve,that Francewas atthat time+ divided into the country of the king'sdemefne,and that which was calledthe countryofthe barons,or the baronies; and_to makeufeof theterms of St. Lewis's inftitutions,into the countryunderobedienceto the king, and th_ countryoutofhis obedience. When the king made ordinancesfor

Chap.61. page3c9. _ IbM.See Beaumanoit,D_fontaine_,andtL¢ IoRitutions_bookii. chap. _o,

I_ ,_5_andothers.the

CMAV.3o. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 3zx

the country of his demefne,he employedhis owntingleauthority. "Butwhen he publilhedany ordi-nancesthat concernedalfothe countryof his barons,therewere* made in concertwith them, or fealedandfubfcribed, bythem otherwifethebaronsreceivedorrefufedthem, accordingas theyfeemedconduciveto the goodof their baronies. The rear-vaffals_'ereupon the fameterms with the great-vaffals.Nowtheinftitutionswerenotmadewith the confentof thelords, though they regulatedmatterswhichto themwere of great importance:but they were receivedonlyby tholewho believedthey would redoundtotheiradvantage. Robert, fonof St.Lewis, receivedthemin his_:ountyof Clermont; yet his vaffalsdidnot think propertoconformto this pra&ice.

C H A P. XXX.

ObfervationsonAppeals.

I apprehendthat appeals,which were challengesto a combat,mut_have beenmade immediatelyonthe fpot. '_ If the party leavesthe court without" appealing,"faysBeaumanoir-1-,'_ he loreshis ap-" peal, andthe judgment ftandsgood." This con-tinuedftill in force,evenafter all the reftri&ionsof

judicialcombat.

_¢Seetheordinancesat thebeglnn_ngofthe thirdrace_in thecolic&ionofLauriere_efpecialtythofeof PhilipAugt_ftus_onecelefiaflicjurifdi&i6n_thatof LewisVIII. concerningtheJews_ /indthe chartersrc'latedby Mr.Brett_l;particularlythatofSt. Lewis,onthe lcafeandrecoveryoflands_andthefeoda|ra_jorityofyoungwomen_tom. ii. book3"page35"andibid. The o_ditaanceof PhilipAuguflus_page7.

"_Chap.33"page6z7. Ibld.chap.63. page3x_..See the Inftitutionsof St. Lewls_book ii. chap.15. the ordinanceor

CharlesVII. in the}'earx453.

X 4 C I-IA Is.

_ THE 8PI,RiT OF LAWS. BooKXXVHI.

C H A P. XXXI,

Tt,e fame Su_je_continued.

THE villaincould not bring an appealof falf__ud_mentagainft .the court of his lord.- This weI, _ .p , .

learnfromDcfontames*,and is confirmedmoreoverby the inftitutions+. Hence D_fontaines,lays," betweenthe lord and his villainthereis no other_' judge butGod."

It WasthecuRomofjudicialcombatsthatdeprivedthe villainsof the privilegeof ap.pealingtheir lord'scourt of falfejudgment, .Andfo true is this, thattholevillainsII,whobycharteror cuffomhada rightto fights had atfo the privilegeof appeaiingtheirlord'scourtof fatfejudgmenq eventhqughthepeerswhotriedthemwere§gentlemen: andDdfontaines**propofesexpedientsto gentlemen,in ordertoa_/oidthe fcandalof fightingwith a villain, by whomthey!ladbeenappealedof falfejudgment.

As the prac'_iceof judicial combatsbeganto de-cline, al,d _heufageof new appeaIsto Le-introduced,it wasreckonedunfairthatfreementhouldhavea re-medyagainftthein}uft;ceof the court of theirlords,and the villainsflmuld not ; hence the pariiamentreceivedtheir appealsall the fameas tholeof free.D3en.

'J ChaD _;. _rt. _ and zz, "I-B,,ok 1. chap, 136._. Chap. _-,ar_. 3..]] D6tbntaine% chap. 2z. art. 7" This article and the _xfl ,f lbe 22d cl:ap-

:terof the tame author_ have beenbltherto very ill explained. Ddff_mainesdoesO_t oppot'ezhe judgment of the tt_rdto th,t of the gentlemarb b_ca,fe it wasahe f, me thing i hut he oFpofes the common villain to lfim who had the privi-}'.'geof fighting.

§ Gentlemen maybe alwa)_appointedju,lges, Dffvntai_eGchap. zx. art. 45:

CHAP,

CKA_.2a. THESPIRITO_ _La_V_. SIS

C H AP. XXXII.TheefameSubjectcontinued.

WHENanappealof falfejudgmentwasbrought_againffthelord'scourt,thelordappearedin perfonbeforehisparamount,to defendthejudgmentofhiscourt, in likemanner,*in the appealofdefaultof.iuftice,_hepartyfummonedbeforethe lordpara-mount,brough'chis lordalongwithhim,tothe endthatif thedefaultwasnotproved,hemightrecoverhisjurifdi&ion.

Inprocefsof time,asthepracqiceobfervedintholetwoparticularcafeswasbecomegeneral,bythe in-troducqionof all fortsofappeals,itfeemedveryex-traordinarythatthe lordthouldbeobligedto fpendhiswholellfeinffrangetribunals,andforotherpeo-ple'saffairs.Philipof Valoist ordained,thatt_onebutthebailiffsihouldbefummoned; andwhentheufageofappealsbecameflillmorefrequent,thepar-tieswereobligedto defendtheappeal: thefa&++ofthejudgebecamethatoftheparty.

I tooknoticethatin the[[appealofdefaultofjuf-tlce, thelord loft onlythe privilegeof havingthecaufetriedin hisowncourt. Butif thelordhimfelfwasfuedasaparty,§ whichwasbecomea verycom-rnonpra&ice,_*he paida fineof fixtylivresto theking,orto the paramount,beforewhomthe appeatwasbrought.Fromthencearofetheufage,afterap-pealshadbeengenerallyreceived,of finingthelorduponthe amendmentof thefentenceofhisjudge;anufagewhichlafteda longtime,andwas confir-

m,D_fontalncs,chap.2l.art.3_. "_Iqthe year1;32._.SeethefituatlonofthingsinBoutilller'ttime,wholivedin th0year14O2o

•Sommerurak,book:t.po_9and20.I[ Seechap.30. § Bcaumanolr_chap.6i. Fag,3Jz,and 31g. :*_'Ib.

tlle_

3*& THE SPIRIT OF LA_VS. Eoo_XX_qIL

ned by theordinanceofRoufillon,but fell,at length,to theground,throughitsown abfurdity.

C H A P. XXXIII.

gt:efame SubjeCtcontinued.

IN the prad'ticeof judicial combats,the perfonwho had appealedoneof thejudges of falfejudg-ment, might lore hisT caufe by the combat,butcould not poffiblygain it. And indeed the partywho hadajudgmentinhis favour,oughtnot to havebeendeprivedof it by another man'sa6"t. The ap-pellant,therefore,who had gainedthe battle, wasobliged to fight likewifeagainfithe adverfeparty:not in order to know whether the judgmentwasgoodor bad (for thisjudgmentwasout of the care,beingreverfedbythe combat)but to determinewhe-ther the demandwasjut_or not ; andit wasonthisnew point they fought. From thenceproceedsourmannerof pronouncingdecrees," The courtannuls,, the appeal; the court annulsthe appeal,and the" judgmentagaififtvehichthe appealwas brought."In effe&,whenthe perfonwho hadmade the appealof falfejudgment,happenedto be overcome,the ap-pealwasreverfed; whenhe provedvi6torious,boththe judgmentand the appealwere reverfed:thentheywereobligedto proceedtoa newjudgment.

This is fo tar true, that when thecaufewas triedby inquefls,this mannerofpronouncingdidnot takeplace: wimefswhat M. de la RocheFlavin_ fays,namely,that the chamberof inqueftscouldnotulethis format the beginningof its creation.

D_fontaines,chap.=T.art.14.OftheparliamentsofFrance,book_I, chap:x6.

CHAP.

C.AF._4. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS_ Sx_

C H A P. XXXIV.

In whatMannerthe_ProceedingsatLaw becamefecret,

DUELShadintroduceda publicformof proceed-ing, fo that both the attack and the defencewereequally known. " The witneffes,"lays Beauma-noir,_" oughttogivetheirteRimonyin opencourt."

Boutillier'scommentatorlays,h'_had learnt_of an-cient pra_itioners,and from rome old manufcriptlaw books, that criminalpr.oceffeswere ancientlycarriedoninpublic, and ina formnor verydifferentfrom the publicjudgments of theRomans. Thiswas owingto their not knowinghowto write; athing in thole days verycommon. The ufageofwritingfixesthe ideas,andprefervesthe fecret; butwhen thisufage is laidafide, nothingbut thenoto-rietyof theproceedingis capableof fixingthofeideas.

And asuncertainty1:mighteafilyarifein refpe_towhat had beentried byvaffals,they couldthereforerefrefhtheirmemoryeverytimetheyhelda court,bywhat was calledproceedingson record.][ In thatcare it was notallowedto challengethe witneffestocombat; forthentherewouldbeno endofdifputes.

In procefsoftimea fecretformof proceedin_wasintroduced. Every thing before had beenpublic;everything now becamefecret; the interrogatories,the informations,the re-examlnations,the confront-_ngof witneffes,the opinionof theattorneygeneral;andthisistheprefentprad_ice. The firftformof pro-ceedingwas fuitableto thegovernmentof that time,as the new formwas properto the governmentfinceeftabliflled.

"_Chap.'f_.pag.3x5.AsBeaumanuirfays_chap.39.pag._o9.

][Theyprovodby witneffcswhathadbeenalreaJydonG faid_ordecreedin¢ourt_

8Oll-

Sf6 THE B_PIR_IT "OFL:A'WB.BooR.J_X_HII",

Boutillicr'scommentatorfixestheepochofthischangetotheordinanceintheyear1fi_9. Iam apttobelievethatthechangewasmadeinfenfibly,andpaffedfromone1ordfhiptoanother,inproportionasthelordsrenouncedtheancientformofjudging,,andthatderivedfromtheinRitutionsofSt.Lewiswasimproved. Andindeed,Beaumanoirlays,_ that wit-neffeswere publiclyheardonlyin cafesin whichitwas allowedto .give pledges of battle: in others,theywereheardin fecret,andtheir depofitionswerereducedto writing. The proceedingsbecamethere-fore fecret, when they ceat_dto give ptcdges ofbattle.

C H A P. XXXV.

Of the C_s.

IN formertimes no one was condemnedin the"temporalcourtsof Franceto the paymentof colts%The part),cartwa_fufficientlypnnithedby pecuniarrfinesto "thelordand his peers. Fromthemannerofproceedingbyjudicial combat, it followedthat theparty condemnedand deprivedof life and fortune,was punifhedas much as he could be and in theother cafesof the judicialcombat, there werefi1_esfometlmesfJ.,:adand fometimesdependenton thedif"pofidonof the lord, which were fu_cient to makepeople dread the cont}que.lcegof fuits. The _,,men'iaybe faidof cau_c_that were,_dtdecidedbycom-bat. As t.helordhadthee'i:iefprofits,fi)he wasaiba_thechiefe.vpence,either tc_adem.qehis peers, _.rto enabiethc,.nto proceedto_uOgmei_t.Betides,as

" Chap. 30, pageeJS.t D&'ontam.:s In hb ¢ou:r'e'. chap. ::. :r:. 3" a"8 o. and Ecarlmano:G

_"V;aP° 35" ]qfi,tU::o,_s,_:3_2:_. c;,_i_._C,

diqmtei

CaAr.3_. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 317

difputesweregenerallydeterminedonthefpot,andwithoutthat infinitemultitudeof _rritingswhichafterwardsfollowed,there_'asnoneceflityofallow..ingcoilsto theparties.

The cuilomofappealsnaturally,introducedthatofgivingcoRs. Thus D_fontaines* lays,that whentheyappealedbywrit_nlaw, thatiswhentheyfol-lowedthe newlawsofSt.Lewis,theygavecoils;but that intheufualcuilom,whichdidnotpermitthemto appealwithoutfalfifyingthejudgment,nocoilswerealtowed.Theyobtainedonlyafine,andthepoffeflionfor a yearanda dayofthethingcon-retted,if thecaufewasremandedm thelord.

Butwhenthenumberofappealsincreafedfromthenewfacilityofappealing+ ; whenby thefrequentufageof tholeappeal_fromonecourttoanother,thepartieswerecontinuallyremovedfromthe placeoftheirrefidence; whenthenewmethodofproceedingmultipliedandperpetuatedthefuits; whentheartofeludingthe veryiuReRdemandswasrefined;whenthepartiesat lawknewhowto flyonlyinordertobefollo,a:ed; whena&ionsproveddeftru&ive,andpleaseafy; whentheargumentswerelottinvy:hotevolumesof writings;whenthe kingdomWasfilledwithmembersofthelaw,whowereRrangerstojuttice;when.kna_:eryfoundencouragementfrommeanprac-titioners,thoughdifcountenancedbythe law; thenit was.neceffaryto deterlitigiouspeoplebythe fearof coils. Theywereobligedto paycoilsfor thejudgment,andfor the meanstheyhademployedtoeludeit. CharlestheFairmadea generalordinance.onthatfubjea_2.

* Chap.2z.art.S."1"Atprefentwhentheyarefo inclinedtoapFeal_gaysBoutillier,Sotnmf

r_rale,book.i. tit.3.page,6.._Inthe_'earI_z4.

CHAP,

_:_ _E SPIRIT OFLAWS. BooKXXVIII.

C H A P. XXXVI.- Of thepublicProfecutor.

A.$bythe $alic,Pdpuarian,andotherbarbarouslaws,crimeswerepuni/hedwithpecuniaryfines; theyhadnot in tholedays,aswehaveat prefent,a pub-licofficerwhohasthecareofcriminalprofecutions.Andindeedthe iffueof allcaufesbeingreducedtothereparationof damages,everyprofecutionwasinromemeafurecivil,andmightbemanagedbyanyone. Ontheotherhand,theRomanlawhadpopu-larform-forthe profecutionofcrimes,whichwereinconfiRentwiththeofficeofapublicprofecutor.

Thecuttomofjudicialcombatswasnolefsoppo.riteto thisidea; forwhoisit thatwouldchufetomakehimfelfeveryman'schampionagainftall theworld?

I find,in thecolic&ionofformulas,infertedbyMuratoriin thelawsof theLombards,thatundertheprincesof thefecondracetherewasanadvocatefor thepublic* profecutor.[Butwhoeverpleafestoreadtheentirecolic&ionofthereformulas,willfindthattherewasa totaldifferencebetweenfuchofficersandtholewenowcallthepublicprofecutor,ourat-torney;generals,ourking'sfolicitors,orourfolicitorsforthenobili_._fheformerwereratheragentstothe

" publicfor themanagementofpoliticalanddometticaffairs,than for thecivil. Andindeedwedidnotfindin tholeformulasthattheywereintruttedwithcriminalprofecutions,or withcaufesrelatingto mi-nors,to churches,or totheconditionofperfons.

I laidthattheef_ablithmentof a publicprofecutorwasrepugnantto tileufageof judicialcombats.Ifindnotwithflanding,in oneof tholeformulas,an

Advoeatusdepartepublicfl.advo-

CeAF.36. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 319

advocatefor the publicprofecutor,whohad the li.bettyto fight. Muratorihasplacedit juft aftertheconftitution* of HenryI. for whichit wasmade. Inthis confiitution,it is laid, " That if any mankills" hisfather,his brother,or anyofhis otherrelations," hethallloretheirfuccefflon,whichfllallpalsto the" otherrelations,andhisown thallgoto theexche-" quer." Now it was in ruing for the fuccefiionwhichhaddevolvedto the exchequer,that theadvo-cate for the public profecutor,bywhom its rightsweredefended,had the privilegeof fighting: Thiscarefellwithinthe generalrule.

We feein thoi_formulastheadvocateforthe pub-lic profecutorproceedingagainft-_a perfonwhohadtakena robber, but had notbroughthimbeforethecount; againffanother:_whohadrailedan infurrec-tion or tumult againt]thecount; againff9 anotherwhohad fa_eda man'slifewhom thecounthador-deredto be put todeath; againffIIthe advocateofrome churches,whomthe counthadcommandedtobring a robber beforehim, but had notobeyed;againR**anotherwho had revealedthe king's fe-cretto ffrangers; agalnfftt anotherwhowithoperiviolencehad attacked the emperor's commiffary;againftqa:++anotherwho hadbeenguiltyof contemptto theemperor'srefcripts,andhewasprofecutedeitherby the emperor'sadvocate,or by the emperorhim-felf; againi[99anotherwho refufedtoacceptof theprince'scoin; in fine, this advocatefued for things,which bythelawwereadjudgedto theexchequer.[[[[

# Seethis conRitutlonand this formulainthefecondvolumeof the hiRa-tiansof Italy_p. x75.afColle6tionofMuratori3pagexo4_onthe$$thlawofCharlemagne,

hook I, tit, z6. feet.78.:_ Anotherformulajibid,pageg7- § Ibid.pagexo4.11Ibid.page95" _* Ihid. pageg$. t"'l"Ibid.page95._ Ibid.pag_z_. __§§Ibid. _]11Ibid,page_37"

•, But,

3,_o. TH.E. 8PI.RIT O'F LAWS. BooK._AKVIII'e

But, incriminalcaufes,we nevermeetwiththeadvocatefor the publicprofecutor; notevenwhereduelsare ufed; * noteveninthecareof incendia-ries; t notevenwhenthejudgeis killed$ on hisbench; not evenin caufesrelatingtotheconditionsof peffons§, tolibertyandtlavery.lf

Thereformulasaremade,notonlyfor thelawsoftheLombards,butlikewifeforthecapitutariesaddedto them; fothatwehavenoreafonto doubtof theirgivingus the pra&iceobferved,withregardto thisfubjee_,underourprincesofthefecondrace.

It isobviousthatthereadvocatesfora publicpro-fecutcirmutthaveendedwith our-fecondraceofkings,in thefamemannerasthe king'scommiflio-nersin theprovinces; becaufetherewerenolongeranycountsintheprovincestoholdtheaffizes,andofgourfetherewere nomoreof tholeoi_cers,whofeprincipalfun&ionwasto fupporttheauthorityofthecounts.

.Astheufageofcombatswasbecomemorefrequentunderthethirdrace,it did not allowof anyfuchthingasa publicprofecutor.HenceBoutillier,inhis&minegsrale,fpeakingofthe officersofjufticc,takesnoticeonlyof the bailiffs,thepeersand fer-jeants. Seethe inffitutions"*"andBeaumanoir"i'tconcerningthe mannerin whichprofecutionswere

' maElagedintholedays.1findinthelaws§§ofJamesII. kingof Majorca,

a creationof theking'sHItattorney-general,withthe

Ibid.page.I47. t Ibid. _ Ibld.page16g.§ Ibid.paget3ae. {]Ibid.page_o7.• '#Bookl, chap.x, andbookz, chap._I andx3."H"Cap.l, &c.6z.§§ Seetheretawsinthe li¢osof the faintsofthe monthofJune_tom._

page26.U[{O._icontinu_nof_ram'facramcuriamfequiteneaturjinffitu_turqul fa6ta

&calf,s m.i[,facuriapromovgatatRu¢profeciuatur,very

CHAr.37. TH:ESPIRIT OF LAWS. 32tveryfamefunCtionsasareexerclfedat prefentbytheofficersofthatnameamongltus. It is manifefithatthiso_cewasnot infiitutedtill wehadchangedtheformofourjudiciaryproceedings.

C,H A P. XXXVII.

In what]_fannerthe Inflitutionsof St.Lewisfelli_2toOblivion.

IT wasthefateoftheinftltutlons,thattheirorigin,progrefs,anddecline,werecompfifedwithina verythortperiod.

I thallmakea few retie&ionsuponthisfubje&.The codewe havenowunderthe nameof St.Lewis'sinftitutions,wasneverdefignedasa lawforthewholekingdom,thoughfucha def_nismen-tioned.inthepreface.Thiscompilementisageneralcode,whichdeterminesallpointsrelatingtocivilaf-fairs,tothedifpofalofpropertybywillorotherwife,thedowriesandadvantagesof women,andemolu-mentsandprivilegesoffiefs,withthe affairsre!ativetothepolice,&c. Nowto givea generalbodyofcivillaws,atatimewheneachcity,townorvillagehadits cuftoms,wasattemptingto fubvertin onemomentalltheparticularlawsthenin forcein everypartofthe kingdom.To reduceall the particularcultomstoageneralone,wouldbe averyinconfide-

•ratething,evenat prefent,whenourprincesfindeverywherethemoltpaffiveobedience.Butif it bearulethatweoughtnotto changewhentheinconve-niencesareequaltotheadvantages,muchlefsflmuldwechangewhentheadvantagesarefmallandthein-conveniencesimmenfe.Nowif weattentivelycon-riderthefituationwhichthekingdomwasin at thattime,wheneverylordwas puffedup withtheno-

Vo,L.1!. Y tioa,

%

3:z THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BooxXXVIII,

tion of his fovereigntyandpower, we thall findthatto attempta generalalterationof the receivedlawsund cuttoms,muffbe a thing that couldneverenterinto the headsof thole who werethen in the admi-niftration.

What I havebeenlaying,proveslikewifethat thiscodeof inflitutionswas not confirmedin parliamentbythe baronsand magiftratesof the kingdom,asismentionedin a manul_riptof the town-houfeofAmiens, quoted by Monf.Ducange:+. We findinother manufcriptsthat this code was givenby St.Lewis in the year127o, beforehe let out for Tunis.l]ut thisfa&is not truerthantheother; forSt.Lewislet outuponthat expeditionin 1269, as Monf.Du.cangeobferves: fromwhencehe concludes,that thiscode:nighthavebeenpublithedinhis abfence. Butthis, I fay, is impol_ble. How can St. Lewis beimaginedto havepitcheduponthetimeofhisabfencefor tranfa&ingan affairwhich wouldhavebeenthefeedof troubles,and mighthaveproducednot onlychanges,but revolutions? Anenterprifeof thatkindhadneed, moi'ethananyother, of beingclofelypur-rued, andcouldnotbe the workof a feebleregency,compofedmoreoverof lords,wholeintereflit wasthatit fhoialdnot fucceed. There wereMatthewabbotofSt.Denis,Simonof Clermontcountof Nelle, and incareofdeathPhilipbifhopofEvreux,andJohncountof Ponthieu. We havefeenabovef" that the countof Ponthieuoppofedtheexecutionofa newjudiciaryorderinhis lordthip.

Thirdly, I affirmit to be veryprobable,that thecode now extantis quitea differentthing fromSt.Lewis's inflitutions.It citestheinflitutions,thereforeit is a commentupon the inffitutions,and not the

? Prefaceto!heinltitutions, _ Chal_.z9.inflitu-

CRAv.38. THE SPIRIT OFLAWS. 3_inftitutionsthemfelves.Betides,Beaumanoir,vchofrequentlymakesmentionof St.Lewis's)nfdtutions,quotesonlyromeparticularlawsofthatprin&,andnotthis compilement.Ddfontaines*, whowroteinthat prince'sreign,makesmentionof thetwo firfftimesthathisinffitutionsonjudicialproceedingswereput in execution,as of a thingtong finceelapfed.The inftitutionsofSt.Lewiswerepriorthereforetothe compilementI am nowfpeakingof, whichinrigor,and adoptingthe erroneousprefacesinferredb.yfomeignorantperfonsin that work,couldnothavebeenpublithedbeforethelaffyearofSt.Lewis,orevennottillafterhisdeath.

C H A P. XXXVIII,

¢Ihefame8ubje_continued.

•WHAT is thiscompile_entthenwhichgoesatprefentunderthe nameof St. Lewis'sinftitutions?'Whatisthisobfcure,confufed,andambiguouscode,wheretheFrenchlawis continuallymixedwiththeRoman,wherethelegiflatorfpeaksandyet wefeeacivilian,"wherewefinda completedigeffofallcafesandpointsof thecivillaw? To underffandthistho-roughly,wemufftransferourfelvesin imaginationtotholetimes.

St.Lewisfeeingtheabufesin thejurifprudeneeofhistime,endeavouredto givethepeopleadifliketoit: with thisviewhe madefeveralregulationsforthe courtofhisdemefnesandforthofeofhisbarons.Andfuchwashisfuccefs,thatBeaumanoir-]-,whowrotea littleafterthedeathofthatprince,informsus, thatthemanneroftryingcaufeswhichhadbeen

Seeabove,chap.3o. "l"Chap6I. page3o9,

Y_ et_abliflled

_-.4 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BooKXXVIII.

¢ffabfithedby St. Lewis, obtainedina greatnumberof the courtsof the barons.

Thus thisgrineeattainedhisend, thoughhisregu-lationsforthe courtsof the lordswere notdefignedas a generallaw for the kingdom,but as a modelwhich everyone mightfollow, andwouldevenfindhis advantagein it. He removedthebad pra¢-ticebyihewingthem a better. When it appearedthat hiscourts, andthot_of romelords, had chofena formofproceedingmorenatural,morereafonable,morecon-formableto morality,to religion,to the public tran-quility, and to the fecurityof perfonandproperty;this formwasfoonadopted,and theotherreje_ed.

To allurewhen it is raflato conffrain,to win bypleatingmeanswhenit isimpropertoexertauthority,fhewsd_emanof abilities. Reatbnhasa natural,andevena tyrannicalfway; it meetswith refiffence,butthis veryrefiffanceconRitutesits triumph; for aftera_ort ffruggleit commandsan intirefubmilfion.

St.Lewis, in orderto givea diffafleof theFrenchjurifprudence,caufe.dthe booksof the Romanlawro t;e tranflated; by which means they were madekuownto the lawyersof 1;holetimes. Ddfontaines,who is the older * law writerwe have, madegreatufeof tholeRomanlaws. His work is in romeinca-fare a refultof the ancientFrenchjurif'prudence,ofthe lavesor inRittationsof St. Lewi%and of the Ro-man law. Beaumanoirmade very little ufeof thelatter ; buthe recgnciledthe ancientFrenchlaws tothe regulatiormof St. Le_vis.

I havea notionthereforethat thelaw book, knownby thenameof theinflitutions_was compiledbyfomebaiti_s,with thefamedefignas thatof theauthorsof

He l'ay_of h_mfelf,in _i_prolog,*e,Nus lu'_eni_riter_ue_realscetteel;of_

thole

C_P._B, THE SpIRIT,OF LAW_;

thofe two works, and efpeciallyof Ddfonta_nes;The title of this work mentions,that it is writtenaccordingto the ufage of Paris_Orleans,and thecourtof Barony; andthe preamblelaysthat it treatsof the ufagesof the wholekingdom,and of Anjou,and of the court of Baron)'. It is plain, that thiswork was made for Paris, Orleans,and Anjou,asthe wr_rksof Beaumanoirand Db.fontaineswereframedforthe countiesof ClermontahdVermandois;andas it appearsfromBeaumanoir_that diverslawst)fSt. LeWishad beeiareceivedin the courts of Ba.rony, the compilerwas in the right ti_fay_that hisWork*relatedalfoto tholecourts.

It is manifeft,that the perfonwhoeompofedthisWork,compiledthecuftomsofthe country, togetherwith the lawsandinftitutionsof St.Lewis. This isa veryvaluablework, becaufeit containsthe ancientcufloms_)fAnjou, the inftitutionsof St. Lewis, a_theywere thenin ufe; and, in fine, the wholeprac;tice of the ancientFrenchtaw.

The differencebetweenthis work, arid fhofeofDdfontainesandBeaumanoir,is, its fpeakingin im-perativeterms as a legitI_ttor;and this might beright, finceit was a medleyof written c/_ftoms:incl"laws.

Therewas an intrinficdefect_nth_seompi!emenf:it formedan amphibiouscode, in which the FrenchandRomanlawsweremixed, andwherethingswerejoinedthat were no way relative, but often contra-did'torytoeachother.

I amnotignorant, that the French(:6urtsof ;¢affalsor peers,the judgmentsWithoutpowerofappealing.

*"Nothingfnvagueasthe t;.tleandprologue.At ilrt_the)_ale the guPcnnisof P.ui_,Orleans,andthe courtof Barony_ then they aie thecuflomsof allthelaycourtsof the kingdom,and of the pxovoR_ipsOfFrar_c¢_at kngth/theyale th_cultom_of thex_holekingdom_Anjo%andthecourtof Barony.

Y._ to

326 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BOOKXXVIII.

toanothertribunal,themannerof pronouncingfen-tenceby thefewords,I condemn_, or, I abfolve,hadromeconformityto the popularjudgmentsof theRomans.Buttheymadeverylittleufeofthat8ncientjurifprudence;they ratherchorethat which wasafterwardsintroducedby the emperor,in order_oregulate,limit,ccrre&,andextendtheFrenchjurif-prudence,

C H A P.- XXXIX.

: 7"hefameSubjedtcontinued.

THE judiciaryformsintroducedbySt.Lewisfeltintodifufe. Thisprincehadnotfomuchin viewthethingitfelf,thatis, thebeltmanneroftryingcaufes,as thebelt mannerof fupplyingtheancientpracqiceof trial. Theprincipalintentwasto giveadifrelifhoftheancientjurlfprudence,andthe nextto formanewone. Butwhentheinconvenienciesofthelatterappeared,anotherloonfucceeded.

Theinltitutionsof St. Lewisdidnotthereforefomuchchangethe Frenchjurlfprudence,as theyaf-fordedthe meansof changingit; theyopenednewtribunals,or ratherways to comeat d_em. Andwhenoncethe publichadeafyaccefsto the fuperiorcourts,thejudgmentswhichbeforeconftitutedonlythe ufagesof a particularlordflfip,formedanuni-verfaldigeff. Bymeansoftheinftitutions,theyhadobtainedgeneraldecifions,whichwereentirelywant-ingin thekingdom: whenthebuildingwasfini_4hed,theyletthefcaffoldfallto theground.

Thustheint_itutionsproducedeffe&swhichcould.hardlybeexpe&edfromamafter-pieceoflegiflation.

Iattitutions_book.li, chap, x5.To

GnAv.4o, THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. _7

To preparegreatchanges,fometimeswholeagesarerequifite; theeventsripen, and the revolutionsfol-low.

' The parliamentjudgedillthe laff refortof almoitall theaffairsof thekingdom.Before"._,it tookcogni-zanceonlyofdifputesbetweenthedukes,counts,barons,bifhops,abbots,or betweenthe kingandhis vaffals-[-,ratherin the relationtheyhad to thepolitical,thantothe civilorder. Theywereloonobligedmrenderitpermanent,whereasitufedtobe heldonlya fewtimesin a year: andsin fine,a greatnumberwerecreated,in orderto befufficientfor the decifionof allmannerof caufes.

No foonerwasthe parliamentbecomea fixedbody,thantheybeganto compileits decrees._obndeMan-luc,under thereignof Philip the Fair, madea col-le&ion,which,at prefent,is known by the nameoftheOlim++regifiers.

CHAP. XL.

In whatMannertheyudiciapyI_brmswereborrowedfromtheDecretals.

Buthowcomes it, romewillfay, that when theinffitutionswere laidafide,the judicialformsof thecanonlawthouldbe preferredto tholeof theRoman?It was becauiethey had conftantlybeforetheir eyesthe ecclefiaRiccourts,which followedthe formsofthe canonlaw, and they knew of no court thatfol-lowedtholeof the Romanlaw. Betides,the limitsof thefpiritualandtemporaljurifdietionwere at that

SeeDu Tillet on the courtofpeers. BeealfoLarocke_Flavin_booki,"c_':aP•3" BudeusandPaulusEmilius. "-

j- Othercaufesweredecidedbythe ordinarytribunals, f_tSeetheprefidentHv.naulf'_excellentabridgmentofth_hlf,_oryofFrancein

theygar_3x3.Y 4 time

3_8 THE SPI,RIT OF LAWS. BooKXXVIIL

time very little unde_ood; there were* peopleT who rued indifferently,and caufe_thatweretriedindifferently,in eithercourt. It £eems_ as if thetemporaljurlfdic_ionreferred no other cafesexclu-fivelyto itfelfthan thejudgmentof feudalmatters[[,and of fuchcrimescommittedby laymenas didnotrelateto religion. For § if on the accountof con-ventionsand contra_s, theyhad occafionto ruein atemporalcourt, thepartiesmightof theirownaccord,proceedbefore the fpiritualtribunals; and as thelatterhadnota powerto obligethetemporalcourttoexecutethe fentence,theycommandedfubmiflionbymeansof excommunications.Underthole circum-fiances,when they wantedto change the courfeofproceedingsin the temporalcourt, theytook thatofthe fpiritualtribunals,becaufetheyknewit; butdidnot meddlewith that of the Romanlaw, by reafon,_heywereftrangersto it: for in point of pra_ice,i_eopteknow onlywhatis reallypra&ifed.

C H A P. XLL

FluxandRe.fluxof the ecclefiaflicandtemporalfftur_-diction.

THE civilpowerbeingin the handsof an infinitenumberoflords, it was an eafymatterfor the eccle-fi_fticjurifdic"tlonto gaindailya greaterextent. Butas theecclefiafticcourtsweakenedtholeof the lords,

.E_aurnanolr,chap,zz. page45_."_Wido_%c_olfes,&c. B_tumanolr_chap.xx. page5g.S Seethe_','holeelewnthchapterofBeaumanolr.[iThe fpi,i_ualtribunaL"had evenlaid holdof there,underthe preteXtof

sheozth, a'.may befeen by the famousConcordatbetweenPhilipA'ug'_fl:u_;,the clergy,and the baron%which is to be foundin theordinancesof Lau-riereo

§ _eaumanoir_chug.zl. page60.

CH,_P.4r. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 3z9andcontributedtherebyto givefcrengthto the royaljurifdi&ion,the latter graduallycheckedthejurif-di&ionoftheclergy. Theparliament,whichin itsformofproceedingshadadoptedwhateverwasgoodandufefulin the fpiritualcourts,foonperceivedno-thingelfebutthe abufeswhichhadcreptintothofetribunals; andastheruvatjurifdi&iongainedgroundeveryday, it greweverydaymorecapableofcor-re&ingthofeabufes. Andindeed,they wereintole-rable: withoutenumeratingthem,I flzallrefer* thereadertoBeaumanoir,to Boutillier,andto theordi-nancesof ourkings. I /hallmentiononlytwo,in-which,the publicintereftwas moredire&lycon-cerned.Thereabufeswe knowbythedecreesthatreformedthem; theyhad beenintroducedin thetimesofthedarkeftignorance,anduponthebreak-ing out of the firftgleamof light, theyvani/hed.Fromthe filenceof the clergyit maybeprefumed,that theyforwardedthis reformation:which,con-fideringthenatureofthehumanmind,defervescom-mendation.Everymanthatdiedwithoutbequeath-ingapartofhisefratetothechurch,whichwascalleddyingwithoutconfeflion,wasdeprivedof thefacra-ment,andof chrifdanburjal. If he diedintefhte,hisrelationswereobligedtoprevailuponthebifllop,thathewould,jointlywiththem,nameproperarbi-ters, to determinewhatfumthe deceafedoughttohavegiven,in carehe hadmadea will. PeoplecouldnotlietogetherthefirRnightoftheirnuptials,or eventhe two followingnights,withouthavingpreviouflypurchafedleave:there,indeed,werethebefcthreenightsto chufe; forasto theothers,they

See,Boutillier,Sorar_erurale,tit, 9"whatperfon$am incapableof ruingin a temporalcourti andBeaumaaoir_chap.xz.page56. andthe regulation_of PhilipAugut_usap,n this fubje_i as afroth_ regulationbetweenPhillFAuguflu_,the clergy,andthebarons.

were

_O T H E SPIRIT OFLAWS.]_ooKXXVIII,

w_,e:'orworthmuch. All thiswasredreffedbythe_ •:,ment: we findin the* gloffaryof theFrenchiTv, by Ragau,the decreewhichit publit!aedt:gainffthebifhopofAmiens.

I returnto thebeginningof mychapter.When-everweobfervein anyageor government_thedif-ferentbodiesof theRateendeavouringto increafetheiratithority,andto takeparticularadvantagesofeachother,wethouldbe oftenmiRakenwerewe to"confidertheirencroachmentsas anevidentmarkof_heircorruption.Througha fatalityinfeparablefromhumannature,moderationingreatmenis veryrare:andasit isalwaysmucheafiertoputhonforceinthedire&ioninwhichitmoves,thantoRop_itsmoment,fointhefuperiorclafsof thepeople,itislefsdifficult,perhaps,to findmenextremelyvirtuous,thanex-tremelyprudent.

Thehumanmindfeelsfuchan exquifitepleafureintheexercifeof power; eventhofewhoareloversofvirtuearefo exceffivelyfbndof themfelves,thatthereis nomanfohappy,asnotto haveRillreafonto miRruRhis honerintefitions; and,indeed,ouractionsdependonfomanythings,thatit isinfinitelymoreeafyto dogood,thanto doit well.

C H A P. XLII.

the RevivalOftheRomanLaw,andtheRefultthereof.Ckan,_eintheTribunals.

UPON thedifeoveryofJuffinian'sdigeRtowar&ti_eyearii37, the Romarilaw£eemedto rifeoutofits aihes. Schoolswere theneRabli_edin Italy,

• In thewordtcf[amentaryexecutorg,-[.The lgth ofMarch)14o9.

where

C_AP.4_. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 331

Whereit xwaspubliclytaught; theyhadalreadytheJutliniancode,andtheNovelle. I mentionedbefore,thatthiscodehadbeen1"ofavourablyreceived_nthatcountry,astoeclipfethelawoftheLombards.

The*Itatiando&orsbroughtthe lawof JuffinlanintoFrance,wheretheyhadonly* the Theodofiancode; becaufeJuitinlan'slawswerenotmadet till •afterthe fettlementoftheBarbariansin Gaul. Thislawmetwithromeoppofition: butitRooditsgroundnotwithffandingtheexcommunicationsofthepopes,who fupported_ theirowncanons.St.Leais en-deavouredto bringitintoreputebythetranflafionsofJuRinian'sworks,madeaccgrdingto his orders,whichareflillin manufcdptinourlibraries_ andIhavealreadyobferved,that theymadegreatufeofthemincompilingtheIn_itutions.PhiliptheFairl[orderedthe lawsof JuRiniauto be taught,oolyaswritteureafon,intholeprovincesofFrancethat_¢eregovernedby cuflcoms; and theywereadoptedas alawinthofeprovinceswheretheRomanlawhadbeenreceived.

_I havealreadytakennotice,that the mannerofproceedingby judicialcombat,requiredverylittleknowledgein thejudges: difputesweredecidedac-i:ordingto theufageof eachplace,andto afewtim-ple cuRomsreceivedbytradition.In Beaumanoifstime§ there were two differentways of admi-

In Italy theyfollowedJuttinlan'scode_hencePope John VIII.in h[_eonffitutionpublUhedafterthe fynodof Troyes,makesmentionof thiscodcpnotbecaufeit wasknownin France,butbecaafeheknewit himfelf:andhls¢onitltutlonwasgeneral.

j- 'Fhlsemperor'scodewaspublifhedtowardsthe year53o.Decretals,book5"tit. deprivilegliscapiteraperq_ecnla.By a charterin the year x3xz, in favourof the unlverlltyofOrieans_

quotedby DuT_tlet.§ CaRomsof BeauvO{fis,chap.:t.oftheo_¢eof bail;_.

•niftering

33, THE SPIRIT OF LAW_. BooxXXVIIL

nifteringjuftice; in£omeplacestheytriedbypeers,tin othersby bailiffs: in followingtheformerway,thepeelsgavejudgmentaccordingtothepro&iceoftheircourt; in the latter,it wastheprodeshominesioroldmen,whopointedoutthisfamepra&icetothebailiff.._This wholeproceedingrequiredneitherlearning,capacity,nor ftudy. Butwhenthe darkcodeofthe infLitutionsmadeitsappearance; whentheRomanlawwastranflatedand taughtin publicfchools; whena certainart of procedureandju-rifprudencebegantobeformed; whenpra&itionersandcivilianswerefeestorife; thepeersandthepra-desbomineswereno longercapableofjudging: thepeersbeganto withdrawfromthelordstribunals;andthe lordswereverylittleinclinedtoaffemblethem; efpeciallyasthe newformoftrial,inf_eadofbeingafolemnproceeding,agreeabletothenobility,and intereffingto a warlikepeople,wasbecomeacourfeof pleading,whichtheyneitherunderftood,norcaredto learn. The cuffomof tryingbypeersbeganJ]to be lefsufed; that oftryin.gbybailiffstobe morefo; the bailiffsdid notgive§judgment

them-

-l-Amongthe commonpeopletheburghersweretriedbyburgher|,asthe•reudatorytenantsweretriedbyoneanother. SeeLaThaumafilere,chap._9-

Thus allrequef_sbeganwiththere words: " Mylordjudge,h is cuflo-" marythat inyourcourt,"&c. asappearsfromthe formulaquotedbyBou-tillier,Sommerurale,book4,tit. zt.

]]The changewasinfenfible: wemeetwithtfhalsby peersevenin Bbutil-ller'stime,wholivedin the yeari4oz,whichisthedateofhiswill. Hegives_hls formula,bookx. tit. _I. " SireJuge, en ma ju_icehaute, moyenne&" bail'.',que]'alen tellieu,tourplaids,bailfis,bommefeodaux& fergens." Yetnothingbut feodalmattersweretriedanyIoog¢rbythe peers. Ibid.bookx,tit. t. pag.x6.

§ As appearsbytheformulaofthe letterswhichtheirIordufedtogivethem,guotedbyBoot;flier,Somrc.-rorale7bookI. tit. r4. whichisproved.Jike_s,if¢byBcaumanoir,CuflomofBeauvoifis,chap._.ofthebailiffs; theyonlydire&-edthe proceedings." The bailiffis obliged,in the Frefeneeofthe peers,to" _ downthe wordsoftholewhoplead,andto all;the partieswhetherthey

C_AF.4_. THESPIRITOF LAWS. j3_themfelves,theyfummoneduptheevidenceandpro-nouncedthejudgmentoftheprodeshomines; butthelatterbeingnolongercapableofjudging,thebailiffsthemfelvesgavejudgment.

This waseffe&edfomuchtheeafier,asthe)'hadbeforetheireyesthepra&iceoftheecclefia_iccourts;`thecanonand newcivillawbothconcurredaliketoabolifhthepeers.

Thusfelltheufagehithertoeonthntlyobfervediathe Frenchmonarchy,thatjudgmentfhouldnotbepronouncedbya tingleperfon,asmaybe feeninthe:Saliclaws,the capitularies,andin thefirf_* law-writersunderthethirdrace. The contraryabufe,whichobtainsonlyinlocaljurifdi&ions,hasbeenmo-Aerated,and in fomemeafureredreffed,byintrodu-cinginmanyplacesa judge'sdeputy,whomhecon-fults,andwhoreprefentstheancientprodeshombresbytheobligationthejudgeisunderof takingtwo gra-duates,in cafesthatdefervea corporalpunifhment;and,in fine,itis becomeof no mannerofeffe&bytheextremefacilityofappeals.

C H A P. XLIII.

_'hefamefubje_¢tcontinued.

THUStherewasnolawtoprohibitthelordsfromholdingtheircourtsthemfelves; noneto aboliflathefun&ionsoftheirpeers; noneto ordainthe creationofbailiffs; noneto givethemthepowerofjudging.Allthis waseffe&edinfenfibly,andbytheveryue-4carewilllngtohavejudgmentgivenaccordingto the reafonsatledged_and if_ctheyfay,Yes, my lord; the bailiffought tooblige_:hcpeersto gi_ejudg-

"" meat." S_eafrothe In{titutionsofSt.Lewis,book_.chap.io5. andbo:_kz. chap.15. - LiJuge,finedoltpasfaire]ejugement."

• Beaamanoir,chap.67.page.336.andch/ap.6I. page315.and 3x6. The_nftjtuttons_bookz: chap,z.5.

ceffi,:y

3_4 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BooKXXVHI.

eeflityofthething. Theknowledgeofthe.Romanlaw,the decreesof thecourts_thenewdigeffofthect_ffom_,requireda ffudyofwhichthenobilityandilliteratepeoplewereincapable.

Theonly_ ordinancewe haveuponthisfubjec3:,is thatwhichobligedthelordsto chufetheirbailiffsfromamongthe laity. It isa miffaketo lo0kuponthisas a lawof theircreation; for it faysnofuchthing. Betides,theintentionof the legiflatorisde-terminedby the reafonsaflignedin the ordinance;" to the endthatthebailiffsmaybepunithed$ for" theirprevarications,it is neceffarytheybe taken"_fromtheorderof thelaity." The immunitiesoftheclergyin tholedaysareverywellknown.

We muffnotimaginethattheprivilegeswhichthenobilityformerlyenjoyed,andofwhichtheyarenowdiveRed,weretakenfromthemasufurpations: no,manyof tholeprivilegeswereloft throug.hneglect,andothersweregivenup,becaufeasvariouschangeshadbeenintroducedin thecourfeoffo manyages,theywereinconfiiientwiththolechanges.

