monopoly & barriers to entry: revision notes

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23/10/2010 1 Monopoly and Barriers to Entry A2 Micro Economics tutor2u November 2010 Long Run: Barriers to Entry Barriers to entry are designed to block potential entrants from entering a market profitably from entering a market profitably Existing firms are known as incumbents New firms threaten the market share and monopoly rents of existing businesses Barriers to entry seek to protect the monopoly power of existing firms and therefore maintain supernormal (or abnormal) profits in the long run abnormal) profits in the long run Barriers to entry make a market less contestable – i.e. they affect market structure in the long run

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Page 1: Monopoly & Barriers to entry: Revision Notes

23/10/2010

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Monopoly and Barriers to Entry

A2 Micro Economics

tutor2u November 2010

Long Run: Barriers to Entry

• Barriers to entry are designed to block potential entrants from entering a market profitablyfrom entering a market profitably

• Existing firms are known as incumbents

• New firms threaten