C H A P. XLIV.

Of the_ProofbytVitneffes.

THEjudges,whohadnootherruleto gobythantheufages,inquiredveryoftenbywitneffesintoeverycaufethatwasbroughtbeforethem.

Theufageofjudicialcombatsbeginningtodecline,theymadetheirinqueftsin writing. Buta verbalproofcommittedtowriting,is nevermorethanaver-balproof;-fothatthisonlyincreafedtheexpencesoflawproccedings.Regulationswerethertmadewhich

"1"It waspubll/hedin theyear_z87.Ut fi ibldelin¢luar,t,fupetio_esfui poliiatani_adverterein_.ofdera:

render¢cl

CHAP.4_, THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. _g

renderedmolt of thole inquefts11ufelefs; publicre-gifferswereef'tablithed,which afcertainedmofffactst_s nobility,age, legitimacyand marriage. Writingis a withersveryhardto corrupt; the cuftomswerethereforereducedtowriting. All this is veryreafon-able ; it is mucheafiertogoand feein thebapfifmalregiffer, whetherPeter is the fon of Paul, thanto prove thisfa_ bya tediousinqueff. When therearea greatnumberof ufagesina country,it is mucheafierto writethemalldownina code,than toobligeindividualsto proveeveryufage. At lengththe fa-mousordinancewasmade, whichprohibitedthe ad-mittingof the proofby witneffes,for a debt exceed-ingan hundred llvres, exceptthere was the begin-ningof a proofin writing.

C H A P. XLV.Of the Cuflomsof France.

FRANCE, as we havealreadyobferved,was go-_'ernedby writtencuffoms; andthe particularufagesof each lord/hipconftitutedthe civil law. Everylord/hiphad its civillaw, accordingtoBeaumanoir,;:_andfo particulara law, that this author whois look-ed uponas a luminary,and a verygreatluminary,oftholetimes,lays, he doesnotbelievethat throughoutthewholekingdomthereweretwo lordflfipsintirelygovernedbythe famelaw.

This prodigiousdiverfityhad a two-foldorigin.With regard to the firft, the reader may recol-le& what has been already laid concerningit inthe T chapterof localcuftoms: and asto the fecondwe meetwith it in thedifferenteventsoflegalduels;

i

IISeeinwhatmannerageand parentagewereprovad_lnflltatlonsI _ookx_chap.7I-and7z.Prologuetothe cuftomofBeauvoifi_. _ Chap.12.

2 it

_36 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. _ookXX_fh

it being natural that a continualferiesof fortuitouscafesmlifthavebeenprodueqiveof new ufages.

There cuftomswere preferredin the memoryofoldmen; but infenfiblylawsor writtencuftomswereformed.

I. At the commencementof _*the third race_thekings gavenot ontyparticularcharters,but likewifegeneralones, in the manneraboveexplained;fuchare the inftitutionsof Philip Auguftus, and tholemadeby St. Lewis. In likemannerthegreatvaflhls,in concurrencewith the lordswho heldunderthem,grantedcertainchartersor eftabliflaments,accordingtoparticularcircumftancesat theaffizesof theirdu-chiesor counties:fuch were the afflzeof Godfreycountof Brittany,on the divifionof the nobles; thecuftomsof Normandygrantedby duke Ralph; the¢uflomsof Champagne,given by king Theobald;the laws of Simon count of Montfort,and others.This producedrome written laws, and even moregeneralonesthantholetheyhad before.

2. At the beginningofthethirdrace, almottall thecommonpeoplewere bondmen; but therewerefe-veralreafonswhich afterwardsdeterminedthe kings:_ndlordsto infranchifethem.

The lords by infranchifingtheir bondmen,gavethem property; it was neceflhrythereforeto givethemcivillaws, in order to regulatetrhedifpofalofthat property. But by infranchifingtheirbondmen,_beytikewifedeprivedthemfe]vesof theirproperty;

there was a neceffitythereforeof regulatingtherightswhich they referredto themfelves,as an equivalentfor that p:opert3_.Boththerethings wereregulatedby the chartersof infranchifement; thole chartersfc_r:neda part ofour cuftoms,andthis part wasred_l-ccd to writing.

Secthecei]e¢'_i,aneftOrdinancgsb),L_,.'.rier¢..

3' Ul_der

C_AP.4_. - _rHE SPiRiT OF LAWS. _7

3- Underthe r_lgnof St. Lewisandof thefuc-ceedlngprinces,romeable prac"titioners,fuch asD6fontaines,Beau._anoir,andothers,committedthecuf_omsof theirbailiwicsto writing. Theirdet]gawasratherto givethecourfeofjudicialproceedings,than_heufagesof:-heirtimein refpe_tothedifpofalof p¢operty.But the wholeis there,and thoughthereparticularauthorshavenoauthoritybut what•theyderivefromthetruthandnotorietyofthethingstheyfpeakof, yet thereis no mannerofdoubthutthey_:ontributedgreatlyto thereftorafionofouranocientFrenchjuritprudence.,Suchwasin tholedaysourcommonlaw.

Wearecofiaenowto thegrandepocha. CharlesVII.andhisfuccefforscaufedthedifferentlocalcufotomsthroughoutthekingdomto bereducedto wri-ting, andprefcribedletformsto beohfervedtotheirdigef_ing.Nowasthisdigef_ingwasmadethroughall.theprovinces,andaspeoplecamefromeachlord-flaiptodeclareinthegeneralafl_mblyof theprovincethewrittenorun.writtenufagesofeachplace,endea-vourswereufedto renderthecuffomsmoregenera]_asmuchaspoffibte,withoutinjuringtheintereftsofindividuals,whichwerecarefully* preferred,Thusourcuffomswerechara&erizedinathree-foldmanner;they werecommittedto writing,-t_eywere mademoregeneral,and theyreceivedthe f_ampof theroyalauthority.

Manyofthere_;uffomshavingbeendigeffedanew,feveralchangesweremade,eitherin fuppreffmgwhat-everwas incompatiblewith the _6tualpracticeofthelaw,orin addingfeveralth_ngsdrawnfromthispra@ice.

• This wanohfervedat the dlge/tingof the ¢t_Pt0ms_f _er_ry_qd'ofParls.SrxLaThaumaflieres_h_Io.3"

VOL.II, Z Though.

338 THeE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BOoKXXIX.

Thoughthecommonlawisconfideredamongfcusasinromemeafureoppofiteto theRoman,infomuchthattheretwo lawsdividethedifferentterritories;.itisnotwith_andingtrue,thatfeveralregulations.oftheRomanlawenteredintoourcuRoms,efpeciallywhentheymadethenewdlgeffs,ata timenotverydiRantfromours,whenthis lawwasthe principalfmdyoftholewhoweredefignedforcivilemployments;at atimewhenit .wasnotufualforpeopleto boaftofmotknowingwhatit was theirduty.to knox,;andxffknowingwhattheyoughtnot to know; at atimewhena quicknefsofunderflandingwasmade.morefubfervienttowardslearning,thanpretendingto,._profeffion; andwhena continualpurfifitofamufe-mentswasnoteventhechara&eril'dcOfwomen.

I flaouldhavebeenmorediffufeat theendofthisbook; and enteringintothe feveraldetails,thouldhavetracedalltheinfenfibtechanges,whichfromtheopeningofappeals,haveformedthegreatCorpusofourFrenchJurifprudence.Butthiswouldhavebeeningraftingonelargeworkuponanother.I am'likethatantiquarian* wholetoutfromhisowncoutltry,arrivedin Egypt,caffan eyeonthepyramids,_andreturnedhome. '

B 0 0 K XXIX.OF THE MANNER OF COMPOSING LAWS.

C H A P. I. _

Of the Spiritof a Legiflator. o,.I SAY it, andmethinksI haveundertakenthis

Workwithnootherviewthantoproveit; thefpi_tit• In the Spebator_ of

CM,p.2, S. THE sPIRIT OF LAWS. J_9

of a legiflatorought to bethat ofmoderation; poli-tical, like_moralevil, lyingalwaysbetweentwo ex-tremes. ,Letus produceanexample.I

The let forms of jufliceare neceffaryto liberty;hut the numberof them mightbe fogreatasto becontraryto the end of the verylawsthat efiablilhedthem; proceffeswouldhavenoend; propertywouldbelancertain; the goodsof oneof the partieswouldbe adjudgedto theother _ithout examining,or theywouldbothbe ruinedbyexaminingtoomuch.The citizenswouldloretheirlibertyand fecurity_;

the accuferswouldnolongerhaveanymeanstocon-vi&_northe accufedt0juftifythemfelves.

C [H A P. If.i

_hefameSubje_lcontinued.CECILIUS, inAulu_Gellius% fpeaHngof the

lawof theTwelve Tables,whichpermittedthe cre-ditor tocuttheinfotventdebtorinto pieces,juftifiesitevenby its crueltj,, which"t-hinderedpeoplefromborrowingbeyondtheirabilityofpaying. Shallthenthe cruelleftlawsbe the bett? Shallgoodnefsconfiftin excefs, and all the relationsof things be de-ftroyed?.

CHAP. :IN.

_hattheLawswbichfeemto deviatefromtheI_ewstheLegiflator,arefrequentlyagreeableto them.

THIS lawof Solonwhich declaredthole perfonsinfamouswho efpoufedno fide in an infurredtion,

t 13ookzz.chap.x.'_ Ceciliuslays,thathe neverlaw norreadof an intlance_in whichthi_

_ll_lhmenthadbeeninflicted; but it is likely, that no fuchpuni_mentWasevere_ablifhed; the opinionof romecivilians_that, the law Ofthe TwelveTablesmeantonlythe'divifionof themoneyarifingfromthefaleofthe debtorsf_msveryprobable.

Z 2 feemed

_o THE SPIRIT OF LAWg. Booz'XXI_.feemed_¢eryextrabrdinary; butwe_g_ to co/ifid_tk_ircumt_aneesin whichGreeceWasatthattime_r wasdividedintoWryfmallftates:andtherewasieafOrrto _ppreherld;left_na reptJBti_,tornby in-teRirre,di_ifions,th:efober_ftpartffiotdd_eepretired,ineorrfeq_enee-ofwliiCh,thingfi_tght'becarried_o

, .5 .extremity.In thefeditiorrsraifedindmfep_t_Rates,thebulk

of_hecitizenseithermadeor engagedinthequai'reLIn ourlargerfionm:chi_s,partiesa_reforfiaedbyafew',and-thepeoplechafeto livequiet. Inthetattereafeit isna_uaalto callback the feclitioarsto thebulkofthe citizens/andnot thereto the feditiom:in,heotherit is neceflhryto obligethefmaUnumberofpru-dentpeopleto enteramongthefedifious: it isthusthefermentationofoneliquormaybefloppedbyafmgledropofhnor,her.

C H A P. _::IV. ":':

OftheLawscontrarytotheFiewsoftheLeg_at_.THERE .arelawsfo littleunderRoodbythe_le-

#flator,astobecontrarytotheveryendhepropofed.Thole)vh9madethisregulationamong_heFrench,thatwhenoneofthetwocompetitorsdied,_e bene-ficel'houlddevoli,e to the furvivor,hadin view,withoutdoubt,the extin&ionof qjaarrels; but theveryreverfefallsout; wefeethec16rgyat -¢ariaficeeveryday,and likeEngtifhmafiiffsworr/irigoneanothertodeath.

CHAP. V.

7"befame8ubjen¢bntlnued. " °x dr.

THE lawI amgoingto fpeakof_is tobefourilinthisoathpreferredbyA_fchines* ; " I fwe'arthat

•Defalf_.l_gatio._," Iwil

G_t_,6.,_ THE 8PtRI,,T O.FLAW_. .Mtt

-_I willnearer.deft_oya .townof,theAmphiOcyones_'_ andthatI willnotdi_verttheeouffeofitsrunning_' w,aters; if anynationthai!pretTumeto do filcha'[ _ng, I will declarewar againttthem,andwiU" d_f_roythektowns." Thetartarticleofthisla_-,which#eemsto confirmthefirft,isreallycontrarytoit. Amphi&yonis willingthat the Greektowns_ould-neverbedeftroyed,-_ndyetthislawpavestheway fortheirdeftru_ion, tn orderto eftablifhaproperlgwofnationsamongtheGreeks,theyoughtto havebeenagcufiomedearlytothinkit a barbarousthingtode,roya Greek,town; confequently,theyoughtnotevento rvJintl_edeffroyers.Amphi6tyon'slawwasjut]-;but itwasnotprudent; thisappearsevenfromtheabufemadeof it. Did not Philipaffumethe powerof demoliPaingtowns,;underthepretenceof theirhavinginfringedthe lawsof theGreeks? Amphictyonmighthaveinflictedotherpu-nlfhments; he mighthaveordained,for example,tl!ata certain.numberof the magiffratesof thede-ftroyingtown,or of the chiefsof the infringingarm3,, fhouldbe punifhedwith death; thatthede-ftroyingnation,fhouldceafeforawhileto enjoytheprivilegesoftheGreeks; thattheyl'houldpayafinetill thetownwasrebu]lLThelawought,aboveallthings,toa_matthereparationofdamages.

CHAP. VI.

_¢:atLaw¢whichappearthefame,havenotalwaystt:efameE#e ,

C3ESAR.madea law to '*prohibitpeoplefromkeepingabovefixtyfeftercesin theirhoufes,This

• Dio, lib.-41, .......

Z 3 law

_4s THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BooKXXIX.

lawwasconfideredat Romeasextremelyproperforreconciiingthedebtorstotheircreditors; becaufeby'obligingrl_er!chtolendtothepoor,theyenabledtholatterto [.aytheirdebts. A lawof thefamenaturemadein Franceat thetimeoftheSyfcem,provedex-tremelyfatal; becaui'eit wasena&edundera moltfrightfulfituation.Afterdeprivingpeopleofallpof-fiblemeansof layingouttheirmoney,theyftrippedthemevenofthelaffrefourceofkeepingit athome;whichwasthefameas takingit fromthembyopenviolence.Ca_far'slaw was intendedto makethemoneycirculate; theFrenchminifier'sdefignwastodrawallthemoneyintoonehand. Theformergaveeitherlandsor mortgageson privatepeoplefor themoney; thelatterpropofedinlieuofmoney,nothingbut effe&swhichwereof novalue,andcouldhavenonebytheirverynature,becaufethelawcgmpel!_peopleto acceptofthem.

C H A P. VII.

_hefameSubjectcontinued.Nece_tyofcompoflngLawsin a proper2t'gannw.

THE la&ofOftracifmwaseftablifhedat Athens,at Argos-_,and at Syracufer At Syracufeit w_sproduZtiveofathoufandmifchiefs,becaufeitwasim-prudentlyenaCted."/'heprindpalcitizensbanithedoneanotherby'holdingtheleafof afag-tree$ intheirhands; fothattholewhohadanykindofmeritwith-drewfrompublic affairs.At Athens,wherethelegiflatorwasfenfibleoftheproperextentandlimitsofhisk_w,ofiracifmprovedanadmirableregulation:theynevercondemnedmorethanonepeffonatatim.c;

flfAri/LRep,_b.lib.5' chap._,Plutar_h_lifeof Dionyfius,• and

Cual..8o THE:SPIRIT OF LAWS, ' _45

andfucha numberof fuffrageswererequifiteforpairingthisfentence,thatit was extremelydifficultfor themto banifha perfonwholeabfencewasnotneeeffarytotheRate.

Thepowerofbanifhingwasexercifedonlyeveryfifthyear: andindeed,as theoRracifmwasdefignedagainffnonebutgreatperfonageswhothreatenedthe.Ratewith danger,it oughtnot to havebeenthetranfa&ionofever),day.

C H A P. VIII.

_hatLawswhicbappearthefame,werenotalwa)'smadethroughthefameMotive.

IN Francetheyhavereceivedmoltof theRomanlawson fubflitutions,but throughquitea differentmotivefrom the Romans.Amongthe lattertheinheritancewasaccompaniedwithcertain* facrifices,whichwereto be performedby the inheritor,andwereregulatedby the pontificallaw; henceit was,thattheyreckoneditadifhonourto diewithoutheirs,thattheymadeflavestheirheirs,andthattheydeviledfubflitutions.Of thiswe havea veryf_rongproofinthevulgarfubftitution,whichwasthefirflinvented,andtookplaceonlywhentheheirappointeddidnotacceptoftheinheritance.Itsviewswerenotto per-petuatetheeftatein a familyof the famename,buttofindfomebodythatwouldacceptofit.

# Whentheinheritancewastoo muchencumbered,they eludedthepontificallawbyc©rtainfaleb fromwhence¢om¢theword_flu_facrisb,er_.ditat.

Z4 CHAP.

$_d_ TH_ SPIRIT OF LAWS, _oozXXlY,

CHAP, lX.

notfl_roughthefameMoti.ve.

AMAN_faysPlato*_whoh_s_l_illedonenearlyrelatedtohim_thatishimfelf,not15yanorderofthernagiftrate,nottoavoidigriominy,butthroughpufil-lan_mity,_all be punifhed.;ThffRomanlawpu,rfifhedthisactionwhenit wasnotcommittedthrofighpufillzrfi.mity,throughwearinefsof life,throughira,patiencein pain,but froma criminaldefpair.TheRomanlawacquittedwheretheGreek¢ondemned_andcondemnedwheretheotheracquitted.

Platos l_w wasformeduponthe Lacedaemonian• • • '_

mfht'ut_ons,where_h_ordergof themagifiratewereabfohlte,,where.fhamewasthe grea'ceftofmiferies_acidpufillanimitythe greateftof crimes. TheRo-manshad no longertholerefineditteas; theirswasonlya fifcatlaw.

Duringthe timeoftherepublic,therewasnolawatRomeagainftfuicides: thisac21onis _al_ys;onfi-deredbytheirhiftoriansinafavourablelight,andwenevermeetwithanypuniffimel_t:im°ri_edup_n.'_hofewhocommittedit.

Underthe firt_emperors,the great familie_ofRomewerecontinuallydeftroyedby criminalprofe-.cutions..Thecufiomwasthenintroducedof pre-ventingjudgmentbya voluntarydeath. Inthistheyfounda greatadvantage: theyhad]-anhonourable_ntermenbandtheirwills wereexecuted,becaufetherewasnolawagalnttfuicides.]Butwhentheera,

/_ookix.oflaw_o

"J-Eorum_ui de fe _atuth_nthum_tballtu3 corpora_m_ncb_nttcRamenta,J_retl,trrafeffit_Fli_;¢I'a¢it-;

perors

Cs_r.x_. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 34_

perorsbecameasavariciousascruel,theydeprivedtholewhodeffroyedthemfelvesof themeansof pre-ferringtheirettates,by renderingit criminalforaperfonto makeawaywithhim_lfthroughacriminalremorfe.

WhatI havebeenfaying0fthemotiveoftheem-perors,is fo true, that theyconfented_ that theeftatesoffuicides_houldnotb_eonfifcated,whenthecrimeforwhichtheykilledthemfelveswasnotpu-laiPaedwithconfifcation.

CHAP. X.

_'hatLaws¢vhicbfeemcontrary,_roceedfometlmesfromtl:efame@ir,t.

IN our timewegivefummonsto peopleintheirownhoufes; but thiswas not permittedt amongtheRomans.

Afummonswasa,_violenta&ion,andakindofwarrantforfeizingtheIIbody; henceit wasnomoreallowedtofummona perfonin hisownboule,thanit isnow"allowedto arreftaperfoninhisownboulefordebt,

B9_theRoman§andour|awsadmitofthisprin-ciplealike,thateverymanoughtto havehisownhoufeforanafylum¢wherehe _houldfufferno vio-lence.

t R_ffcr|ptoftheeOa.perorPiutinthe thirdlaw, fe_. at.an_z. ft. deboni,morumtlniantelent.mormm'fi.blconfrAverunl:

q Leg.x8.ft. dein jUsvocando:Seethe lawofthetwelvetable*.

_1Rapitin]u*,Horace,fatit'e9"hencethey coaldnotfummontholeto whompagieularrefl_tg'_wasdt_._ Seetilelaw_8.g deinjusvoeando.

CHA_

$#6 THE SPIR,IT OFLAWS. Bo_,xXXI_,,

CHAP. XI.

ttowwe to.ueof DenceofLaws.IN France,the punifhmentagainftfalfewitneffes

is capital; inEnglandit is not. Now, to beabletojudgewhich of theretwo lawsis the beft, we muffadd, that inFrancetherackis ufedagainftcriminals,but notinEngland; thatinFrancetheaccufedis notallowedto producehis witneWes; and that theyveryfeldomadmitof circumfcantialevidencein favourofthe prifoner; inEnglandthey allowof witneffesonboth tides. TherethreeFrenchlawsforma clofeandWelleonne&edfyftem; and fo do the three Englithlaws. The law of England,which doesnotallowof therackingof criminals,hasbut verylittlehopesto draw fromthe accufeda confeffionof his crime;for thisreafonitjovites witneffesfrom all parts, anddoesnot ventureto difcouragethemby the fearof acapitalpunifhment. The Frenchlaw, whichhasonerefourcemore, is not afraidof intimidatingthewit-neffes; on the contrary,reafonrequiresthey thouldbe intimidated; it liffensonly to the witnetTesonon.efide*, which are thofe producedby the attornej_-general,andthe fate9f the acctffeddependsentirelyon their teftimony. But in Englandthey admitofwimelTesonboth tides, andthe _affairis difcuffedinfomcmeafurebetweenthem; confequentlyfalfcWit-nefs iS therelefs dangerous,the accufedhavingaremedy-ligliinftthefalfewitnet:s,whichhehasnol_in,_.France. Wherefore, to determinewhich of tholelawsaremoltagreeableto reafonrwe muff notcon-,riderthemtingly,butcomparethewholetogether.

" Bythe ancientFrenchlaw_witneffeswereheardonbothtides; hencewefindinthe|nifitufionsofSt.Lewis,booki.chap.7"thattherewasonlyapecuniarypunlJkmenta_ainRfalf¢witneffes.

CHAP,

C_AP.Xz. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. _?

C H A P. XII.

_'batLawswhicha_pearthefame,arefometimesreal_different.

THE GreekandRomanlawsinfliCtedthefamepuniflamenton the receiverason the thief; the

Frenchlaw doesthe fame. The formeraCtedra-tionally,butthelatterdoesnot. AmongtheGreeksandRomans,thethiefwascondemnedtoa pecuniarypunithment,whichoughtalfoto be infliCtedOhthereceiver: foreverymanthatcontributesinwhatflaapefoeverto a damage,isobligedto repairit. Butasthe puriifhmentof theftis capitalwith us, i_here-_:eivercannotbepuni/hedlikethethief,withoutcar-ryingtl_ingsto excefs.A receivermayaCtinnocently.onathoufandoccafions; thethiefisalwaysculpable:onehinderstheconvi&ionofa crime,theothercom-mits it; in onethe wholeis paffive,the otherisa&ive; the thiefmufffurmountmoreobf_acles,andhisfodltourbemorehardenedagainftthelaws..

The civilianshavegonefarther;theylookij_the receiveras moreodious+ thanthe thie_ forwereit notforthereceiver,thetheft,faythey,couldNotbelongconcealed.Butthisagainmightberightwhenthert was onlyapecuniarypuni_ment';th e.affairinqueftionwasadamagedone,andthereceiverwasgenerallybetterableto repairit;-butwheh_hepuniflamentbecamecapital,tlaeyougktfohavgb6eht!ire&edbyotlaerprinciples. " _":-.v_iii

t_Leg.I, if, derceeptat_ribul_ _ Ibldt =% ,;_"

34S THE SPIRIT OFLAWS. Boo_XXL_,

C H A P. XIII.

_bat wemuffnotfeparateLazvsfromthe Endforwhichtb_ weremade. Of theRomanLaws on27:eft. _,

WHEN a thiefwascaughtinthefa_, thiswascalledbythe Romansanopentheft; whenhewzsnotdete_qedtill rometimeafterwards,it wasa pti-,atetheft.

Thelawofthetwelvetablesordained,thatanopenthieffl_ouldbe whiptwithrods,andcondemnedtotlavery,if he had attainedthe ageof puberty;oronlywhipt, if he wasnot of ripeage; butasfortheprivatethief,hewasonlycol_de.u_cd_o_ fineOfdoublethevalueof whathehadflolen.

Whenthc_Porcianlawsaboliflaedthe cuftombfwhippingthe citizenswith rods,and of reducingthemto flavery,the openthief wascondemnedto*apaymentoffour-fold,andtheyRillcontinuedtocondemntheprivatethieftoapaymentofdouble.

It feemsveryodd,thattherelawsfhouldmakefucha differencein thequalkyof tholetwo crimes,andin thepuniflamentstheyinflic2ed.Andindeed,whe-therthethiefwasdetecqedeitherbeforeor afterhe]ladcarriedthe ftolengoodsto the placeintended,thiswasacircumflancewhichdidnotalterthenatureofthecrime, I donotatallqueftionbut theWholetheoryof theRomanlawsin rela.tionto theftwasborrowedfromtheLacedaemonianinftitutions.Ly-curgus,withaviewofrenderingtbecitizensdextrousandcunning,ordainedthatchildren-'fhouldbeprac_tiledin thieving,andttiattholewhowere.caughtin

_¢ew/_atFavor]nuslaysinAulu_GeUIu_,bookxx,chap.I.tht

_HAP._3" THE SPIRIT 0_' LAWS. _@)the fa&fhouldbe feverelywhipt:this occafionedamongthe Greeks,andafterwardsamongtheRo-mans,a greatdifferencebetweenanopenanda pri-vatetheft%

AmongtheRomansa/lavewhohadbeenguiltyofflealingwasthrownfromtheTarpeianrock. HeretheLacedmmonianinftitutionswereoutof the quef-tio_; thelawsofLycurgusin relationto theft-werenotmadeforflares; todeviatefromthemint_isre=•f_pe&wasinrealityconformingtOthem.

-AtRome,whena perfonof unripeagehappenedtobe'caughtinthefac_,thepraetororderedhimto bewhiptwithrodsaccordingto his pleafure,iaswas"p.ra&ifedat Sparta. All thishada moredit_ntoff=gin. TheLace&emonianshadderivedthereuFagesffromthe-Cret_nsi;andPlato%whowantsto provethat theCreta__infl_tutionsweredefignedforwar,

_eites:thefoltm_ing_,,namely,thehabitor powerof:_eafingpainin pri_tecombats,andin punSfhmentsAnff,_0cedforopen-thefts..: ,As_e' civil lawsdependon:thepolitieal.int_itu-tions,becaufe'_hey'aremade_ft_rthe fame:fociety;,X_er_ewr'there-isa defignof'adopting-thecivil,taw_of:anothernatiort,ir would,:b¢proper"to_xamine'_fore&andwhethertheyhaveboth.thefameinfti-

•_utions,and.thefamepoliticallaw/.._ThuswhentheCretanlawsontheftwere_doptedby"theLaceda_monians,as theirconffitutionandgo.vernmentwereadoptedat thefametime,thefelawswereequallyreafonabtein bothnations.But wheni_e'ywerecarriedfromLace&emoniato Rome,as

_ey did not 'fintltherethefame:conflitutior_,"theywerealwaysthoughtitrange,andtaadnomannerofconnexionwiththeotherciviltawsoftheRomans.

"!)"(_orr_arewhat"Phmirghlays in thellfe ofLycurguswiththelawsQftheDi_e_,titledt F#rti;; andth¢ IaRitut¢))bookiv. tit. _. re&.x, 2, ar_d_.

I"Ofl_whbooks,CHAP.

$5o THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BooxXXIX.

C H A P. XIV.

_hat wemuffnotfeparatetbeLawsfromtheCircum-.flancesinwhichtheyweremade.

IT wasdecreedbyalawat Athens,thatwhenthecitywasbefieged_alltheufelefspeople/houldbeputto death*. This wasan abominablepoliticallaw,in confequenceof an abominableqaw of nations.AmongtheGreeks,theinhabitantsofa towntaken,lofttheircivilliberty,andwerefoldasflaves.Thetakingof atownimplieditsintiredef_ru_ion; whichis the[ourcenotonlyoftholeobltinatedefences,andof thole unnaturala_qions,but likewifeof thole/hockinglawswhicktheyfometimesena&ed.

TheRomanlawst ordainedthatphyficians_aouldbe puniChedfor negle&or un_ilfulnefs.In tholecafes,if thephyficianwasa perfonof anyfortuneorrank,hewasonlycondemnedto deportation; butifhe wasof a low condition,he wasput to death.Byourinftitutions,itisotherwife.TheRomantawswerenotmadeunderthefamecircumftancesasours.:at Romeeveryignorantpretenderintermeddledwithphyfic; butamongftus, phyficiansareobligedtogothrougha regularcourfeoffludy,andto taketheirdegrees; forWhichreafontheyarefuppofedto un-derftandtheirprofeflion.

CHAP. XV.

_batfometimesit isprq_ertheLawlhouldamenditfdf.

THE lawoLthetwelvetables_ allowedpeopletokilla night-thiefas wellasaday-thief,ifuponbeing

• Inut]lis ztat occldatur. ,_),r_anin Htrmo_."_TheCorndianlawde_cariis,In/Htut.lib.4, tlt, _. deleg¢Aq_ili%

te_.7.

$ecth,4thlaw_if, adl_.Ac/uih purfued

CHxP.16. THE SPIKIT_OF LAWS." 3_z

purfuedhe attemptedto makea defence: butitre-quiredthatthe perfonwhokilledthethief*,thouldcry out andcallhis fellow-citizens:thisis indeedwhattholelaws,whichpermitpeopletodojuRicetothemfelves,oughtalways.to require. It is the cryofinnocence,whichintheverymomentofthea&ion,callsin witneffes•and.appealsto•judges.:The•_peopleoughtto takecogmzanceof thea&ton,andat theveryinfia_atof,itsbeingdone; aninftantwheneverythingfpeaks,eventheair, the:countenance,,thepaf-fions,thefilence:oftheagent;and wheneverywordeithercondemnsorabfolves.A tawwhichmaybe-comefocontraryto thefecurityandlibertyoftheciti-zens,oughtto beexecutedin theirprefence.

C H A P. XVI.

ThingstobeobfervedinthecompofingofLaws.

THEY whohaveageniusfufficienttoenablethemtOgivelawsto theirown, or to another_nation,oughtto be particularlyattentiveto the manneroff6rmingthem.

The Rileoughtto beconcife.Thelawsofthetwelvetablesare a modelof concifenefs; theverychildren_tufedto learnthembyheart. Juftinian'sNovellewerefoverydiffufed,thattheywereobligedto abridgethem+.|..

TheRileihouldalfobeplainandfimple; adire&expreffionbeingbetterunderRoodthananindire&one.Thereis nomajeftyat all in the lawsof the lowerempire;princesaremadeto fpeaklikerhetoricians.

Ibidem,feethedecreeof Taflillonaddedto:thelaw of the"Bavarlansjdt_:pularib,legib,art.4-

ofUt carmenneceffarium,Cicero_ legib,z. """It is-theworkoflrnerius. -, --

When

$jz _rHE 8PJRrT OF ]LAWS. P_okXXl_.

Whenthe ftileof lawsistumid, theyarelookedupononlyasa workOfparadeando/tentation.

It is aneffentialarticlethat the wordsof the lawsfhouldexciteineverybodythefameideas. CardinalRiehlieu* agreed,that a minifiermight be accufedbeforethekiog; buthe wouldhavetheaccuferpu-niihed, if the fac%he provedwere not mattersofmoment. This was enoughto hinderpeoplefromtelling any truth whaffoeveragaini[the minifter;becaufea matterof momentis entirelyrelative,andwhatmaybe of momentto oneis notfotoanother.

The law of Honoriuspunifl'_-_lwith death anyperfonthatpurchafeda freed-manas a/lave, orthatT gave-himmoleftation.He fhouldnot have madeufeof fo vaguean exprefiion; themolefiationgivento a man, dependsentirelyon the degreeof hisfen-fibility.

When thelaw wouldfixa let rateuponthings, itthouldavoidas much as poflibletheefiimatingit inmoney. The valueof moneychangesfroma thou-land caufes, and the fame denominationcontinueswithoutthe famething. Everyoneknowsthe [toryof that impudent_fellowat Rome, whoufedtogivethole he met a box on theear, and afterwardsten-dered them the five and twentypenceof thelawofthetwelvetables.

When thelaw hasoncefixedtheideaof things, it_ould neverreturnto .vagueexpreflions. The ordi-nance of LewisKIV. IIconcerningcriminalmattersafteranexa£tenumerationof thecaufein whichthe

t Politicaltcflament._"&ut qualibetmanum]flionedonatuminquietarevoluerlt. .di_j_end_xt#

•_bt_beMCfia,__odelntlufwfl *ool_ra,offailu, $1,-m_l'__or_,, p. 737.AulusOeUius,bookxx.chap.*.Wefindin theverbalproeefsof thisordinancethe motivesthatdetennlocd

l_im.

2 king"

e xP.16, si IaI* OFhAWs. mkingis immedlarelyconcerned,addstherewordsj" andtholewhichin alltimeshavebeenfubje&to" the determinationof the king'sjudges; thisren-dersthething againarbitrary,afterit hadbeenfixed.

CharlesVII.* lays,hehasbeeninformedthatthepartiesappealthree,four,andfixmonthsafterjudg-ment,contraryto thecuftomof thekingdomin thecountrygovernedby cuftom:hethereforeordains,thatthey /hallappealforthwith,unlefstherehap-penstobe romefraudordeceitin theattorneyt, orunlefstherebe a greator evidentcaufeto ruetheappeal. Theendofthislawdefiroysthebeginning,andit deftroysit foeffectually,thattheyufedafter-wardsto appealduringthefpaceofthirtyyears_.

ThelawoftheLombardsIIdoesnotallowawomanthathastakena religioushabit,though/hehasmadeno vow,to marry; becaufe,laysthis law, " if a" fpoufewhohasbeencontra&edto a womanonly" byaring, cannotwithoutguiltbemarriedtoan-" other;for a muchttrongerreafonthe fpoufeof" Godor of thebleffedvirgin"..... Now I fay,thatin lawstheargumentsihouldbedrawnfromonerealitytoanother,andnotfromrealityto figure,orfromfigureto reatity.

Alawenae"tedby Conftantine§, ordains,thatthetinglete_imonyofabifhopflaouldbefutticient,with-outliftenlngtoanyotherwitneffes.Thisprincetookaveryihortmethod; hejudgedo/affairsbyperfons,andofperf0nsbydignities.

°_ InhisordlnaneeofMontel-les-toursinthe yearI453."_Theymightpuniflxtheattorney_withouttherebeinganyngeeflltyof dlf-

turbingthepublicorder.$ The ordinanceof the year1667_hasmaderomeregulationeuponth|s

head.JlBook2,tit.37.

In tither$irrnondu#tappcl_tlL_to theTheodo/ian¢ode_tom.r,VoL.II. Aa The

3S* THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. Boo_XXIX.

The lawsoughtnottobe fubtle; theyaredefignedfor peopleof commonunderftanding; notas an artof logic, butas theplainreafonof a fatherof a fa-mily.

Whenthereis noneceffityfor exceptionsandlimi-tationsin a law, it is muchbetter to omit them:detailsof ttaatkindthrowpeopleintonewdetails.

No alterationthouldbe madein a law withoutfufficientreafon. Juftinianordained,that a hutbandmight be repudiated,and yet the wife not lofe herportion,if for the fpaceof* two yearshe hadbeenincat:ableofconfummatingthemarriage. He alteredhis lax,"afterwards,and allowedthe t poorwretchthreeyears. Butin a cafeofthatnature,two yearsareasgoodas three, and threearenot worth morethan two.

When a legiflatorcondefcendstogivethereafonofhis law, it ought to be worthyof its majefty. ARoman_ lawdecrees,that a blindmanis incapableto plead,becaufehecannotfee the ornamentsof themagiftracy. Sobada reafonmuffhavebeengivenonpurpofe,whenfucha numberof good reafonswereathand.

PaulthecivilianIIfays,thata childgrowsperfe&in the feventhmonth, and that the proportionofPythagoras'snumbersfeemsto prove it. It is veryextraordinarythat the), _ould judgeof tholethingsby theproportionof Pythagoras'snumbers.

SomeFrenchqawvershaveafferted,that whentheking made an acquifitionof a new country, thechurchesbecamefubje_tto the regale,becaufetheking'scrownis round. I fl:allnotexaminehereinto

Leg. I. codederep'udiis.-_ SeetheauthenticBedb_di6in thecoded*repu,liis.

' _ Leg.I. /$_depo_ulando.Inhis fentcnces,bookiv. tit. 9.

the5

_MAp.Z6. THE Si_iRITOF LAWS. 355

theking'srights,or Whetherin thiseafethereafonofthecivilorecclefiaRiclawoughtto fubmittothatof the lawof politics:I /hall onlyfay,that thofeaugurrightsoughttobedefendedbygravemaxims.Wasthereeverfuchathingknown,astherealrightsofadignity,foundedonthe figureof that dignity'sfign?

Davila* fays,that CharlesIX. was declaredofagein theparliamentofRoanat fourteenyearscom-menced,becaufethe lawsrequireeverymomentofthetimeto bereckoned,in cafesrelatingtotherefti-.nationand adminittrationof an orphan'seftate:whereasit confidersthe yearcommencedas a yearcomplete,whenthecareisconcerningtheacquifitionofhonours.I amveryfar fromcenfuringa regula-tionwhichhasbeenhithertoattendedwithnoincon-veniency;I fhallonlytakenoticethat the reafonalledged-]-is not the trueone; it is falfe,thatthegovernmentofanationisonlyanhonour..

Inpointofprefumption,thatofthelawisfarpre-ferableto thatof theman. TheFrenchlaw_ con-fiderseverya& of a merchantduringthe tendaysprecedinghisbankruptcyas fraudulent:thisis theprefumptionof the law. The RomanlawinflicCtedpuniflamentsonthehuPoandwhokepthiswifeafter/hehadbeenguiltyofadultery,unlefshewasinducedto do it throughfearoftheeventof a law-fuit,orthroughcontemptofhis own/hame; thisisthepre-fumptionoftheman.Thejudgemutthaveprefumedthemotivesofthehufband'scondu&,andmumhavedetermineda very obfcureand ambiguouspoint:whenthe lawprefumes,it givesa fixedruleto thejudge.

I Dellaguerra¢iviledlFranela,page96.-_ The Chancello_del'Hofpital,ibid.;[ It wasmadein the monthof November,tToZ,

Aa _ Plato's

$56 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BookXXIX.

Plato'slaw*, asI haveobfervedalready,requiredthata puniihmentihouldbe infli&edontheperfonwho killedhimfelfnot with a dcfignof avoiding_ame, butthroughpufillanimity.Thislawwasfofardeled'tire,that in the onlycarein whichit wasimpoffibleto drawfromthecriminalanacknowledg-mentof the motiveuponwhichhe had a&ed,itrequiredthejudgeto determineconcerningtheremo-tives.

A_ufelefslawsdebilitatefuchas areneceffary,fotholethatmaybeeafilyeluded,weakenthelegiflatlon.Everylawoughtto haveitseffe&,andnoonethouldbefufferedto deviatefromit by a particularexcep-tion.

The FalcidianlawordainedamongtheRomans,that the heirthouldalwayshavethefourthpartofthe inheritance: anotherlaw+ fufferedthe tetiatorto prohibittheheirfromretainingthisfourthpart.Thisismakingajeffofthelaws. TheFalcidianlawbecameufelefs: for if the teftatorhada mindtofa-vourhisheir, thelatterhadnoneedoftheFalcidianlaw; andifhedidnotintendtofavourhim,hefor-badhimtomakeufeofit.

Carefhouldbe takenthat the lawsbe wordedinfuchamanner,as notto becontraryto theveryna-tureofthings. In the profcriptionof the princeofOrange,PhilipII. promifesto anymanthatwiltkilltheprince,togivehim,orhisheirs,fiveandtwentythoufandcrowns,togetherwiththetitleof nobility;andthisuponthewordofa king,andas-a fervantofGod. To promifenobilityfor fuch an ac"tion!toordainfuchana&ioninthequalityofafervantofGod!This is equallyfubverfiveof theideasof honour,morality,andreligion.

-,1Bookix.of laws.J"It i_the authentic,ridcu_ ttfl_ter.

There

eHxv.,7. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 357

Thereveryfeldomhappensto beaneceftityofpro-hibitinga thingwhichisnotbad,underpretenceofromeimaginaryperfe&ion.

Thereoughtto be a certaintimplicityandcandorin the laws: madeto punifhthe iniquityof men,theythemfelvesthouldbecladwiththerobesofinno-cence. We findin the law of the_ Vifigothsthatridiculousrequeft,by whichthe Jewswereobligedtoeateverythingdreffedwithpork,providedtheydid noteat the porkitfelf. Thiswasa verygreatcruelty;theywereobligedto fubmitto a law,con-traryto theirown; andtheywereallowedtoretainnothingmoreoftheirown,thanwhatmightferveasamarktodiftinguifhthem.

C H A P. XVII.

badMethodof givingLaws.

THE Romanemperorsmanifeftedtheirwilllikeourprinces,by decreesand edi&s;but theyper-mitted,whichourprincesdo not,boththe.judgesandprivatepeopleto interrogatethemby lettersintheirfeveraldifferences; andtheiranfwerswerecalledrefcripts.The decretalsof the popesarerefcripts,ftri&lyfpeaking. It is plain,that thisis a badme-thodoflegiflation.Thofewhotb,usapplyforlawsare improperguidesto the legiflator;the facqsarealwayswrongRated. JuliusCapitolinus-_-lays,thatTrajanoftenrefufedto givethiskiad_sefcripts,lefta tingledecifion,andfrequentlya particularfa-vour,thouldbe extendedto all cafes. Macrinus:grefolvedto abolithall tholerefcripts;hecouldnot

* Bookxii.tit.z. fe&.x6."_SeeJuliusCapitolinusinMacrino. _"Ibid.

Aa 3 bear

358 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BoOKXR_IX.bearthattheanfwersof Commodus,Caracalla,anclalltholeothm:ignorantprince%thouldbe confideredaslaws. Jufiinianthoughtotherwife,andhe filledhiscompilementwiththem.

I WouldadvifethofewhoreadtheRomanlaws,todittingui_carefullybetweenthisfortof hypothefes,andthe Senatus-confulta,thePleblfcita,thegeneralconftitutlonsoftheemperors,andallthelawsfoundedonthenatureofthii_gs,onthefrailtyofwomen,theweaknefsofminors_andthepublicutility.

C H A P. XVIII.Of the ldeasof Uniformity.

THERE arecertainideasofuniformity,whichfometimesffrikegreatgeniufes,(fortheyevenaffed'tedCharlemaign)butinfalliblymakeanqmprefiiononlit-tlefouls.Theydifcoverthereinakindofperle&ion;becaufeit is impoffiblefor themnotto fee it ; thefameweights,the fameme,luresin trade,thefamelawsin the Rate,the famereligionin all its parts.Butis thisalwaysright, andwithoutexception? Istheevilof changingconffantlylefsthanthatoffur-feting?Anddoesnota greamefsof geniusconfit!ratherin diflinguifhingbetweentholecafesin whichuniformityis requifite,andtholein whichthereisaneceffityfor differences? In Chinathe ChinefearegovernedbytheChinefeceremonial:andtheTartarsbytheirs;And yet thereis no nationin the Worldthataimsfo muchattranquility.If thepeopleob-fervethelaws,whatfignifiesit whethertherelawsarethefame? _"

C H A P. XlX.Of Legiflators.

ARISTOTLE wantedto indulgefgmetlmeshis_ealoufyagainftPlato,andfometimeshispaflionforIt Alexander.

CHAP.r. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. _$9

Alexander. Plato was incenfedagainftthetyrannyof the peopleof Athens. Machiavelwas full of hisidol, the duke of Valentinois. Sir ThomasMore,whofpokeratherof what he hadread, thanof whathe thought,wanted* to governall Rateswith thefimplicityof a Greek city. Harringtonwas full oftheidea of his favouriterepublicof England,whilfta croudof writers law nothing but confufionwheremonarchyis aboli/hed. The laws alwaysmeetthepaffionsand prejudicesof the legiflator; fometimesthey pat'sthrough,andimbibeonlya tin6ture; fome-timestheyftop, andareincorporatedwith them.

B 0 0 K XXX.

THEORY OF THE FEUDAL LAWS AMOlqG THEFRA!_KS, IN THE RELATION THEY BEAR TO THEESTABLISHMENT OF THE MONARCHY.

CHAP. I.

OffeudalLaws.

I SHOULD think my work imperfe&, were Ito pat'soverin filenceaneventwhichneveragain,perhaps,will happen; wereInot to fpeakof tholelawswhichfuddenlyappearedoverallEurope, with-out beingconne&edwith any of the formerini_itu-tions; of thole lawswhich havedone infinitegoodand infinitemifchief; which havefufferedrightstoremainwhenthe demefnehas beenceded; whichbyveftingfeveralwith differentkinds of feignoryover

_*In his Utopia.

Aa 4 the

56o THE SPIRITOF LAWS: BoozXX_rthefamethingsorpeffons,havediminithcdtheweightof the wholefeignory; whichhaveethbti/heddif-ferentlimitsinempiresoftoogreatanextent; whichhavebeenprodu&iveofrulewitha biasto anarehy,and of anarchywith a tendencyto orderandhar-mony.

This woutdrequirea particularworkto itfelf;butconfideringthenatureoftheprefentundertal_ing,thereaderwillheremeetratherwitha generalfurvey,thanwitha completetreatifeoftholelaws.

Thefeudaltawsforma verybeautifulprofpe_. Avenerableold* oak raifesitsloftyheadto the/kies;the eye feesfromafar its fpreadingleaves:upondrawingnearer,it perceivesthetrunk,butdoesnotdifcerntheroot_ thegroundmuffbedugup to digCover it.

_ H A P. H.

O/the SourceoffeudalLazvs.

THE conquerorsoftheRomanempirecamefromGermany.Thoughfew ancientauthorshavede-fcribedtheirmanners,yetwehavetwoof verygreat.weight.Cmfarmakingwar againRthe Germans,defc?ibesthe mannerst of thatnation; and upontherehe regulated+romeof hisenterprifes..AfewpagesofC_faruponthisfubje_areequalto wholevolumes.

TacitushaswrittenanentireworkonthemannersoftheGermans.Thisworkis fhort,but it comesfromthe pen of Tacitus,Whowasal.waysconcife,becaufehelaweverythingatoneglance.

• Q_antumyertlceadorasz_th_roas_tantumradlcead Tartaratendie. VlaolL,

"l"Book6.

Forinfiarl¢e_hisretreatfromGermany. Ib_d,There

CHAp.3. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS, 36r

There two authorsagreefo perfe&lywith thecodesRillextantofthelawsofthebarbarians,thatreadingC_efarandTacltus,we imagineweare pe-rufingtherecodes,andperufingthefecodes,wefancywearereadingC_efarandTacitus.

Butif inthisrefearchintothefeudallaws,I/houldfindmyfelfentangledandloftin adarklabyrlnth,IfancyI havethecluein myhand,andthatI/hall beableto findmywaythrough,

C H A P. III.

TheOriginofP'affa[age.

C]ESAR_ lays," ThattheGermansnegle&ed_cagriculture;thatthegreaterpartof themlived_:uponmilk,eheefe,andfleth; thatno onehadf' landsorboundariesof hisown; thattheprinces" andmagiRratesofeachnationallottedwhatpor-" tion of landthey pleafed,to individuals,and" obligedthemtheyear followingto removeto_' romeotherpart." Tacltuslays,_-" Thateach" princehadamultitudeof men,whowereattached" to his fervice,and followedhimwhereverhe" went." This authorgivesthema nameinhislanguagerelativeto theirRate,which isthatofco;n-panions._Theyhada Rrongemulationtoobtaintheprince'seReem; andtheprinceshadthe fameemu-lationto diftinguifhthemfelvesin the braveryandnumberof theircompanions." Theirdignityand" power,"continuesTacitus," confiRsin being" conftantlyfurroundedwith a multitudeof young" and chofenpeople:this theyreckontheirorna-

_*Book6thcf theCallicwars.Tacitusadds," lCulliriotousamtager,_._autaliqaatara; p_utadquemvenirealuntur."Demorlb.Germ.

"1"D-cmofib.German. _ Comites.,c merit

_6_ THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. Boo_XXX.

" ment in peace,this theirdefenceand fupportin" war. Their namebecomesfamousat home, and" amongneighbouringnations, whentheyexcelall,r othersin the numberand courageof theircompa-_' nions: theyreceiveprefentsand embafliesfrom" allparts. Reputationfrequentlydecidesthe fate" of war. In battleit is infamyin the princetobe" furpaffedin coui'age; it is infamyin the compa-" nionsnot to followthe bra;eeexampleof their" prince, it is an eternal ,difgraceto furvivehim." To defendhim is their moR facredengagement." Ifa city be at peace, the princesgo to tholewho" areat war ; andit is thusthey retaina greatnum-" herof friends. To therethey givethe war-horfe" and the terrible javelin. Their pay confifts in" coarfebut plentifulrepafts. The princefupportsc_his liberalitymerelyby war and plunder. You" mighteafierperfuadethemtoattackanenemy,andc, toexpofethemfelvestothe dangersof war, thanto_' cultivatethe land, orto attendto the caresof huf" bandry; theyrefufetoacquireby fweatwhatthey" canpurchafewithblood."

Thus, amongthe Germanstherewerevaffals,butno fiefs; theyhad nofiefs, becaufethe princeshadno lands to give; or rather their fiefs confiftedinhorfestrainedfbrwar, in arms,andfearing. Therewere vaffals,becaul?there were truRymen whobeing boundby their word engagedto followtheprinceto'thefield,and didverynearthe fameferviceaswasafterwardsperformedforthefiefs.

CHAP. IV.

5rbefame Subje_co_zti_ued,

CJESAR_ lays, that " when anyof the princes" declaredto the affemblythathe intendedto letout

'¢ uponDeBelloGalileo,lib,6.

CHAp.5. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 363

" upon an expedition,and aiked them to follow" him, tholewhoapprovedthe leader, andthe en-"' terprize, Rood up and offered their affiffance." Uponwhichtheywerecommendedby the multi-" tude. Butif theydidnot fulfiltheirengagements," theyloft the publicefteem,andwerelookedupon_'as defertersandtraitors."

What Cmfarlaysin thisplace, andwhat we haveextracCtedin theprecedingchapterfromTacitus,is thefubflanceofthehiftoryofourprincesof thefirftrace.

We muffnotthereforebe furprized,thatour kings:[houldhave new armiesto raifeuponevery expedi-tion,newtroopstoencourage,newpeopletoengage;that to acquiremuchtheywereobligedto incurgreatexpences; that theythouldbeconftantgainersbythedivifionof landsand fpoils,and yet givetherelandsandfpoilsinceffantlyaway: that theirdemefnethouldcontinuallyincreafeanddiminifh; thata fatheruponfettlinga kingdom+ on oneof his children,flaouldalwaysgive him a treafurewith it ; that the king'streafureflaouldbe confideredas neceffaryto the mo-narchy; andthat oneking_ couldnot give part ofit to foreigners,evenin portion withhis daughter,without the confentof the other kings. The mo-narchymovedbyfprings,whichtheywerecontinual-lyobligedtowind up.

CHAP. V:

Of theConqueflsof the Franks.

IT is nottrue, that theFranksuponenteringGaul.took poffeffionof the Wholecountryto turn it into

_7Seethelifeof Dagobert.SeeGregoryofTours, book6. on themarriageofthe daughterof Chll-

peric. Childebertfendsamhaffadorsto tell him, that he thould notgivethecitiesof hisfather'skingdomto hisdaughter,norhis treafures_norhis bond-mea,nor horfesjnorhorfemen,norteamsofoxen,&e.

fiefs.

364. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS, Boo_XXX,

fiefs. Somehavebeenof thisopinion,becaufetheytawthe greatettpart of the countrytowardsthe endof thefecondrace, convertedintofiefs,rear-fiefs,orotherdependencies; but fucha difpofitionwasowingtoparticularcaufes,Ivhichwelhallexplainhereafter.

Thecon£equencewhichfundrywriterswouldinferfromthence,that the Barbariansmadea genera're-gulationforeftablithinginallpartstheflareof villain-age, is asfakeas the principlefrom u t_ichit is de-.rived. If at a timewhen the fiefsv,e,e precarious,all thelands of the kingdomhad b,entiersc)rde-pendenciescf fiefs, andall themenin the kii3gdomvaffalsor bondmen,fubordinateto vatlals; a_ theperfonthathasproperty is everypoffeffedof po, er,thekingwhocontinuallydifpofedof thefief.%"hatis,of theonlypropertythenexifting,wouldhavebeenas_rbitrarya monarchastheGrandSeignior; whichi_abfolutelycontradi&oryto allhiRory.

CHAP. VI.

Of1heGoths,Burgundians,andFranks.

GAUL was invadedby Germannations. "l'heVifigothstook poffeffionof the provinceof Nat.bonne, and of almoftall the fbuth; the Burgun-diansfettledin theear ; andthe Franksfubduedverynearall therm%

No doubt but thereBarbariansretainedin theirreft;e8iveconquersthe manners, inclinations,andufagesof theirown country; fornonationcanchangein an inftanttheir mannerof thinking and acting.Therepeoplein Germanynegle&edagriculture. Itfeemsby CaffarandTacitus, that they appliedthem,felvesgreatlytoa paftorallife: hencethe regulationsof thecodesof thebarbarianlawsarealmoftall rela-

ting

C_AP. 7. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 36_

ringto theirflocks. Roricon,whowrotea hiitoryamongtheFranks,wasaihepherd.

C H A P. VII.

Different_Kassof dividingtheLand.

AFTER the GothsandBurgundianshadundervariouspretencespenetratedintotheheartoftheem-pire,theRomans,in orderto puta ttopto theirde-vattations,wereobligedto providefor theirfubfif-tence. Atfirfttheyallowedthem* corn; but af-terwardschoreto givethemlands. Theemperors,orthe RomanTmagittratesin theirname,madepar-ticularconventionswiththemconcerningthedivifionoflands,as we findin the chroniclesandin thecodesoftheVifigoths+andBurgundians.§

TheFranksdid notfollowthefameplan. IntheSalicandRipuarianlawswefindnottheleaftvettigeof anyfuch divifionof lands: theyhadconqueredthecountry,andfotookwhattheypleafed,makingnoregulationsbutamongttthemfelves.

Let us thereforediRinguithbetweentheconduc°coftheBurgundiansandVifigothsin Gaul,oftholefameVifigothsinSpain,oftheI1auxiliarytroopsun-derAuguftulusandOdoacerin Italy,andthatoftheFranksin Gaul,asalfoof theVandals**in Africa.Theformerenteredintoconventionsw;.ththeantientinhabitants,andin confequencethereofmadea di-

The Romansobligedthemfelvesto thisby treaties."!"BurgundionespatternGallic"oceuparunt,terrafciuetim Galli¢isfenatori-

burdiviferunt. Marius'sChronicleintheycar456.it Bookx. tit. I. fe_. $, 9,and I6.

• § Chap.54,fe_. I and2. Thisd|vifionwarfiill fubfiftlngin thetime ofLewistheDebonnaire,as appearsby hiscapitularyof the year$19,whichha_b.'eninterredin thelawoftha Burgundians,tit. 79"fe¢'t,t.

_1SeePro¢opius,warof the Goths.• # $¢ePro¢opius_warofthe Vandals,

vifion

366 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. Eoo_XXX.

vifionof landsbetweenthem; the latterdidno fuchthing.

C H A P. VIII.

_befame Subjectcontinued.

WHAT hasinducedrometo thinkthat theRomanlandswereentirelyufurpedbythebarbarians_is theirfindingin the lawsof the Vifigothsand theBurgun-dians,that theretwo nationshad two thirds of thelands: but thistheytookonly in certainquartersordiftri&saflignedthem.

Gundebald* laysin the law of the Burgundians,that his peopleat theirel'_abli/hmenthad two-thirdsof the landsallowedthem; andthe fecondfupple-mentt to this law takesnotice, that only a moietywouldbeallowedto tholewho ihouldhereaftercometo livein that country. Thereforeall the landshadnot been dividedin the beginningbetweentheRo-manand the Burgundians.

In thole two regulationswe meet with thefameexpreffionsin thetext ; confequentlytheyexplainoneanother; and as the latter cannotmeanan univerfatdivifionof lands, neither can this fignificationbegivento theformer.

The Franksa&edwith thefamemoderationas theBurgundians; they didnot ftripthe Romanswher-ever they extendedtheir conquers. What wouldtheyhavedonewithfo much land? Theytookwhatfuitedthem, andleftthe remainder.

Liciteotemporequopopulusnoflermanclpiorumtert_am&duasterrarumFartesaccepit,f,¢c.La_,o_ftbeBurgur.dianb tit. 54"feeT.x.

Ut nonampli_sa Burgondionil_usqui infraveneruntrequlraturqu_tm_d_r_fcnsncccflitasfuerib medietast_rr_e. ,4rt.iio

CHAP.

CHA_.9. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 367

CHAP. IX.

tl ju/tapplicationof theLawof theBurgundiansandof thatof theVifigothsin relationtothedivifionofLands.I T isto be confideredthattholedivifionsof land

werenotmadewith a tyrannicalfpirit; butwithaviewof relievingthe reciprocalwantsof twona-tionsthatwereto inhabitthefamecountry.

Thelaw of the BurgundiansordainsthataBur-gundianiha11bereceivedin anhofpitablemannerbya Roman.Thisis agreeableto themannersof theGermans,who, accordingto Tacitus,* werethemoffhofpitablepeoplein theworld.

By the law of the Burgundians,it is ordained,thatthe Burgundlansfhallhavetwo-thirdsof thelands,and one third of the bondmen.Inthisitconfideredthegeniusof twonations,andconformedto the mannerin whichtheyprocuredtheir fub-flffence.Asthe Burgundiansdealtchieflyin eattle_theywanteda greatdealof landandfewbondmen,andtheRomansfromtheirapplicationto agriculturehad needof lefs land andof a greaternumberofbondmen.The woodswere equallydivided,be-caufetheirwantsinthisrefpe&werethefame.

We findin the code_-of theBurgundians,thateachBarbarianwasplacedneara Roman. Thedi-vifionthereforewas notgeneral; but the Romanswhogavethe divifion,were equalin numberstotheBurgundianswhoreceivedit. TheRomanwasinjuredtheleaftpoflible.TheBurgundlansasa mar-tialpeople,fondof huntingandof a pafforallife,didnotrefufetoacceptof thefallowgrounds; whilethe Romanskeptfuch landsas werepropereftfor

De mofib.G_rm_r_ t" And in thatof theVifigotht.agri-

368 THE SPIRIT OF LAW$_ BookXXX.

agriculture: theBurgundian'sflockfattenedtheRo-man'sfield.

CHAP. X,

Of Servitudes.

THE law of the Burgundial_s_ takesnoticesthatwhenthofepeoplefettledinGaul,theywereal-lowedtwo.thirdsof the land,andone.thirdof thebondmen.The ftate of villaina_ewastherefore§eftabli/hedinthatpartof Gaulbeforeit wasinvadedbytheBurgundians.

The law of theBurgundiansinpointsrelatingtothetwonationsmakesaformal5"diitin&ionin both,betweenthenobles,thefree-born,andthebondmen,Servitudewasnotthereforea thing particulartotheRomans; nor libertyand nobilityparticularto theBarbarians.

Thisveryfamelawlays,®that if aBurgundianfreedmanhad notgivena particularfumtohisma-fter,:norreceiveda third]hareof a Roman,hewasalwaysfupp0fedto belongto his mafter'sfamily.'The Romanproprietorwasthereforefree,fincehedidnotbelongto anotherperfon'sfamily; he wasfree, beeaufehis thirdportionwasa markof li-berty.

Weneedonlyopenthe SalicandRipuarlanlaws,to befatisfiedthattheRomanswerenomorein aftateof fervitudeamongtheFranks,thanaha6ngtheotherconquerors"ofGaul.

ThecountdeBoulainvilliersis mithkenintheca-pitalpointof hisfyftem: hehasnotprovedthatthe

Tit. _4. _ "§ This is confirmedby the wholetitleof th_code_ _/lgrkofu_,ge_k_C_hvis.

$i dentemoptimatiBurguadlonivel R,,manonobilie_etrfl'erittit; _'_'e&.I. & fim_iocribusperfoahingenuhtam BurguaGlioaibusqt_mKomams'Ibid.re&. z.

Tit. 57. Franks

Cub,l,,xI_ THE 8PIKIT OF LAWS_ .369Franksmadeageneralregulationtoreducethe Ro-mansintoakindof fervitude.

Asthisauthor'sworkis pennedwithoutart,andashefpeakswiththefimplicity,franknefs,andcan-dorof thatancientnobilityfromwhencehedefcends_everyoneis capableof judgingof thefinethingshelays,and of the errorsintowhichhe is fallen. I

*'/hallnotthereforeundertaketocritieifehim; I/hallonlyobferve,thathehadmorewitthanfenfe,more.fenfethanknowledge;thoughhis knowledgewasnotcontemptible,for he waswellacquaintedwiththemoRvaluablepartOfourhiftoryandlaws,

ThecountdeBoulainvilliers,andtheabb_duBos,haveformedtwodifferentfyflems,oneof whichfeemsto be a confpiracyagainftthe commons,andtheother again_the nobility. Whenthefungaveleaveto Phaetontodrivehischariot,helaidto himj" If youafcendtoohigh,youwillburntheheavenly" manfions; if youdefcendtoo low,you willre-" ducetheearthto afhes: Donotdri_cetotheright," youwill meettherewiththeconftellationof the" ferpent; avoidgoingtoomuchtotheleft,youwiU" therefallin with that of the altar:keepin the" middle%"

CHAP. XI.

fffhefame8ubje_continued.

WHAT firt_gaverifeto the notionof a generalregulationmadeatthettmeof the conquer,is ourmeetingwiths prodigiou_numberof t_rvitudesinFrancetowardsthebgg_ning9f thethirdrace; and

t Necprcme_mec.fum_umm_l$reper_"thcracurrumAltius_tflhs, crele_iatu_acrem_bisiinferi_t_rras:_mcd)o*utifiirnusibis.Nea tc#exteriortor_umdcchnctadanguetri_Igt_tefi0i_erior_reffamrotaducatadaram:laterutrurn_¢cte_c. Ovid,Mctam.|[1_,lb

--'--!_o1.31. Bb a,

57o T_IESPIRIT OFLAWS. Bool:XXX.

asthecontinualprogre_onof theftfervitudeswa_notattendedto, peopleimaginedin anageof obfcu-'rityagenerallawwhichwasneverframed.

Towardsthe commencementof thefirftrace,wemeetwithaninfinitenumberoffreemen,bothamongthe Franksandthe Romans;but the numberofbondmenincreafedto thatdegree, thatat the begin-ningof thethirdrace,all the hufbandmenandal-rnoftaU the inhabitants"1"of townswere becomebondmen:andwhereasatthefirftperiodtherewasvery nearthe fameadminiftrationin the citiesasamongtheRomans; namely,a corporaton,afenate,and courtsof .judicature;at the otherwehardlymeetwithanythingbut a lordandhisbondmen.

Whenthe Franks,Burgundians,andGoths,madetheirfeveralinvafions,theyfeizedupongold,filver,moveables,cloaths,men,women,boys,andwhat-everthe armycouldcarry; thewholewasbroughtto oneplace,anddividedamongftthe army_;.Hif-.tory_ews,thatafterthefirftfetttement,thatis afterthefirftdevaftations,theyenteredintoan agreementwiththeinhabitants,andleftthemalltheirpoliticaland civilrights. This wasthe lawof nationsintholedays; theyplunderedeverythingin timeofwar,andgrantedeverythingintimeof peace._rereit notfo, howihouldwefindbothintheSalicandBurgundianlawsfucha numberof regulationsabfo-lutelycontraryto a generalfervitudeof thepeople?

Butthoughtheconqueftwasnotimmediatelypro-du&iveof fervitude,it arofeneverthelefsfromthefamelawof nations§ whichfubfiftedafterthecon-queft. Oppofition,revolts,andthetakingoftowns,

While Gaul was underthe dominionof the Romans,they.formedparticularbodies; theft weregenerallyfreedmen,or the _efcendantsoffreedmen.

SeeGregoryof Tours_hookil. chap.e7. Aimoin_booki. ch_. xz.§ Sec the l|vesIof theSaintsin the nextpage.

were

CHAI,.xt. THE SPIRIT OF I_AWS. 37r

werefollowedbytheflaveryof theinhabitants.And)nottomentionthe warswhichthe conqueringna-tions madeagainffoneanother,as therewasthisparticularityamongtheFranks,that the differentpartitionsof the monarchygaverifecontinuallytocivilwarsbetweenbrothersor nephews,in whichthis law of nationswasconftantlypra_tifed,fervi-redesof courfebecamemoregeneralin Francethanin othercountries: andthisis, I believe,oneofthecaufesof thedifferencebetweenourFrenchlawsandthofeof ItalyandSpain,in refpe&to the rightoffeignories.

Theconqueltwasloonover; andthe lawof na-tionsthenin forcewasprodu&iveof romeferviledependencies.Thecuttomof the famelaw of na-tions,whichobtainedfor manyages, gavea pro-digiousextentto tholefervitudes.

Theodoricimaginingthatthepeopleof AuvergnewerenotfaithfultO-him,thusaddreffedtheFranks

•of'hisdiicifi0n: " Follow"me, andI willcarryyou" intoa countrywhereyou /hallhavegold,filver,"'efiptives,clothes,and flocksin abu_.'dance; and" you /hall removeall the peopleintoyourown¢cCOUr_ry.),,..:, , , ,: ':Aftertheconclufionof the peace* betweenGon-

tramandChilperie,thetroopsemployedin thefiegeof Bourgeshavinghad ordersto return, carriedfuch a confiderablebootyawaywith them, thattheyhardlylefteithermenor cattlein thecountry.

Theodoric,kingof Iraty,wholefpiritandpolicy"it waseverto diftingui/hhimfelffromtheotherbar-bariankings,uponfendinganarmyintoGaul,wrotethusto theGeneralT " It ismywillthattheRoman"' lawsbefollowed,andthatyourettorethefugitive" flarestotheirrightowners. Thedefenderof li.

lbid.bookvi.chap,3x, _ Letter43. lib,ill,ilaCafllod.

B b z " berry

37z THE SPIRIT OF L&WS. BookXX_.

" berryought not to encouragefervants to defert" their mafters. Let other kings delight in the" plunderand devaftationof thetownswhieh they'¢ havefubdued; we aredefirousto conquerin fach" a manner,thatour fubje&sfiaalllamenttheirhaving" fallentoo lateunderour government." It is ew-dent, that his intentionwas to cartan odium ontheking'sof the Franksand the Burgundians,andthathealludedin theahovepaffageto theirparticularlawof nations.

Yet this law of nationscontinuedin forceunderthe fecondrace. King Pepin's army, hayingpene-tratedinto Aquitaine,returnedtoFranceloadedwithan immenfebooty, andwith a raft numberof bond-men, as we areinformedby theannalsof Metz*.

Heremight I quotenumberlefst authorities; andas the public compaflionwasrailedat the fightofthole miferies,asfeveralholy_prelates_beholdingthecaptives in chains,employedr_he_reafurebelongingto the church, and fold even the facredurenf_, :toranfomas manyas they could; and as feveralholymonks exerted themfelveson thatoccafion,it is inthe _.livesof the faintsthat we meetwith the belteclairciflbmentsoh this fubje&. And, although itmaybe objectedto the authors of thoYelives, thatthey have been fometimesa little toocredulousinrefpe&to thingswhichGod hascertainlyperformed,if theywerein the order of his providence; yetwedrawcol_fiderablelightsfrom thence_with regardtothemannersand ufagesof tholetimes. L

1_ the year I76";. Innurnerabitibus fpolii0_ ;capti,;s totus ille ex_eitusdiratus, in Franciam reverfus eft."

"t".See the annal_ of Fuh:l, in the year z739 ; Paulus Diaeonus, _dege_i_Longobardorum,lib, iii. c. 30. _lib. iv. ¢. _. ar.d the lives of thefaints iathe next quotation.

See the lives of S. Epiphanius, S. Eptadius_S. Caffarius, $. Fidolus,S. Porcian, S. Treverias, S. ]_.ufi_hius,and of S. Leger, the mitadesaf S,.luli_nl _'c.

When

i CRAI,.r2. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 373

_'W'henwe Cartan eye uponthe monumentsofourhiftoryandlaws,thewholefeemsto be anim-iiaenfeexpanfe,+ oraboundlefsocean: all tholefri-

i gid,dry,-crudewritingsmuff:be devouredin thefamemanner,asSaturnis fabledto havedevoured

'_ theffones. ""A vaftquantityof landwhichhad beenin the

! handsof freemen,§ waschangedinto mortmain,i whenthecountryWasIMppedofitsfreeinhabitants;i tholewhohada greatmultitudeof bondmeneither

tooklargeterritoriesby force,or hadthemyieldedby agreement,andbuiltvillages,asmaybefeenindifferentcharters. Onthe other hand,thefreemenwhocultivatedthe arts, foundthemfelvesreducedto exercifetholeartsina t_ateof fervitude: thusthefervitudesreff:oredtotheartsandto agriculturewhat-evertheyhadlo12.

It Wasa cuftomarvthingwiththeproprietorsofhind,togivethemto'thechurches,in orderto holdthemthemfelvesbya quit-rent_thinldngto partakebytheirt'eryjmele_f the fan&kyof ,thechurches,

C :H A P. XII.

_katthelandsbelongingtothedivi.fionoftheBarbarians_pai.dnotaxek.

A PEOPLF_,remarkablefortheirfimpliclty'andpoverty,_freeand:martialpeople,:wholivedwith-out any otherindu12rythanthat of tendingtheirflocks,andwho had nothingbut ruflacottagestoattachtkemto..:theirtl lands; fucha people,I fay,muffhayefgl_o.w_ed_heirchiefsfor_thefakeof booty,

. _ ,, Deberantquoquellttoraponto. Ovid.lib,x.§ :Even the hutbandraen themfelves were not all flares : fee the x8th alad z3d

law in the ,ode de agrioollb ct cenfitls_ et col_s_ and the _oth of the fame¢ide.l]SeeGregoryofTours_bookii.

Bb _ _nd

_74 THE SPIRITOF LAWS. Boo_XXX0

andnottopayorto raifetaxes. The artof tax-ga-theringis generallyinventedtoolate,andwhenmenbeginto enjoythe felicityof otherarts.

Therran.fient* taxof apitcherof wineforeveryacre,whichwas oneof the exa&ionsof ChilpericandFredegonda,relatedonlyto theRomans.Andindeedit wasnotthe Franksthattore the rollsoftho£etaxes,but the clergywhointhofedayswereallRomans.Theburthenof thistaxlaychieflyontheinhabitantsT of thetowns; nowthefewereal-moltall inhabitedbyRomans.

Gregoryof Tours_+relates,that a certainjudgewasobligedafterthe deathof Chilpericto takere-fugein a church,forhavingunderthereignof thatprinceorderedtaxesto beleviedonfeveralFranks,whoin thereignof Childebertwereingenui,or free-born: " MultosdeFrancis,quitemporeChildeberti" regis ingenuifuerant,publicotributofubegit."ThereforetheFrankswhowerenotbondmenpaidnotaxes.

Thereisnota grammarianbutwouldbeafhamedtofeehowthe Abb6du Flos§ hasinterpretedthispaffage.Heobferves,thatin tholedaysthefi'eed-menwerealfocalledingenui.Uponthisfuppofitionhe rendersthe Latin word ingenui,byfreedfi'omtaxes; a phrafe,whichweindeedmayufe,asfreedfromcares,.freedfiompunifhment's; but in the Latintongue,fuchexpreftionsasing'enuia tributis,libertiniatributis,manumiflitributorum,wouldbe quitemon-ftrous.

Parthenius,laysGregoryof Tours [[had liketo havebeenput to deathby the Franksfor rub-

tt Gregoryof Tours,book v."l"Q_:_conditio univerfisurbibusper Galliam¢onflitutisfummoperee_

adhibita. Life of S, .dridius.$ Bool:vii.§ Ef_ablifhmentof the FrenchMonarchy,tom. iii. chap.x4. page515,

1tBookiil, c, 136. je&ing

CSAI,.x2. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 375

._e&ingthemto taxes. The Abb_du Bos findinghimfelfhardpreffedby thispaffage_ very coollyfuppofesthethingin queRion:it was,he lays,anextraordinaryduty.

Wefindin thelawof theVifigothst, thatwhena Barbarianhadfeizedupontheeflateof aRoman,thejudgeobligedhimto fellit, totheendthatthiseflatemightcontinueto be tributary;confequentlytheBarbarianspaidnotaxes+.

The Abb_du Bos§ who,to fupporthis fy_em,wouldfain havethe Vifigothsfubje&to taxes]],quitstheliteralandf?iritualfenfeof the law,andpretendsuponno other indeedthanan imaginaryfoundation,thatbetweenthe eftabtiflamentof theGothsandthis lawtherehadbeenanaugmentationof taxeswhichrelatedonlyto the Romans.ButnonebutfatherHarduinare allowedthusto exer-cifean arbitrarypoweroverfa&s.

Thislearnedauthor** has rumagedJuitinian'scodeit, in fearchof laws, to provethatamongthe Romansthe militarybeneficeswerefubje&totaxes. Fromwhencehe wouldinferthatthefameheldgoodwith regardto fiefsor beneficesamongthe Franks. But the opinionthatour fiefsderivetheiroriginfromthat int_itutionof the Romans,is

Tom.iii. p. Sl4,Judieesatquepr_pofititerti_sRomanornm,ab i}lisquioceupatasre.

nent,auferant,&Romanisfu_exa&ione_nealiqu_dilationereflituant,atvlhilfifcodebeatdeperire.Lib.x. tit.I. cap.x4.

_:The Vanclal'spaidnonein Africa. Procopius,warof the Vandals_lib. I. and_. HiRoriaMifcella,lib I6. p, _o6, Obfervethatthe con.4uerorsof Africawerea mixtureof"Vandals,Alans,andFranks. Hil_oriaMifeella,lib.z4.p. 94"

§ EttablifllmenioftheFranksinGaul,tom.iii. chapx4.page51o.IIHelaysattrefsuponanotherlawof theVifigoths,bookx. tit.x.artxl,

,,vhi¢_provesnothingatalli it laysonly,thathewhohasreceivedof alordpieceoflandonconditionofarentorfervlce,oughtto payit.

_# Bookiii.p.51z. _ Legeiii. tit.74. lib.xx.Bb 4 at

_TG THE8PIItlT OFLAWS. Bo_KXXX_

St prefentexploded; it obtainedonly at a timewhenthe Romanhiffory,but notours,waswellunderftood,and our ancientrecordslay buriedinobfcurityandduff.

But the Abbd is in the wrongto quoteCaf-fiodorus,andto makeufe of whatwastranfa&ingin Italy,andin thepart of Gaulfubje&to Theo-doric,in orderto acquaintus with the praCticeeltablifnedamongthe Franks; thefeare thingswhichmuffnot be confounded._I prolaofefhew-ing, rome time or other, in a particularwork,that the planof the monarchyof the Offrogoths•_'asintirelyindifferentfromthat of anyothergo-vernmentfoundedin thole daysbytheotherBar-bariannations; andfofarare weentitledto affirmthat a practiceobtainedamongthe Franks,becaufeit waseftablifhedamongthe Offrogoths,that onthe contrarywe havejuR reafonto think that a¢Uffomof theOftrogothswasnot in forceamongtheFranks.

The harder ta/k for perfonsof extenfiveeru-dition,is to deducetheirargumentsfrompaffagesnotforeigntothefubje&,andto find,if wemaybeallowedto exprefsourfelvesin aRronomicalterms,thetrueplaceof thefun;

Thefameauthormakesa wrongufeof theca-pltularies,aswellasof the hiRoriansand lawsofthe barbarousnations,WhenhewantstheFranksto paytaxes, he appliesto freemenwhatcan beunderfioodonlyof * bondmen; whenhe fpeaksoftheirmilitaryfervice,heappliestot bondmeriwha_canneverrelatebutto freemen.

t Ef_abli/hmentof the Frenchmonarchy,tom. i|i. chap.x4. page5x3t7.+herehequotesthe zStharticleof theedi_ of ]_iffes, Seefartheron.

Ibid.tom.iii. cha9.4"pa.gezgL

CHAP,

CHAI'.X3. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 377

C H A P. XIII.

Of _axes_aidby theRomansandGauls,in the too.narchyoftheFranks.

I MIGHT hereexaminewhetheraftertheGaulsandRomanswereconquered,theycontinuedto paythetaxesto whichtheywerefubje&undertheempe-rors. But, forthefakeofbrevity,I fhallbefatisfiedwithobfervingthat if theypaidthemin the begin-ning,theywerefoonafterexempted,andthat thofetaxeswerechangedinto a militaryfervice. For IconfersI cannotconceivehowtheFranksfhouldhavebeenat firftfuchgreatfriends,andafterwardsfuchfuddenandviolentenemies,totaxes.

A capitulary* of Lewisthe Debonnalreexplainsextremelywell the fituationof the freemenin themonarchyoftheFranks. Sometroopst ofGothsorIberians,flyingfromthe oppreflionof the Moors,werereceivedintoLewis'sdominions.The agree-mentmadewith themwas, thatlikeotherfreementheyfhouldfollowtheircounttothearmy; andthatuponamarchtheyihouldmountguard_ andpatrolunderthe commandalfoof theircount; andthattheythouldfurnithhorfesandcarriagesforbaggageto the king's[[commiffariesand to the ambaffadorsin theirwayto andfromcourt; andthattheyflaouldnotbecompelledtopayanyfurtheracknowledgment,butthouldbetreatedastheotherfreemen.

_[nthe year8x5,chap.r. whichis agreeableto the capltular¥of CharleitheBald_in theyear$44.art. x.&z.

"1"Pro Hifpaniain partibusAquitania_Septimanla_& Provinci_e,¢oa-£Rcntibus.Ibid.

Excubias&explorationesquasWa&asdicunt. IbM.The_werenotobligedtofurniflzanyto thecount. I_id.art. _.

It

$78 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. tk_kXXX.

It cannotbe laidthat therewerenew ufagesintro-ducedtowardsthe commencementof thefecondrace.This muffbe referredat leai_to the middleor to theend of the firfl'. A capitularyof the year* 864,

s in exprefsterms, that it was theancientcuftomfreementoperformmilitaryfervice,andtofurni/h

]ikev¢ifethe horfesand carriagesabovementioned;dutiesparticularto themfelves,andfromwhichtholewho poffeffedthe fiefswereexempt,aswe/hallprovehereafter.

This is not all; there was a regulation-I"whichhardlypermittedthe impofingof taxesontholefree-men. He whohadfourmanors$ wasalwaysobligedto marchagalnftthe enemy: he whohad but three,was joined with a freemanthat hadonlyone; thelatterborethe fourthpart of the other'scharges,andfluidat home. In likemanner,theyjoinedtwofree-menwho hadeachtwo manors; he whowent to thearmyhad half his chargesbornebyhim who flaidathome.

Again, we haveaninfinitenumberof charters,inwhich the privilegesof fiefsaregrante_to landsor.difiri&spoffeffedby freemen,and of which I /hallmake farther mentionhereafterII. Therelandsareexemptedfromall the dutiesor fervlces,which wererequiredofthemby thecounts, andbythereftof the

Ut pagenfesFranci,qui caballoshabent,cure fuls eomitibusin hoflcml_ergant."/'hecountsareforbidto deprivethem of their horf:s,ut hofremfacere, & debitosparaveredosfeeundumantiquamconfuetudinemexfolverepo/t_nt. £dic'tof PitiesinBaluzlus_p. 186.

"]"CapitularyofChademaign_in the year$1z. chap.I. Edi&of Pitiesinthe year864.art.z7.

-a_atu_rv_nfos. I fancythat what they calledmanfuswas a particularportionof landbelongingto a farmwheretherewerebondmeni withersthecapitularyof the year853,apudSylvacum_tit. xiv. againflthole whodrowthe bondmenfromtheirmanfus.

II S©eabove,chap.xx.of this hook.

king's

C_A_.z$. THE SPIRIT OF EAWS. 379

_ng's officers: andas all thefefervicesareparticularlyenumerated,without makingany mentionof taxe%it is manifeftthatnotaxeswereimpofeduponthem.

It was very naturalthat the Roman art of tax-gatheringfhouldfallof itfelfin the monarchyof theFranks: it was a moltcomplicateart, far abovetheconception,and widefromthe plan, of tholefimplepeople. Werethe Tartars to over-runEurope, weihouldfindit verydifficultto makethemcomprehend.what is meantbyour financiers.

The *anonymousauthorof the llfe of Lewis the.Debonnaire,fpeakingof thecountsand otherofficersofthenationof the Franlts,whomCharlemaignefta-bliihed in Aquitania,lays, that he intrustedthem"w-iththe care of defendingthe frontiers,asalfowiththe militarypowerand thedire&ionof the demefnesbelongingto thecrown. This ihewsthe ftateof theroyal revenuesunder the fecondrace. The princehad kept his demefiaesin his own hands, and em-ployed his bondmenin improvingthem. But theindi&ions,the capitations,and other importsraifedat the time of the emperorson the perfonsor goodsof freemen,had beenchangedinto an obligationofdefendingthe frontiers, and marching againft theenemy.

In the famehiftory+, we findthat LewistheDe-bonnairehavingbeento waitupon his fatherinGer-man),,this princeafked him, why he, who was acrownedhead, cameto be fopoor: to which Lewismadeanfwer,that he wasonlya nominalking, andthat the great lords were poffeffedof almoftall hisdemefnes; thatCharlemaign,beingapprehenfiveleft:this youngprincelhouldforfeit their affe£tion,if heattemptedhimfelf to refume what he had inconfi-

_' InD_,chefne_tom.iL p. zB7. "1"Ibid.p._.

_ derately

3$o THE SPIRIT OFLAWS, Boo_XXX.

deratelygranted,appointedcommiffariesto reRorethingsto theirformerfituation.

Thebifhopswritings:_to LewisbrothertoCharle_the Bald,ui_therewords:" Takecareof your" lands,thatyoumaynotbeobligedto travelconti-"' nuallybythehoufesoftheclergy,andtotiretheir,, bondmenwithcarriages.Manageyouraffairs,con-cctinuethey,in fucha manner,thatyoumayhave*_enoughto live upon,andto receiveembaflies."It isevident,thattheking'srevenues* in tholedayscorrfittedof theirdemefnes.

C H A P. XIV.

Of whattheycalledCenfus.

AFTER the Barbarianshad quittedtheir owncountry,theyweredefirousof reducingtheirufagesintowriting; butastheyfoundadifficultyinwritingGermanwordswith Romanletters,theypublifliedtherelawsin Latin.

IntheconfufionandrapidityoftheconqueR,moltthingsehangedtheirnature; in orderhowevertoexprefsthem,theywereobligedto makeufeoffucholdLatinwords,asweremoltanalogousto the newufages. Thuswhateverwaslikelyto revivet theideaof theancientcenfusof theRomans,theycalledbythenameofcenfustributum; andwhenthingshad

5 Seethe cap|tularyof the year 858, art. _4.* They leviedalfo.Comedutieson rivers,wheretherehappenedto be

bridgeora paffage.t Thecenfuswas fo generJcala word,that theymadeufeof it toexprefs

the tolls ofrivets,when therewasa bridgeor ferryXopals. Seethe thirdcap_t;_r,y_.inthe year 803.edlt;onof Baluziu,_page_95, art. It. andthe5th in_¢ y_f_3rgig. page616. They gavellkewifeth|s name¢othecarriagesfurnithhdbythefreemento theking, or tohiseommiffarleJ,as appearsbyth_r.apitularyof Charlesthe Baldy.in theyear$65_art,8_

no

CaA_,.z4. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 3_norelationatallto theRomancenfus,theyexpreffed,aswellas theycould,theGermanwordsbyRomanletters: thustheyformedthewordfredum,onwhichI thallhaveoccafionto defcantinthefollowingchap-ters.

The wordscenfusandtributumhavingbeenem-ployedin anarbitrarymanner,thishasthrownfomeobfcurityon the fignificationin_whichthefewordswereufedunderourprincesofthefirftandfecondrace.Andmodern* authorswhohaveadoptedparticularfyftems,havingfoundthefewordsin thewritingsofthofedays,imaginedthatwhatwasthencalledcenfus,wasexa&lythe cenfusof the Romans;andfromthencetheyinferredthisconfequence,thatourkingsofthetwo firftraceshadputthemfelvesintheplaceof the Romanemperors,and madeno changein.T-theiradminiftration.Betides,as particulardutiesrailedunderthe fecondracewerebychangeandbycertain]1reftri&ionsconvertedintoothers,theyinfer-redfromthencethat thefedutieswerethecenfusoftheRomans; and,as tineethe modernregulations,theyfoundthatthecrowndemefneswereabfolutelyunalienable,theypretendedthat tholedutieswhichreprefentedthe Romancenfus,anddidnot formapartofthedemefnes,weremereufurpation.' I omittheotherconfequences. •/ To applythe ideasof the prefenttime_todlfhnt

_;es, isa fourceoferror Totherepeolewho• . • p wantmodermzeall the ancientages,I 1balifaywhat

theEgyptianpriefcslaid to Solon,"'0 Athenians,'"youaremerechildren!" :": _

# The Abb_duBox,andhis followers. ' ' ""&' "Seetheweaknefsof the argumentsl_rod_ed"bythe_Abl_'_h]_os,inthe

eftaKli_hmentof theFrenchmonarchy,tom.]_12book6. thap."_4._efpe_allyiathe im_erencehe drawsfroma paffageof'GregoryofTour_, _oiit_ninga dif-purebetweenhischurchandkingCharibert. ' _ ....

ll Forin_ancejby iafranchifement_.CHAP.

3_ _/'HESPIRIT OF LAWS. _oo_XXX.

CHAP. XV.

_batwhattheycalledcenfuswasrailedonlyonthebondmeJz,andnotonthefreemen.

THE king,theclergy,andthe lordsrailedre-gulartaxes,eachonthebondmenof theirrefpe6tivedemefnes.I proveit with refpe&to theking,bythecapitularydeVidis; withregardto theclergy,bythecodesof the_ lawsof theBarbarians; andwithrelationto the lords, by the regulationsofwhichCharlemaignmadeconcerningthisfubje&.

Theretaxeswerecalledccnfus; theyWere_cono-micalandnotfifcalduties,mereprivatefervicesandnotpublicobligations.

I affirm,thatwhattheycalledcenfusat thattime,wasa taxraileduponthebondmen.ThisI provebyaformularyofMarculfuscontainingapermiffionfromthe king t_ enterintoholyorders,providedtheperfonsbe4-free.born,and not enrolledin theregifterofthecenfus.I proveitalfobyacommiffionfromCharlemaignto a count+, whomhehadlentintoSaxony; whichcontainsthe infranchifementoftheSaxonsforhavingembracedChrifrianity,andisproperlyachatteroffreedom]J. Thisprincereftoresthemto their former§ civilliberty,and exemptsthemfrompaying"thecenfus. It wasthereforethe

o Law of the Aleman_,ch2p.zz. andthe law of the Bavarians,tit. 3.chap.24. wherethe regulationsare to befoundwhichthe cl*rgymadecon-cerningtheirorder.

"1"Book5th ofthe Capitularles,chap. 3o_.

Si illede eapitefuobenei_genuus/it,et in Polet_copubl_coeenflthsnon¢R Lib. 2. formul,z9.In theyear7_9.editionof theCapltularlesby l_alu_,:u_,vol.Lp. "_5oo

IIEtut ifiaingenuitatispaglna/i_maflabilifqueeonfiRa,',I/,id,§ Prifiin;cqu¢libcrtatidor_atos,&omnlhobosdgbitocen'fufolutos, l/,id.

;ali_c.

C_x1".3. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 3S$

famething to be a bondmanasto paythe cenfus,tobe freeasnot topayit.

By a kind of letterspatent* of the fameprinceinfavourof the Spaniards,whohad beenreceivedintothe monarchy,the countsare forbidto demandanycenfusof them, or to deprivethemof their lands.That ftrangersupon their comingto Franceweretreated as bondmen, is a thing well known; andCharlemaignbeingdefirousthey,fhouldbe confideredas freemen,fincehe wouldhavethembe proprietorsoftheirlands, forbadethe demandingany cenfusofthem.

AcapitularyofCharlestheBald+, givenin favourof tholeverySpaniards,ordersthemtobetreatedlikethe otherFranks, and forbidsthe requiringany cen-fus of them: confequentlythiscenfus wasnotpaidby freemen.

The thirtietharticleof the edic3:ofPiftes reformstheabufe, by which feveralof the hutbandmenbe-longingto the king or to thechurch, foldthelandsdependenton theirmanorsto ecclefiafticsor to peopleof theircondition,refervingonly a fmall cottagetothemfelves; by whichmeanstheyavoidedpayingthecenfus; and, it or_ains,that thingsthvul:_be rei_ored

. to theirprimitivefituation: the cenfuswas thereforea tax peculiarto bondmen.

Fromthencealfoit follows,that therewasno ge-neralcenfusin the monarchy;and thisis clearfroma greatnumberof paffa_es. Forwhatcouldbethemeaningof this _ capitulary? " We ordainthat th_

Pra_cepturapro Hifpanis,in the year SIz. editionof Baluzlus_tom. i.l_age500.

.i. In the yearg44.editionof Baluzius,tom.ii. art. I and z. pJgex7.Thirdc_pitularyofthe year8o5.art.at.,,_nd_3"infertedin thecolle_-"tion

ofAnzegife_bookiii. art. zS. Thisis agreeableto that of CharlestheBald_in the year854.a_u_lAtti_i_cum,art. G,

" royal

3_- THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. Boo_XXX,

"' royalcenfusflaouldbe leviedin all places,where,, formerlyit wast lawfullylevied." Whatcouldbe themeaningofthat inwhich:_Charlemaignordershis commit:ariesin the provincesto make an exa&enquiryinto all the cenfus'sthat belongedin formertimesIIto the king'sdemefne? Andof that§inwhichhe difpofesof the cenfus'spaid by thofe* of whomtheyaredemanded?What canthatothercapitularyt-I-mean,in which we read, " If any perfon++has++"' acquireda tributaryland, on which we were ac-" cuftomedto levythe cenfus?" And that other infineltll,in which Charlesthe Bald§§makesmentionof thelands, wholecenfushadfromtimeimmemorialbelongedto the king.

Obfervethat there are rome paflhgeswhichleersat firi'ctight to be contraryto what I havefaid, andyetconfirmit. Wehave alreadyfeenthat the free-men in the monarchywere obligedonlyto furniflaparticularcarriages; the capitularyjuft now citedgivesto this**the nameof cenfus,and oppofesit tothe cenfuspaid bythe bondmen.

Betides,theedictt'l't of Piftestakesnoticeof tholefreemenwho are obl'.,gedto pay the royalcenfusfor

"1-Undecunquelegithneexlgebatur.Ibid.In theyear$xz.art.Io. &H. editionof Baluziu_,tom.I. page_95.Uadecunqueantiquitusad partemregisvenirefolebalat.Capitulary_f

_&year8tz, art.xo. & IJ.§ Inthe yeara_. art.6. editionofBaluzias_tom. i. page5og.

Deillisundecenfaexigunt. Cap_laryofthe3ear 813.art. 6_"]"1"Book 4-.of the Capitularies,art. 37. and inferredin the |aw zfth¢

Lombards._ Si cluisterraratributariam,u-de cenfusadpartemnoftramexitsfolebats

t'tikepesit. Book4"of theCapitularies_art, 37.I111In the year8o5. art. $.§§ Undecenfusad patternregisexivit antiqultu|. Capitularyof tbtyear

So5. art. 8.,I CenfibusvelparaveredisquosFranclhominesad regiampoteftateraex-tblveredebent."I'fTIn the year864.art.34.editionofBaluzius,pagesgz.

their

CaaP.i6. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. _8s

their+headandfortheircottages,andwhohadfoldthemt_lvesduringthefamine.Thekingordersthemto be ranfomed.Thisis I1bec_ufethot_whoweremanumittedbythe king'sletters,didnot,generallyfpeaking,acquirea fuit andperfedt§ liberty,buttheypaidce_fuminca_ite;and thereare the peopleheremeant.

We muffthereforeexplodethe ideaofageneralanduniverfatcenfus,in imitationofthatof theRo-mans,fromwhichceafusthe rightsof thelordsare21fofuppofedto havebeenderivedby ufurpatitm._rhat was"calledcenfusin theFrenchmonarchy,in-dependentlyofthe abufemadeof thatword,wasaparticulartax impofedon the bondmenby theirrnafters.

I begthereaderto excufethe troubleI muffgivehimwithfucha numberof citations.I flaouldbemoreconcife,didInotmeetwiththeAbb_duBos'sbookontheeffabliflamentoftheFrenchmonarchyin-Gaff1,continuallyin myway. Nothingisa greaterobftacleto fourprogrefsia knowledge,thana bad_ 'perfQrmanceof a celebratedauthor; becaufe,beforeweinftru&_welnuffbe_nwithundeceiving.

C H A P. XVI.

.... Of thefeudalLordsor Faffals.•

I HAVEtake_notice,,ofthole,volunteersamongthe Germans,Whofol!6*,5"edthei_princes*in:thair

De "illishancls ho_iri}btisqulcenfumreglumde fuoeaplte&de;f_sre-eelllsdebeant. Ibid. '. _ ; :

IIThe 2$th articleof the fameed|&explainsthi_extremelywell_;,i_evenmakesadil'cin6fionbetb,,ee_/:_r,Romanfreedmanamta Frankfreedman: And_.e likewifefeetherethat thecenfuswasnotgeneral: it defervestob$read. ,

§ Asapp'dari'by tti_*ca_ittttary2ofChari_maignin,theyear;6a3,which wtthaveaheadyquoted......

VoL.II. _ * Cc feveral

356 TIIE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BooxXXX,

feveralexi_ditlons.ThefameufagecontinuedaftertheconquePt.Tacitusmentionsthemby thenameofcompanions_ ; theSaliclawbythatof menwhohavevowedfealty-_to the king; the formutariesof_ Mareulfusby that of the king'sAntrut_ios}],the earlleftFrenchhifloriansby thatof Leudes§,faithfulandloyal; andtholeoflaterdatebythatofvaffals**andlords.

In theSalicandBipuarlanlawswe meetwitha=infinitenumberofre__utationsinregardtotheFranks,andonlywitha fewfortheAntrut'dos.Theregu-lationsconcerningthe Antrufliosaredifferentfromtholewhichweremadefor theotherFranks; theyamfullofwhatrelatesm thefettlingofthepropertyof theFranks,but mentionnota wordconcerningthatoftheAntruttios.Thisis becaufethepropertyOfthelatterwasregulatedratherbythepoliticalthanbythe civi! law,andwastheflaarethat fell to anarmy,andnotthepatrimonyofa family.

Thegoodsreferredforthefeudallordswerecalledfifcal-_goods, benefices,honours,and fiefs,by"differentauthors,andin differenttimes.

Thereis no doubtbut the _zfsat fir_ wereatwill:_. Wefindin Gregoryof Tours[[[I,thatSu-negifilusandGaltomanusweredeprivedof all theyheldof the exchequer,andnomorewasleftthemthantheirrealproperty.WhenGontramrailedhis

i Com;tes.._Q._ifuatintr,teregis,tit._4.an.4.Booki.fo_mul,xS.

I]Fromthe woMtre_o_whichfign|flesfalthful_amongtheGermans.§ Leud¢%fideles. *_ V_'alli, /'eniorea.._f Fifcalia. See the x4thformularyof Marc,rifts,booki. It ii mean-

tlonedinthe lifeof S. Maur_deditflfcumunum; andin the annalsof Me_,in th_'ye_747,&dit illl comitaea*_ flfco*plurimn.The goodsd_figaeAfoe/hefuppottofthe royalfamilywerecalledregalia,

_ Seethe_ftbook,tit, _. of thetief_iandC_jasonthatbook,|_Bookix.chap.35.

nephew

C_Ap.I7, THE gPIRIT OF LAWS. _7

nephewChildebertto the throne,he hada privateconferencewithhim,in whichhe named* theper-

fol'lswhooughttobehonouredwith,andtholewhooughtto bedeprivedof, thefiefs. Ina formulary-_of Marculfus,the kinggivesin exchangenotonlythe beneficesheldby his exchequer,but tikewife

)thofewhichhad beenheldbyanother.Thelawofthe Lombardsoppofes+the beneficesto property.Inthisourhiftorians,the formularies,the codesofthe differentbarbarousnations,andatl the monu-mentsof tholedays,areunanimous.In fine,thewritersofthe bookoffiefs[1informus, thatatfirfcthe lordscouldtakethembackwhentheypleafed,thatafterwardstheygrantedthemfor the fpaceofayear§, andthatat lengththeygavethemforlife.

C H A P. XVII.

OftheMTtitaO,Serviceoft_'eemen.TWO fortsofpeoplewereboundto militarylet-

vice; thegreatandleffervaffals,whowereobligedin confeq,:renceof their"fief; andthefreemen,whe-therFranks,Roman_,or Gauts,who fervedunderthe courrt,and werecommandedby him andhisofficers.

Thenameoffreemenwa_given_to thole,whoontheoneh,at_dhad no beneficesor fiefs,andonthe

a O.d_oshonoraretmuneribusjquosab hoaoredepelleret.Ibid.lib.7._fVel rellquisquibufcumquebeneficiis,quodcuraqu¢ille_v¢lfi_'¢t_not_s

in ipfisloclstenm_Tenofcitur. $db.h d'_rmuk3o_:l:Lib.iii. tit. $. fe_, 3'I[Aatiqulfiimo¢nimtemporefie eratin DomlnorampoteF,ate connexura,

utqaandovcltentpoffe_auferrereinin feudamafe datam: po_eavetocon-_ent-m.©0;at pe_,annamtantum£_mitatemhaberent_deindellatumraef_u_ut'queadvitamfidetisproduceretur.Feudorum,lib. I. tit. x.

§ tt wasa kindofl)reeariou$tenurewhichthelordcoafe.mtedorrcfufedtotencwevcryyear¢ia_Cujashasobferved.

Cc z other

_88 TI-_ESPIRIT OF LAWS. ]_ooKXXX.

•otherwerenotfubje&to the bale fervicesof vil-lainsge; the landstheypoffeffedwerewhatthey

•calledallodialel'fates.Thecounts* affembledthefreemen,andiedthem

againfttheenemy; theyhadofficersunderthemwho•werecalledTvicars; and as all the freemenweredividedintohundreds,whichconRitutedwhattheycalledaborough,the countshadalfoofficersunderthem,whoweredenominatedceat?narii;andledthefreemenif;oftheborough,ortheirhundreds,tothefmld.,

Thisdivifionintohundredsis pofteriorto theeffa-blifl_mentof the Franksin Gaul. It wasmadeby

ClothariusandChildebert,with a viewof obliging.eachdiRri&to anfwerfortherobberiescommittedintheirdivifion; thiswefindin the decrees[1oftholeprinces. A regulationofthiskindisto thisverydayobfervedin England.

As thecountsled the freemenagaint_theenem3q,thefeudal'lordscommandedalfotheirvafl'alsor rear-vaffals; andthebithops,abbot%or their§advocates]ikewifeCommandedtheirs*%

Thebiflmpsweregreatlyembarraffed,andtT in-confiflren_,_withthemFeDes; they-requeRedofCharle-maignnot to obligethemany1,rogerto a militaryfervice; andwhenhe grantedtheir requett,theycomplainedthathe haddeprivedthemof the publicefteem: tb thatthisprincewasobligedto jufiifyhis

Seethecaphularyof Charlemaignin theyear8x=.art. 3"& 4. editionofBaluziu*,tom, x. p. 49L and the edi&of Piftesin the yearg64. art, z6.tom.i, 1a. Ig6.

"1"Et habebatunufquifquecomesViearlos8: Centenariosfecum. Bookii-R]'thecapi:ularies,a,¢.28.

I TheywerecalledCcmpagenfes.I!Publifhedin the year595' art. *. Seethe capitularies,editionofBalu-

zii_s,page2e. Th_f_rcgulationswereundoubtedlymadebyagreement.§ ._dvocati.•_ CapitularyofCharl_malgn,in theyear8,z. art.*.& 5"editionofBalu-

z_us,tom.J.page49'_""H See the cap_tularyof the year $03. publiihedat Worms,editionof

Biluziub page408&4zo.intentions

C'a_l'._7o THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BS9

intentionsuponthishead. Bethatasit may,whentheywereexemptedfrommarching_gainfttheenemy,I doriotfindthattheirvaithlsweretedbythecounts;onthecontrary,wefee"_"thatthekingsorthebiflaopschofeoneoftheirfeudatoriestocondu&them.

In a capitulary+ of Lewisthe Debonnaire,thisprincediftinguil'hesthreefortsof vaffals,tholebe-longingto theking,tholeto thebiihops,andtholeto thecounts. The+vaffalsof a feudallordwerenotledagainRtheenemyby thecount,exceptromeemploymentin theking'shou_oldhinderedthelordhimt_tffi'omcommandingthem.

Butwhois it thatled the feudallordsintothefield? No doubtthekinghimfelf,whowasalwaysat the headof hisfaithfulvaffals.Hencewe con-ftantlyfindin the capitulariesa diftinc_ionmade11betweentheking'svaffalsandtholeofthebiihops.

•Suchbraveandmagnanimousprincesasourkings,d;.dnottakethefieldto putthemfelvesat theheadofanecclefiafticmilitia;therewerenotthe mentheychoretoconquerortodiewith,

But theft laws carriedtheir vaffalsand rear-vaffalswiththem; as wecan proveby thecapitu-hry*, jn whichChademaignordainsthateveryfree-man,whohasfonrmanorseitherinhisownproperty,

"_Capltulary of Worms in the year $03_ edition of Baluzius, page 409.and the council in the )'ear 845, under Charles the Bald, in vernopalatio_tdiLionof Batuzius_ tom. il. page z7. art. g.i"The 5thcapitularyoftheyear8_9.art.z7.editionofBaluzius,p.618.

De Vaffis Dominicis qul adhuc intra cafam farviunt &:careen bcnefieiahabere e.ofcuntur, t_atutumefl_ut qukcumque ex eis cure Domino Impcratoredomi reman(erint, v_Tallosfun_ cafatos fccum non retineant ; fed cure comitejf:ujus pagenfes funt, ire per_fittant. Se.co.ndCat_itularyin the .year81z. art. 7"editionof Baluzi#s, r:m. I. page 494"

l] Capitulary I. of the year 812. ar:'. 5"de bominibusn_flrls,_ff epifeJporuraF_ abbatum _,i _cl _emfir;acodta!ia laropriahabent_Ca%.edition of Baluziusj.*#m. l. p. 49o.

i, In the yeargl_. chap. _r. edition of Baluzlus_ page490. Ut omnishomo

!il,&fuat,,orr,mnf_s*efi,to*d¢proprlcfi'o,fl¢,eel=alicuj:¢sl,en_flciobaba,ipfifepr,eparet, _ i_f¢in h#,'m .#e_at, five cumfi,,i_refuo.

Cc _ or

390 THE 6PIRIT OF LAWS. _OOKXXX.

orasa beneficefi'omromebodyelfe,_houldmar=h_gainfttheenemyorfollowhislord.Itisevident,chat Charlemaignmeans,that the perfonwhohad amanorof hisownfhouldmarchunderthe count,andhe whohelda beneficeof a lord, thou]dlet outalongwith him.

Andyet the Abb_ du Bost pretends,thatwhenmentionis madein thecapitutaries,of tenantswhodependedon a particularlord, noothersare meantthan bondmen; and he groundshis opinionon thelaw of the Vifigoths,and the praOdeeof that nation.It is much better_o rely on the capitulariesflaem.felves; that whichI havejufi quoted,laysexprefslythe contrary. The treatybetweenCharlesthe Bald_ndhis brothers,takesnoticealfo of freemen,whomight chufe_ofolloweither a lordorthe king; andthis regulationisconformableto_greatmanyothers.

We maythereforeconclude,that therewerethreefortsof militaryfervices;that of the king's vaffals,_ho had no other vaffalsunderthem; that of thebithopsorof theother clergy,andtheir vaffats,and,in fine, that of the count, who commandedthefreemen.

Not but the vaffatsmight be alfofubje6tto thecount; astholewho have a particularcommandarefubordinateto him_whois invertedwitha morege-neral_uthority.

We evenfindthat the countand the king'scom-miffariesmightobligethemto paythefine,whentheyhadnotfulfilledtheengagementsof theirfief.In like_mannerif the king'svaffats_ committedan),outrage,iheywerefubje&to thecorrectionof thecount,unlefsthey choreratherto fubmitto thatof the king.

of Tom,3" book6. chap. 4" P' z99- effabliihrnentof the Frenchmo-

_,p,it_l_ryof the year85z,art. :Ix.apud_ernumpalatlum,editionof Ba-la:_ius_tom.ii. pagezg_.

3 Wo

CaAI,.zS, THE SPIRIT OF LAWS, 39t

C H A P. XVIIL

Of tlzedoubleService.

IT wasa fundamentalprincipleof themonarchy_that whofoeverwasfubje&to the militarypowerof anotherperfon,wasfubje&alfoto his civilju-rifdic'tion.Thusthe capitulary* of LewistheDe-bonnaireinthe year815,makesthemilitarypowerof the count,and his civiljurifdi&ionover thefreemen,keepalwaysan equalpace. Thus theplacitat of the count who carriedthe freemenagainfithe enemy,were_ calledthe placitaof_:hefreemen;fromwhenceundoubtedlycamethis /maxim,that.the quei_ionsrelatingto libertycouldbe decidedonlyin the count'splacita,andnotin /

thofeof hisofficers.Thus thecountneverledthe "vaffals§ belongingto thebilhopsorto theabbotsagainttthe enemy,becaufetheywere not fubjet'tto thisdviljurifdi6tion.Thushenevercommand-ed the rear.vaffalsbelongingto the king'svaffals.Thus thegloffary**of theEngliflalawsinformsus,thattholeto whomtt the SaxonsgavethenameofCopies,wereby the NormanscalledCounts,orcom-panions,becaufethey flaaredthe jufticiaryfineswiththeKing. Thuswefee,that at all timesthe

Art. _ z_ andthe councilin _¢r_o,t,alatioof the yearg45. art.fl. edi,-tlo4a_f"Bafuzius,tom.il. pagex7,

"_Oraalzes.J/ Capitulariesbookfomthof thecolte_t-loncf _ngezize_ar_.57-andthe

5th capitularyofLewisthePiousin theyear8x9.art.x4thoeditionofBalu.ziub_m. x.page615.

§ SeetheSthnoteof theprecedingchapter.• • It istobefoundinthecolic&ionofWilliamLambard,deJ,rifc_,dnglorum

,fegibu_._'l"In.thewordSatla_ia,o

C¢ 4 d_t7

39_ THE SPIRIT OFLAWS. BookXX_-_

dutyof a vaffal_ towardshislord,was tobeararms§§,andto tryhispeersin hiscourt.

Oneof the reafonswhichproducedthis con-nexionbetweenthejudiciaryrightandthatof lead-ingthe f6rcesagainl!the enemy,wasbecaufetheperfonwho tedthemexa&edat thefametimethepaymentof thefifcalduties,whichconfiftedinromecarriagefervicesdueby the freemen,andingeneralin certainjudiciaryprofits,of whichwethalltreathereafter.

The lordshad the rightof adminiflringjusticein theirfief,bythefameprincipleasthecountshadit in theircounties. Andindeedthe countiesinthefeveralvariationsthathappenedatdifferenttimes,ahvaysfollowedthe variationsof the fiefs; bothweregovernedby the fameplan,andby the fameprinciples.In a word,the countsintheircountieswerelord%andthe lordsin theirfcignorieswerecounts.

it has beena mlftaketo confiderthecountsascivil officers,and the dukesas milkar),comman-ders. Both wereequallycivilt{andmilitai?yoffi-cers: the wholedifferenceconfiftedin theduke'shavingfeveratcountsunderhim,thoughtherewerecountswho had no dukeoverthem,as we learnfromFredegariusIt will be imaginedperhapsthat the govern-

mentof the Franksmuffhave beenvery fevereat that time,fincethe fameofficerswereinvertedwitha1militaryandcivilpower,nay, evenwithafifcalauthority,overthe fubje&s; whichin the

_. Thisis wellexplainedby theafllzesof Jerufalemjchap.2z*and_zz.§§ The advoweesof thechurch(ad_,ocati_wereequallyat the headoftheir

placita;and of theirmilitia.U Seethe 8th formularyof Marculfus,booki. whichcontainsthelettersgi-

vento aduke, patrician,or ¢ount_aridinvefl:sthemwiththe civiljurifdi&ion_andthe fifcaladminiflrration.

Chronicle,chap.'78,in the_ear62i6.precedhG

_..aAv._. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 39_

l.vecedin_booksI haveobfervedtobe difdnguithingmarksof defpotifm.

But we mutt not betleve that the counts.pro-nouncedjudgmentby themfelves,andadminifteredjufticein thefamemanneras thebathawsinTurky;in order to judge affairs,theyaffembleda kind ofaffizes,wheie the principalmenappeared.

To the end we may thoroughlyunderitandwhatrelatesto the judicialproceedings,in the formu-las, in the laws of the barbarians,and in the ca-pitularies,it is properto obfervethat the fun&ionsof thecount, of the Grafioor fifcaljudge, andtheCentenarius,were the tame; that the judges, the

•_athimburgers,andthetheriffs,werethefameperfonsunder different names, There were the countsattiffants,and weregenerallyfevenin number; andas he wasobligedto havetwelveperfonsto judgeaf.he filled up thenumber withthe principalmen+.

But whoeverhad the jurifdi&ion,the king,-thecount, the Graflo, the Centenarius,the lords, or,theclergy, they nevertried caufesalone; and thisufage, which derivedits originfromthe foreRsofGermany,was Rillcontinuedevenafterthe fiefshadaffumeda new form.

With regard to the fifcatpower,its naturewasfuch, that the count could hardly abufeit. Therightsof the prince in refpe&to thefreemen,weretb fimpte,that theyconfiffedonly, as we haveal-ready obferved,in certaincarriageswhich were1tdemandedof them on romepublicoccafions. And

Seeconcerningthisfuh_e._cthecapitularlesof LewisthePious,addedto.t_aeSaliclaw)artz. andtheformu!aof_udgmen_gi_ byDuCangeinth=word_onibomin_s.

per&no*homines,fometimestherewerenouebutprincipalmen.Seethe_ppendixto tl_eformu]ariesof Marcutfus)oh..$x.

I1.6n_fom_tol_sonrivers,of whichI havefpokenalready._S

3_¢ THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BooKXXX.

as for the judiciaryrights,therewerelawswhichprevented_ mifdemeanours.

C H A P. XIX.

Of Con_ofitionsamongthebarba_'ousNations.

S_NCE it is impombleto haveanytolerablenotionof our politicaltaw,untet_wearethoroughlyacquaintedwith thelawsandmannersof the Ger-mannations,I/hall thereforepaufeherea while,_norderto enquireintotho_mannersandlaws.

It .appearsby Taeitus,that the Germansknewonlytwo ca_itaicrimes_ theyhan_d traitors,anddrownedcowards; thereweretheonlypubliccrimesamongtholepeople.Whenaman# hadinjuredano-ther,therelationsoftheperfoninjuredtook/hareinthequarrel,andtheoffencewascancelledbya fatisfa&ion.TfiisfatisfaEtionwasmade_othepeffonoffendedwhencapableofreceivingit : orto'therelationsif theyhadbeeninjuredin common,or if bythedeceat_of thepartyinjured,thefatisfac"tionhaddevolvedtothem.

tn the mannermentionedby Tacitus,therefatif-fa&ionsweremadeby the mutualagreementof theparties_ hencein the codesof thebarbarousnationsthffefatisfae2ionsarecalledcompofifions.

The taw"£of the FrifiansistheonlyoneI findthathas left daepeoplein thatfituation,inwhicheveryfamilyat variancewasin romemeafurein theRateofnature,andinwhichbeingnnrefl:rairmdeitherby a politicalor civillaw,theymightgivea loofe

_ee the tawof the Ripuarian6,tit. gg"andthe Lawe4 theLombards,bookii. tit. 5z. fe_. 9"

Sufciperetaminimicittas,feupatronfenpropinqui_quamamieitlasneceflkef__ necimplacabilesdnrant_luiturenlmetinmhomieidiumcertoarmentorumacpecorumnumero__ecipitque(atisfa&ioaemuniverfadomue._adt. demorib.

Seethis law inthe zdtitle onmurders_and Vulemar'eadditionon ro__rles.

to

C_r._9. THE GPIRIT OF LAWS. 39_

_heirrevenge,flU_heyhadobtainedfatisfa&ion.Ewnth_slawwasmoderated;aregulationwasmadethatthepeffonw_h_rfelifewasfoughtafterfhouldbeunmotePcedin hiso_n houfe,as alfoin goingand_:om_mgfromchurch,andfrom-thecourtwherecaufesweretried.

Thecompilersof-theSalVelawcite]}anancientufageof theFranks,by whicha peffon-whohaddug aeorpfeoutof the_ound, inorderto frripit, fhoutdbe banifhedfromfociety,till the relationshadcon-rentedtohisbeingre-admitted.Andasbeforethattimeflri&orderswereiffuedtoeveryone,eventotheoffender'sownwife,not to givehim a morfelofbread,or to receiveh_mundertheirroof; £uchaperfonwasinrefpe&to oth_-s,andothersinrefpe&xohim,in a Kateof nature,,tillanendwasput tothisl_ateby acompofifion..

Thisexcepted,we find thatthe fagesof thedif-ferentbarbarousnationsthoughtof determiningby•themfelves,whatwouldhavebeentoolongandtoodangerousto expe&fromthemutualagreementoftheparties. Theytookcareto fixthe valueof thecompofidonwhichthepartyinjuredwasto receive.Allthofebarbariantawsarein thisrefpec_mof_ad-mirablyexa&__hefeveratcafesare minutely§ dif-tinguit_hed,the circumf_ancesare weighed,the taw£ub_kutesitfetfin the placeof thepeffoninjured,andinfiftsuponthe famefatisfa&ionas hehimfeffmouldhavedemandedin coldblood.

Bythee_ablithingoftholelaws,theGermannationsquittedthatirateof nature,inwhichtheyfeemedtohavelivedinTacitus'stime.

Rotharisdeclaresin thelawof t theLombards,•_Additiofaplentum_tit.Lfe_.I.[ISalictit.lvlii,fe_.x.tit.xvii.feet3"§ TheSaliclawsareadmirableinthisrefpec"t,feeefpeciglly_thetitles_ 3s

.4_5,6,and7,whichrelatedtotheReallngofcattle,_"Booki.tit.7.fec't,x5"

that

396 THE SPIRIT OFLAWS. BookXXZ.thathehadincreafedthecompofitionsancientlyaccuf-tomedforwounds,to theendthatthewoundedper-fon beingfullyfatisfied,allenmitiesthouldceafe.And indeed,asthe Lombards,from a verypoorpeople,weregrownrichbytheconqueIkof Italy,theancientcompofitionswerebecomefrivolous,andre-concilementsprevented.t donot queffionbutthiswasthemotive,whichobligedthe'otherchiefsof theconqueringnations,to makethe differentcodesoflawsnowextant.

Theprincipalcompofitionwasthatwhichthemur-derer paidto the reli_tionsof the deceafed.Thedifferenceof+ conditionsproducedadifferenceinthecompofitions: Thusin the lawof theAngli,therewasa compofitionof fixhundredfousforthemurderof anadding,twohundredfor that of a freeman,andthirtyforkillinga bondman.Thelargenefsthere-foreof the compofitionfor thelifeof aman,wasoneof hischiefprivileges_ forbetidesthed_in_ioah madeof hisperfon,itlikewifeeftablifhedagreaterfecurityin hisfavourariaongrude and boifterousnatipns,

This wearemadefenfibleof by the lawof the.i_Bavarians: itgivesthenamesof theBavarianfami-ieswhoreceiveda doublecompofition,becaufetheywerethefirftIIaftertheAgilolfings.TheAgilolfingswereoftheducalra_, anditwascufl:omarywiththisnationto choofea duke out of that family_ there

had a quadruplecompotition.Thecompofitionfora duke exceededby a third,that whichhadbeenellablifhedfort_ Agilolfings: "Becaufeheisaduke,"laYSthe law,agreaterhonouris paidtohimth_" to hisrelations.:',

-_"Seethe lawof the Angli, tit. i. feett, z_&4_ ibid.tit. v. fe_tvl. thelaw of theBavarians,fit. i. chapg. & 9"and thelaw of theFtifiags)tit. xv.

_tTit. ii. ch,p. _o.Hozidt'6_ozza, Sag,ha,Habillngua)Aniena./bld.

Al!

CHA_.t9. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 397

Alltherecompofitionswerevaluedinmoney.Butas tholepeople,efpeciallywhentheylivedin Ger.many,hadvery littlefpec!e,theymightpayit incattle,corn,moveables,arms,dogs,hawks§,lands,&c. The lawitfelf*"frequentlydeterminedtheva-lue of tholethings; whichexplainshow.itwaspof-fibleforthemto havefucha numberof pecuniarypunifl_mentswithfoverylittlemoney.

]'kefe.lkwsweretherefot:eemployedin exa_lyde-terminatingthe differenceof wrongs,injuries,andcrimes; to theendthateveryonemightknowhowfar hehadbeeninjuredoroffended,thereparationhewastoreceive,andefpeciallythat hewasto receivenomore.

In this lightit is eafyto concei_,thata perfonwhohadtakenrevengeaf:erhavingreceivedfatisfac-tion,wasguiltyof an heinouscrime. This con-taineda publicaswellasa privateoffence: it wasacontemptof thelawof itfelf;a crimewhichthe le-giflators-]-neverfailedto punifh.

Therewasanothercrime,whichaboveall otherswasconfideredas dangerous,when]. tholepeopleloftfomethingof theirfpirit of independence,andwhenthekingsendeavouredtoeftablithabetterciviladminii_tration: this wasthe refutingto giveorto

§ _rhusth_'lawof Inavaluedlifeby acertainrumof mone_t,orby'a cer-iainportionof land, Legesline regisj titulode,vilticoregiod_pr_is Ar.g.zo,,ztmlegibus,Cambridge,t644,

* Seethe lawof theSaxons,whichmakesthls'fameregulationforfeveralpeople,chap.x$. See alfothe lawof theRipuarlan%tit. 36. fe_t.H. thetawof the Bavarians,tit. I. fe_. In and ix. $i aurumnonhaba,donetMiara_e,uni_ra,mantilla,rerram_&c.

Seethe lawof theLombards,booki. tit. 25. fe_. 2I. ibid.booki. tit.9"fe_. gand"_4.ibid. fec_.3S, andthecapitularyof Charletfiaignintheyeargoz. chap.32.containinganinftrucq:inngiventothole whomhe lentintotheFrovinres.

See in Gregoryof Tours,book vii. chap.47' the detail of a procefs,whereina partytofeshalf the eompofitlonthat hadbeenadjudgedtohim, forhavingdonejulY'icetohimfelf,infteadof receivingfadsfafiioD,whateverin-Juryhem}ghthav_afterwardsreceived. receive

39_ THE SPIRITOFLAWS. BoogXXX,.receivefatisfaC_ion.Wefindin_edifferentcodesofthelawsof the Barbarians,that thelegiflatorswereperemptoryIIon thisarticle, tn effe&,a perfon

•whorefufedto receivefatiffa&ion,.wantedto pre_fervehisrightof profecution; he who refufedtogiveit left the rightof profecmionto theperfoninjured; andthis is whatthefageshadreformedinthe inftitufionsof theGermans,wherebypeoplewereinvitedbut notcompelledto compofitions.

I havejut'cnowmadementionof a text of thesaticlaw,in whichthe le_flatorleft tM partyof-fendedatlibertyto receiveorrefufefatisfa&ion; icisthetaw§ bywhichapeffonwhohadtlripta deadbody,wasexpeiledfociety;t_ttthe relationsuponreceivin_fatisfa&ion,petitionedfor hisbeingre-ad-mitted.- It wasowlrtgto therefpe&theyhaxiforfa-credthings,that the compilersof theSaliclawsdidnotmeddlewiththeancientufage.

It woutdhavebeenabfolutelytmjuttto grgntaCompofitionto therelationsof a robberkilledin thefa&,ortotherelationsof awomanwhohadberep_dintedfor thecrimeof adultery._'helaw*of theBavariansallowednocompotitioniathelikecare,butpunifhedtherelationswhofoughtreven_.

It is no rarethingto meetwith compofrdonsforinvoluntarya&ionsin the codesof thetawsof theBarbarians.The lawof the Lombardsisgenerallyveryprudent; it t ordained,that in tholecafesthecompofitionfhouldbeaccordingto theperfon'sgene-

Seethe lawof the Saxon_chap. 3 and 4. the law of th_ gt)mbards_booki, tit. 37.1"¢_.I amiz. and.thelawofflit Alemansjtit.¢9 fe_ I andz.Thislaft lawgaveleaveto thepartyinjuredtorighthimf_ uponthefpot,aod_nthefirl_tranfpost._ofi_aliion.Seealfothecapltularie_ofChaflemaignintheyear77,9"chap.2z.intheyear_oz.chap._. andalf_thatm_the year805. chap,5-

§ TheeompileTsof th_lawof th_Kipttatiatl_ftem t_ kaa¢ fi_f_medthis,Seethe gsth title of tholelaws.

t_Seethe decre_of Tafftilol%de/;cpul_r/bas/eg_sart. _ 4* 1o, 16, 19thehw of the ,_ng_i.tit, 7"fe6L4"

+ _ki. tit, i_. f_'4"rofiity

Cm_F.to. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 399

rofity; andthattherelationsfhouldnolongerbeper-mittedto purfuetheirrevenge.

Clothariusthe feeondmadea very wifedecree:heforbade-[-thepeffonrobbedtorecdveanyclandef-tinecompofition,andwithoutanorderfromthejudge.We thallprefentlyfeethemotiveof r.lfislaw.

CHAP. XX.

Of whatwasafterwardscalledthe_urifdi_tianof theLords.

BESIDE thecompofitionwhichtheywereobligedto payto the rdationsfor murdersor injuries,theywerealfoundera nece_tyof payinga certainduty,whichthe codesof thebarbariantawscall1:fredura.Wehavenotermin ourmodernlanguageto expref_it; yet i intendtotreatof it at large;andin ordertogiveanideaof it, I beginwithdefiningit a re-compencefortheprom&iongranteda_infttherightof profecution.Evento thisday,fred,in theSwe-dilhlanguage,fignifiespeace.

Theadmini_rationof _u_iceamongtholerudeandunpolithednations,wasnothingmorethangrantingto theperfonwhohad committedanoffence,apro-te&ionagainfctheprofecutionof thepartyoffended,andobligingthe latterto acceptof thefatisfa&iondueto him: infomuchthatamongtheGermans,con-traryto thepra&iceof all othernations,juice wasadminifleredin orderto prote&the criminalagainfl:thepartyinjured.

J"Pac_usprotenore'pacisiOterChildel_erturn&Clota_um,annosg3.&_cretloClotariiz.regi,_circa,annum595"chap.x_.

Whenit wasnotdetermlncdbythelaw_itwasgenerallythethirdo,f_hatwasglveaforthecompofitioa_asappearsinthelawoftheRipuarlans,chap,89.whichisexplainedbytlu:third¢apitularyo£theyearg*3. EditionofBaluzius,tom,x.page5_.

The

4oo T'HE SPIRIT OFLAWS. BobKXXX,

The codesof the Barbarianlaws have givenus_the cafes in whichthe freda might be demanded.,Whenthe relationscouldnotprofecute,theyallowofnofredum; andindeed,whentherewasnoprofecution,therecouldbe nocompofitionfor a prote&ionagainfcit. Thus, in thelawof the § Lombards,if a pefforthappenedto killa freemanby chance,he paid thevalueof themankilled,withoutthefredum; becaufeas hehadkilledhiminvoluntarily,it wasnot thecafein whichtherelationswere allowedtherightof pro.fecution. Thus in thelawof the* Ripuarians,whena perfonwas killedwith a pieceof wood,or withany inRrumentmade by a man, the inftrumentorthe woodweredeemQdculpable, and the rdationsfeizedupon themfor theirownufe, but werenotal-lowedto demandthefredura.

In like manner,when a beaft happenedto kill aman, the _ famelaweftabliflaeda compofitionwith-out thefrechon,becaufethe relationsof the deceafedwerenotoffended.

In fine,i{ was ordainedby the "I"Saliclast, thata childwhohad commiteda fault beforethe age oftwelve,fhouldpay the compofi_onydthoutthe fie-dum: ashe wasnotyet abletobeararms, he couldnot be in the careinwhichthepart)*injured,or hisrelations,hada right to demandfatisfa&ion.• It was the criminalthat paid thefredumfor thepeaceand fecurity,of whichhehadbeendeprivedbyhiscrime,and whichhe mightrecoverbyprom&ion.But a childdidnot lore this f&urity; he was not aman, and confequentlycould not be expelledfromhumanfociety. " :

Thisfredumwasa localright in favourof the per-

§ Booki. tit. 9" re&.Iy. editionof Lindenbroek. _ Tit, 7o.Tit, 46. Seealf_.'thelaw of the Lombards_booki, chap, zx. f¢Cc,3"

Lindenbrock'sedition: Sicaba[l_scumt,ede_&¢.1"Tit. zB.re&.6,

foa

Cs_p.=o. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. '4oz

fonwhowa_tJjudgeofthediffri&. YetthelawoftheRipuarians§forbadehimtodemandit himfelf:itordahled,that the partywhohadgainedthe caufelhouldreceiveit andcarryit to the exchequer,totheendi!h;_ttheremightbe a laitingpeace,laysthel_w,.amongtheRipuarians.

The greamefsof thefredumwasprop6rfionedto_27 • .

the degreeof * prote&lon: thus thefredumfor theking'spr0te&ionwasgreaterthanwhatwasgrantedfor the prote&ionof the c6unt, or of theotherjudas._....

Here I ]'eethe originof thejurifdi&ionof thelords. Thefiefscomprizedverylarge4erritories,asappearsfroma vaftnumberof records.I haveal-readyprovedthat the Mngsrailedno taxeson thelandsbelongingto thedivifionof theFranks; muchlefscouldtheyreferveto themfelvesanydutiesonthefiefs. Tholewhoobtainedthem,hadinthisre-fpe&a fullm_dperle&enjoyment,reapingeverypof-fibleemolumentfromthem. Andasoneof themoil:confiderable7¢"emolumentswasthe juf_iciaryprofitsfreda,whichwerereceivedaccordingto theufageofthe Franks,it followedfromthence,thattheperfonfeizedof thefief,wasalfofeizedof thejurifdid'tion,the exercifeof whichconfift:edof the compotitionsmadetOthe relations,andof theprofitsaccruingtothelord_,it-wasnothingmorethanorderingthepay-mentof the compofitionsof filelaw, anddemand-ingthe lega)l'fines;

11.Asappearsby thedecreeof ClothariusII. in the year$95; fredustamesf,,,_¢ii,,_,,j.,._aeo_re(""""

,§ Tit. 85. , _ ,CalJitularei_eerdanni, chap[57,in Baluzius.tom.L page5H' andit is

to beobferved,thatwhatwascalledfredumorfalda_in themonumentsof thetlr_race, is knownbythe nameof b,tnnumin tholeofthe feeondrac%_sap-]pearsfromtheeapituliryd*l,artlbusSaxonlce,in the year789.

"_Seethe eapitularyof Charlefiaaign,de_iltis_where he ranksthefefredaamongthegreatrevenuesof what wascalkd_i/lej ortheking'sdemefnes.

Vol.II. D d We

4oz THE SPIRIT OF LAWS; BooKXXX.

We findby the formulariescontainingconfirma-tionof the perpetuityof a fiefinfavourof a feudal.ldrd*, Orof the privilegesof fiefsin favourofJ-churches,thatthefiefswerepoffeffedof thisright.Thisappearsalibfromaninfinitenumberofcharters_mentiolfingaprohibitipnmtheking'sjudgesorofficersot=enteringupontheterritoryinorderto exercifeanya&ofjudicaturewhatfoever,orto demandanyjudi-ciaryemolument.Whentheking'sjudgescouldnolongermakeanydemandina diftri&,theyneveren-teredit; andthofeto whomthisdiRri&wasleft,performedthefamefun&ionsas hadbeenexercifedbeforebythejudges.

Theking'sjudgesareforbiddenalfoto obligethepartiesto give fecurityfor theirappearingbeforethem:it belongedthereforeto theperfonwhohadreceivedtheterritoryin fief,todemandthisfecurity.Theymentionalfo,thattheking'scommiffariesihallnotinfi_uponbeingaccommodatedwitha lodging;ineffect,theynolongerexereifedanyfun&ionintholedif_rid'rs.

Theadminiftrationthereforeofjuftice,bothintheoldandnewfiefs,wasarightinherentintheveryfiefiffel_,_alucrativerightwhichconRitutedapartofit.Forthisreafonit hadbeenconfideredat all timesint_islight; fromwhencethismaxim_rofe,thatjurif-dic_iomarepatrimonialinFrance.

Somehave"thoughtthatthe jurifdiOJonsderis;edtheirOriginfromthemanumiitlonsmadebythekings_and lo_rds,in favourof theirbondmen.But theGermannations,andtholedefcended'fromthem,arenottheonlypeoplewhomanumittedtheirbondmen,

# Seethe 5_ 8th#and17thformulapbook|,ofNIarculf_s,,,, ,..See"thezd,3d_aad4th_'orrnulaofMarculfusjbooki. .

$ See the colle.£tionsoftholecharters,cfpcciallltthatat theendOf_ _tK

vol_m¢of th_h_Romn_ofFranc¢_publiihcdb_theBcn_mc.mo_ky. _,_

e.Ap._b._E SPiRiTOFLAW_. 4o3andyettheyai'etheonlypeoplethateRablifhedpatri.monialjurifdi_ions.Betides,Wefindbytheformu-]arie_* of Mai'eulfusthat therewerefreemende-pendenton therejurifdi&ionsin the earliertimes:thebondmenwerethereforefubje&tothejui'ifdi6tlon,becaufetheywereuponthe territory; andtheydidnotgiverifetb thefiefsforhavingbeenannexedtothefief.

Othershavetakena fhDrtercut: the lords,faythey,and this is a]] theyfay,ufurpedthejurifdic-tions. Butare thenationsdefcendedfromGerman},theonlypeoplein the worldthatufurpedtherightsofprinces? Weare fufficientlyinformedbyhifiory,thatfeveralothernationshaveencroachedupontheirfovereigns; andyetwefindnootherinf_anceofwhatwecallthejurifdi&ionof the lords. Theoriginofit isthereforeto betracedinthe ufagesandcuRomsoftheGegmans.

X,Vhoeverhasthecurio_tyto lookintoLoyfeati+wiltbefurprifedat themannerin whichthisauthorfuppofesthelordstohaveproceeded,inordertoform_indufurptheir differentjurifdi&ions.They muff:havebeenthe moltartfulpeoplein theworld; theymutthaverobbedand plundered,notaftertheman_nerof a milit:irynation,but as the countryjufticesand:th6attorniesroboneanother.Tholebravewar-riorsmuffbelifidto haveformedageneralfyftemofpoliticsthroughoutall theprovincesofthekingdom,aud[ihfo manyothercountriesin Europe: Loy_aumakes_em reafori,as he himfelfreafonedin hiseqofet_ '"

w Seethe 3d, 4th_arid i4th of the firfl:bookjandthe charterofehart_-inaign,in the year77r_in Martenn%tom.i. Anecdot.colle_.'xx. Prcvcia

ipflclsMorkactnfftta_ ingenuo*_/uamct ferwott_ guifup_4elrumtetrasma°

_ Treatireof villagej uri/'di_ions,D d 2 Once

4o4 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BooKXXX.

Oncemore: if the jurifdi&ionwas not a depen-dence of the fief, how come we everywheret tofind, that the fervlceof the fiefwas to attend theking or the lord both in their courts and in the

•army?C H A P. XXI..

Of the territorial_urifdicTionof the Churches.

THE churchesacquireda veryconfiderablepro-perty. We find that our kings gave them greatfdgnories, that is,-great fiefs; and we findjurif-di&ionseftabtifhedat thefametime in the demefnesof tholechurches. From whence could fo extraor-dinarya privilegederiveits origin? It muffcertainlyhavebeenin the natureof thegrant: the churchlandhad thisprivilege,becaufeit hadnotbeentakenfromit. A feignorywasgivento the church; ,andit wasallotted to enjoythe fame privileges,as if it hadbeengrantedtoa vaffal. It was alfofubje&edto thefameferviceas it would have paid to the ftateif it

had beengivento a layman,accordingto what wehavealreadyobferved.

The churcheshad thereforethe rightof demand-:rag the paymentof compofitionsin their territory;and of infiftingUponthefredum; andas thoferightsneceffarityimpliedthatofhinderingtheking'sofficersfrom enteringupon the territory,to demand there[rgdaand to exercifea&s of judicature, the righ.twhich ec_tefiatticshad ofadminifteringjutticein theirown territory,was called immunity,in the ttyte ofthe formutaries'%of the charters,andof the capi-tula s�i�. "_.SeeMonf.du Cangeonthewordb_mMum.

t Seethe 3dand4th formularyof Matculfus,hookJ.

I The

CHAP.2I. "" THE SPIRIT OF LAW& 4o_

The law of the Ripuarians+ forbidsthe freed-men:_of the churches,to hold the affembly[[foradminifteringjuftice in any otherplace than in thechurchwheretheywere manumitte&"yThe churcheshad thereforejurifdi&ionseven over freemen,andheld their flacita in the earlier times of the mo-narchy.

I findin the livesof the faints§, thatClovisgaveto a certainholyperfona powerovera diftri&of fixleagues,and exemptedit from all mannerof jurif-all&ion. This, I believe,is a falfity, but it is afalfityof averyancientdate; both the truth andthefi&ioncontainedin that lifearerelativeto thecuftomsandlaws ofthofetimes,and it is therecuftoms*andlawswe areinveRigating.

ClothariusII. orderstt thebilhopsor thenobilitywhoare poffeffedof eftatesin diftantparts, tochufeuponthe very fpot thole who are to admini_erjuf-tice, or to receivethejudiciaryemoluments.

The fameprince±)_regulatesthe judiciarypowerbetweenthe ecclefiafticcourtsand hisofficers. ThecapitularyofCharlemaignin theyear802prefcribestothe lfiflaopsand abbots,the qualificatio,asneceffar_for theirofficersofjuRice. AnothereapitularyII_ofthefameprinceinhibitsthe royalofficers,to ekercifeanyjurifdi_ionover§§ tholewho are emplo!,edin

f_eafibln_ ad ecclefiam,u_ire!axatifunt, maltumteneantjtit. 5g. leee"c.I.Seealfofe_. I9.. Lindenbtock'sedition. ' ' " :'_ ,'

_.Tabulariis. II Mallum,'§VitaS,GermeriEp|fcopiTolofaniapudBollandianos,a6Mail,-'_Seeall'o'thetlfeof $. Melaniusrandthat ofS. Ddcola. _...."1-_In the councilof .Paris,in the year_I5. Epifcq,__et_atente.,,quiin

allis]ooffdentregionibus,judices,velmiffbsdifcujToresdea/ils[;rwoin,'iL__o,ir,flitua,,t,r.;fldeloco_tuijuflitiamioerciaoiant_ aliisreddant_art.19. Seealfothe zztRair.

._ Ibld. art. 5" " "llllIn thelaw of the Lombardg_bookii. tit. 44. chap._. L]ndcnbroek'_

edition._§ ServlAldignes,libellariiantiqui,velaliinoviterfa_qi. Ibid.

D d 3 manuring

&06 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. B0_

maturingch_rch-_lands,_pt'they enteredintothatft_teby fraud,and toexemptthemfelvesfrom:¢on_trlbufingtothepubliccharges.Thebithopsaffem-bled_ifRhehnsmadeadeclaration% thatthevaffalsbe_hg]ngto the Tefpe&ivechurchesarewithintheirimmunity.ThecapitularyofChaflemaignin theyear8o6"t"ordainsthatthechurchesfhouldhavebothcri-minal_mdciviljufifdi&i0nOverthofewho liveupontheirlands, in fine,as the ,capitulary:_ofCharlestheBalddiPdnguithesbetweentheking'sjurifdi&ion_thatofthelords,andthatofthech,arch; ! fhallfaynothingfartherJluponthisfubje&_

C H A P. XXII.

_hatthe_urifdidtionsWereeflabh'fhedbeforetheEndofthefecondRace.

IT hasbeenpretendedthatthevaffalsufurpedthejurifdi&ionin theirfeignories,duringthe confufionofthefecondrace. Tholewhochuferathertoforma generalpropofitionthan to examineit, foundite.afterto fay thatthevaffalsdid notpoffefs,thantodifcoverhowtheycameto poffef_ But thejurif-dj&_onsdonotowetheiroriginto ufurpations; they

**Letterin theyear85S._rt.7' inthe eapltularies_p. loS. ,_ieutill¢resetfaeultates,in qulbu*_i_auntc?eric!_iraa _l_ rub onfuratlonc,immunita,t'ufun{_de_uib_tsdebwtmilitate_a.ffallL

f It is addedta the law of the Bavarians,art.7."See alfothe 3d.art.l_n'denbroek'sedtion, page 444" "Irnprknisoraniuraj_bet_larn'_ut bab_dr_t. ..... • r; - . " / .- , --- . . "¢.Ukfi_e_m juflma*,_ :n waa dlorumelmhabitantI_ ipfl,eccl_is_.ffpoJt_tami_pecuniis_uametinfubflantijsearum.

_7In_th¢year857, ia fyalxloaFJOc]' Carifiatum_art_,9' edition9,f Baluzi.%l_ase96,,

Stmthe letterwrittenbYth? bimopsafl'embi'ed"a('Rheimsin'ihe'year,_SS.art. 7. _ tilt capltu_aries,Baluzia_'sedition_page1o$. ,Sic_filhere__ facultaminqu!bus,vi_aun,derici,iraet ill¢ "]ub,/o_eerat_,n¢imrau_itatl,runt

_ibusdebentmilitare-aa.ff;,llb &c.are

C_.,_2, THE SPIKIT OF LAWS, 4o_

arederivedfromtheprimitiveeflablithment,andnotfromitscorruption.

"' Hewhokillsa freeman,tays*thelawofthe'" Bavarians,/hallpaya compofitionto hisrelations," ifhehasany; ifnot,hefl_allpayitto theduke," ortothepeffonunderwholeprote_ionhe hadput" himfelfinhislife-time."It is wellknownwhatit wastoputone'sfelfundertheprote_ionofanother_bra benefice.

" Hewhohadbeenrobbedofhisbondman,lays" the lawof the Alemans-_,fhallh_tverecourfeto" theprinceto whomtherobberis fubje&; to the" endthathemayobtainacompofition."

" If a centenarius,lays+ thedecreeofChildebert,"' findsa robberin anotherhundredthanhisown,"' or inthe limitsof our faithfulvaffals,anddoes" notdrivehimout,he ihall beanfwerableforthe" robber,or purgehimfelfby oath." Therewasthereforea differencebetweenthediftri&ofthecen-tenariiandthatef-thevaffals.

Thisdecree[[ofChildebertexplainsthe conftitu-tionof Clotharius4n the fameyear,whichbeinggivenfor the famecareandfa&,differsonlyin theterms; theconftitutioncallingintrufle,whatbythedecreeis ffiledin terminisfidetiumnoflrorum.Mef.fieursBignonandDucange§ who pretendthat in

• Tit. ill. chap._3"Lindenbrock'sedition, t Tit. g5.Intheyear595"art. Ix & zz. editionof the capitulariesby Batoz_us,

pagex9. Parlconditioatcon_rnlt_tflu_centenainaliace_ttna_e_gii_lfec_taf_teritetin_enerlt,"#elinfulb*fcun_uefldelium_oflrorumterminis"u_jtigtwmc_iferkt_¢ipfurain .tiarattnttnamminimeexpdlcrepotueritpamconmiftusrtdd_ l_i_##ou_

I[Si ,:_igiuscompmhaturlatronls_tamenpr_efentianihillong_/_ai&ando;nutfi perfequenslatronemluumcomprchenderit,integramfibicompofitionemacclpiat.Q2o'dfi_|ntrul_ein#enitur,mcdietatem_Oml_othiosistrufti_qhirab

capitalc exigata latrone,,,re.z. (:9_'_. ' : _8cctheG!offaryon th6wordtr_fli*, • '

4o5 T-HE SPIRIT OF L AWS. BOOKXXJf.

truflefignifiedanotherking's demefne,aremlftakenin theirconje&ure.

Pepin,king ofItaly, in a cont_itution_* thathadbeenmadeaswellforthe Franksasforthe Lombards,afterimpofingpenaltiesonthe countsand otherroyalofficers,forprevaricationsor delaysin theadminiftra-.tion of juftice, ordainsT+ that if it happensthat aFrankor a Lombardpoffeffedof a fief is unwillingtoadminiRerjuffice,the judge to wholediffri&he be-lofigg;flaallfufpendtheexercifeof hisfief, andin themeantime, either the judge or his commiffaryflaalladminifierjuftice.

It appearsby a capitulary_ of Charlemaign,thatthe kings did not levy thefredain all places. An-other"I"capitutaryof thefameprincethewsthefeudallaws,andfeudalcourttohavebeenalreadyeffablifhed.Anotherof LewistheDebonnaireordains,thatwhena perfonpofi_effedof a fief, does not admini_erjuf-tice_, or hindersit from being adminiffered,theking's commiffariesflaallliveuponhimat difcretion,till juftice be admiuiffered.I fhatl tikewlfequotetwo II._:apitulariesof Charlesthe Bald, one of the

*# Infer*_din _he!awof the Lombards,bookiL tit. 5z, fe_. _4"it is,thecapitutarvof theyear793"in Baluzius,page544"art. Io.

_-t'.Etfi forfitanFraneusautLongobardushdbensbeneficiumjuflitiamfacerenoluerit_illejudexincujusminiPeeriofuedh ¢ot,tradicatillibenefieiumfuum

• _nterimdumipfeautmiflhsejusjul_itiamfaciat. Seealfo thefamelawoftheI,,thbards,bookii. tit. 5z. tiff: z. whichrelatesto _becapitulary_f Charlemaign

"_ff_ lhirAof the _'earStz. art. lo."t/The,feccndof th._year 81;. Baluz_s'sedjtion_- - ' '

"_ _Ca,_u/arefubJtumannl g19,,art.90. Balttz_us's,edition,page6xg, Utnb_,umgae'irli2_7, aut epifcoImm_'autabbatemjout alium?uemlibetbonorepracditumi_ek_tiar_: _*£_juflitiamfa;eera"nduit_elprobi_u_t,di'ipfut_rebus_uant _uamdiuineolocojuflitiasfa°ceredebent.......

}lXdi&uminCarifiacoin Balluziu_,tom. ii. page_$z, Unufquifquead_o-eatusproomnibusdefua ad_ocatione...... in¢#n_enientia_ut_rummi@ifleriali_u#

de fua-ad¢ocat!one_uosin_eneritcontrakunq bannuza_noflrumfqci_e....

_: year

CaAP._. THE SPIRIT OF LA_'S. 4e_

year86_; wherewe findthe particularjurifdi&ionsef_ablifhed,withjudgesandfubordinareofficers; andthe other§ of the year864, wherehe makesa dif-tin&ionbetweenhisownfeignoriesandtholeof pri-vateperfons.

We have not the originalgrantsof thefiefs,be-caufetheywere eftabliflaedby the partition,whichis knownto havebeenmadeamongtheconquerors.It cannotthereforebe provedby originalcontra_s,thatthe'jurifdic"tionswereat firftannexedto thefiefs:but if in the formulariesof the confirmations,or ofthetranflationsof tholefiefsin perpetuity,we find,as alreadyhathbeenobferved,that thejufifdi&ionwasthereeffabtifhed; thisjudiciaryright muffcer-tainlyhavebeeninherentin the fief, andoneof itschieqprivile._ges.

V_Tehave_afar greaternumberof records,thatefiablHhthe patrimonialjurifdi6tionof theclergyintheirdiftri6ts;than there are to provethat of thebeneficesor fiefsof the feudallords; for whichtworeafonsmaybeaffigned.The firR,that moltoftherecordsnowextantwerepreferredor colle&edbythemonks,fortheufeof theirmonat}eries.The fecond,thatthepatrimonyofthefeveralchurcheshavingbeenformedbyparticulargrants,andbya kindof excep-tion to the order eRabliihed,theywere obligedtohavechartersgrantedto them; whereasthe concef-fionsmadeto thefeudallordsbeingconfequencesofthepoliticalorder, theyhadno occafionto demand,ahdmuchlefsto pteferve,a particularcharter._Nay,

the kings were oftentimesfatisfiedwith ma_]ng afimpledeliverywith the fcepter,as appears_fr0mthelifeof St. Maur.

§ Edi_umPi!}enfe,art.*8. Baluz;.us'5edition,tom. il. page,$_t. 8!injqfcumnojqrum_et in f,_amcun_ueimmunitattmautalicvjusprteutisTotejqamm_tl_,'o,_prietateraconf_gerltj&c. But

4re THESPIRITOFLAWS. BooKXXX.\

Butthethirdformulary• ofMarculfusfuflicienttyproves,that the privilegesofimmunity,andconfe-quentlythatofjurifdi&ion,werecommontoboththeclergyandthelaity,fineeit ismadeforboth. ThefamemaybelaidoftheconffitutionofClothariusI1%

C H A P. XKttI. "

Gtner_rlIdeaoftheAbMDuBos'sBookonthe.Eflablijk-mentoftheFrenchjVlonarcbyinGaul.

BEFORE I finifllthisbook,it willnotbe im,propertowritea fewftri&ures,onthe AbbdduBos'sperfi_rmance,becaufemynotionsareperpetuallycon.traryto his; andif he hashit onxhetruth,I muff;havemiffedit.

Thisperformancehasimpofedupona greatmany,becaufeit is pennedwith art; becaufethepointir_queflionis conflantlyfuppofed; becaufethemoreitis deficientin proofs,the moreit aboundsin proba-bilities; and,in fine,becaufeaninfinitenumberofconje&uresare laid downas principles,andfromthenceotherconje_uresareinferredasconfequences.Thereaderforgetshehasbeendoubting,in ordertobegintobelieve. Andasaprodigiousfundoferudi-tionis interfperfed,not hathe fyftem,butaroundit_the mindis takenu with thea endaes andnee-.P PP- g, ,=leerstheprincipal.Betides,fuchavaftmultitudeofrefearcheshardlypermitoneto imaginethatnothinghasbeenfound; thelengthofthewaymakesUSthink_thatwearearrivedat ourjourney'send.

Butwhenwe examinethematterthoroi_ghly,wefindanimmenfecotoffuswithearthenfeet;.andk is

* Lib,x. Maximumreg_i_rl augerecredimusmonlrnentum,Ji kt_eficia_p_lux_ lockse¢clef,arumoutcuivoluerlsdicerc_bencvoladeliberationec_;J&dlinaS,

t I havehlre_dyruotedit in the precedingchapter__pij'c_pl_vdt_tehte*."the

_a_._4. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 4zztheearthenfeetthatrenderthecoloffusimmenfe./dtheAbbdduBos'sfyi_emhadb¢en wellgrounded,hewouldnothavebeenobligedtoa ritethreetediousvolumesto proveit; he wouldhavefoundeverythingwithil_hisfubje_; andwithoutwanderingoneveryfideinquef'cofwhatwasextremelyforeigntoit, evenreafoniffelfwouldhaveu_dertakentorangethisin the famechainwiththe othertruths. OurhiRoryand lawswouldhavetoldhim; " Donot_' takefomuchtrouble,weflaallbeyourvouchers."

C H A P. XXIV.

_fbe,l'am¢8ubjef/continued.Re_egiononthemainPartof the8yflem.

THE Ahb_duBosendeavoursbyallmeansto ex-lodetheopinionthattheFranksmadetheconqueft

oPfGaul. to kingswereAccording his fyftemourinvitedbythepeople,andonlyfubftitutedthemfetvesin theplace,andfucceededto therights,of theRo-manemperor_.

Thispretenfioncannotbeappliedto thetimewhev_Clovis,_aponhisenteringGaul,tookandplundered;_hetowns; neitherisitapplicabletotheperiodwhenhedefeatedSyagriustheRomancommander,andcon-queredthe countrywhichhe held; it canthereforehe referredonlyto the periodwhenClovis,alreadymailerof a greatpartof Gaulbyopenforce,wascalledbythe choiceandaffectionofthepeopletothefovereigntyoverthereff. Andit is notenoughthatCloviswasreceived,hemuffhavebeencalled;_theAbb6duBosmuffprovethatthepeopleehoferatherto liveunderClovis,thanunderthe dominationoftheRomans,orundertheirownlaws. TheRomansbelongingtotlaatpartofGaulnot_'etinvadedbythe

2 Barbaiians,

41z THE SPIRITOF LAWS. BookXXX;

_rbarians, were, according"to this author, of twofo_s; the firff were of the Armoricanconfederacy,who had drivenawaytheemperor'sofficers,inorderto defendthemt_lvesagainffthe Barbarians,andtobe governedby their own laws; the fecondwerefubje_ to the Romanofficers. Now doesthe Abbdproduceanyconvincingproofsthat theRomanswhowereRillfubje&to theempire,calledinClovis._Notone. Doeshe prove that the republicof the Armo-ricans invitedClovis; or evenconcludedan)' treatywith him? Not at all. So far fiombeingableto tellus the fateof this republic, he cannotevenfo muchas prove its exiRence; and notwithftandinghe pre-tendsto trace it from the time of Honoriusto theconqueffof Clovis,notwithRanding he relateswith arnoftadmirableexacCtnefsallthe eventsof tholetimes;Rill thisrepublicremainsinvifiblein ancientauthors.l_orthere is a wide differencebetweenprovingby apaffageof Zozymus*, thatunderthe emperorHono=rius, the T countryof Armoricaand the other pro-vincesof Gaul revoltedand formeda kind of re-public; and thewing us that notwithftandingthectifferentpacificationsofGaul, theArmoricansf_-rmeda particularrepublic,which continuedtill the con-quer of Clovis: andyetthis is what he thouldhavedemonftratedbyRrongandft,bftantialproofs, inordertOeflablifhhis fyftem. For whenwe beholda con-querorenteringa country,and fubduinga greatpartof it by force and openviolence,and loonafterwefindthewholecountryfubdued,withoutanymentionin hiRoryof the mannerofitsbeingeffe&ed,we havefuffIcientreafonto believethat the affairendedas itbegan.

Hit_.lib.vl.•1"Totufquetra_usArrao;icusali_queGalliarumprovindz. Ibid.

: When

eH._r.24. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 4ijWhenwefindhehasmiftakenthispoint,itis eafy

to perceivethathiswholefyftemfallstotheground;andas oftenas he infersa confequencefromthereprinciples,thatGaulwasnotconqueredbytheFranks,butthattheFranksWereinvitedbytheRomans,wemayfafetydenyit.

This authorproveshis principle,by the Romandignitieswith whichCloviswasinverted: heinfiftsthatClovisfucceededto Chilperichisfatherin theofficeof magiflermallti,e.But thefetwo officesaremerelyofhisowncreation.S.Remigius'slettertoClovis,onwhichhe groundshisopifiion_, isonlya congratulationuponhis accefflonto the 'crown.Whentheintentofa writingisfowellknown,why/houldwegiveit anotherturn?

Clovis,towardsthe endof his reign,wasmadeconfulby the emperorAnaftafius:but what l:igktcouldhe receivefroman authoritythatlaftedonlyoneyear? It isveryprobable,faysOurauthor,thatin the famediplomathe emperorAnafcafiusmadeClovisproconful.And, I fay, itisveryprobablehedidnot. Withregardto a fa&forwhichthere,iSnofoundation,theauthorityOfh_mwhodeniesis equalto thatofhimwhoaffirms.'ButI havealfoareafonfor denyingit. Gregoryof Tours,whomentionstheconfulate,laysnevera wordconcerningthepro-confulate.And eventhisproconfulatecouldhavelaftedonlyaboutfixmonths Clovisdieda yearanda"halfafterhe wascreatedconful; andwecannotpretendto maketheproconfulateanhereditary"office.In-fine,when"theconfulate,and, if you-Will,theproconfulatewereconferreduponhim,heWas_alre'adymafterofthemonarchy,andallhis rightswere'efl_-blifhed. "_

Tom.ii, book3"chap,IS, p_ge_7_. ' ' "

The.

_4 THE sl,_IT O,FLA_S. fioo_.

Thefecondproofalledgedbythe3_hb_duBos,istherenunciationmadeby the emperorJufdnian,infavourof the childrenandgrand-childrenofClovis,ofallthe'rights0fthe empireoverGaul. I couldlay a greatdealconcerningthisrenunciation.Wemayjudgeofthe regard/hewnto it bythekingsofthe Franks,fromthe mannerin whichthey per-formedtheconditionsofit. Bef_des,thekingsoftheFrankswere mailers,and peaceablefovereignsofGaul; JuRinianhad notonefootof groundin thatcountry; the weiternempirehad beendef_royedatongtimebefore; andtheeafcernempirehadnorighttoGaul_butasreprefentingtheemperoroftheweft.Therewererightsto rights; the monarchyof theFrankswasalreadyfounded; theregulationoftheireltabliflamentwasmade; thereciprocalrightsofthelw.rfonsandof thedifferentnationswholivedin themonarchy,wereagreedon; thelawsof eachnationweregivenandevenreducedintowriting. Whatcould thereforethat foreignrenunciationavailto agovernmentalreadyefcablitlaed

WhatcantheAbb_meanbymakingfuchaparadeofthedeclamationsof allthofebifhops,whoamidtttheconftifion,andtotalfubverfionofthe_ate,endea-vourto flattertheconque,:or? Whatelfeis implied.byflatterlng,buttheweaknefsofhimwhoisobliged•to flatter? Whatdoesrhetoricandpoetryprove,buttherifeofthofeveryarts'!Is it pofllbletohelpbeingfurprifedatGregoryof Tours;whoaftermentioning.the.affaffinations&SmmittedbyClovis,fays,thatGodlaid his enemieseveryday at his feet,becaufehewalkedinhisways? WhodoubtsbuttheclergyweregladofC[ovis'seonvertion,andthattheyevenreaped_eat advantagesfromit? Butwhodoubtsat thetametimethatxhepeopleexperiencedallthe miferiesof :i_onq_,eft,_/ndthat the Romangovernment_fub-

mitted

C_aP._5. THE SPIRIT OF L'AWS,, 4_g/

•_itted tO thatoftheFranks? TheFrankswerenei-i)herwillingnorableto makea totalchange; andfewconquerorswereeverfeizedwithfogreatadegree6fmadnefs.But to renderall the Abb6du Bos'sconfequencestrue,theymuffnotonlyhavemadenochangeamongRthe Romans,but theymuffhaveevenchangedthemfelves.

I couldundertaketo prove,byfollowingthisau-thor'smethod,thattheGreeksneverconqueredPer-fro. I thouldfet out with mentioningthe treatieswhichromeoftheircitiesconcludedwiththeP_rfians:I thouldmentionthe Greekswhowerein Per_lianpay,asthe Frankswerein the payoftheRomans.Andif Alexanderenteredthe Perfianterritories,be-fieged,took,anddettroyedthecity ofTyre,it wasonlya particularaffairlikethatof Syagrius.But,beholdthe Jewifhpontiffgoesforthto meethim.Liftento theoracleof JupiterFLammon.Recolle&howhehadbeenpredi&edatGordium.Seewhatanumberof townscrowd,as it were,to fubmittohim; andhowall theSatrapsandgrandeescometopayh'imobeifance.He put on the Perthndrefs;thisisClovis'sconfularrobe, DoesnotDariusofferhimonehalfof hiskingdom? Is notDariusaffaIfr.natedlikea tyrant? Do not the motherandwifeofDariusweep at the deathof Alexander? WereQ_intusCurtius,Arrian, or Plutarch,Alexander'scotemporaries? Has not the inventionof_ printingaffordingusgreatlights,whichtholeauthorswanted._Suchis the hiftoryof theeflabli/hmentof the_'enchmonarch),in Gaul.

C H A P. XXV.

OftheFrenchNobility.THE Abb6du Bosmaintains,that at thecom-

mencementof our monarchytherewas onlyone,Sec the preliminarydif¢ourf¢of the Abb_ duBoi, order

415 THE SPIRIT OFLAWS. B0oxXX_.orderof citizensamongtheFranks. Thisaffertion,foinjurioustothenoblebloodofourprincipalfami-lies, is equallyaffrontingto thethreegreathoufeswhichfucceffivelygovernedthisrealm. Theoriginoftheirgrandeurwouldnot thereforehavebeenloftin theobfcurityoftime. I-Iifiorymightpointouttheageswhentheywereplebeianfamilies; andto makeChilderic,Pepin;and HughCapetgentlemen,wethouldbe obligedto tracetheirpedigreeamongtheRomansor Saxons,that is, amongthe conquerednations.

Thisauthorgrounds* hisopinionontheSaliclaw.Bythat law,he lays,it plainlyappears,thattherewerenot two differentordersof citizensamongtheFranks: it alloweda compofition+ oftwohundredfousfor the murderof anyFrankwhatfoever; butamongthe Romansit diftinguifhedtheking'sgueft,forwholedeathitgavea compofitionof threehun-dredfous,fromthe Romanproprietorto whomitgranteda hundred,andfromtheRomantributarytowhomit gaveonlya compofitionofforty-five.Andasthedifferenceofthecompofitionsformedtheprin-cipaldiftinc'tion,heconcludesthattherewasbutoneorderofcitizensamongtheFranks,andthreeamongxheRomans.

It is aRonithingthathis verymiftakedid notlethim right. And iv,deed,it wouldhavebeenveryextraordinarythattheRomannobilitywholivedunderthedominationof the Franks, thouldhavea largercompofition; andbeenperfonsof muchgreaterim-portancethanthemoRillfRrio6s_tmongthe Franks,and their greatergenerals. What probabilityis

Seetheeflabli_ame_t_fthe Frenchmonarchy,vol.iii. book6. chap.4.page304.

_fIIecltcsthe44thtitleof thls law_a_/tlthelaw ofthe Ripuarla,n_,tit. 7"

there,

CuAP.2y. THE SPIRIT OF"LAWS. 4T7

there, that the conqueringnationthouldhavefolittlerefpecCtfor themfelves,and 1"ogreat a regardfortheconqueredpeople? Betides,our outhorquotesthelawsof other barbarousnations,which provesthattheyhaddifferentordersof citizens. Now it wouldbe a matter of ationifhmentthat this general rule/houtdhavefailedonly amongthe Franks. Hencehe ought to have concludedeitherthathe did notrightlyunderttand,or thathemifapplied,thepaffagesof the Saliclaw ; whichis a&uallythe care.

Uponopeningthis law, we findthat the compo-fitionfor the deathof an Antruftio_':,that is, of theldng'svaffal,was fixhundredfous: and thatfor thedeathof a Roman, who wasthet king'sgueR,wasonly three hundred. We findtherelikewifethatthe compofitionfor the death of an ordinaryFrsnkItwastwohundredfous; andfor the deathof an ordi-naryRoman§, was onlyonehundred. For thedeathof a Roman*_tributary,who was a kindof bond-manor freedman,they paid a compofitionof forty-fivefous• but I fhatltake nonoticeof this, nomorethan of the compofitionfor the murderof a Frankbondmanor of a Frankfreedman,becaufethisthirdorderof perfonsis outofthe queftion.

_vVhatdoesour authordoP He is quitefilentwithrefpe&to the firftorderof perfonsamongtheFranks,that is the article relating to the Antruftios;andafterwards,uponcomparingthe ordinaryFlank, forwhofedeaththeypaida compofidonoftwo hm_red

_i in trufled_mini:aeft, tit. 44. re&.4"andthlsrelatestothe_3th for-,mularyofMarculfus_de regisaflturuflione.Seealfo the title 66. of the Sa!iqla%fecq.3' and,6.andthe title74-.andthelaw of the Ripuarians_'tit._f. "and the ¢apitularyof Charlesthe Balda],udCar_acum,in the yearg77'chap._o.

"1"Sallclaw, tit. 44. fe_, 6. _ Ibld,tit. 44. f_'_.4"l}Tit.44. f_. tS. "§ Tit. 44 fd_.iS. * _ :_' Saliclaw, tit.44"fe&,7" " _ " "

VOl..II. E e fous,

4_8 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. Bog_gXXXoa

fous, with thofewhomhe diflinguifl_esunderthreeordersamongthe Romans,andfor whofedeaththeypaid differentcompofitions,he findsthat therewasonlyoneorderofcitizensamor_gthe Franks, andthattherewerethreeamongthe Romans.

Asthe Abbdis of opinionthat therewas onlyoneorderof citizensamongtiaeFranks, it wouldhavebeenluckyforhimthat therehadbeenonlyoneorderalfoamongthe Burgundians,beeaufetheir kingdomconftitutedoneof the principalbranchesof our mo-narchy. But in their codes* we find threefortsofcompofitions,one for the Burgundianor Romannobility,the otherfor theBurgundiansor Romansofa middlingcondition,and the third for thole of alowerrank in bothnation_. He hasnotquotedthislaw.

It is veryextraordinaryto fee in what mannerheevadest tholepaffageswhichprefshim hard on alltides. If yout)eak to him of the grandees,lords,andthe nobility: there, helays, aremeredif_in&ionsof refpe_, and not of order; they are things ofcourtet_',and not legal privileges;or elfe, he lays,thole people belongedto the king's council; nay,they potSblymightbe Romans: but Pill therewasonlyone order of citizensamong the Franks. Onthe otherhand, if you fpeak to him of fomeFranksof an inferior rank;I:,he lays, they are bondmen;and thus he interpretsthe decreeof Childebert. ButI muft flop here a little, toenquirefartherintothis

Sl quisquolibeteafudentemoptimatlBurgundionivel Romanonobiliexcufferit,folidosvigintiquinquecogaturexfolvere_ de mediocribusperfonisingenuistam BurgundionlbusquamRomaniafi densexeuffusfu_rlt,decemfohdiseomponatur_de inferioribusperfonis_cluidquefolidos.Jlrt. I, z,a,_d3, _ftit. 26.ofthela_aof theBurgundlan_.

]- Eflablithmentof theFrenchmonarchy,vol,iii. book6.chap,4' and5"Ibid. vol.iii. chap.5"page3J9and3zo.

decree.

CHap.:z5. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 4_9

decree. Our authorhas renderedit famousby avail-inghimfelfof it in orderto provetwothi_gs; theone*, that all the compofitionswemeetwithin thelawsof the13arbarianswer_onlycivil I_nesaddedtocorporalpunifl_ments,whichintireh:fobvertsall theantient records: the other, that ait freemenwerejudgeddire&lyandimmediatdybytheking -_,whichis contradi_edby an infinkenumberof paffagesandauthorities,informingus of the +judiciaryorder oftholetimes.

This decree,which was madeinan affemblyIIofthe nation,lays, that if the j,.lc,_e"_crfindsa notoriousrobber_he muffco_nmandhimto betied, inordertobe carriedbeforethe king,fi Francvsfucr:.t; but ifhe is a weakerperfon(dcbiliorperfo,ea),he/ball behangedon thefpot. Accordingto theAbbdduBos,Yerancusis a freeman,dcbit/o_"pelfovais a bondman.I flaalldeferenteringforamomentintothefignificationof theword Francz:s,andbeginwithexaminingwhatcan be underfloodby therewords,aweakerperfon.In all languageswhatfoever,ever},comparifonnecef-farilyfuppofeththreeterms, the greateO:,thelefsde-gree, and the leaR. If none were heremeant butfreemenandbondmen,theywouldhave laida bo'ad-azan,and not a manof leftpower. Thereforedebiliorperfonadoesnot fignifya bondman,buta perfonof afuperiorconditionto a bondman. Uponthisfuppo-fitmn,Francuscannotmeana freemanbuta powerfulman; andthis word is takenherein thatacception,becaufeamong the Franks there were alwaysmen

'_ Ef_abllfhmentof the Frenchmonarchy_wl. ill b, 6. c. 4"P"3o7 and 3og,-["Ibid. page_o9. and in the followingchapter, page319 and 3zo.

Seethc =8_hbook of this work, chap. zg. antl the 3_K. bo_,k,chap. g.I[ Itaque Colonia convenlt & ita bannivlmus, ut unufquejudex crirninofum

latrenera ut audicrit, ad cafam fuam ambulet & ipfum ]igare faciat i ira ut liFrancusfueril:, ad noPcrampr;_fcntiam di_igaturi & fi debilior perfona/-ucritjin Leo peadatur, Ca/_itMary,of .Baluzius'sediti_n_folt#,i. la_*g¢19.

E e z who

42o THE SPIRIT OF LA_WS."BooKXXX.

whohadgreaterpowerthanothersin the ftate,_ndit wasmoredifficultforthejudgeorcountto chaftifethem. Thisexplicationagreesverywellwithmanycapitularies_*,wherewe findthecafesin whichthecriminalswereto be carriedbeforethe king, andthofein whichitwasotherwife.

It is mentionedin the lifeof Lewisthe Debon-nairet, writtenbyTegan,thatthebithopsweretheprincipalcaufeof the humiliationof that emperor,efpeciallytholewhohadbeenbondmen,andfuchaswerebornamongthe Barbarians.Teganthusad-dreffesHebo,whomthisprincehaddrawnfromtheftateoffervitude,andmadearchbithopof Rheims." Whatrecompence$ didtheemperorreceivefrom" youfor fo manybenefits? Hemadeyoua free-" man,but did not enobleyou,becaufehe could_' notgiveyounobilityafterhavinggivenyouyour" liberty."

Tl_isdifcourfewhichprovesfoftronglythetwoor-dersofcitizens,doesnotatallconfoundtheAbbdduBos.Heanfwersthus]l: " Themeaningofthispaf--" rageisnot, that Lewisthe Debonnairewasinca-" pableof introducingHebointotheorderof the" nobility.Hebo,as archbithopof Rheims,mutt"' havebeenofthefirttorder,fuperiortothatofthe" nobility." I leavethe readerto judge,whetherthisbe notthemeaningof thatpaffage; I leavehimtojudgewhethertherebeanyquettionhereconcern-!nga precedencyof the clergyover the nobility." This paffageprovesonly," continuesthe famewriter§, " that the freebornfubje&swerequalified

Seethe"_thbookofthiswork,chap.z_. andthe 3xfthook,chap.$.af Chap.43"and 44.

0 qualcmrernuneradonernreddidiltlei ! fedt te liberum,nonnobilern,quodimpoflibil¢ePcpo_libertatem.Ibld.[1EPcahlilhmcntoftheFrenchmonarchy_vol.iii. book6. chap.4"P"3,6.§ Ibid.

¢_ gS

CHAr._5. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 4_X

c_as noblemen; in the commonacceptationnoble-" menandmenwhoarefree-bornhavefor thislongs, time tignifiedthe fame thing." What! becauferomeof our B_urghershave lately afihmedthequa-lityof noblemen,/hall a paffageof thelifeof Lewi_the Debonnairebe applied to this fort of people?'_ Andperhaps,(continueshe frill)IIHebo had not_' beena bondmanamofigthe Franks, but among_' theSaxons,or romeother Germannation, where_' the peopleweredividedintofeveralorders."Thenbecaufeof theAbbe_du Bos'sperba.pstheremuffhavebeenno nobilityamong the nationof the Franks.But he neverapplieda perhapsfo badly. We haveiCeenthatTegan§ diftinguifiaesthe biflaops,whohadoppofedLewisthe Debonnaire,rome of whomhadbeen bondmen,and othersof a barbarousnation.Hebo belongedto the formerand not to thelatter,Betides,I donot feehowa bondman,fuchas Hebojcan be laid to havebeen a Saxonor a German; abondmanhasnofamily, and confequentlynonation.Lewisthe DebonnairemanumittedHebo ; and asbondmenaftertheirmanumiffion,embracedthe lawof theirmatter,Hebo w_sbecomea Frank, andnot

Saxonor German.I have beenhithertoactingoffenfivdy; it is now

timeto defendmyfelf.It willbeobje&edto me,thatindeedthe bodyof the Antruffiosformeda diftin&orderin the Rate, from that of the freemen; butasthe fiefswere at firft precarious,andafterwardsforlife, this couldnot forma noblenefsof defcent,fincetheprivilegeswerenotannexedto an hereditaryfief.Thisis the obje&ionwhich inducedMr. de Valostothink, that therewas only one order of citizens

:El_abiI_amentof theFrenchmonarchy_vol.ill. book6.chap.4. P. 3' 6.§ Omnesepifcopimolelli fueruntLudovlco_& maxim_,ii quos_ fervil¢

¢onditlonehonoratoshabebat,curehisquiex barbarisnationlbusadhoefa_i.tgiuraperdu6't[runt. _Deg_is Lud_iclPii, cap.43 _ _,

E e3 among

42_ THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BookXXY_

amongtileFranks;an opinionwhichthe AbbdduBoshasborrowedof him,andwhichhehasabfo-lutelyfpoile:lwithfoma,_ybadarguments., Bethatas it may, it is not the.Abbddu Bosthat couldmakethisobje&ion.For afterha,/'inggiventhreeordersofRomannobility,andthequalityoftheking'sgueftfor thefirR,he couldnot pretendtofaythatthistitlewasagreatermarkof anobledefcentthanthatof Antruftio.But.Imuffgivea dire&anfwer.TheAntruftiosor truftymenwerenotfuchbecaufetheywerepoffefl_dof afief,but'theyhada fiefgiventhembecaufetheywereAntruftiosor truflv men.Thereadermaypleafeto recolle&what hasbeenlaidinthe beginningof thisbook. Theyhadnotat thattime,asthe),hadafterwards,the tamefief:but if theyhadnot fi_at,theyhadanother,becaufethefiefsweregivenat theirbirth,andbecaufetheywereoftengrantedin the afi_mbliesof the natio.n,2nd,in f_._e,becaufeit wasthe intereRof thenobi-lity to receivethem,it waslikewifethe king'sin-refer to grant tMn-. Therefamilieswerediftin-gui_hedby theirdignityof truftymen,andbytheprivik_geof beingqualifiedtofwearallegianceforafief. In the folk_wingbook, * I thalldemonttratefrom the eircumflancesof time,thattherewerefree-menwhowerepermittedtoenjoythisgreatprivilege,and confequentlyto enterintotheorderof nobility."/'hiswasnot the careat thetimeof Gontram,andhisnephewChildebert; butfoit wasatthe timeofCharlemalgn.Butthoughin thatprince'sreignthefreemenwerenot incapableof pofl_tSngfiefs,yetit_ppearsbytheabove-citedpaffageofTegan,thatthefreedmenwereablblutelyexcluded.WilltheAbbdduBos,J-whocarriesus toTurkey,to giveusan idea

_-Et_ablithm_ntof theFrer_ monarchy,vol.iii. book6, ch_p.4"P'3°_'of

C_P.r, THE sPIRIT OF LAWS, 4_3

of the ancientFrenchnobility; will he, I fay, pre-"cendthat they evercomplainedamongtheTurks ofthe elevationof peopteof low birth to thehonoursand dignitiesof the ftate,astheycomplainedunderLewis theDebonnaireandCharlestheBald? Therewas nocomplaintof that kind underCharlemaign.becaufethis princealwaysdiftinguithedthe ancientfronthe new families; whichLewisthe DebonnaireandCharlesthe Balddidnot.

The public thould not forg.etthe obligationitowesto the Abb6 du Bos for feveralexcellentper-formances. It isby thefeworks, andnotby hishi_-_oryof the effablifhmentof the Frenchmonarchy,we oughttojudgeof his merit. He committedverygreat miflakes,becaufehe had more in view thecountof Boulainvillier'swork,thanhis ownfubje&.

Fromall thereftri&uresI thall drawonlyonere-fie&ion; if fo greata manwasmiftaken,howcau-tiouflyoughtI to tread?

B O O K XXXI.

THEORY OF THE FEUDAL LAzArS AMONG THE

FRANKS_ IN THE RELATION THEY BEAR TOTHE REVOLUTIONS OF THEIR MONARCHY.

CHAP. L

Changesin the ogficesandin thefiefs. Of themayors,)f t,!,epalace.

T H E countsat firftweretentinto theirdiftri&sonlyfor a 3,ear; but they loonpurchafedthecontinuationof theiroffices. Of thiswe haveanex,:ampleinthereignof Clovis'sgrandchildren. A per-

Be4 fon

4_4 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BooKXXXI,

fon namedPeonius* was count in the cityof Au-xerre ; he lent his fon Mummoluswith moneytoGontram,to prevailupon him to continuein hisemployment;the fongave the money for himfelf,and obtainedthe father'splace. The ldngs hadal-readybegunto fpoiltheir ownfavours.

Though by the laws of the kingdom the fiefswere precarious,yet they were neithergiven nortaken awayin a capriciousand arbitrarymanner;nay, theyweregenerallyone of the principalfub-je&sdebatedin the nationalaffemblies. It is naturalhoweverto imaginethat corruptionhad feizedthis,as well as the other article; and that the pott_i_onof thefiefs, likethatof thecounties,wascontinuedfor money.

I _hallihewin thecourfeof this bookt, that, in-dependently"of the grantswhich the princesmadefor a certaintime, there were others in perpetuity.The court wantedto revokethe formergrants; thisoccafioneda generaldifcontentin the nation,and wasloon followedwith that famousrevolutionin theFrenchhiftory,whofefirffepochawas the amazing£_pe&acleof the executionof Brunechild.

That thisqueen,whowasdaughter,filler,and mo-ther to fomanykings, a queento thisveryday cele-bratedfor public monumentsworthy of a Roman.zZEdileor Proconfut,bornwith an admirablegeniu_for affairs,and endowedwithqualitiesfo long re-fped'ted,thouldfee herfelf:I:of a fuddenexpotkdtofo flow, fo ignominiousand cruela torture, by IIaking wholeauthoritywas but indifferentlyeRabliflledin the nation, wouldappearveryextraordinary,had

-flae not incurredthat nation'sdifpleafurefor romeparticularcaufe.Clothariusreproached§herwiththe

Gregoryof Tours,book iv. chap.4z.-]-Chap.vii. _ Fredegarius'schronicle,chap.4z.l] ClothariusII. fonof Chilpefic,andfatherof Dagobert.

Frcdegarlus'schroaide,chap.4z.murder

CaAp.l, THE S'PIRIT OF LAWS, 42_murderof tenkings: but two of themhehadputto deathhimfelf;thedeathofromeoftheotherswasowingto chance,or tothevillanyofanotherqueen;andtoa nationthat hadpermittedFredegundaJjtodiein herbed, thathadevenoppofedthepunithmentof herflagitiouscrimes,oughtto havebeenveryindifferentwith refpe&to tholeof Brunechild.

Shewasputupona camel,andledignominiouflythroughthearmy: a certainfignthatthehadgivengreat offenceto thofetroops. Fredegariusrelates,thatProtarius*, Brunechild'sfavourite,firippedthelordsof theirproperty,andfilledtheexchequerwiththeplunder; thathehumbledthenobility,andthatnoperfoncouldbe lure of continuinginanyofficeoremployment.The armyconfpiredagaini_him,andhewasttabbedin his tent; butBurnechiid,ei-ther by revenging§ hisdeath,or bypurfuingthe"fameplan,becam.eeverydaymoreodioust tothenation.

Clotharius,ambitiousof reigningalone,inflamedmoreoverwiththemoltfuriousrevenge,andlureofperithingif Brunechild'schildrengottheupperhand,enteredintoaconfpiracyagainRhimfelf;andwhetherit wasowingto ignorance,ortotheneceflityof hiscircumthnces,hebecameBrunechild'saccufer,andmadeaterribleexampleof thatprincefs.

Warnachariushadbeenthe veryfoulof thecon-fpiracyformedagainRBrunechild; beingatthattimemayorof Burgundy,he made._Clothariusconfent,USeeGregoryofTours,bookviii.chap,31.•t S;evailli fuit contra_perfonasiniquitas,fifconlmiumtrlhunes_de rebus

peffonarumingenlofefifcumvellensimpler¢..., ut nullusrepcrirettirquigradumquemarripaeratpotuiffetadfumere.Frtdeg.chron,cba2. z 7. in the7tar605.

§ Ibldcap.zg.Inthe year607.af Ibidcap.41. intheyear613. Burl_undia_farones,tameyifcopleuamc_eted

Leudes,tiraentesBrwnecbildeme_odiuminearnhabentes,con/Yiuminlentes,&c.Ibid.cap.4z. in the year6z3. ,_a_ramentoa ClotbarioacceBtoneunguara

_itcfua tHnporibusdagradareturl" " that

_2G THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BookXXXI.

that he thouldnot be difplacedwhilehe lived. Bythis flepthe mayorcouldno longerbe in the famecare as the Frenchlordsbeforethatperiod; andthisauthoritybeganto render iffelfindependentof theregaldignity.

It was Brunechild'sunhappyregency,which hadexafperatedthe nation. So longas thelawsfubfiftedin their full force,no one couldgrumbleat havingbeendeprivedof a fief, fincethe law didnotbellowit uponhim in perpetuity. But when fiefscametobe acquiredby avarice,by bad pra&icesand cor-ruption, theycomplainedof being diveftedby irre-gular means,of thingsthat hadbeenirregularlyac-quired. Perhaps if thepublic good had beenthemotiveof the revocationof tlm'fegrants,nothingwould have beenlaid: but they pretendeda re-gard toorder, while they were openlyabettingtheprinciplesof corruption; thefifcalrightswereclaimed,in orderto lavifhthe public treafure: and grantswerenolongerthe rewardor encouragementof fer-vices. Erunechild,froma corruptfpirit, wantedtoreformthe abufcs of the ancient corruption. Hercapriceswere not owing to weaknefs; the vafl:als.andthe great ofl:icersthinking themfelvesin danger,preventedtheir own, by her ruin.

We are far from having all the recordsof thetranfa&ionsof thole days; and the writersof chro-nicles,whounderfioodverynearas muchof thehif-toryof theirtime, as our peafantsknowof ours,areextremelybarren. Yet we have a conftitutionofClotharius,givenIIin the councilof Paris for thereformationof }abufes,whichfhewsthat thisprince

II SometimeafterBrunechild'sexecutlon_in the year615. SeeBaluzius;seditionof the capitularies,pagezi.

§ O_mcontrarationisordinema&avelordlnatarunt,neinantea,quodavert_tJlivlnitabcontinganbdifpofuerimus,ChriPcoiormfule_yerhujusedi&itenoremgeneraliteremendare.Ibid. art. I6.

put

CsAr.z. THE SPIKIT OF LAWS. 4z7

puta flopto thecomplaintsthathadoccafionedtherevolution.On the onehand,heconfirms*all thegrantsthat hadbeenmadeorconfirmedbythekingshispredeceffors; andontheother,heordainst thatwhateverhadbeentakenfromhisvaffals,thouldberef_oredto them_

This wasnot theonlyconceflionthe kingmadein thatcouncil; heenjoinedthatwhateverhadbeeninnovated,inoppofitiontotheprivilegesoftheclergy,fl_ouldberedreffed+; andhemoderatedtheinfluenceof thecourtin thet]ele_ionsof biflnops.He evenreformedthefifcalaffairs; ordainingthatallthenew§ cenfus'sflmuldbe aboli{hed,andthattheythouldnotlevyan5,*_tollef_ablithedfincethedeathofGon-tram,Sigebert,andChilpheric; thatis, heaboliflaedwhateverhadbeendoneduringtheregenciesofFrede-gundaandBrunechild.Heforbadthedrivingofhiscattleto graze4-inprivatepeople'sgrounds; andwe/hallprel_ntlyfeethatthereformationwasdillmoregeneral,foasto extendevento civilattairs.

CHAP. II.

Howthe civilGovernmentwasreformed.

HITHERTO the nationhad givenmarksofimpatienceand levity,with regardtothechoiceorcondu&of hermailers; fhehadregulatedtheirdif-ferences,andobligedthemto cometo anagreement

*SeeB_l,z;us'sedit.of thecapitularies,art..6. J"Ibid.art.x7._ Etquodpertemporaexho¢pr_termiffumet_veldehincperpetualiteroh.

fgrvcttlr.

Ithautepifc_podecedenreinloeoipfius,quiametropolitanoordlnarldebetCureprlncipalihus,.-eleroetpopuloeligaturiet fiperfonacondignafuerit,perordinatior_emprin¢ipisordinetur;velcertefidepalatloeligiturjpermerltumperfona_& doc'trinmordinetur. Ibid. art. I.

§ Ut ubicumquecenfttshorus impi_ additus eft, emendetur..drt. 8.e# ibid.art.9" + Ibid.art._z.

arnongft

_z$ THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BoosXXXI.

amongftthemfelves. But now flaedidwhat beforewas q_ite unexampled; flaecarthereyeson herac-tual t_tuation,examinedthe laws coolly,provided;againfttheir infufficiency,repreffedviolence,andmoderatedthe regalpower.

The boldandinfolentregenciesof Fredegundaand_Brunechild,had lefsfurprifedthan roufedthe nation.Fredegunckahad defendedherhorridcruelties,herpoi-foningsand affa_nations,by a repetitionof the famex:rimes; andhad behavedin fucha mannerthat her_utrageswere ratherof a privatethanpublicnature.Fredegundadidmoremifchief: Brunechildthreatenedmore. Inthis crifis,the nationwas notfatisfiedwithre&ifyingthefeudal_'ftem; fl_ewasalfodeterminedto fecureher civil government. For the latter wasrathermore corrupt than the former; a corruptionthe moredangerousas it was more inveterate,andconne&edratherwith theabufeof mannersthanwiththat of laws.

The hiftoryof Gregoryof Tours exhibits,on theone hand, a fierceand barbarousnation; andontheother,kingsremarkablefor the fameferocityof tem-per. Thole princeswere bloody, iniquitous, andcruel, becaufefuchwas the chara6terof the wholenation. If Chriftianityappearedfometimesto foftentheirmanners,it was only by the circumRancesofterrorwithwhichthisreligionalarmsthe firmer: thechurch fupportedherfelf agaii_Rthemby the mira-culousoperationsof her faints. The kings wouldnotcommit facrilege,becaufethey dreadedthe pu-nifhmentsinfli£tedon thatfpeciesof guilt; but thisexcepted,eitherin the riotof paffion,or in the cool-nefsof deliberation,they perpetratedthe molt hor-rid crimes and barbarities,where the divineven-geancedidnot appearfo immediatelyto overtakethecriminal. The Franks, as I have alreadyobferved,bore with cruel kings, becaufethey were of the

3 fame

emir,2. THE _PIRIT OF LAWS. jt29

famedifpofitlonthemfelves; theywerenot/hockedatthe iniquityandextortionsof theirprinces,becaufethiswas the nationalcharacqeriRic.Therehadbeenmanylawseftablithed,but it was ufual forthe king/tode.featthemall, byakindofletterscalledprecepts*,whichrenderedthemof no effe&; theywerethroe-what fimilarto therefcriptsof theRoman'emperors,whetherit bethat our kingsborrowedthisufageoftholeprinces,or whetherit was owingto theirownnaturaltemper. We feein Gregoryof Tours, howtheyperpetratedmurder in coolblood, and put the_lccufedtodeath, unheard; howtheygavepreceptstfor illicit marriages; for transferingfucceffions; fordeprivingrelationsof theirright ; and in fine,mar-rying confecratedvirgins. Theydid not indeedaf-fumethewholele_flativepower, but theydifpenfedwit-hthe executionof thelaws.

Clotharius'sconftitutionredreffedall thefegrievan-ces; noone_ couldanylongerbe condemnedwithoutbeingheard; relations11weremadeto thcceedaccord-ing to the ordereftabfithedby law; allpreceptsformarryingreligiouswomenweredeclarednull; § andtholewhohad obtainedandmade ufeof them, werefeverelypunilhed. We might know perhapsmoreexa&lyhis determinationwithregardto thereprecepts,if thethirteenthand the twonextarticlesof thisde-creehad notbeenlofltthroughthe injuriesof time.We haveonlythefirfrwordsof thisthirteentharticle,ordainingthat the preceptsthallbe obferved,whichcannotbe underfroodof thole he had jure abolifhedbythe famelaw.We haveanotherconRitution_.'*"by

Theywereorderswhich the kinglenttothejudges,todoor totoleratethingscontrarytolaw,

"_See Gregoryof Tour_, bool_iv. p_ge2_7. Bothourhl/_oryandthechartersarefullof thisl and the exte,t of thereabufesappearsefpeclallyinClo_harlus'sconRitution,inferredin theeditionof thecapitulariesmadetQre-formthem. Baluzlus'sed?tion_page7.

Art.22. ][Ibld.art.6. § Ibld.• t In Baluzius'seditionof theoapitulariest tom.i, page7.

the

430 THE SPIRITOF LAWS. Boo_XXXI.

thefameprince,whichis relativeto his decree,andcorrectsillthefamemanner,everyarticleof theabufesof theprecepts.

True it is that Baluzius findingthis conffitu-tion withoutdate, and without the name of theplacewhereitwasgiven,attributesit to ClothariusI.But I Fayit belongs to ClothariusII, for threereafons; i. It thysthat thekingwillpretkrvetheim-munities1-grantedto the churches,byhisfatherandgrandfather.What immunitiescouldthe churchesre-ceivefromChilderic,grandfatherof ClothariusI. whowas not a ChriiIian,and who livedevenbeforethefoundationof themonarchy? But if we attributethisdecreetoClothariusII. we onallfindhisgrandfathertohavebeenthisveryClothariusI. whomadeimmenfedonationsto the church,witha viewof expiatingthemurderof his fortCramne,whomhe hadorderedtobeburnt, togetherwithhis wifeandchildren.

2. The abufesredreffedby thisconRitution,wereRill£ubfiftingafterthedeathof ClothariusI. andwereevencarriedto the higheffextravaganceduringtheweakreign of Gontram,the cruel adminit_rationofChilperic,andthe execrableregenciesof FredegundaandBrunechild.Now can we imaginethat the na-tibn wouldhaveborne with grievancesfo folemnly

, profcribed,withoutcomplainingof theircontinualre-petition? Can we imagineOnewouldnothavetakenthe fameRepas OnedidafterwardsunderChildericII.+ whenupon a repetitionof the oldgrievances,One+preffed§him toordainthat the law and cuffomsinregard to judicial proceedings,Onouldbe compliedwithas formerly.

In fine,as this conftitutionwas madeto redrefs-_ In the precedingbookIhavemadementionof there immunities_which

weregrantsof .judicialrights, andcontainedprohibitionsto theregaljugestoperformanyfunctionin theterritory,andwereequivalentto th_ ere&ionorgrantof a fief.

He begantoreigntowardsthe year67o.§ Seethelifeof $. Le_er,

grievances,

_HAV,3. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS, 432

grievances,it cannotrelateto ClothariusI. fincetherewerenocomplaintsof that kind inhisreign,andhisauthoritywas perfe&lyef[ablifl_edthrough.outthekingdom,efpeciallyat thetime in whichthey placethis conf_itution_whereasit agreesextremelyweilwiththeevents that happenedduring the r_ign ofClothariusII. whichproduceda revolutionin thepoliticalIrateof thekingdom. Hiitory mutt be il-lu_ratedbythe laws,and the lawsbyhiftory,

C H A P. IIL

Author_Uof the3/Iasarsof the _Palace.I TOOK noticethatClothariusIf. hadpromifed

not to depriveWarnachariusof his mayor'splaceduringlife; a revolutionprodu&iveof anotherel-ice&.Beforethat timethe mayorwastheking'sof-ricer,but nowhebecametheotficerof thepeople; b.ewaschofenbeforeby the king, and nowby the na-tion. Beforetherevolution,Protariushadbeenmademayorby Theodoric,and _Landericby Fredegunda;butJ--afterthatthemayorswerechofenbythenation5"

We muftnot thereforeconfound,asromeauthorshavedone, theremayorsof thepalace with fuch aswerepoflEffedofthisdignitybei-brethedeathofBrune-child; theking'smayorswiththoleof theldngdom.We feeby the law of the Burgundians,that amongthem the officeof mayorwasnotone of the1[molt:refpe&ableintheRate;norwasit oneof themoltemi.nent§ under the firflckingsof the Franks.

* In_HganteBrunechilde_Theodo_ico._ubent%&c,Fredegarius_chap.z7.in the year605.

t GeftaregumFraneorum,cap.$6,]_SeeFredegarius'schroniele_chap. 54, in the year626,and his anony-

mouscontinuator,chap.1ox.in the year695.andchap._o5. in theyear715..Aimoin,booki_'.chap.15. Egiahard,lifeof Charlemalgn_chap.48. Ge£tar_gumFrancorum,chap. 45"

I[ Seethe lawof the Burgundiansinl)_,efat,andthe feeondfupplement:tothis law, tit. x3.

§SeeGrelloryofTours_bookix.chap.36.Clotharius

452 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BooKXX_.

Clothariusremovedtheapprehenfionsof tholewhowerepoffeffedof employmentsand fiefs;andwhenafterthedeathof Warnacharius* he afkedthelordsaffembledat Troyes,whois it theywouldputin hisplace; theycriedout,theywouldchufenoone,butruingfor hisfavour,committedthementirelyintohishands.

Dagobertreunitedthewholemonarchyinthe famemannerashisfather; thenationhada thoroughcon-fidencein him,andappointednomayor.Thisprincefindinghimfelfat liberty,andelatedbyhisvic%ries,refumedBrunechild'splan. Buthe fucceededfo ill,thatthevaffalsof _/kuf_rafialet themfelvesbebeatenbytheSclavonians,andreturnedhome,fo that themarchesof Auftrafiawereleft a prey to the Bar-barianst.

He determinedthento makeanofferto theAuf-trafians,of refigningthat country,togetherwith aprovincialtreafure,tohisfonSigebert,andtoputthegovernmentof thekingdomandof the palaceintothehandsof Cunibertbifhopof Cologne,andoftheduke Adalgifus. Fredegariusdoesnot enterintotheparticularsof theconventionsthenmade; butthekingconfirmedthemallbycharters,and+Auftrafiawasimmediatelyfecuredfromdanger.

'_ EoannoClotariuscureproceribusetleudibusBurgundizTrecaflinlscon-jugltur,cureeorumeffetfcllicitusfivellentjamWarnachariodifceffo,allurein¢jushonorisgradumfubHmaxe: Sed omnesuaanimiterdenegantesfenequa-quamvellemajoremdomusellgere,regisgratiamobnixepetentes,cureregctranfegere.Fredegariuc'sjdaronicle_cba_.54, intbeyear6z6.

1"Iftamvi_oriamquanaWinidicontraFrancosmeruerunt,nontantt_mScla-vlnorumfortitudoobtinult,quantumdementafioAu_rafiorum_dumfecerne-bantcumDagohertoodiumincurriffe_ct attiducexpoliarentur.Fredeg_rius'scbrenicle,cba_.68.in tl_eyear630.

DeincepsAul_rafiicorumPcudlolimltemet regnumFrancorumcontraWi-nidosutiliterdefeafaff¢nofcuatur.FredagariuFscl:ronicl¢_¢bag_.75, inthe.year6]_.

Dagobert

C_AP.3. THE SPIRIT OF LAW'_S. 433

Dagobertfindinghimfclfnearhisend,recommend-ed hiswifeNentechildis,andhisfonClovis,to the careof _/Ega.The Vaffalsof Neuffriaand Burgundychore_ thisyoungprincefor their king. 2_EgaandNentechildishad the governmentof /-the palace;theyreftored_ whateverDagoberthad taken; andcomplaintsceafedin NeuftriaandBurgundy,astheyhad ceafedin Auftrafia.

Afterthedeathof tEga, the queenNentechildisItengagedthe lords of Burgundyto chufeFloachatusfor their mayor. The latter difpatchedlettersto thebifilopsand chief lords of the kingdom of Bur-gundy,bywhichhepromiti_dtoprefervetheirhonoursand dignities§ for ever, that is, during life. Heconfirmedhis wordby oath. This is the period,atwhich_'_*the authorof thetreatifeof themayorsofthe palacefixestheadminiffrationof thekingdombytlmfeofficers.

Fredegariusbeinga Burgundian,has enteredintoa moreminutedetail,as to whatconcernsthemayorsof Burgundy,at thetimeof the revolutionofwhichweare fpe_ing, than with regardto themayorsofAu_rafiaandNeu_ria. But theconventionsmadeinBurgundywere,for the veryfamereafons,agreedtoinNeuCcriaandAuftrafia.

The nationthought it rarerto lodgetheF,owcrinthehandsof a mayorwhomfilecho/ehert_tf,andcowhomfinemightpreiEribeconditions,deanin tho',_ofa kingwholepowerwas hereditary.

* Fredegarlus'schronicle_chap.79. inthe year638. "_Ibld.Ibid.chap._o.in theyear639.

11Ibid. chap.gg"in theyear6¢z.§ ibid.cap.S9. Floachatuscurt&isduclbusa regnoP,urgundiaefeuetpon-

tificibus,pereDRolametiam.t facra:n¢_ti_fi,mavttumcmquegrahamlaononsctdtg*l.tattm_feuet amlcitlam_perpe_uo;on"e,vare.

*'_Dcintepsa tcmporibusClodoveiq,,i fuitfihusDagabe:5inclytiregis,patervetoTheoaorici,regaumFrancorumdecidenspermajorebdomus_c_pitordmarh1_ maflribusdomusregia.

Vo/..II, F f C H A P.

434 TH_ SPIRIT OF LAWS. BooKXXX_

C H A P. IV.

Of theGeniusof theNationinregardto theMayors.

A GOVERNMENT,inwhichanationthathadanhereditaryking, chorea perfonto exercifethe regalauthority,£eemsvery extraordinary:but indepen-dentlyof thecircumttancesof the times,i apprehendthatthe notionsOfthe Franksin regardto this arti,i:lewerederivedfromahigherfource.

The Franksweredefcendedfromthe Germans,ofwhomt Tacitus lays, that in the choiceof theirking they weredeterminedby his nobleextra&ion;andin thatof theirleader,by hisvalour. This givesus anideaof the kings of the firfkrace, andof themayorsof thepalace_ theformerwerehereditary,thelatter ele&ive.

No doubt, but tholeprinces,who floodup in thenationalaffembly,andofferedthemfelvesas the con-du&orsof a public.ente_rizeto fuchas wereWillingto followthem, united,generallyin theirownperfoe_boththe powerof the mayor_andthe king'sautho-rity. By the fplendourof theirdefcenttheyhadat-tainedthe regal dignity; and their militaryabilit!eshaving recommendedthe,n to the commandof ar-mies, theyroleto the pawerofmayor. By theregaldignityour firpekings prefidedin the courtsandaf-{[_mblies,andena.a_edlawswiththe nationalconfen.t;by the dignityof dukeor leader,theyundertookex-peditions,and commandedthearmies.

In order to beacquaintedwith the geniusof theprimitiveFranksinthisrefpe&,wehaveonlytoearleaneyeon thecondu&of $ Argobapees,a Frank by na-tion, onwhomValentinianhad conferredthe com-mandof thearmy, He confinedthe emperorto his

]" Regese_nobilltate_cluce%ex virtutefumunt. DemorlbusGermanorum.SeeSulpi'cius._.lexaaderin Gregoryof Tours_bookz.

own

CaAP.5. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 435ownpalace; wherehe wouldfuffernobly tofpeakto himconcerningeithercivilormi]karyaffrirs.Ar-gobaftesdidat thattimewhatwasafterwardspracCtifedbythePepins.

CHAP. V.

Inzv]bat2VfannertheMayorsobtainedtheCommandoftheArmies.

SOlongas thekingscommandedtheirarmiesinperfon,thenationneverthoughtofchufingaleader.ClovisandhisfourfonswereattheheadoftheFranks,andledthemonthroughaferiesofviHories.Theo-baldfonof Theodobert,a young,weak,andfick!yprince,was thefirR* of our kingsthat confinedhimfelfto hispalace.He refufedto undertakeanexpeditionintoItalyagainftNarfes,andhadt themortificationto feethe Frankschufethemfelvestwochiefs,wholedthemagainRtheenemy.OfthefourfonsofClothariusI. Gontram_ wasthelearfondofcommandinghis armies;theotherkingsfollowedthisexample; and,inorderto intruRthecommandwithoutdangerintootherhands,theyconferredituponfeveralchiefsordukes[[.

Innumerableweretheinconven_encieswhichthencegrofe; alldifciplinewasloft,noonewouldanylon-

_'In theyear552.•_ Leutharlsveroet Buti|inus,tametfiid regiipforumminimeplacebatj

he]licure eis focietateminierunt. Agatbi_s_bookx. Gregoryof ¢f_utsjbo_iiv, chap.9,

Gontramdidnot evenmarchagaiaflGondovald_whottiledhimfelffonofClotharius_andclaimedhis fhareof thekingdom.

I[Sometimesto the numberof twenty. See Gregoryof Tours_hookv.chap. ZT.bookviii. chap.18_and30. hookx.chap.3" Dagoberb whohac_rmma_orin Burgundy,ohfervedthefamepollcD andlent againfttheGarconstenduke_andfeveralcountswhohadnodukesoverthem. Fredegariu_'sCbro-_#/c,cb_. 78._ntIoeyear636.

Ff ._ ge,r

\

436 THE "SPIRIT OF LAWS. Book XXXI,

ger obey; The armiesweredreadfulonly to theirown country; they wereloadenwith fpoils,beforethey had reachedthe enemy. Of theremiferieswehave a very livelypi&urein Gregoryof Tours_." H_w thall,we be ableto ob:aina vi&ory,lays" Gontramt, we who donotfo muchas keepwhat" our anceftorsacquired? Our nationis no longer"' the fame...... " Strange, that it thould be onthe declinefo early as the reignof Ciovis'sgrand-children!

It Wasthereforenatural they fhoulddetermineatlaftuponan onlyduke, a duke invertedwithan au-thorityover this prodigiousmultitudeof feudallordsandvaflitls,who werenowbecomettrangeFsto theirownengagements;a duke who was to eflabliththemilitarydifcipline, and to put himfelfat the headofa nationunhappilypra_ifed in makingwar againi_itfelf. This powerwas conferredon the mayorsofthe l_a!ace.

The originalfun&ibnof the mayorsof the palace.,,wasthe managementof the king'sbout'hold. Theyhadafterwards,in co_\iun&ion$ withothero_cers,the politicalgovernmentof fiefs; and at lengththeyobtainedthe role di'fpofalof them. They had alfothe admini_rationof militaryaffairsandthe commandof the armies; employmentsneceffarilyconne&edwith the othertwo. In tholedaysit wasmuchmoredifficultto raifethan to commandthe armies; and,whobut the difpenferof favourscouldhavethisau-thori.ty) In this martialand independentnation,itwasprudentto-invite,ratherthantocompel; prudentto giveawayor to promifethefiefs,that ihouldhap-

Gregoryof Tours_bookviii. chap.3o. andbookz. chap.3. Ibid.bock'viii.chap.3o. "l_ Ibid. .

$ Seethefecondfupplementtothelaw ofthe Burgundian_,tit[_3'andGre-gory9f Tours3bookix. chap.36.

• " pen

CnAi_.6. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 4}7

pen to be vacantby the deathof the poffeffor; pru-dent, in fine, to rewardcontinually,and to raifeajealoufyWithregardto preferences. It wasthereforeright_tl_fitthe perfonwhohadthefuperintendencyofthe palace,thouldalfobegeneralof.thearmy;

C H A P, VI.

secoaE:ochaq umiiationofourXi.gsof_tJc#_

AFTER theexecutionof Brunechild,themayorswereadmini_ratorsof the kingdomunder the fore-reigns; andthoughtheyhadthecondu&of the war,yet thekingswere alwaysat the headofthe armies,andthemayorandthenationfot_ghtundertheircom-mand. Butthe vi&ory* of duke PepinoverTheo-doric andhis mayor,completed+ thedegradationofour princes; and thatJ_which CharlesMartel ob-tainedoverChilpericand his mayorRainfroy,con-firmedit. Aul_crafiatriumphedtwiceoverNeuftriaandBtirgundy; andthe mayoraltyof Auftrafiabeingannexedas it wereto the familyof the Pepins,tl-iismayoiattyand familybecamegreatlyfuperiorto allthe reft, The conquerorswerethenafraidleftromeperfonof credit /hould felzethe king's perfon,inorder to excitedifturbances, For this reafontheykept[Ithemin the royalpalaceas ina kindof prifon,andoncea year/hewedthemto the people. Theretheymadeordinances,but§ therewerefuchas weredilated by the mayor;they arifweredambaffadors,

$_etheannals6fMetz_year6S7,and68g.aflltisqu_demnominar_.gurnimponens,ipfetotlusregnlhabensprivilegiuna

&c. .4nnalsofMet_n,year695. lbld_)ear719.[ISedemqueEliregal=mrubfuadltioneconcefllt_lbld.anno7I9.§ ExchronicoCentulenfi,lib.z. Ut refponfaluteerattdoe'tus_el2_tius

juffusexfua_vetutpete[lateredd'eret.F f _ but

43g THE $'PIRIT OFLAWS. Boo_X_.X_.butthemayormadetheanfwers.This is the timementionedby_ hif_oriansof the governmentof themayorsoverthekingswhomtheyheldin £ubjecCtion.

, The extravagantpaffionof the nationforPepin'sfamilywentfofar, thattheychofeoneofhisgrand-forts,Whowasyet"Faninfant,formayor; andputhimoveroneDagoberr.,thatis, onephantomoveranother.

C H A P. VII.

Of thegreatOj_icesa;2dFiefsundertheMayorsofthePalace.

THE mayorsofthepalacewerefarfromrevivingthe precarioufnefsof portsand employments; forindeedtheirpowerwasowingtotheprote&ionwhichin this refpe&theyhad grantedto the nobility.Hencethegreatofficeswerecontinuedto begivenforlife, andthisufagewaseverydaymorefirmlyera-'blifhed.

ButI haveromeparticularrefle6tionsto makeherein refpc&to fiefs: andinthefirftplaceI donotquef-tionbut moltof thembecamehereditaryfromthistime.

InthetreatyofAndell5, GontramandhisnephewChildebertengageto maintainthedonationsmadetothevaffalsandchurchesbythekingshispredeceffors;andleaveisgiventothet wives,daughtersandwi-

* Annalsof Metz, anno69). ,dnnoprindpatusP_plnlfuper_'bt_Lriturm..... Annals of Fuld_or of Lauri_am. Ptjopinu_dux Francorumobtinu_tregumFrancoruraperannosz 7. turnregibusflbifubje_is.

'f Poahzc Theudoaldtasfilius ejus (Grimoaldi)parvulusin locoiplqus,'gumpr_"di_oregeDagoberto,major-domu_pallatileffe_ttse_o ':/'/_eanonymeas¢ontinuatarofFredegariusinrbeyear714•chap,ao4.

Citedby Gregoryof Tour_jbook_. Seealfothe edi_ of Clotharlu_II.in the year6x5.art.I6,

dows

_HM,.y_ THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 439

d0wsof k_ngs,to difpofeby will and in perpetuityof whatevertheyholdof the exchequer.

Marculfuswrotehis formulariesat thetime_ ofthe mayors. We findfeveralI]in which the kingsmake donationsboth to the perfonand tohis heirs:and as the formulariesrcprefentthe commona&ionsof life, theyprovethat part of thefiefswerebecomehereditarytowards the end of the firftrace. They"werefarfromhavingin tholedaystheideaof an un-alienabledemefne; this is a modernthing, whichtheyknewneitherin theorynor pra&ice.

In proofhereofwe filallprefentlyproducepofitlvefacts ; and if wecanpointouta timeinwhichtherewere no longerany beneficesfor the army, noranyfundsforitsfiapport; wemuffcertainlyconcludethatthe ancientbeneficeshadbeenalienated. The timeImean is that of CharlesMartel,whofoundedfomenew fiefs,whichwe ihouldcarefullydifflnguithfromtholeof theearlierdate.

When the kings began to makegrantsin perpe-tuity, eitherthroughthe corruptionwhichcrept intothe government,orbyreafonoftheconftitutionitfelf,whichcontinuallyobligedtholeprincestoconferre-wards; it wasnaturaltheyfhouldbeginwithgivingthe perpetuityofthefiefs,ratherthanof the counties.For to deprivethemfelvesof romeacres of landwasnogreat matter; but to renouncethe right of dif-poringthe great offices,was diveffingthemfelvesoftheirverypower.

"i"Lrt11quidde agrlsfifeallbusvelfpeclebusatqueprmfidioproarNtrl;fuivoluntatefacereaut cuiquamconferrevolueriut,fixaliabilitatel_erpetuocon.fervetur.

Seethe z4thandthe 34thof thefirt_book._[Seethe I4th formulaof the firetbook,whichis equallyapplleabletothe

fifcalefiatesgivendirectlyandin perpetuity,orglvea_at flrf_asa benefice,andafterwardsin perpetuity:Sieur_b illonut a fifconoflrofuit _2_d. SeealfotheZTthformula_ibid,

Ff4 CHAP.

440 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BoogXXXI.

C H A P. VIII.

_ whatMannert/.,eallodialEflateswerechangedinto-_,fs.

THE mannerof changingan allodialeffateintoafief, may be feen in a formularyof Marculfus*The ownerof the landgcaveit to the king, whore-ftoredit to thedonorby wayof ufufruit,or benefice,andthenthelatternominatedhis heirsto the king.

In orderto findout thereafonswhichinducedthemthus to changethe natureof the allodia,I mufftracethefourceof the ancientprivilegesof our nobility,anobilitywho forthereelevencenturieshavebeenreadyto undergoeveryhardfhip,andto fpill theirbloodintheir country'sfervice.

They who werefeizedof fiefsenjoyedvery greatadvantages. The compofitionfor the injuriesdonethem was greaterthan that of freemen. It appearsby the formulariesof Marculfus,that it was a privi-legebelongingtotheking'svaffal,thatwhoeverkilledhim fllouldpay a compofitionof fix hundredfous.This privilegewaseftablithedby theSaliclawt, andby thatoftheRipuarians*.+; andwhilethefetwolawsordaineda compofitionof fix hundredthus for themurder of the king's vaffal, they gave but 11twohundredfous for themurderof a perfonfreeborn,ifhe was a Frank or Barbarianliving underthe Saliclaw; andonlya hundredfor a Roman.

This was not the only privilegebelongingto theking's vaffals. When § a man was fummonedin

Booki. t'ormularyx3.q Tit. 44. Seealfothetitles66. fec_.3"and4"andtit. 74- _ Tit. z.

Seealfothe law of the Ripuarian_,tit. 7. andthe Sali¢law, tit.44.art. t. arid4.

§ Saliclaw,tit. 59, and76.courb

CrIAp.g. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 44rcourt,anddidnotmakehisappearance,norobeythejudgesorders,hewasappealedbeforetheking; andif he perfiRedin his contumacy,he wasexcludedfromi"theRoyalprote&ion,andnoonewasallowedto m_tertainhim,orevento givehim a morfelofbread. Nowifhewasa perfonof an ordinarycon-dition,hisgoods_ wereconfifcated; but if he wasthe king'svaffal,theywerenot]]. Thetiff{byhiscontumacywasdeemedfuiticientlyconvi&edof thecrime,the fecondwas not; the former§ for thefmalleRcrimeswasobligedto undergothe trialbyboilingwater,the latter**was condemnedto thistrialonlyin thecafeofmurder:Infine,theking'svaffaltt couldnot be compelledto fwearin courtagainRanothervaffal. Thereprivilegesaugmenteddaily,andthecapitularyofCarlomannusj_$doesthishonourto the king'svaffals,that theythallnotbeobligedto fwearin perfon,butonlybythemouthoftheirownvaffals.Betides,whena perfonwhohadthefehonoursdidnotrepairtothearmy,hispunifll-mentwastoabRainfromfleth-meatandwineaslongashehadbeenabfentfromthefervice;but a free-man]]][whonegle&edto followhiscountwasfined_§fixtyfous,andreducedto a flareoffervitudetillhe paidit.

h is very naturalthereforeto think that tholeFrankswhowerenotthe king'svaffals,andmuchmoretheRomans,becamefondofenteringintothettateofvatFalage; andthattheymightnotbedeprivedoftheirdemefnes,theydeviledthe ufageofgiving

"]"_Extrafermonemregis. Saliclaw_tit. 59, aad76.Ibid. tit. 59' re&.x. _ Ibid.tit. "/6.re&.x.Ibid.tit. j6_ and59" ## Ibid.tit.76. re&.x,

"M"Ibid. tit. 76. fe_. _._ ApudVernisPalatium,in the)'ear$33"art.4, andII._][Capitularyof Charlcmaigp_in the year8xz, art, I_ and_.§§ Hrribannum.

fl_eir

theirallodiumto the king,ofreceivingit fromhimafterwardsas a fief,andof nominatingtheirheirs,This ufagewascontinued,andtookplaceefpeciallyduringthetimesof confufionunderthe fecondraceswheneverymanbeingin want of a prote_or,wa_defirousto incorporatehimfelfwith* theotherlordssand to enteras it were,intothe feudalmonarchy,becaufethepoliticalnolongerexilted,

Thiscontinuedunderthethirdrace,aswefindbyfeveralt charters; whethertheygavetheirallodium,and refumedit by the famea_ ; orwhetherit wasdeclaredanallodium,andafterwardsacknowledgedasafief. Thefewerecalledfiefso[refun(ption.

Thisdoesnotimplythattholewhowerefeizedoffiefsadminifteredthemwithprudenceandoecor_omyforthoughthe freemengrewdefirousof beingpof-feffedoffiefs,yettheymanagedthisfortofeltatesasufufruitsare managedinourdays. Thisiswhatin-ducedCharlema:gn,the moltvigilantandattentiveprincewe everhad,to makea greatmanyregula-tionsS, to hinderthe fiefsfrombeingdegradedinfavourofallodialeltates. It provesonlythatinhistimemoltbeneficeswerefrillonlyforlife,andcon-feqtientlythattheytookmorecareoftheat/odinthanof thebenefices; butitis 1:oargumentthattheydidnotchut_ratherto be theking'sbondmenthanfree-men. Theym:ghthavereafonsfor difpofingof aparticularportionofafief,buttheywerenotwillingto beitrippedevenof theirdignity.

Non infirmisreliquith:eredibus_laysLambert_Ardre_,in DuCange,ootheworda!od:,s.

-_ See_hofequotedbyDuCange,inthe wordalodls,andthole pr0_ucedbyGalland,inhis treatifeof allod_alland_,page14.andthefollow|_g.

._Secondcapitularyof the yeargoz, art. _o. andthe 7th ¢apitularyoftheyear go3. art.3" th_ i_ capitularyincertian_i_art. 49. the 5theapitularyoftheyear$o6.art. 7. the capitularyof theyear779"art._9"and thecapitulary#f LewisthePious, in theyear8z9. art. I. I know

_A_. 9. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS, 44_

I know llkewifethat CharlemalgncomplainsinacertaincapimlaryJ}that in rome placesthere werepeoplewho gaveawaytheirfiefsinproperty,andre-deemedthemafterwardsin the famemanner. ButIdo not fay, that theywerenot fonderof thepropertythanof the ufufruit; I mean only, that when they .could convertan allodiurninto a fief, whichwastodefcendto their-heirs,andis thecareof theformularyabove-mentioned,they had verygreatadvantagesindoingit.

CHAP. IX.

I-IowtheGburcb-landswereconvertedintoFiefs.

THE ufeof the fifcallandsfhouldhavebeenonlyto ferveas a donation,by whichthe kingswere toencouragethe Franksto undertakenewexpeditions,andbywhich,ontheotherhand,therefitizallandswereincreafed. This, as I havealreadyobferved,wasthefpiritof the nation; but theredonationstookanotherturn, There is Rill extant*a fpeechof Chilperic,grandfonof Clovis,in whichhe complainsthat al-moRall thefelandshad been alreadygivenawaytothe church. " Our exchequer,"fayshe, " is im-c_poverifl_ed_and our richesare transferredto the" clergyt; nonereignnow but bifl_ops,wholive" in grandeur,whileoursis quiteeclipfed."

Thiswasthereafonthatthemayors,whodurftnotattackthe lords, flrippedthe churches; and one ofthe+ motivesalledgedbyPepinforenteringNeuRria,

The5thof theyeargo6.art. 8.In GregoryofTours,bookvi. chap.46.

"t"Thi9is whatinducedhimto annulthe teflamentsmadein favouroftheclergy,andeventhe donationsof his father; G_ntramr_-effabli/hedthern_andevenmadenewdonations.Gregoryof Tours,bookvii. c_'ap.7.

Seethe annalsof Metz, year687. _xciterimprimisque_elisfacerd_tmnfv_'orumDd_ _ulrneftepiu_ad#runtutprof, bl_ti_injufl_patrimouiis,&c.

I WaS

444 T HE SPIRIT OF LAW$. Boos_XXX-I_

was his havingbeeninvitedthitherby theclergy,toput a ft6pto theencroachmentsofthe kings,that is_of themayors,who deprivedthe churchof all herpoffeffions.

The mayorsof"Auf_rafia,that is the f_amilyof the[Pepins,had behavedtowardsthe clergywithmoremoderationthan thole of Neuf_riaand Burgundy..This is evidentfromourchronicles*, inwhichwefeethemonksperpetuallyextollingthe devotionandlibe-ralityof thePepins. Theythemfelveshad beenpof-,£effedof the firft placesin thechurch. " Onecrow" doesnotpull out theeyesof"another;" ast Chil-periclaidto the bilhops.'

Pepin fubduedNeuf_riaand Burgundy; but ashi_pretencefor def_royingthe mayorsandkings wasthegrievancesof theclergy,he couldnot ftripthelatter,withouta&ingcontraryto his owndeclaration,anctfhewingthathemadea jett ofthe nation. However,theconqueftoftwogreatkingdomsandthedeRru&iox_of theoppofiteparty, affordedhimfuffieientmeansoffatisfyinghis generals.

Pepinmadehimfelfmafterofthemonarchyby pro-te&ingthe clergy; his fonCharlesMartelcouldnoemaintainhis power, but by oppreffingthem. Thisprincefindingthat part of the regaland fifcalland_hadbeengiveneitherfor life,or in perpetuitytothenobility,and that the churchbyreceivingboth fromrich and poor,had acquireda greatpartevenof theallodialeitates,he refotvedto ftriptheclergy; anda_the fiefsof thefirf_divifionwereno longer in being,he formeda fecond_. He tookForhimfelfand forhis officersthe church-lands,and the churchesthem-felves: thus he remediedan evilwhichdifferedfrom

# See_he_nnalsof Metz. a1"In GregoryofTours._.Karolusplurimajurl e&lefiaflicodetrahenspr_"diafif¢ofv¢iavlt,acdel,id¢

militlbus_difpertivit.Ex C,l_ror.icoCentMe_alib.ii,ordinary

,CHAP._O.THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 44_

_rdinarydifeafes,as its extremityrenderedit themoreeafyto cure.

CHAP. X.

Richesof theClergy.S0 greatwerethedonationsmadeto the clergdr,

that underthe threeracesof ourprincestheymuff:!aavefeveraltimesreceivedthefullpropertyofallthelandsofthekingdom.Butifourkings,thenobilityandthe people,foundthe wayof givingthemalltheireftates,theyfoundalfothe methodof gettingthembackagain. Thefpiritof devotioneftablitheda greatnumberof churchesunderthefirftrace; butthemilitaryfpiritwasthecaut_of theirbeinggivenawayafterwardsto the foldiery,whodividedthemamongfttheirchildren.Whata numberof landsmuffhavethenbeentakenfromtheclergy'sraenfalia!Thekingsofthefecondraceopenedtheirhands,andmadenewdonationstothem: buttheNormans,whocameafterwards,plunderedandravagedallbeforethem,wreakingtheirvengeancechieflyontheprieffsand monks,anddevotingeveryreligiousbouletodeftru&ion.Fortheychargedtholeecclefiafticswiththefubverfionof theiridols,andwithalltheoppref-fivemeafuresofCharlemaign,bywhichtheyhadbeenfucce_velyobligedto take ihelterin the north.Therewereanimofitieswhichthe fpaceof fortyorfiftyyearshad notbeenableto obliterate.In thisfituationwhatalofsmufftheclergyhavefuffainedlTherewerehardlyecclefiafticsleftto demandtheeftatesofwhichtheyhadbeendeprived.Therere-mainedthereforefor the religiouspietyof thethirdrace,foundationsenoughto make, and landsto.beftow.The opinionswhichwere broachedand

fpread

_46 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. Boo_:XXXI.

fpreadin tholedays,wouldhavedeprived_thelaityofall theireflates,if theyhad beenbut honeffenough.But, if the clergy were a6tuatedby ambition,thelaity were not withouttheirs; if dyingperfonsgavetheireffatesto the church, theirheirswouldfainre-,fume them. We meetwith continualquarrelsbe-tweenthe lordsand the biihops, the gentlemenand

the abbots; andtheclergymuffhavebeenveryhardpreffed,fincethey were obligedto put themfelvesunder the protecR'ionof certainlords, who grantedthem a momentarydefence,and afterwardsjoinedtheiroppr¢ffors.

:Buta betteradminiftrationhavingbeeneffablifiaedunder the thirdrace,gave the clergyleaveto aug-rnent theirpoffeflions; whentheCalviniflsflattedup,and havingplunderedthe churches,theyturnedallthefacredplateinto ii)ecie. How couldthe clergybe lureof theireftates,when theywerenot,evenfarein theirperfons? Theyweredebatingoncontroverfialfubje6ts,whiletheirarchiveswerein flames. Whatdid it availthemto demandbackof an impoveriflaednobility,tholee_ateswhich wereno longer in thepoffeifionof the latter, but had been conveyedintootherhandsbydifferentmortgages. The clergyhavebeen long acquiring,and haveoften refunded_and_ill thereis noendof theiracquifitions_

CHAP. XI,

Stateof Europeat theTimeof CharlesMarteI,

CHARLESMARTEL, who undertook to ftrlpthe clergy, foundhimfelfin a moffhappyfituation.He was both fearedand belovedby the foldiery;whole intereffhe promoted,havingthe pretenceofthe waragainffthe Saraceus. He washatediadeed

_xP.9. THE SPIRITOF LAWS. 447

bytheclergy,but"_hehadnoneedoftheiraffiftance,The'pope,towhom hewasneccffary,ffrerchedouthisarmstohim.Everyoneknowsthefamous-_em-baffyhe receivedfromGregoryIIL TheretwopowerswereRri&lyunited,becau£etheyfupportedeachother;thepopeRoodinneedoftheFrankstoaffiffhimagainfttheLombardsa_dtheGreeks;theFrankshadoccafionforthepope,to£ervefora bar-tieragaini_theGreeks,andtoembarrafstheLore-bards.Itwasimpo._blethereforefortheenterprizcof CharlesMartelto mifcarry.

_. Eucherius,bifl:opofOrleans,hadavifionwhichfrightenedalltheprincesof that time. I tY,allproduceon this occafionthe letter+ writtenby thebiihops_aN:'mbledat RheimstoLewiskingofGermany,whohad invadedthe territoriesof Charlesthe Bald: be-_:aufeit will give us an intight into the fituationof_hingsin thoi_ times,and the temperof the people.TheyfayII," That S.Eucheriushavingbeenfnatched_' up intoheaven,law CharlesMarteltormentedin" the bottomof hellbyorderof the faints,whoare" to firwithChriftat thelaRjudgment; thathe had," beencondemnedto thispuniihmentbeforehistime,," for havingffrip_the cimrchof her poffcffions,and"' therebychargedhimfelfwith the finsof all thole_ whofoundedtheiblivings; that king Pephlheld_' a counciluponthis occafion,and hadorderedall" the church-landshe couldrecoverto be reftored;" thatas hecouldget backonlya partof themj be-

* Seethe annalsofMetz._"Epii_o}amquaque,decretoRomanorumpri_dpum,fibl praedl&uspr_fal

,IBregoriusrnifcrab quodfcfcpopulus'Romanusretidiaimpcratorisdomlnatione,ad fuamdefenfiunem& invi&amclementiamconverterevoluifl_t .4nnahof2FIetz_year741, EopaSapatrato_ut a rartibusimperatorisrecederet. Fre°degarius.

$ Anno$58.apudCarifianwmi Baluzius'sedition,tom.z. pagexoI.}]Ibid,art. 7. pagezo9.

" caufe

4¢8 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. _BoozXXXI*

" eaufeofhisdifputeswithVaifre,dukeof Aquitaine," he iffuedout letters calledprecaria¢;for the re-"' maunder,andmadea lawthat the laitythouldpay" a tenthpartof the churchlandstheypoffeffed,and*' twelvedeniersfor eachboule; thatCharlemaign,, didnot give the churchlandsaway; on thecon-" trary, that he publiiheda capitulary,bywhichhe"' engagedboth for himfelfand for his fucceffors" nevertomakeany fuchgrant; thatall theyfayis"' committedto writing, andthat a great many of,, themheardthewholerelatedby LewistheDebon-" naire, the fatherof tholetwokings."

KingPepin'sregulation,mentionedbythebifl_ops,was made in the councilheld at Leptinest-. Thechurchfoundthis advantagein it, thatfuchashadreceivedthole lands, held them no longerbut in aprecariousmanner; and moreoverthat i1_ereceivedthe tytheor tenth part and twelvedeniersfor everyhoufe that hadbelongedtoher. But this wasonlya palliative,whichdidnot removethediforder.

Nay it metwithoppofitic,n, and Pepinwasobligedto make anothercapitulary_, in which he enjoinstholewhoheldanyof tholebeneficestopaythistytheandduty, andevento keepup thehoufesbelongingto the bifi;opricor monaffery,under the penaltyofforfeitingthole poffeffions.Charlemalgn[[renewedthe regulationof Pepin.

* P,ecar_a_ouodpreclbuautendumconcedltur_layseujmin hls notesuponthefirfibook o fiefs. .[findin a diplomaofkingPepin_date_the 3dyearofhi:reign,that"the pr_ncewasnotthe firf_whoel_ablit_edthefeprecaria_becitesonemadebythe ma_.orEbrmn,andcontinuedafterhis tim_. Seetheoiplomaof theldng,in the 5th tom. of the hifioriansof Fran_:eby the Benedi&ins,art.&

]n theyear743"fee tha sth bookof the¢apltularies_art. 3. Baluziut'sedition,pageg25.

ThatofMetz, in the year736_art.4.I[ Seehis capi:ula'yin the year So3, givenat Worm%Batuzlus'sedition,

page41I. wherehe regulatesthe precarmuscontra&i andthatof Frankfort,inthe year794, page267.art. a4. in relationto th_repairingof thehoufeai

andtha.toftheyear 80o.page33o. That

_-H_J,__z. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS_ 449

That part of thefameletterwhichlays, thatChar-lemaignpromifedboth for himfelfand for his fuc-ceffors,neverto divideagainthechurch-landsamongthe foldiery,is agreeableto the capitularyof thisprince, given at Aix la Chapelle,in the yecir8o3,with a view of removingthe apprehenfionsof theclergyuporithisfubieft.But the donationsalreadymadewerefrill in force*. The bi/hopsveryjuftlyadd, that LewistheDebonnairefollowedthe exampleof Charlemaign,and did not giveawaythe Church-landsto thefoldiery.

And yettheoldabufeswerecarriedto fucha pitch,that the laityunder the childrenT of Lewisthe De-bonnairepreferredecclefiafticsto benefices,or turnedflaemout of their livings, withoutthe confent$ ofthe bifhops. The beneficesUwere dividedamongftthenextheirs, and whentheywereheld in an inde-centmanner,thebifhops_had no otherremedyleftthanto removethe relics.

Bythe capitulary*'*of Compiegne,it is enaCted,that the king's commiffary/hallhavea right to vifitevery monaftery,togetherwith the bifhop,by theconfentand in prefenceof theperfonwho holdsit ;andthis/hewsthat theabufewasgeneral;

Not thattherewerelawswantingfor thereftitutionof thechurchlands. The popehavingreprimanded

As appearsby the pl,eeedingnoteiandbythe capltularyof PepiakingofItaly,whereit lays,that thekingwouldgivethemonai_criesin fiefto thofewhowouldfwearallegianceforfiefs: it is addedto thelaw of the Lombard.o_bookill. tit. xl re&.3o. and.to the Saliclawst col/anionofPepin'slawsirt_chard_,pageJ95' tit. z6. art. 4,

"]"SeetheeonftitutionofLothariu_,l, ta thelawof the Lombards_bookiii,lawx. feB.45'

Curec0nfilio&confenhipfiustluiloeamretinehIbid.fe0c.44. § Ibid. "

_* Gi*eathe zgth yearof the i'dgnof Charlesthe Ba}d_in the year$6_,_,_aluzlus'sadition_page:b 3"

Vol,II, Gg the

4_o THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. Boox_"_r_

the bl/hopsfor theirnegle&in regardto there-effa-blifhmentof the monafteries,theywrotetoCharle_theBald* thattheywerenotaffectedwkk this re-proach,becaufetheywerenot culpable; andthey'remindedhimofwhathadbeenpromifed,refohred,anddecreedinfom_nynationalafl_mbties.&ccord-inglytheyquotednine.

Sti}ltheywent on difputing;till the NormansCameandmadethemallagree.

C H A P. XII.

Eflabl_rmeJ3tofthe _thes.THE regulationsmadeunderking Peplnhscl

giventhechurchratherhopesofrelief,thaneffe&ua_lyrelievedher; and asCharlesMartelfoundalt thelandedet_tesof the kingdomin the handsof theclergy,Ctiarlemaign.foundallthechurchlandsinthehandsofthefoldlery. The lattercouldnotbecom-pelledto reftorea voluntarydonation; andthecir-cumftancesofthattimerenderedthethingf_illmoreimpra_icablethanit feemedto beofitsownnatu_.On the otherhand,ehrittiankyoughtnot to havebeenIo_for wantofminit_ers+, churches,andin-f_ruc"tion.

Thiswasthe reafonof Charlemaign'seftabIifhingthetithes,anewkindofproperty,whichhadthis

advantagein favouroftheclergy,thatastheyweregivenparticularlytothechurch,it waseafieria pro7cefsoftimetoknowwhentheywereufurped,

_*Confif_umapudBonoilum,the z6thyearofCharle_the Bald,in theyear$56, Baluz_us'sedltloo,page7g.

In the civilwarswhich brokeot_tat the time of Ch2tresM_rte;,thelandsbelongingto the Churchof RhelmgweregNe_awayto la#neni theclergywereleft to thiftaswellasthey ¢ould_laysthellfeof*Remigf_tsjSur'imtom.I. page_79.....

Lawofthe Lombards_book3"tit. 3"re&.x.andz.Som_

_a,_v._2. THE SPIRIT OF LAWB. 45z

:Someh_vea_temptedto makethiset_ablif/amentofanearlier.date; but the authoritiestheypr0ducefee_rather, I think, to prove the contrary. The eonfti-tution of Clotharius_lays only that they fhall no/_raii'ecertaint titheson church.lands;fofarthenwastthe churchfromexactingtithesa't that time, that itswhole pretenfiotrwas to be exemptedfrompayingthem; The fecondcouncil_ of Macon,whichwasheldin 585, and ordainsthepayment of tithes, laysindeedthat they were paid in ancienttimes; but itlaysalfo_that the cuftomof payingthemwasthenabolifhe&

No one queftionsbut /:hat.theclergyopenedtheBible beforeCharlemaign'sicime,and preachedthegifts andofferingsof the Leviticus. But I darefay,that beforethatprince'sreign,thoughthetithesmighthavebeehpreachedup, theywerenevereffabtifhed.

I tooknoticethat theregulationsmadeunderkingPepinhadfubje&edtholewhowerefeizedof church-landsin fief, to the paymeiatof tithes, andto there-pairingofthechurches. It wasagreatpointtoobtige •by a law, whole equitycould not be difputed,theprincipalmenof thenationto let theexample.

Charlemaigndidmore; and we findby thecapi-tularytldevitlis.,that he obligedhisowndemefnesto

_tIt isthat on whichI haveddfcantedin the4th chapterof this book_andwhichisto befoundin Baluzius's_ditionof thecapitularies_tom. z, art. z_.page9"

Agrarla& pafeurlavel declmasporeorumeccle/i_eeoneedimus_ita nuta&ornutdecimatorinrebusecelefi_enu/lusaccedat.The capitularj"of Chzr-lemalgnin theyear8oo. Baluzius'sedition_page336.exl_lainsextremelywelle hatismeantbythat fortof tithefromwhichthechurchis exemptedbyClo-tharlusi it wasthe titheof thefwinewhichwereputinto theking'sforeftstofatten; andCha_'lemaignenjoinshisjudgesto payits as wellas_therpeoplepinordertolet an examt_le: it is plain_that thiswas a rightof feignioryora'c0oonqy.

CaUon_5"e_tomox. conciliorumantiqnorumGalileeoperaJacobiSir-mundi,

Art. 6, Baluzias'seditionspage33_. itwasgivenin theyear800.G g z the

4£z THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BoogXXXL

the paymentof the tithes: this wasttitl a moreftrikingexample.

Butthe commonaltyarerarelyinfluencedby ex-ampleto facrificetheirinterefls.The fynodof*Frankfortfurni/hedthemwitha morecogentmotiveto paythe tithes. A capitularywasmadein thatfynod,whereinitislaid,thatinthetattt faminethefpikesofcornwerefoundtocontainnofeed,thein-fernalfpiritshavingdevouredit all, andthatthofefpiritshad beenheard to reproachthemwith nothavingpaidthe tithes; inconfequenceof whichitwasordainedthatalltholewhowerefeizedofchurcholands,thouldpaythetithes; andthenextconfequencewasthat theobligationextendedtoall.

Charlemain'sprojedt:didnot fucceedatfirtt; forit feemedtoo heavya burthen:_.Thepaymentofthe tithesamongthe Jewswasconne&edwiththeplanof thefoundationof theirrepublic; buthereitwasaburthenquiteindependentoftheotherchargesof theettablifhmentof the monarchy.We findbytheregulations11addedto thelawof theLombardsthedifficultytherewasin caufingthetithesto beac-ceptedby the civillaws; andas for the oppofitiontheymetwithbeforetheywereadmittedbytheeccle-fiafticlaws,we mayeafilyjudgeof itfromthedif-ferentcanonsofthecouncils.

Thepeopleconfentedat lengthto paythetithes,uponconditionthat theymighthavea powerofre-x

H.-ldanderCharlem_;gn,intheyear794--E_perimentoenlmdidicimnsinannoquailiavalldafam_"sh'repfit,ebulllre

vacuasannonasad:emonibusdevoratas_&voeesexprobratioalsauditas,&c.Baluzius'sedition,pagez67.art.z_.

Seeamongthe reff-thecapitulsryofLewisthe Debonnaire,in theyearSz9. Baluzius'sedition,page663.again_tholewhoto avoidpayingtith_negle_e-dtocultivatethelands_&c.art.5" Nonisquidem&deeim_s_uadee¢gemt0rholieretnosfrequenterindiverfisplacitlsadmonitlonemfeclmas.

a Amongothers,thatofLotharius,book3"tit, 3' chap.6.: deeming

C_a_._3. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 4_3

deemingthem. This the conffltutionof LewistheDebonnaire*, andthat of the emperorLothariusthisfon,wouldnotallow.

The lawsof Charlemaign,inregardto the e_a-bliflamentoftithes,werea workofneceffity,notoffuperRition; a workin fhort,in whichreligiononlywasconcerned.

Hisfamousdivifionof the tithesintofourparts,fortherepairingof the churches,for the poor,forthebithop,andfortheclergy,manifeftlyprovesthathewantedtorefforethechurchtothatfixedandper-manentRateofwhichfhehadbeendiveRed.

Hiswill+thewsthathe wasdefirousof repairingthe mifchiefdoneby hisgrandfatherCharlesMartel.Hemadethreeequaliharesof hismoveablegoods;two of thefehe wouldhavedividedeachintoone-and-twentyparts,for the one-and-twentymetropo-litanchurchesof hisempire_eachpartwasto befubdividedbetweenthemetropolitan,andthefuffraganbithops. The remainingthird he diPcributedintofourparts_onehe gaveto his childrenandgrand-children,anotherwasaddedtothetwothirdsalreadybequeath.ed°andtheothertwowereaffignedtocha-ritableufes. It feemsas if he lookedupontheim-rnenfedonationhe wasmakingto the church,lefsasareligiousaO-,thanasa politicaldi_ribution.

C H A P. XIII.OftheEleFtionof BiflaopsandAbbols.

ASthechurchwasgrmvnpoor,thekingsrefignedtherightofIInominatingto bithopricksandother

• Intheyearg29.:art.,g..inBaluzius_tom.x.page663."i"Inthe|awoftheLomhards,book3-tit. 3"f¢_"$"

It is,a kindofcodicilproducedby£giahardjanddifferentfromthewlllitk.tf,whichwefindinGsldaftasandBaluzius.

[ISeethe eapitularyof .Chlarlemaignin theyear$o3.art.z. Baluzlus'sedition,page379.andtheedic"tof Lewisthe Pious_in the yearS34_inColdalLCoaftit.Imperial.tom.xo

G g 3 ecclefiaRic

ecctefiafticbenefices.Tl eprincesgaye:hemfelve.lcfstroubleabout the _ecclefiaf_icminivers; andthecandidateswere lefs folicit9usin applyingto theii"authorities. Thus the church receiveda ,kind ofcompenfitionfor the poffefflons_e had tQft.

Henceif Lewis theDcbonnaire_ leftthe peopleofRomein poffeflionofthe rightofchufingth_eirpopes,it was owingtOthegeneralfpirittha'tprevailedinhistime: he behavedin the fame.malataerto the feeMr,_ome as to otherbi@opricks.

C H A P. Xlg.Of theFiefsof Char!es MarteI.

I SHALL not pretend to determinewhetherCharlesMartet, in giving the church-landsin fief,made a grant of themfor lifeor m perpetuity. AllI know is, that underCharlemaignT, andLothariu_I. ++therewerepoffe_onsofthatkindwhichdefcehdedto thenextheirs, and weredividedamongfithem.

I findmoreoverthatone part9f them]!wasgiver_as al!odia, and theotheras fiefs.

I took notice that the proprietorsof the allodiawere fubj.e&to the lets,ice all the fame as the p0f-feff_rsofthefiefs. This, withoutdoubt, waspartly

* Th_sismentione4in the famouscanon, tg_Ludut,i_us,whichi$ a palopableforgery_ it is in Baluzius'sedition,page59I. in the yea_8I'7,

t As appearsby his capitulary,inthe ),carSoloart. 17.ip Bal-zius_tom,I. page_.6o.

_ Seehis cont_itut!on_inferredin thecodeof the Lombards,book3" tit. x.fe_. 44.

II Se_the aboveconClitution,and the capitularyof CharlestheBald_in .'h__¢_ar846.chap.z9. in v]lh_Sparlaaco_Baluzius:sedition,tom"t/. page'_l. andthat of_heyear 853.chap.3"and5'in the fynodof_oiffor_ Baluzlus'*edi"tioia,tom,_. page54. _ndjthatof,theyear ,g54.apudAttinittcomjchap.io.B_luzhi_'scditionftoni.2_page.7ooSee alfothe firtlreapitularyof Chadc:m_ign,!r,o:rti_M, art:49. and$6. Baluzius'¢edition,to_. _.pag¢5_9.

" the

Cax1,oZSt z6. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 4_

thereafonthatCharlesMartetmadegrantsofaltodiallands,aswellasoffiefs.

CHAP. XV.

_'befameSubjeacontinued.WE mutt obferve,that the fiefshavingbeen

changedintochurch-lands,andthefeagainintofiefs,theyborrowedfomethingof eachother. Thusthechurch-landshadthe privilegesof fiefs,and therehad the privilegesof church-lands.Suchwerethe* honoraryrightsof churches,whichbeganat thattime. Andastholerightshavebeeneverannexedtothe judiciarypower,in preferencetO whatis fdllcalledthe fief,it followsthatthe patrimonialjurif-dicCtionswereeftabliflaedat the fametimewiththoleveryrights.

C H A P. XVI.

Race.

THE connexionofmyfubje&hasmademeinvertthe orderof time,fo as to fpeakof CharlemaignbeforeI had mentionedthe famousepochaof thetranflationof daecrownto the CarlovingiansunderkingPepia: axevolutionwhich,contrarytothe na-tureofordinarye_cents,is moreremarkableperhapsin ourdaysthanwhenit happened.

The kingshad no authority; theyhadonlyanemptyname, The regaltitle washereditary,andthatof mayorelec"tive:Thoughitwaslatterlyinthe

Seethe capitttlarles,book5"art. 44. andthe edi_ of PiResin the year$69,art, 8.arid9.wherewe findthe honoraryrightsof the lo_dsel_abtithed,inthe famemannerastheyareat this veryday.

G g 4 power

436- THE BPIRIT OF LAWS. BooKXXXI.

powerofthemayorstoplaceanyoftheMerovingianson thethrone,theyhadnotyettakena kingof an-,otherrace; andtheancientlazywhichfixedthecrownin a particularfamily,wasnot yet erafedoutoftheheartsof the Franks. Theking'sperfonwasalmofrunknownin themonarchy; buttheroyaltywasefta-bli/hed. Pepin,fonof CharlesMartel,thoughtitwouldbeproperto confoundtholetwotitles,acon-fufionwhichwouldleaveit a mootpoint,whetherthenewroyaltywashereditaryornot; andthiswasfufticientforhim,whoto theregaldignityhadjoineda great power. The mayor'sauthoritywas thenblendedwith that of the king. In themixtureoftheretv¢oauthoritiesakindofreconciliationwasmade;themayorhadbeenele&ive,andthekinghereditary:thecrownat the beginningof the fecondracewasete&ive,becaufethepeoplechore;it washereditary,,[becaufetheyalwayschorein thefamefamily%

FatherleCointe,in oppofitionto the authorityofall ancientrecords+, denies_ thatthe popeautho-rizedthisgreatchange; andoneofhisreafonsis,thathewouldhavecommittedaninjuttice.A finethingto feean hiflorianjudge of fa&sfromthecircum-lfancesofduty; at thisrateweihouldhavenohit_dryatall.

Be thatas it may,it is verycertainthatimme-diatelyafterdukePepin'svi&ory,theMerovingiansceafedto be thereigningfamily. Whenhisgrand-

* geethe willof Chariem_ign_andthe diui/ionwhichLewisthe Debon-/lairerometo hi, childrenin the afl/'mbl_'of the ttatesheld at Q_etzyjpro-ducedt_yGoldaR_queml_opuloseligetevelit_ut patrl fuo fuccedatin regnitla_reditate. - "

"1"The anonymouschron,in the year75_. and Chronic.Centul.in theear754"

$ Fabellaq_ poflcPippinimortemexeogltataeft, equitadae fan_itatiZa-chari_ Fap_ plurimumadFerfatur..... E¢clefiatti¢annals of the Fregchwtom.z. pagg3x9.

foo

CHAP,xT._THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 457

fortPepinwascrownedking,itwasonly"aceremony_emore,anda:phantomthelefs;heacquiredno-thingtherebybuttheroyalornaments,therewasnochangemadeinthcnation.

This t havefaidin orderto fixthemomentof therevolution,thatwe maynot be miftakenin lookinguponthat as a revolutionwhich was only a confe-quenceof it.

When HughCapetwas crownedking at the be-ginningof the third race, therewasa muchgreaterchange,becaufethekingdompaffedfroma i_ateofanarchyto romekindof government; butwhen Pc-pin afcendedthe throne, there was onlya tranfitionfromonegovernmenttoanotherof thefamenature.

WhenPepinwas crownedIdng, therewasonlyachangeof name: butwhenHugh Capetwascro_m-ed, therewasa changein the natureof the thing.becaufebyunitinga greatfiefto the crown,theanar-chy ceafed.

WhenPepinwas crowned,the title of kingwasUnitedto the higher office; when HughCapetwas_rowned,k wasannexedto the greaterfief.

C H A P. XVII.

/12_articularCircuv_ancein theElegionof the Kis_g#of tl,efecondRace.

WE findbythe formulary*of Pepin'scoronation,that Charles and Carlomanwerealtoanointed; andthat the Frenchnobilityboundthemfelves,onpain ofinterdi&ionandexcommunication,never to chufeaprince+ of anotherfamily.

It appearsby the willsof Charlemaignand Lewisthe Debonnair% that the Franks made a choicea-

Vol. 5thof thehlf_or_ansof Franceby theBenedlc"tins_page9.3_ Ut numquamdealteriuslambis regemin _evoprefumanteligere#fedez

ipforum, k'_l,5tbo tb#bifterianso France.pagexo,

II1011_

4_8 THE SPIRIT O_FLAWg. Bo&XXXL

mong the king's ehil&en; whichagrees_£th theabovemenfionqdclaufe. Andwhen the empirewastransferredfromCharlemaign'sfamily, the de&ion,whichbeforehad been conditionaljbecamefimpleand abfolute; fothat the ancientcorfftitutionwasaltered.

Pepinperceivinghim(df nearhis end, affembled_.the lords"bothtemporal and fpiritual at St. Denis,anddividedhiskingdombetweenhistwofonsCharlesandCarloman.Wehave not the-a_s o_fthis affem-_bly ; but we findwhat was there tranfadted,in theauthorof theancienthiftoricatcolle&ion,publiflaedby Canifius, and in IIthe writerof the annalsofMentz, accordingto § the obfervationof Baluzius.Here I meetwith two things in rome meafurecon-tradi&ory; that he made this divifionwith theconfentof the nobility, andafterwardsthat he madeit by his paternalauthority. This proveswhatIfald, that the people'sright in the fecondracewastochufein thefamefamily; it was properlyfpeaking,rathera rightof exclufion,thanthat of de&ion.

This kindof ele&iveright is confirmedby the re-cordsof the fecondrace. Suchis this capitularyofthe divifion of the empiremade by Charlemaignamonghisthreechildren,in whichafterfettlingtheirflaares,he lays* " Thatif oneof the threebrothers•' happens to havea fon, fuch asthe peoplethallbe" wiltingto chufeas a fit perfon to fucceed to his" father's kingdom,his unclesflaallconfentto it."

This fameregulationis tobe metwith in the par-titionr_ whichLewis the Debonnairemade amonghis threechildren,Pepin, Lewis,andCharles, in theyear837, at the affe_bly of A,ix-la-Chapel.le;and

In the year768. l[Tom. 2. le_ionlsantlqme.§ Editionof thecapitularies,tom. _, p_gexBS.• In the tirt_capitularyof theyear8o6.Baluzius'sexlifionjpage439_art.5"_- In GoldaiLImperial.Cont_.itut.tom.z. pageI_, " " like;

_#_'._[. TH£ SPIRIT OtrLAWS. 459tikewif¢in anot_er_ partition,madetwentyyearsbefore,bythefameemperor,infavourofLotharim,]Pepin,and/_wi_. We maylikewifefeetheoa_vchichLewisthe StammerertookatCompeigne,athis ,coronation." ILewis,bythedivinemercy,and•'_thepeople'selectionJ]appointedking,do pro-." mife..... What I fayisconfirmedbythe'a_s.ofthecouncilof Valence§heldin the year89o,forthede&ionof Lewis,fonof Boron,to theking-dom of Aries. Lewis wasthereeleEted,and theprincipalreafontheygiveforchufinghim,is, thathewasof theimperialfamily_, that CharlestheFathadconferreduponhimthedignityof king,and_at theemperorArnoldhadinvertedhimby thefceptre,and by the miniftryof his ambaffadors.The kingdomof Arles,liketheotherdifmembered9r dependentkingdomsof Charlemaign, was etec-_iyeandhereditary.

C H A p. XVIII.

Charlemaign.

CHARLEMAIGN'sattentionwas_toreftrainthe.pQwerof the nobilitywithinproperbp_nds,andto_ainderthemfrom oppreflingthe freemenand thelergT/.Hebalancedthefeveralordersof theftat%ndremainedperfectmafterofthemall. Thewhole.

wasunitedby the ffrengthof hisgenius. Heled_thenobilitycontinuallyfromon,e e_;pedifionto an-

Baluzlueseditionjpage57_"art. z4. Si veroaliq_isillornmdecede_legitimosfilios_tiqueret,nonintercospoteflas"ipl'adivldatur,fedpotiuspo-ilu!usparitcrconvemicns,uaumex¢isquemdorainusvoha_riteligat,e,thOQ¢-feniorfra.terin locofratriset filiifufcipiat.

I1CapiLular,/_oftheyear$77. ]3aluzius'sedltlon_p,_ge_,7z.§ la fatherLahbe'seouncils_tom:9, ¢ol.4z¢. an_!_ Damoat's .Corp.D,L

_omat. tom._. art. 36: ......Byt_emother'sfide. other;

¢6_ THE SPIRIT OF LAW_. Boor_XXXI.

other; givingthemnotimeto formconfpiracies,but;employingthementirelyin theexecutionof his de-figns. The empirewas fupportedby the greathefsof its chief : the princewas great, but themanwasgreater. The kingshischildrenwerehis firftfub-je&s, the in_rumentsof his power, and patternsofobedielace.He made admirableregulations; and,what isRillmoreadmirable,he tookcaretofeethemexecuted. His genius diffufeditfelf througheverypart of theempire. Wefindin thisprince'slawsai_irit of forecaftand fagacitythat comprizeseverything, and a certainforce that appearsirrefiffible.Atl pretexts+ for evading the performanceof du-tiesare removed,neglec"tsare corre_ed, abufesre-formedor prevented. He knewhow topunifh,buthe underftood'muchbetterhowto pardon. He wasgreat in.hisdefigns,and fimplein the executionof_them. No prince everpoffeffed.in a higherdegreethe art of performingthe grearet'cthings withcare,andthemof'cdifficultwithexpedition, lie wascon-tinuallyvifitingthe feveralpartsof his vaff empire,and madethem feelthe weightof his handwhereverhe fell. New difficultiesfprung up on every fide,and _)neveryfidehe removedthem. Never princehad more refolutionin facingdangers; neverprinceknew better how to avoid them He mockedallmannerof perils, and pardcularl)"thofe to whichgreatconquerorsare generallyrubieS, namely,con-fpiracies.This furprifingprincewas extremelymo,.derate;of a verymild chara_er, plainand fimpleinhis behaviour. Fie lo_'ed to converfefreelywiththelords of his court. He indulged perhapstoomuch his paflionfor the fair-.rex.; a failinghowever

Seehis 3dcapitularyof theyearl_1_r,page4g6. art, _r)z, 3,_ 5, 6, 7,and$j andthefirtieapitularyof the year,qt2,page49o;art. I, andthe capitu-laryof t.h¢year SIZ. page49¢- art.9) _mdx:.

which• s

(_aAp.xg._ THE SPIRITOF LAWH. 46t

whichinaprincewhoalwaysgovernedbyhimfelf_andwhofpenthislifeinacontinualfuriesoftoils,maymeritromeallowance.He waswonderfullyexac"tin his expences;adminiftringhis demefnes"withprudence,attentionandoeonomy.A fathermightlearnfromhislawshowtogovernhisfamily;andwefindin hiscapitulliriesthe Fmrearrdfacredfourcefromwhencehe derivedhisriches. I fhalladdonlyonewordmore: he gaveordersthattltheeggsin thebartonson hisdemefnesand the fuper-ftuousgarden.flufffhoutdbe fotd; a moRwonder-fulm_.conomyinaprince,whohaddiRributedamonghispeoplealltherichesof.theLombards,and theimmenfetreafuresof thofeHunsthat had.plunderedthewholeworld.

C H A P. XIX.

if'hefameSubje_continued.

THIS great princewas afraidleft tholewhomhe intruftedin diftantparts with the command,thouldbeinclinedto revolt; andthoughthe fhouldfind more docilityamongthe clergy. For thisreafonhe ere&eda greatnumberof bifhopricksinGermany§ andendowedthemwithvery largefiefs. It appearsby romechartersthat theclaufescontainingthe prerogativesof tholefiefs,werenotdifferentfromihchaswerecommonlyinfertedintholegrants*; thoughatprefentwefindtheprincipalec-

Seetheeapilularydevillisin the year800. his2d capitularyof theyear8x3- art.6, andxg, and the 5th bookof thecapitalaries,art. _o3.

1[Capitul.devillls,art. $9" Seethiswhole capitulary,which is a realtor.pieceof prudence_goodadminif_ration_and=conomy.

§ Seeamongothersthefouodwionof the archbifhoprickof Bremenit*thetaRitularyof the year789. Baluzius'sedition_pagez45.

Forinf_ante_theprohibitionto theking'sjudgesagalnfl:enteringuponth_

territoryto demandthe freda,andotherdutie¢. I harelalda gooddealconcer_:/Ilkthisin the precedingbook, clefiafiics

defiaft?csofGermanyinvefte_Widaaf6vereigiapo_.._Bethat_ itmay,theft:werefomeof the¢ont_hrmaeeahe l_fedagainfl:the Saxons:Thatwhichhe coutd_riotexpecq:fi'omthe indolenceand fupinenefsofvaffal,hethoughthemightpromifehimfelffromtl_e

tot_sattentionofabifhop;Betidesa v_ffaloftha6, farfrommakingu_ of theconqueredpeople

ugainfthim,wouldratherRandin needof hi_af_taneetofupporth_felf againf_hi_people,

¢ 14A P. xx.ZewistheDebonnMre;

WHEN AuguftusCmfarwasinEgy,l__ he or'_dered,Alexander'stomb to be opened; andupor_theirafkinghimwhetherhe waswillingtheythoulcIopenthe tombsof the Ptolemy's,he madeanfwerthathewantedro feethe king, andnotthe dead.Thus,in thehiOcoryof thefecorMrace_wearecon.tLriuaIlyIookingforPepinandCharlemaig_n; wewantto"feethekifigs,andnotthe dead.

A princewIiowasthe fportof hispaff;ons_andadU_lbeeventOhisvirtues; aprincewhoneverunder-/_o_odrightlyeitherhis ownftrengthor weaknefs; a-princewhowas incapableof mzkinghimfelfeitherfearedor beloved; a princesin fine,whowithfew_'icesin Bisheart,had all'mannerof defe&sin hi_u'ndef_anding,tooI_-the reinsof theempireintohi_lia_nds,"_hichhadbeenheldby Charlemaigri,•_Ata timewhenthewholeworldis in tearsforthe'

deathof his.father,ata timeof furprizeandalarm__vheiathe fubje_ of tha_extenfiveempire,allcaruponCharles,whois nomore; ata timewhenhei_advancingwith-atl_expeditionto takepoffeflionof hi_faxh_s throhe,,he fendsfometruff?ol_cersbeforetiih_ii_Ordertofeazethe peffonsof"thofewhohad

. L , COIl"

(_kX_;,_ THE SFIRIT OF LAWS. 463

eontributedto the irregularityof his fryers. Thigfl:epwasproduc"tiveofthemolt.'terrible_,ataftrophiesT_tt w_ imprudentand precipitate. He beganwithpuniflalngdomefticcrimes,beforehe reachedthe pa-lace; and Withalienatingthe mindsof his fubje&s,Beforehe afcendedthe throne.

His nephew,Bernardking of Italy bei_agcometoimploreh_sclemency,he orderedhis eye_tobe putour, which provedthe caufeof that prince'sdeath_fdwdaysafter, andcreatedLewisa greatmanyene-mies. His apprehenfionof the confequenceinducedhim totlauthis bi'othersup ina monaftery; bywhichmeansthe numberof his enemie_increafed.ThefetwoIafftranfad'tionswereafterwardslaidtohischargein ajudicialmanner+; and his accufersdid not failto tell him, that he had violatedhis oath, and thefolemnpromifeswhichhe hadmadetohis fatheronthe dayof his coronation.

After the deathof the emprefsHermengardis,bywhomhehadthreechildren,he marriedJudith_andhada fonby that princel_; but foonmixing all theindulgenceof art oldhutband,withali the weaknefsof an old ki_ag,heflung his familyintoa diforder,which was followedwith the downfaIof the monarchy.

He was eontintvallyalteringthe partitionshe hadmade amonghis children. Aaadyet therepartitionshad beenconfirmedeach in their turn by his ownoath. andby thofeof his childrenand the nobility.

This wasas'if hew_ntedto try the fidelityof hisfubjec°ts; it wasendeavouringbyconfufion,fcruples,and equivocationto puzzle their obedience; it wasconfoundingthe dif[erentrightsof tholeprinces,and

_; "l_]_eal_onF_mousauthord the,llfeof Lewi_the Debonnalre_a Duchefone'_colle_io_b tom,z. pagez95.

Z[Seehis trialand the cireumf[ancesof his depofit]ou,in Duehefn/'_k¢01-le_ion, tom._, page331, ' ......

render-

46# THE SPIRIT OFLAW_; Bcro_c_r_renderingtheirtitlesdubious,efpecially_at _tim_whentherewerebut fi_wtortreffes,andwhentheprincipalbulwarkof authoritywasthe fealtyfworrrandaccepted.

The emperor'schildren,in order to prefervetheirfhares,courtedthe clergy,and grantedthemprivilegestillthenunheard. Thefeprivilegeswerefpecic,us;andtheclergyin returnweremadetowar-ranttherevolutioninfavourof tholeprinces. Ago-bardttreprefentsto LewistheDebonnaire,hishav-inglentLothariustoRome,inordertohavehimde-daredemperor; andthathehadmadea divifionofhisdominionsamonghischildren,afterhavingcon-ruttedheavenby threedaysfailingand praying,What defencecould fuch a weakprince make_gainilthe attackof fuperitition? It is eafyto per-,ceivethe /hockwhichthe fupremeauthoritymuf_havetwi/:ereceivedfiomhisimpfifonment,andfromhispublicpen_tnce; theywould fain degradetheking,andtheydegradedthe regaldignity.

Wefindadifficultyatfir_toconceivehowaprincewhowaspoffeffedof feveralgoodqualities,mhohadromeknowledge,who had a naturaldifpofitiontovirtue,andwhoin thortwasthefonof Charlemaign,couldhavefucha numberof enemies*, foimpetu-ousandimplacableasevento infulthim in hishu-miliation,andto bedetermineduponhis ruin: andindeedtheywouldhaveutterlycompletedit, if hischildren,whoin the mainweremorehonerthanthey,hadbeenffeadyin theirdefign,andcouldhave_greedamongfithemfelves.

U Seehis letters.Seehis trialandthecircumRancesof his depofitlon,in Dachefne'scolle6,

tlon, tom.z. page33t. Seealfohis lif_writtenbyTegan ._'antoenlr__liola-_orabat_uttccderttcos_it¢li_./_ur_f_ysthisanonyrausauthorinD-¢hgfne_tom,z.page307.

c iqar.

CuXe._t. THE $PiRIT OF LAW3_ 46_

C H A P. XXLt

ThelameSuljec?continued.TH E firengthandfolidityforwhichthekingdom

Wasindebtedto Charlemaign,_ll fubfifledunderLewisthe Debonnairein fucha degreeasenabledtheRatetofupportitsgrandeur,andtocommandre-fpe&fromforeignnations.Theprince'sundert_and-ing wasweak, butthe nationwaswarlike. Hisauthoritydeclinedathome,thoughtherefeernedtobe no diminutionof powerabroad,

CharlesMartel,Pepin,andCharlemaign,wereinfucceffionrulersofthemonarchy.Thefirffflatteredtheavariceof thefoldiers_ theothertwothatof theclergy,

In the Frenchconfiitution,the wholepoweroftheftatewaslodgedin the handsof the kingsthenobility,and clergy. CharlesMattel,Pepin,andCharlemaign,joinedfometimestheir intereftswithoneof tholepartiesto checktheotherandgenerallywith both: but Lewisthe Debonnairecouldgaintheaffe&ionof neither. He difobligedthe bifhopsby publiflfingregulationswhichhad the air offever@,becaufehecarriedthingsto agreaterlength'thanwasagreeableto theirinclination.Verygoodlawsmaybe ill-timed.The bifhopsin tholedays_beingaccufiomedto take the fieldagainf_theSara-cens*, andtheSaxons,hadverylittleof the fpiritof religion. Onthe otherhand,ashehadnolongerany confidencein the nobility,he promotedmeanpeople,turningthenoblesoutof theiremploymentsat<o_t§ to makeroomfor f_rangersandupftarts.

* TeganlaysthatwhatfeldomhappenedunderCharlemaignwasa¢omm011pra_iceunderLewis.

§ Beingdefirousto cheekthe nobility,hepromotedoneBernardtotheplaceofCHamberlains by which the great lordswere¢zaffertt,dto flagl_ighe/epitch.

Vol.II. H h BY

4_6 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. BooKXX_I

Bythefemeansthe affe&ionsof the two greatbodiesof the nobilityandclergywere _lienatedfrom theirprince, the cortfequenceof which was a total de-t_rtion.

C H A P. XXII.

if'hefame 8ubjeftcontinued.BUT what chieflycontributedtoweakenthe mo-

narchy, was the extravaganceof this princein alie-natingthe crowndemefnes§. And hereit is thatweoughtto liffento the accountof Nitard, one of ourmoltjudicioushiltorions,a grandfonof Charlemaign,Rronglyattachedto Lewisthe Debonnaire,andwhowrotehis hiltoryby orderof Charlesthe Bald.

He lays, " thatoneAdelhardfor rometimegained,, fuchanafcendantover theemperor,that thisprince" conformedto his willin everything; that at the" int_igationof this favourite,he had grantedthe" the crownlands*to everybodythat a/kedthem," by which meansthe ltate wasruined+." Thushe did the famemifchiefthroughoutthe empire, asI _ obfervedhe haddone in Aquitaine; t_e former,Char]em_ignredreffed,but the latter, was paff allremedy.

The _ate was reduced to the fame debility inwhich CharlesMartel found it upon his acceffionto the mayoralty; andfo defperarewereits circum-_anccs, that noexertionof authoritywas anylongercapableof faring it.

The treafurywas fo exhaufted,that in the reign

§ Villas_e_ias*'u_eerant ful et avlet trkavl,fidellbusfulstradlditeasirapofl_fflone$fempiternas: fecit enira hoe diutempore._egande G_is Ludo-_iciPii.

_*Hinctibertatls_Macpublicainpropriisufibusdifiribuerefaafih .Nitard,Lib.4"propre j_nem.

q Rempublicampenlt_sannullavit. Ibi,¢.Seebookxxx. chap.T]. of

C_ap.23, THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 467

of CharlestheBald,no onecouldcontinue[[ in hisemployments,nor befarein his perfon,withoutpayingforit, Whentheyhadit in theirpowertodeRroytheNormanst, theytookmoneyto letthemefcape: andthefirfladvicewhichHincmargivestoLewistheStammerer,is to an of theaffemblyofthenation,a fufficientallowanceto defraythe ex-pencesof his houihol_l.

C H A P, XXIILTkefame8ubjencontinued.

THE clergyhadreafonto repenttheproteCtiontheyhadgrantedto thechildrenof Lewisthe De-bonnaire.Thisprince,as I havealreadyobferved,hadnevergiven_ anyof thechurch-landsbypreceptsto thelaity; but it wasnot long beforeLothariusin Italy, and Pepinin Aquitaine,quittedCharle-maign'splan,andrefumedthat of CharlesMatte1.Theclergyhadrecourfeto theemperoragalnt_hischildren,buttheythemfelveshadweakenedthe au-thorityto whichtheyappealed.In Aquitaine£omecondefeenfionwasfhewn,butnonein haly.

Thecivilwarswith whichthe)ireof Lewisthe•Debonnairehad beenembroiled,werethe feedoftholewhichfollowedhisdeath. Thethreebrothers,Lotharius,Lewis,andCharles,endeavouredeachtobringoverthenobilityto theirparty. To fuchaswerewillingthereforeto followthem theygrantedehurchdandsbyprecepts; fothattogainthenobility,theyfacrificedtheclergy.

We findin the capitularies_, thattholeprincesH h _ were

UHiaemar,let.,.toLewisthe'Stammerer."1"Seethefragmentof thechronicleof the monai_eryof S. Sergiusin An-

gersin DuChefne,tom.ii. page40.Seewhatthe bi_ops fayin the fynodoFtheyear845. Apud Teudonia

"Fillam.QSeethe fynodinthe year945,apudTeudonhVillain,art. 3,and4,which

gire!averyexa_ defcri_tionof thingsi asalfo_thatof thefameyear,heldatthe

468 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS, BooxXXX_.

wereobligedto yieldto theimportunityofdemands,and that what theywould not oftenhave freelygranted,wasextortedfromthem: we findthattheclergythoughtthemfelvesmoreoppreffedbythenobi-litythanby the kings. It appearsthat CharlestheBaldt becamethe greateftenemyof the patrimonyoftheclergy,whetherhe wasmoltincenfedagainftthemforhavingdegradedhisfatherontheiraccount,orwhetherhe wasthemo_timorous.Bethatasitmay,wemeetwith$ continualquarrelsin the capi-tularies; betweenthe clergywhodemandedtheireftates,andthe nobilitywhorefufedor deferredtoreftorethem; andthekingsa&ingasmediators.

The fituationof affairsat thattime is afpec'taclereallydeferringof pity. WhileLewisthe Debon-nairemadeimmenfedonationsoutofhisdemefnestothe clergy; hischildrendiftributedthechurch-landsamongthe laity. The fameprincewith onehandenriched,andwith anotheroftentimesftrippedtheclergy. The latterhadno fixt frate;onemomentthe palaceof Verses,art. _z, andthefynodofBeauvahal_'oin thefameyearjart.3, 4,and6i andthe capitularyin villaSparnaco_in theyear846, art.zo,andtheletterwhichthe hiflaopsaffembledat Rheimswrotein g58, to Lewimkingof GermanD art. 8.

Seethe capitularyin villa Sparnaco,in theyear846. "Fltenobilityhadlet the king againftthe biflaops,infomuchthat he expelledthem fromtheaffemblyj a fewof thecanonsena&edin councilwereplek,edout, andthe pre*lutesweretoldthat thereweretheonlyoneswhich/houldbeobferved; nothingwasgrantedthemthatcouldberefufed, Seeart.zo, zr, andzz. Seealfotheletterwhichthebiflaopsafl_mbledat Rheimswrote in theyear:858 to Lewisking _f Germany,-and the edictofPiftes, inthe year$64,art. 5*

See this verycapitularyin the year846, in villa.Sparnaeo. Seealfothecapitularyof theaffcmblyheldapudMarfnam,in theyear847.art. 4" whereinthe clergyreducedthemfelv._stodemandonlythe reffitationofwhattheyhadbeenpofleffedof underLewisthe Debonnaire.Seealfothecapitularyofthe_'ear35I. apudMarfnam,art. 6. and7"whichconfirmsthenobilityandclergyin theirfeveralpofl_flions,andthat apudBonoitum,in theyearg56,whichisa remon_ranceof-thebifl_psto theking,h_aufe theevils_afterfo manylaws,hadnotbeenredr¢ffed'_andrin fiae_the letterwhichthe bithopsaffcmbleda¢Rheimswroteia theyear$$_ to l_ia kingof Germany,art, 8.

they

C_p.23. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 469

they were plundered,anotherthey receivedfatis-faction: but the crownwascontinuallylofing.

Towardsthe clofeofthe reignofCharlestheBald,andfromthat timeforward,therewasanend of thedifputesof the clergyandlaity,concerningthe refti-tutionof churchlands. Thebi/hopsindeedbreathedouttill a few fighsin theirremonftrancestoCharlesthe Bald,whichwe findin thecapitularyof the year856, andin the letter* theywroteto LewiskingofGermany,in theyear858 : but theypropofedthings,and challengedpromifes,fo often eluded,that weplainlyfeetheyhadno longeranyhopesofobtainingtheir defire.

All thatcouldbeexpe&edthen, was+ to repairingeneralthe injuriesdone both to churchand ftate.The kings engagednot to deprivethe nobilityoftheir freemen,andnotto giveawayanymorechurch-landsby precepts_; fo that theintereftsof the clergyandnobilityfeemedthento be united.

The dreadfuldepredationsof the Normans,as Ihavealreadyobferved,contributedgreatlyto put anend to tholequarrels.

The authorityof our kings dimlnifhingeveryday,both for the reafonsalreadygiven, andtholewhichI/hall mentionhereafter,they imaginedthey had nobetter refourceleft, than to refignthemfelvesinto thehandsof the clergy. But the ecclefiafficshad weak-enedthepowerofthekings, andtherehaddiminithedthe influenceof the ecclefiaftics.

In vaindidChhrlesthe Baldand his fuccefforscallin the churchto fupportthe Rate,and to preventits

Q Art. $. "]"Seethecapitularyoftheyear$5z. art. 6.& 7.CharlestheBald_in thefynodof Soiflbns_fays_that hehad.l_romi'teathe

bi_opsnotto iffueoutanymorepreceptsrelatingtochurch-lands.Gal:itulariesefthe_*ar853"art.z_,. Baluzius'sedition,tom.iL p, 56P

Hh 3 ruin;

4?0. THESPIRIT OF LAWS. BooEXXXI,

ruin; in vaindidtheyavailthemfelvesof the• re,fpe&whichthe commonaltyhadfor thatbody,tomaintainthatwhichtheyflaouldalfohavefortheirprince; invaindidtheyendeavour-[-to givean au-thorityto theirlawsbythatofthecanons; in vaindid theyjointhe ecclefiaftic_ withthecivilpunifla-ments; in vainto counterbalancetheauthorityofthecount[[didtheygiveto eachbiflaopthetitleoftheircommifl'aryinthefeveralprovinces: itwasimpoffiblefortheclergyto repairthe mifchieftheyhaddone;andaterriblemisfortune,whichI fhallprefentlymen-tion,provedtheruinofthemonarchy.

C H A P. XXIV.

27:atthe.FreemenwererenderedcapableofholdingFiefs,

I SAID that the freemenwereled againfitheenemybytheircount,andtheyaffalsby theirlord.Thiswasthereafon_hatthefeveralordersoftheftatebalancedeachother; andthoughthe king'svaffalshadothervaffalsunderthem,yettheymightbeover-awedbythecountwhowasat theheadof all thefreemenofthemonarchy.

Thefr<ernen_ werenotallowedatfirRto do ho-Seethe capitularyof CharlestheBald, apudSaponar!as,intheyear$59.

art, 3" _' Venilorb whomI madearchbi/hopof Sens,has confecratedmei'_ and! oughtnot tobeexpel!edthe kingdom byanybody." Saltrmfineaudi-entia&judicioepifcoporum,quorumminiRerloin regemrumconfecratuh&qui throniDei runtdi_i, in quibusDeusfedet,&perquos_'uade.cernitjudici*,quorumpaterniscorree2ionibus& caf_igatoriisjudiciisme fubderefui parat_&inpr_fentifumfubditu.%

"1"See the capitu'laryo( Charlesthe Bald,de Carifiaeo,in the yearg57.Baluzius'sedition,tom.ii. Fagegz.fe_q.I_z. ,4.&7-

Seethe fynodof Pntesin theyeargoz. art.4"andthe capitularyof LcwisIL apudvernispalat_um,in theyearg83.art.4"and5-

IICapitularyof the year S76, underCharlesthe Bald,in SynodoPontilIo-nenfi, Baluzlus'sedition,art. zz.

§ Seewhathasbeenfdida!ready_bookxxx. laffchaptertowardsthe end.mage

C_xr.24. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS, 47_

magefora fief; but inprocefsoftimethiswasper-mitted: andI findthatthischangewasmadeduringtheperiodthat elapfedfromthereignofGontramtothatofCharlemaign.ThisI provebythecompari-fonwhichmaybe drawnbetweenthetreatyofAn-dely_-,fignedby Gontram,Childebert,andqueenBrunechild,and the $ partitionmadeby Charle-maignamongfthischildren,aswellasa likeparti-tion by Lewisthe Debonnaire.Therethreea&scontainnearlythe fameregulations,withregardtothevaffals;andastheydeterminetheveryfamepoints,underalmoRthefamecircumftances,thefplritaswellas the letterof tholethreetreatiesinthisrefpe&areverymuchalike.

But as to whatconcernsthefreemen,thereis acapitaldifference.ThetreatyofAndelydoesnotfaythattheymightdo homagefora fief; whereaswefind in the divifionsof CharlemaignandLewistheDebonnaireexprefsclaufesto empowdrthemto dohomage. Thisthewsthatanewufagehadbeenin-troducedafterthetreatyofAndely,wherebythefree-menwerebecomecapableofthisgreatprivilege.

This muffhavehappenedwhenCharlesMartel,afterdiftributingthe church-landsto his foldiers,partlyin fief,and partlyas allodia,madea kindofrevolutionin the feudallaws. It is veryprobabledaatthe nobilitywhowerefeizedalreadyof fiefs,foundagreateradvantagein receivingthenewgrantszsallodia; andthat the freementhoughtthemfelveshappyinacceptingthemasfiefs.

3L In the year5S7. in GregoryofTours,book9"$ See the followingchapter,where1 thallfpeakmorediffufivelyof thole

p_rtitlons_ _ndthe notesin whichthey arequoted,

Hh 4 CHAP.

4_ THE $PIt_IT OF LAWS. BooxXXXIf

CHAP. XXV.

_HE _R_lgCX.PAL CAUSE OF THE _'UMILI[A'i_IOlg O_THXsXCO_DRACS.

_bangesin the .dllodia.

CHARLEMAIGN: in the partition*, mentionedin the precedingchapter, ordained,that after hisdeath_the vaffalsbelongingto each king, fF,ouldbepermittedto receivebeneficesin theirownfoveregn sdominion,and not in tholet of another;whereasthey_ mightkeeptheirallodiateftatesin anyoftheirdominions. ButheaddsII,thateveryfreemanmight,afterthe death of his loi'd, do homagein anyof thethreekingdomsto whomhe pleafed,as _veilas hethat neverhad beenfubje&to a lord. Wefindthefame regulationsin the partitionwhich Lewis theDebonnairemadeamonghischildrenin theyear817-

But thoughthefreemenhaddonehomagefora fief,yet the count'smilitiawas not thereby weakened:the freemanwas Rillobligedto contributefor hisallodium,andto get peopleready for the fervicebe-longingto it, at the proportionof one man to fourmanors: or elfeto procurea manthat thoulddothedutyof the fiefin his tlead. And whenromeabufeshad been introducedupon this head, theywerere-

? In the year806, bet_.veenCha.rles,peplnjandLcwlsi it i_ quotedbyGoldaPc,andbyBaluzius,tom.i. p.439.

"l"Art. 9"page443.whichis _greeabletothe treatyof Andelyin GregoryofTours, bookix.

'_ Art. xo.andthereis no mentionmad_ofthhin the treatyof Andely,]1InBaluzlus,tom. i. p. 574" Licentiamhabeatunufquifquqliberhomq

qui fenioremnonhabuerit,cuicumqueexhis trlbusfratrihusvoluerit_fecom-mendandl,art.9" Seealfothe divifionmadeby thefameemperorin theyear

_._.. art.6... Ba!uzius'._...edition,_.Page:686,. , ' ........dreffed_

_axr.2s. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 475

rlreffed_as appearsby the conftitutions_ ofGharle°maign, and by that+ of Peplnkingof Italy, whichexplaineachother.

The remarkmade by hiRorians,that thebattleofFontenaywastheruinof themonarchy,is verytrue;but I begleaveto caftan eyeon the unhappyconfe-c]uencesof that day.

Sometimeafterthat battle,the threebrothers,Lo-.tharius,Lewis,andCharles,madea treaty++,whereinI findfomeclaufeswhichmuffhavealteredthewholepoliticalfyfkemof theFrenchgovernment.

In the declaration]l, whichCharlesmade to thepeople,of thatpart of the treatyrelatingto them, helays, that § everyfreemanmight chufe whomhepleaf_.dfor his lord, whetherthe kingor any of thenobility. Beforethis treaty the freemenmight dohomage for a fief; but his MlodiumRill continuedunder the immediatepower of the king, that is,lander the count'sjurifdic'tion; and he dependedonthe lord to whomhe vowedfealty,onlyon accountof the fiefwhichhehadobtained. Afterthat treaty,everyfreemanhad a right to fubje&his allodiumtothe king, or toanyotherlord, as he thoughtproper.The queRionis not in regardto tholewhoput them-(elvesunder the protee"tionof anotherfor a fief, butto fuch as changedtheirallodialintq a feudalland,and wx'thdrewthemfelves,as it were, fromthecivil

* In theyeargTI.Baluzius'sedition,tom. I. page486. art.7- anti$. andthatof the year$12. ibid.page49o. art.I. Utomnisliberhomoquaquatuormanfosveflitosde proprioIuojfive de alicujusbeneficio,habet,ipfet'eFro-parer,&ipfein hof_empergatfivecorni'entorefuo_&e. Seealfothecapitularyof theyear$o7._Baluzius'sedition,tom. ;. page45S.

"_In the year"793-inferredin the lawof the Lombards,bookill tit. 9'thap.9.

, In theyearg47"quotedby AubertLeMire,and Baluzlus,tom.ii. p.4z.ConventusapudMarfnam. ]]Adnunciato.

§ Ut unufquifquellberhomoin noRroregnofenioremquemvolueritin tlob!s&in norrisfidelibusa¢cipiat_a_'t°z. pf t_ D=clartttionof Charl¢,.

jurif-

474 THE SPIKIT OF LAWS. Boo_XXXI.

jurifdic"tion,to enterunderthe powerof the king, orof thelordwhomtheythoughtproperto chufe.

Thus it was that thofe who formerlywereonlyunderthe king'spower, as freemenunderthe count,becameinfenfiblyvaffalsone of another,finceeveryfreemanmight chufewhomhe pleafedfor his lord,the king, or anyof the nobility.

2. If a man changedan eftate,which he poffeffedin perpetuityintoa fief, this newfiefcouldnolongerbe only forlife. Hence we fee, a fhort timeafter,a * generallaw for givingthefiefsto the childrenoftheprefentpoffeffor: it wasmadeby CharlestheBald,oneof thethreecontracqingprinces.

What has beenlaid concerningthe libertyeveryfreemanhad in the monarchy,afterthe treatyof thethreebrothers,of chufingwhom he pleafedfor hislord, the kingor anyof thenobility,is confirmedbythe a&sfubfequentto that time.

In the reign"t"of Charlemaign,when the vaffalhad receiveda prefentof a lord, wereit worthonlya£ol,he could not afterwardsquit him. But underCharlesthe Bald,thevaffals$ mightfollowwhatwasagreeableto their interefts,or theirinclination,withintirefafety; andfo ftronglydoesthis princeexplainhimfelfon thisfubje&,that he feemsrathertoericou-

•* Capltularyoftheyear$77, tit. 53"art. 9' and to. apedCarifiacum,fimi,liter & de noPcrisvaflkllisfaciendumeft,&e. This capitularyrelatestoan-otherof thefameyear_andof thefameplace_art. 3"

"t"CapitularyofAix la Ch-_pelle_in theyear$i3,art. 16.quodnullusfeni-Oremfuumdimittatpoflquamab eo acceperitvalentefollduraunumi andthe¢apitularyofl'epin, in theyear783. art. 5"

Seethe eapitularydeCzr.fiaco,in the yearg56. art. Io. and_3" Balu-¢ius's edition_tom_z. page83. in which the king, togetherwiththe lordsfpiritualand temporal_agreedto this; Et fi aliquisdevobisfit cui fuus fenl-oratusnonplacer,&illi fimulatad aliumfenloremmeli_squamadiliumaeap-tare poffit,veniat ad illum_& ipfe tranquil}e& pacifieoanimo donatillicommeatum... & quodDeus illi cup]eritadallurefenioremacaptarepotuerit_pacific_habeat.

rage

IZaAr.a6. THE SPIRITOF LAWS. 475_

ragethemin theenjoymentof thisliberty,thantoreftrainit. In Charlemaign'stime,beneficeswerera-therperfonalthanreal; afterwardstheybecameratherlrealthanper£onal,

¢ H A P. XXVL

ChangesintheFiefs.

THE;famechangeshappenedinthefiefs,asintheallodia.We findbythecapitularyIIofCompeigne,underkingPepin,thattholewhohadreceivedabene-ficefromtheking,gaveapartofthisbeneficeto dif-ferentbondmen; but therepartswerenot dit_in&fromthewhole.The kingrevokedthemwhenherevokedthewhole;andat the deathof the king'sVaffal,therear-vaffalloftalfohisrear-fief_ andanewbeneficiaryfucceeded,wholikewifeeftablifhednewrear-vaffals.Thus it wasthe perfon,andnot therear-fief,thatdependedonthefief;ontheonehand,the rear-vaffalreturnedto the king,becaufehewasnot tiedfor everto thevaffal;andtherear-fiefre-turnedalfoto theking,becaufeit wasthefiefkfelf,andnotadependanceofit.

Suchwasthe rear-vaffalage,whilethe fiefswereduringpleafure;andfuchwasit alfowhiletheywerefor life. Thiswasalteredwhenthefiefsdefcendedtothe nextheirs,and the rear-fiefsthe fame. Thatwhichwasheldbeforeimmediatelyofthe king,washeldnowmediately; andtheregalpowerwasthrownback, as it were,onedegree;fometimestwo,andoftentimesmore.

We findin the books§ offiefs,thatthoughtheking'svaffa!smightgiveawayinfief,thatis, inrear-

Ira tile year 757. art. 6. Baluzius's edition, page1Sx.

_"Book i. chap. I.

476 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS, BooKXXXI,

tiff, totheking,yetthererear-vaffals,orpettyvava.fors,couldnot givealfoin fief;fo that whatevertheyhadgiven,theymightalwaysrelume.Betides,agrantof thatkinddidnot defcendto thechildrenlikethefiefs,becaufeit wasnotfuppofedtohavebeenmadeaccordingto thefeudallaws.

If wecomparethefituationin whichtherear-vaffal.agewasat the timewhenthe twoMilanefefenatorswrotethatbook,to whatir wasunderking Pepin,weflaallfindMattherear.fiefsprefervedt theirprimi-tivenaturelongerthanthefiefs.

Butwhenthofefenatorswrote,fuchgeneralexcel>,tionshadbeenmadeto thisvale,as hadalmofl:abo-tilhedit. Forifaperfon1:whohadreceivedafiefofarear-vaffal,happenedto tbllowhimuponanexpedi-tiontoRome,hewasintitledtoalltheprivilegesofavaffal. In likemanner,ifhehadgivenmoneyto therear-vaffaltoobtainthefief,thelattercouldnottakeit fromhim,norhinderhimfromtranfmittingit tohisfon,till hereturnedhimhismoney: in fine,thisrule[[wasnolongerobfervedby thefenateofMilan.

C H A P. XXVII.

JlnotherChangewhichhappenedintheFiefs.IN Chartemaign'stime"theywereObliged,under

greatpenalties,to repairtothegeneralmeetingincareof anywarwhaffoever;theyadmittedofnoexcufes,andif thecountexemptedanyonehe wasliablehim-fellto be puniflaed.But the treatyofthethreebro.thers][madea refl:ric_ion§ upon thishead,whichrefct_d

+ At tea/_in ItalyandGermany.Booki. of fiefs,chap. x. _ Ibid.

• '_Capitularyof theyeargoa.art.7. Baluzlas'sedition,page365.ApudMarfn_rn_in the year847. Baluzius'sedition,p.4z.

§ Volumusut cujufcumquenoftrumhomoin cujufcumqueregnofit, cureorefuo in hoftcm_vel aliisfuis ufilitatibuspergat,ni_ tails regnlinvafioquam

C_AP.28. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 477refcuedthe nobility,as it were,out of the king'shands; theywerenolongerobligedtoferveintimeofwar,butwhenthewarwasdefenfive.Inothers,they:wereatlibertyto followtheirlord,or to mindtheirownbufinefs.This treatyrelatesto anotherIt,con-cludedfiveyearsbefore,betweenthe twobrothers,Charlesthe BaldandLewisking of Germany,bywhichthefeprincesreleafetheirvalralsfromfervingthemin war,in caretheythouldattempthoftilitiesagainf_eachother;anagreementwhichthetwoprincesconfirmedbyoath,and,at thefametime,madetheirarmiesfwearto it.

Thedeathof an hundredthoufandFrench,at thebattleofFontenay,madetheremainsof thenobilityimagine,thatbytheprivatequarrelsof theirkings,abouttheirrefpe&ive/hares,theirwholebodythouldbeexterminated,andthattheambitionandjealoufyofthofeprinceswouldendinthedeftru&ionofallthebefl;familiesofthekingdom.Alawwasthereforepaffed,thatthenobilityfhouldhotbe obligedto fervetheirprincesinwar,unlefsitwasto defendtheftateagain_a foreigninvafion.This law*obtainedfor feveralages.

C H A P. XXVIII.

Cban,_eszvkicbhap/;enedin thegreatO_ces_andintheFiefs.

THE manychangesintroducedintothefiefs,indParticularcat_s,feemedto fpreadfowideasto bepro-uc°dveofa generalcorruption.I tooknotice,that

in thebeginningfeveralfiefshadbeenalienatedinper-

quamLau'r,avzzI dieunt,quodabfit,aec|dertt,ut omaispopulu,il/iusregr6adearnrepellendampcomr0uniterpergat,art. S"ibid.page44.

_ Apudarggntoratum_in Baluzius,capitularies,tom.u. pag_39"• See thelawof Guy'kingofthe Romans_amongthot'ewhl¢,hwer_addedtQ

th_Saliglawjan4to thatof th©Lombar&jtit, 6, feet._. in_chatd. t_[_

478 THE SPIKITOFLAWS. BooKXXX_.petuity; buttholewereparticularcafes,atadthefiefs

generalpreferredtheirnature; fothatif thecrownloftromefiefssit fubf_itutedothersintheirftead, fobfervedlikewife,thatthe crownhadneveralienatedthegreatofficesinperpetuityt-

ButCharlesthe Baldmadea generali'eguhtion,whichequallyaffe&edthe greatofficesandthe fiefs.He ordained,in hiscapitularies,that the+countiesthouldbegivento thechildrenofthecount,andthatthisregulationthouldalfotakeplaceinrefpe6tto thefiefs.

Wethai1feeprefentlythatthisregulationreceivedamoreconfiderableextent,infomuchthat the greatofficesandfiefswentevento difl:antrelations.Fromthenceitfollowed,thatmoitofthelords,whobeforethistimehadheldimmediatelyofthecrown,heldnowonlymediately.Tholecountswhoformerlyadmi-nitteredjutticein theking'splacita,andwholed thefreemenagainfl:theenemy,foundthemfel_resfituatedbetweenthe king and his freemen; andthe king'spowerwasremovedfartheroffanotherdegree.

Againit appearsfromthe capitulariesII,thatthecountshadbeneficesannexedto theircountries,andvaffalsunderthem. Whenthecountiesbecamehere-ditary,thecount'svaffalswerenolongerthe imme-diatevaffalsoftheking; andthebeneficesannexedtothecountieswerenolongerthe king'sb_nefices:the

_" Someantherspretend-thatthecountyof TouloufehadbeengivenawaybyCharlesMartel,andpaffedbyinheritancedowntoRaymondthelab count_ butif this betrue, it wasowingto romeei_cumflances,whichmighthavebeena_inducementtochufethecountsofToutoufefromamongthe childrenof thela_poffefihr.

Seehiscapitularyoftheyearg77.tit, 53"art.9"and 1o.apt_dCarifiaeomithis capitularyisrelativeto anotherofthe fameyearandplac¢_art. 3"

_lThe3d capitularyof theyear8rz. art.7" andthat ofthe year8x5.art. 6.on the Spaniards.The cotleeqionof the capitularies_book 5"art. zz3. andthe capitularyof the}'ear869.art. z. andthat of theyear 877.art. x3. Balu-zius'sedition.

counts

Cuxv._9. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 479

countsgrewpowerful,becaufethevaffals,whomtheyhad alreadyunderthem,enabledthemto procureothers.

In orderto be convincedhowmuchthemonarchywastherebyweakenedtowardstheendof thefecondrace,wehaveonlyto ca_aneyeonwhathappenedatthe beginningofthe third,whenthemultiplicityofrear-fiefsflungthegreatvaffalsintodefpair.

It wasa cu_om§ of thekingdom,thatwhentheelderbrothershadgivenflaaresto theiryoungerbro-thers,the latterpaidhomageto the elder; fo thattholefhareswereheldofthelordparamountonlyasarear-fief.PhilipAugu_us,the dukeof Burgundy,thecountsofNevers,Boulogne,S.Paul,Dampierre,andotherlords,declared*thathenceforward,whetherthe fiefwasdividedby fuccefl_on,or otherwife,thewhole/houldbeheldalwaysofthefamelord,withoutanyintermediation.Thisordinancewasnotgenerallyfollowed;for asI haveelfewhereobferved,it wasimpofflbleto makegeneralordinancesat thattimebutmanyofourcuffomswereregulatedbythem.

C H A P. XXIX.

OftheNatureof theFiefsaftertheReignofCharlesthe_ald.

WE haveobferved,thatCharlestheBaldordainedthatwhenthepoffefforofagreatofficeorofa fieflefta fonat hisdeath,theofficeorfiefthoulddevolvetohim. It wouldbeadifficultmattertotracethe pro-grefsoftheabufeswhichfromthencerefulted,andoftheextenfiongiventothatlawineachcountry. I find

§ As appearsfrom Othoof Fritingen,of rhea&ionsof Frederlc_bookii,chap.z9.

Seethe ordinanceof Philip Auguflusin the _'earxzo9. in the newcollec'tioa.

in

4_o THE SPIRIT OF LAW_o ]_oo_:_XYd_o

in thebooks_ offiefs,that towards-thebeginningofthereignof the emperorConradII. thefiefsfit:uatedin hisdominionsdidnotdefcend tothegrandchildren:theydefcendedonlytooneOfthelafl:poffeffor;schil-dren% whohadbeenchofenby thelord: thusthefiefsWe,regivenbya kindOf e!e&ign,,qhiehthelordmadeamongthechildren. -<_.; .

In th.efe_;¢r_seenthchapterof this_6ok,f-wehaveexplained.in.What.mannerthecrownwasinromere-fpe&sele&iye,.andin othershereditary,underthefecondrace, _tt'_was-hereditary,bec_ufe,the kingswereahvaystakenfrom.thatfamily,andbecaufethedfitdrenfucceeded;it wase!eEtive,by reafonthepeopleehgfefro.m'ampngftthe children.As thingsofa fimilarnaturemo_;egeneraltyalike,andonepoll-ticalIaxvis conihnttyrelativeto another,the famefpii'itwas4ollowed_ in thefucceflionoffiefs,ashadl_n. f_bfercedinthefuecefliont9 thecrown. Thusdie:fi._fs4veretranfmitted_othechildrenbytherightdf:fuec_ffion,aswellas0fele&ion:;andeachfiefwasbecomebothele&iveandhereditary,likethecrown.

Thisrightofde&ionintheperfonofthelord,wasnot fubfi0cingtlat the timeof the authors§ ofthebooksof fiefs,thatis, in the reign,of the emperorFredericI.

C H A P. XXX._hefameSubjeHconIinued.

IT ismentionedin the booksof fiefs,thatwhen_*theemperorConradletoutforRome,thevaffalsinhis

* Bo_,ki:,tle;*.Sic progreffizmeft,ut adfiliosdeveniretiaquemDomim_shoe vellotbene-

firiumconfirmare.Ibia.At leal_inIt/l_,andGermany.. J r..

11Q_odhodieirafcabilit.umeft, ut ad omnes_qaalk_ ¢"em_,__k _. o|the fief_ tie l._ ,_: " "' _';: ': :_ :-"

§ Gerardus/q_gerand AubertusdeOrto.*" CureveroConradu,Romamproficifceretur,petltum¢1_a fidellbusquiia

eju5erantfervitio,ub legeabeopromulgate,hocctiamadnepotgsez filiopro-dacer¢

CHAr.29, THE 8P!KIT OF LAWS. 4gz

hisferviceprefentedapetitiontohim,thathewouldpleafeto makealaw, that thefiefswhichdefcendedto thechildrenthoulddefcendalfoto thegrandchil-dren,andthathewholebrotherdiedwithoutlegiti-mateheirs,mightfucce_dto thefiefwhichhadbe-longedto theircommonfather:Thiswasgranted.

In thefameplaceit islaid,(andwearetoremem-berthattholewriters"_livedatthetimeoftheempe-ror FredericI.) " that the ancientcivilians"t-had"' alwaysbeenofopinion,thatthefucceffionoffiefs" in acollaterallinedidnotextendfartherthanto" coufingermansbythefather'sfide,thoughoflate" it wascarriedas farasthefeventhdegree,andby" thenewcodetheyhadextendedit in adire&line'" ininfinitum."It isthusthatConrad'slawwasin-fenfiblyextended.

All therethingsbeingfuppofed,thebareperut:alof thehiftor_rof Franceis fu_cientto demoni_rate,thattheperpetuityof fiefswase_abliflxedearlierinthiskingdomthaninGermany.Towardsthecom-mencementofthereignoftheemperorConradII. inlo24, thingswereuponthefamefootingfhllin Ger-many,astheyhadbeenin FranceunderthereignofCharlesthe Bald,whodiedin 877. ButfuchwerethechangesmadeinthiskingdomafterthereignofCharlestheBald,thatCharlestheSimplefoundhim-felfunableto difputewithaforeignhoufehisincon-refhblerightsto the empire;and,in fine,that inHughCapet'stimethe reigningfamily,i_rippedofallits demeines,wasnolongerihaconditiontomalntainthecrown.duccred_gnaretur,& ut fraterfratrifine]egltimoh.'eredcdefun&oinbene£ti__uodeorumpatoisfuit_ fucred_t. Booki.offiefs_tit, i.

¢ Cuiashas provedit eztremdywell."1"SciendumePcquodbene_dumadvenientesexlatereyultrafr_trespatrueles

nunl_rogrediturfucceftioaeab antiquisfapientibusconflitutum:I1_ m_dernotemt_orcufqueadfeptlmumgeniculumfitufurpatum,quodin mafculisd_feen-dentibusnovojr:rei_ infinitam¢xtenditur. lbid.

VoL.II. I i The

48z THE SFIRIT OF LAWS. BooEXXXI.

"_TheweakUnderfhndingof CharlestheBaldpro-dded:an_,equalwe_kmfsin the Fteitehi monarela')_.}lm.as:Ms_,brotheriI3;ew_skingof:Gerrriany,andfomeof.that.prinCe'sfucoeffo_,s,were-men_fbetterpai'ts,t_i_ernment preferred:its;vigormuel/'tonger.• •-BU_mhardoI fay?perhaps_the_egm_t_cconffi-tution/:_and,if I dare'uferheexpreffa6_i_!:_h:eimmu-

tabilityiOftTpiritpeculiartotheGermar/.....nati0n,madea longerflandthanthevolatiletemi/e¢_of"the French,=gainftthatd@ofifionof things,whibh_perpetuatedthefiefs,bya naturaltendencymfam!hes,

Befides;:thekingdomoF:Germariy"_asnot laidwaffe,;andannihilated,as:itwere,llketheirOfFrance,bythatparticularkindofwarwithwhichithadbeenharraffedbytheNormansandSaracenL:TherewerelefsrichesinGermany,fewercitiesto plunder,lefsextentof coaffto _'cour,ra6rer_arflies_t6get over,moreforeRto penetrate.:AsthedomlnionsoftholeprinceAwere!eI_in dangerof:beingravagedandtornto pieces,theyhadlegsneedoftheirvaffals_:andcon-fequel)tlylefsdependenceonthem. An_in:,allpro-bability,if theemperorsof German_;had:notbeenobligldtobecrownedat Rome,and,go;_ke conti:nualexpeditionsintoIuly,3hefiefswou!d:havepre_f_rved,theirprimitivenaturemuchlongerin thatcountry... / : - -_.- : : ,.

" • C H'°-,A P. XXXt.

Inwbat:7_,_nnerthe"_Em_irewastransf_redfromthe,' ::.L,.. "Fnmkty.ofCharlemaign..': '._ _

Tt_I_,¢/_piie;whichinprejudice.to_;.br_anchofCharlcs-tti_'_ald,ha_:beenalreadygicen'tothe* baf-tardli_ 9fLewiskingofGermany,wastransferredto a f_r_]gnboulebythede&ionofconrad,dukeof

¢ Arnold_tad hi_ fortL_wi_IV,Franconia,

rramzoma,"''_ "" i,19i_;; Ttiereigning_bi'anch,ofFrancebeingha[dlyablemdifputeafewvillages,wasmuch.lefsin:a_fiaiatigntO:cpnteltthei_mpi_:e.We haveanagreementwhich_pa.ffedbetweenCtiartestheSimpleand,t})_';mper0/:He_4ry_I. whohadfucceededtoCon-rad. :Itiscalledthe_ompac'l:ofBonnt; Theretweprincesmetin ave_elwhichhadbeenplacedin themidd!e/of_the Rhine,andfworeeternalfriendthip.Theyufedon thisoccafionan excellentmiddleterm.CharlestookthetitleOf kingofWeftFrance,andHenrythat of kingof Eaft France. Charlescon-tr_edwith thekingofGermany,andnotwiththeemperor. ,: ,i

_:_ C H A P. XXXII.Inz-[ihiztMannerthe(l_:oWnof Francewastransferred

:,,,i: , totheI5oufxof HughCapet."Iq-t'Einheritane_ofthefiefs;andthegeneralefta-

blitl_mdntofrear-tiffs;extinguithedthepolitical,andforffied:a"feudalgovei'nment.Infteadof that prodi-gioOscrai_lfitudeof_'-affalswhowereforrrierlyunderthe,NriR.,xherewerenow*fewonlg_on Whomtheother_d_'pe;ndM,The kingshadfearceanylongeradire&:authofity_a*power'whichwastOpafsthroughfomanyandthroughfuchgreatpowers,eitherftoptor wasloft beforeit reachedits term. Thofegreatvaffalswouldnolongerobey;andtheyevenmadeuf_-of..tIieirrear-vaffals,to withdrawtheirobedience.Thekingsdeprivedoftheirdemefnes,-andreducedtothecitiesof RheimsandLaon,wereleftexpofedtothor i_re_-;_th&t_eeftrerchedOUtits:N'_chestoofar_::ai_lthelie_dWiis'w_thered/Thekingdomfounditfelf:ii;i_h6fit_emefne;as theempireis at prefent.

"_In the_,e_r9z6. _luo_edby Aubertle Mir¢_Cot, dyn,tio,n_mpiarum¢haF,_. -

w_c• I i _- The

4B4 THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. Book XXXL

Thecrownwasthereforegivento oneof themoilpotentvaffals.

TheNormansravagedthekingdom:theyfailedinopenboatsor fmallveffels,enteredthe mouthsofrivers,andlai,dthecountrywafteonbothtides.Thecitiesof,Orleans* andParisputa flopto tholeplun-derers,[o"thattheycouldnotadvancefarther,eitheron thelSeine,or on theLoire. HughCapet,whowas/haileroftholecities,heldin hishandsthe twokeysof theunhappyremains,of the kingdom; thecrownwasconferreduponhlmastheonlyperfonableo defendit. It is thusthe empirewas afterwardsgivento a family,wholedominionsformfoftrongabarrieragainRtheTurks.

TheempirewentfromChariemaign'sfamily,atatimewhentheinheritanceoffiefswaseftablifhedonlyas a merecondefcendence.It evenappearsthatthisinheritanceobtainedmuchlater-j-amongtheGermansthanamongtheFrench;whichwasthe reafonthattheempire,confideredas a fief,wasele&ive.Oathe contrary,whenthe crownof France'wentfromthefamilyofCharlemalgn,thefiefswerereallyhere-ditaryin thiskingdom; andthe crown,asa greatfief,wasalfohereditary.

Butit is verywrongtorefertotheverLmomentofthisrevolution,allthechangeswhichhappened,eitherbefore.or afterwards.The wholewasreducedtotwo events;the reigningfamilychanged,andthecrown/wasunitedtoa greatfief.

• See'the capit_ry of Charte_ the Bald, _n the year _77, apud Carifiacum,

onthe{topoi'tahoeofParis,S.Deni_,andthe¢aftlcsonthe Loire,in thole.days.

t $¢¢above,chap.**x.p,x99,

CHAP.

Cua1..33. THE SPIRIT OF LAWS. 4_5

C H A P. XXXIII.

co@ve.cesoftaei e,tetuityofi'igs.FROM the perpetuityof fleA,it fottov&d;that

the rightof t_niorityor primogeniturewaseRablifhedamongthe French. This rightwas quiteunknownunder the firRrace'*}the crownwas dividedamongthe brothers, the allodiawee thared in the famemanner; and as thefiefs,whetherprecariousor forlife, vcerenot an objed"cof fueceffion,there couldbe nopartitionin regardto tholetenures.

Ul_derthefecondrace, the titleof emperorwhichLewis theDebonnaireenjoyed,and wiih whichhehonouredhis elder fon Lotharius,madehim thinkof givingthis princea kind of fuperiorityoverhisyonngerbrothers. The two kings j- were obligedto wait uponthe emperorevery year, to carry himprefents, and to receivemuch greaterfrom him ;they wereatfoto confuliwit!ihimuponcommonaf-fairs. This is what infpiredLotharius with thofi:pretenceswhich metwith fuehbad fuccefs. W'henAgobard _2wrote in favour of this prince,he al-ledgedthe,emperor'sown regulation,whohad aflb-ciated Lothariusto the empzre,after he had con-fultedthe Almightyby a threedaysfaff,andby thecelebrationof the holy mylterles;after the nationhadfworn allegianceto him; whichthey couldnotrefufewithoutperjuringthemfelves; andafterhehadlent Lothariusto Rometobe confirmedby tilepope.Uponall this he laysa _refs, andnotuponhis,,,.ge.,t"'

_rSeetheSali¢law, andthe lawof the Ripuarians,inthe titleof aliogla.Seethe capitalaJyof the year StT_which containsthe firft partition

madebyLewist-heDcbonnair%amonghisclnldren,See!5stwol_ttersuponthis fubje6ttthe title¢f_ae ofwhichib dtdi,vl.

_onti,ri,erii.!i 3 of

of primogenitu-r_:/+::Fie fa3is,-ind_ed+;:tIi_:tr_'_tii-perorhadd¢'figneda partitionamorlgt:h¢:youn_erbrothers,-andflaat-hehadgiven:th_':preferen!ee_to.theeldei; butlayinghe had-pre_rred'the -elder¢_'_s

:-£aying-a_'-thelametii;nethathe might+h'ave:giv_nthe:pia6i:er;enceto his.youngerbrothers;..... _ ::_

"-":aBdf+asloonas-thefiefsbecamehd-edltaW,the;tiRht"_f'.fefiidrityWaseff,ablith_d'+!n+the:feJadalfu_ftign:--g6fl+f66thefamercafonin thatof:thecrown;,:w;hichi ;(i;a_:thegiea5'fief." "i-heancientlawof-parfit'._ns-was:._i'-1_hge?fubfiiting_ the fiefsbeingcharged-withafervice,thepoffdlbrmutthaveheenenaNed'zg.dif-

':_:_iiifgeit. The rightof primogen!turewas.'efla:+btillaed,-andthereafonof the teudat:1_ wasfupe-+_rlot"%6thatof the politicalorcivilirittituti0n.:.-

As"the fiefsdefcendedto theekildrenoLtt_e.:pof-'fe:ffor;the lordsloftrhe!ibertyOfdifpofiugof.:them;

::-tiffS;-inorderto-indemnifythemfelves_theyettablith-+:-ed:whattheyCalledtherightof redemptior/,,wh_re.

of mentio.nis made in ourcultorei, which'at!tirft-::'_-as'paidin adired'cline;,and.byufa_ecameiafter-: :wsr&t6 bepaid:onlyin acNlateral__:line,,:-."- ,.-_-.-..i_.The'fiefswere,loonrenderedtransferable,tq'+Rmn-.::_dr},"i_aphtrimonialieffate.-:Thi_-gaverife'.tb,he• '._:i_aafof-fi_s of alienation,.which:were:eRi_hliened":/tmisftthrm_ghoutthekingdom.Theferightsxcere¢ +. { +,_, ( .. '_, •. • °"--arlS_trary.m thebeginning; butwhen,tiepraOdueof

,gr+/miing,ticn permi,_onswasbecomegcnerat_;_ey'-':_&:6'fixed:ib:'ie.v'ery+dittri&. . :.,..:

The rightof redemptionwa_to be pald_t.every->-tS14g@bfitSeir,andat firffwas paideven-iiaadi-

re&linell. The moffgeneralcuftomhadfixedit..£O,otleyear'sincome. Thiswasburthenfomeandin-,_ +, + • - ,. • ,,., +,

convenientto thevaffal,and,afl.'dedin romereed-

Seethe ordinanceof PhilipkuguRus,in theyear_o9, *_ tl_efieft.

;,:o lure

._r,ethefi.cf_i_f_ Itw_softenagreed_,,in:_&,e_moreth,_,n_._,,,,eer_J_.in:£urao(_rrm,ne:y_for,_he_r¢_p--fion_ vcl_i¢.h;Tl_,the,chaflgesincident, to money,,;be--,_am¢,_after_ardsOfnomanner:of,h_porF,an¢_ r,_hpstherightof redemptionis-inou5_,ay_reduc_d)z!_oi_.-to-nothing,_whitethat,ofzhefinesoLa,lienati_n_is_0nti_nued,_n_il:s,fulle_tent. Asthi_,fight_concerned

-'neither-thevaffal.nor-hisheirs,butwasaf0ft_it_us..¢afewhichno onewasobligedtoforefee.or.e?:ge&;_efeRipulationswerenotmade,and:_hey:confin_ed

,'toIray:a¢¢r:tainpartof theprice. , : ,. ....."_-W_hen_h.e;fiefswereforlife,theycbuldnotglvea

part,.of,_;.fief:to-holdin perpetuity,as a rear-fi_f;forh -wo_!dshavebeenabfurdthat'a perfonwho

":had:only:tg.e,fufufruitof athing,thould,difi_ofe'of_he,pro_r_yof it,, Butwhen theybecamePerpe-

•,_it,ual_i,-_this,was.* :permitted,wkh romereRri_ion__made.bythe euftoms+, whichwaswhattheycalldifmemberingtheirfief.,:_The:perpetuityof.feudaltenureshaving_Rab!iflaedtherightoffederation,thedaughterswete rendered

•:_c_pableof-_fuccced;ingto afief,in defaultof male...Liffue._For whenthelordgave-thefiefto hisdaugh-?_:te_:,:.:hemu_pliedthe cafesof:.hisrightof redemp-, tion_becaufethe hafbandwasobligedto t_y it as• _elt,:asthe,wife_. Thislregulationcouldnot take-. placedn regardto the crown';for as it was not

heldof anyonetherecouldbeno rlght_0_redemp-,: fion;_o_.erit, ' .....

•Thedaughterof WilliamV.:count'of _Thotoufe,:§ We.find/cveral_f thereconventionsinthe chartgr,a_in the regiRer-

bool_of Vendornei ash that of the abbeyof S. Cyprian_nP0itou_of whlcl_Mr.G_i|znd'ttas_veh romeextrs¢'t_,page55" ' 3:: : '

Buttheycouldnotabridgethefiefs, thatis, aboliflaa portionof it.They_ixed.the portionwhiclftheycoulddifmember.

:[ Thi_wa_the rcafonthatth'-lordaobligedthe widowto-marryagain. ".

3 did

488 THE SPIRIT OFLAW_, Boolc:X_,ts

didnotfucceedtothe county. ButEleanorfueceededto Aquitaine,and Marhildisto Normandy; andtheright of the fucceffionof femalesfeemedfowell efta-blithedin thofedays, that Lewis the Young, afterhis divorcefrom Eleanor,madeno difficultyin re-ftoringGuyennc toher. Butas theretwolaRinflancesfollowedclofeto the firff,the generallaw bywhichthe women were calledro the fucceflionof fiefs,mutt havebeen introducedmuch laterT into thecounty,of Toul6ufe,than into the other provincesof France.

The conftitutionsof feveralkingdomsof Europehavebeendire_edby theRateof feudaltenuresat thetimewhentholekingdomswerefounded.The womenfucceededneitherto the crownof Francenor to theempire,becaufeat theeftablifhmentof tholetwomo-narchies,the):areincapableof fucceedingto fiefs.Butthey fucceededin kingdoms, whole ettabtithmenewas poReriorto that of the perpetuityof thefiefs,fuchastholefoundedbythe Normans,th,',leby theconquersmadeon the Moors; and others, in fine_which beyond the limitsof Germany,andin lattertimesreceivedin rome meafure,a fecondbirth, by'the etiablilhmentof Chri,'tiamty.

Whentherefiefswereat will, they were given to_fuchas were capableof doingfervicefor them, andthereforewere never beftowedon minors; butwhen they becameperpetual,thelordstook thefiefsinto their own hands, till the pupil came of age,either to increafetheir own emoluments,or totrain

_CMoftof the greatfamilieshadtheir particularlaws of F,_ceeffion.See_,hat,WI.dela Thaumafiqercl-ay*_concerningthefamiiiegof Berry.

Wefeein thecapltularyof theyear877, apudGaU_aeum,art:. 3"Ea|u-zlus'sedition, tom,:_.page.269. themoment:Jnwhichthe king6caufedthofiefsto beadminit_,redin orderto prefervethem for the minors; an examplef.llowcdby thclord_,an3x_h'chgaverife to whatw_h_lv¢mentioaedbl_tht_flameuf theg:_ardia@ip_f a r.d,/el,_.a_F_children.

4 the

CH,A_.3_.,' TIrE _8_PIRI T OF LAW8. 4_9

the pupilto the _ufeof arms. This is what ourcuftomscalltheEuardianjbip of a nobleman'sihildren,w_hichAs foundedon principlesdifferentfomtholeof tutelage, and is intirelya diftin6tthingfromiti

_- V_rhenthe fiefswerefor life, itwas cuRomarT tOvow fealtyfor a fief; andthe realdelivery,Whichwasmadeby afcepter,fecuredthe fief, asit iShowfecuredby homage. We do not find that thecounts,or even the king's commiffaries,received,the homagein the provinces; nor is this ceremonyto be metwith in the commiflionso£ tho/_officers,xvh:_chhave beenhandeddownto us in thecapitu.1aries. They fometimes,indeed,madeallthekh_g'sfubje&stake anoath of allegiancetl; but fo far wasthis oathfrom beingof the famenatureas the fer-vice afterwardsettabli/hedby the nameof homage,that it was only a § ceremony,or tefs folemnity,occafionallyufed, either before or afterthat aCtofobeifa'_ce; in thort,it wasquiteadifiin&thing fromhomage..

The counta and the king's commiffafiesmad_th_fe va_als * whole fidelitywas fufpe&ed,giveoccafionaHya fecuritywhichwascalled_rmitas; butthis couldnotbe a_lhomage,fincethe king's"l"gaveit tooneanother.

I} We findthe formulathereofin the feeondcap_tularyof theyear$o_-.See _lfothat of the year $54, art. 13, andothers.

§ M. DuChange,in the wordbomlniur_,page-x163,andinthe wordfide-liras,page474, citesthechartersofthe ancienthomagesxxherethefefliff=rea-¢esare'found_anda great,_umberof authoritieswhichmaybefeen. In pay-inghomage,thevaflSlputhishandonthatof his lord,and tookhisoathi theoath of fealty wasmadeby fwearingon the gofpels.The homagewaftper,formedlcneeling_the oathof fealtyflandlng. Nonebutthelordcouldreceive'laotnag%but hisofficersmighttaketheoathof fealty. SeeLittletunjfe_.9I,9z. of hom_ge_thatis,"_fidelityandhomage.

Capitulariesof Charlesthel_ald_in the year86o_laoIl"reddituma Con-_flueaatibub art. 3. J3aluf.,_s'eedidon_pagex_-5, :

-_ Ibid. art.3. .An_.

_nd_though_'_h_abbot_'Sug'er+ ma_s_mehtion_a ehaic_fDagobert_inwhichaccordiiig_o:thete_-mo_y,lff.-a_tiq_iry,the'kingsof France:wereae-,_cuftomedto.receivethe:homageof tl_.-imbitlty; i__isplain:-t[iat_heexpreffeshimfetfag_e_b]yto theideas'andlanguageof hisowntime. ' •

Whenthefiefsdefcendedto theheirs,theacknow.,ledgmentof the vaffal,whichat firRwasonlyanoccafionalfervice,becamea regulard,aty. It wasperformedin a morefolemnmannner,andattended-_'withmoreformalities,becaufeit wasto bea perpe-tualmonumentof thereciprocaldutiesof the lorffandvaffal.

I flaouldbe apt to think, thathomagesbeganto _be eftabliflaedunderkingPepin,whichis:the time_iI mentionedthat feveralbeneficesweregivenin per_petuity; butI flaouldnotthinkthuswithout_caution_andonly_upona fuppofitionthattheauthorsof theancientannals+ of the Frankswere notignorantpretenders,whoin defcribingthe fealtyprofeffedby'Taflillo,dukeof Bavaria;tokingPepinfpoke[Iac-cordingto theufagesof theirowntime.

C H A P. XXXIV.

_7_efamefurieS!continued.

WHEN thefiefsweretither precai'_Ousor forlife, theyfeldomhada relationto anyotherthanthepoliticallaws, forwhichreafonin the civilin_itu-

"_Lib.deadminifl:rationefua. _ Anno7_7"chap.*7.Taltittovenitin va.Caticofecommendamr,permaausfacramentajuravit

muhaet i_numerabilia_reliqulisfan6torummanusimponen_et fidelitatempro-mifltregi Pippiaio. One wouldthink that here wasan homageand,anoathof fealty. See theCaplhilaricsof Charleathe Bald. Batuf.edit.tions

tiqns_oLthofefig0¢_,_e_,_ ve_titt!ementionmadeof'_e lawso£1_j_s_:_::Buf_hen they:_erebecomeherle_titary,wtfe_:there.wasapo_erofgiving,felling,and'beq_eath]ngthem,they ha_.a relationbothtothepolitical... ....andthe.civil.laws..The,fief,confideredasan obhgatmnofperformingmditaryfervice,depend-ed on,zhepoliticallaw; corff_deredas_.klndofcom-o _ ' , . , • ,

mercmtproperty,itdependedontheclvdlaw. Thls_gayefifeto the civilregulationsconcerningfeudaltenures,-.

Whenthefiefswerebecomehereditary,thelawrelatingto theorderof fucceffionmuffhavebeenrelativeto the perpetuityof fiefs. Hencethisruleof theFrenchlaw,e_atesofinheritancedonotafcend[[,waseftabliPaedinfpiteoftheRomanandSalic§laws.It wasaeceffarythat ferviceflaouldbepaidforthefieff b_t agrandfatheroragreatunclewouldhavebeentooold to performanyfervice; thereforethisruletookplaceat firftonlyinregardto thefeudaltenures,aswelearnof Boutillier%

Whenthefiefsbecamehereditary,thelordswhowereto feethatfervicewaspaidforthefief,infiftedthatthe_-femaleswhoweretofucceedto thefeudaleftate,andI fancyfometimesthemales,flaouldnotmarrywithouttheirconfent; infomuchthatthemar-riage-contra&sbecameinrefpe&tothe nobilitybotha feudalanda civilregulation.In an aCtof thiskindunderthelord'sinfpe6tion,regulationsweremadeforthefucceflion,with a viewthatthe heirsmightpay,f,rvicefor the fief; hencenonebutthenobilityat firRhad,thelibertyofdlfoofing,offucceflionsby

l]Book4"defeudls,tit, 59' § In the t!fle of-allodia."*Sommegurale,bookI: t_ 96.page447.

Aceording_to"an erdiaan_of_Sh,'_,ewismir_they_r t_46, to fettlethe¢.f_omsOfAnjouandMaiai, _,ofe,who/hal)havethecareof theheirefsofa fief, _all l_iv¢fecurityt_h©-lefdl:.hat_e/hall no_be marriedwithouthl,confent,

marriage-

"49z THE SPIRIT OF LAW_. BOOKXXXL

marriagecontra&,as:_Boyerand[[Aufrerlushavejuftlyobferved.

• It isneedlerstomentionthatthepowerof redemp-tion,foundedon theold rightof the relations,amyfteryof ourancientFrenchjurifprudencewhichIhavenottimetodevelop,couldnottakeplacewithre-gardtothefiefs,till theywerebecomehereditary.

Italiam,Italia_n* .......I finifhmytreatifeof fiefsata period_wheremolt

authorscommencetheirs.

_.Decifion:r55. No. $. and_o4. and_o. 3_.In Capell.Theol.deei£453-ITheauthorconcludeihisetaborat_workwithan all_fionto thejoyfulac-

clamationsof .,_neas'sfollowersuponcomingin fightof the land of Italy,theyfomuchdefircd,afterlongwanderings,greatdangerh_andfuri6,sftormsundergonein que_of it.

,Humilemquevldemu;Italiam! Itallam! primusconclamatAchates!Italiaml_etofociiclamorefalutaat. 2Eneid.lib. 3. ver, 52z.1

END of the S/_dONDVOLUME.

I;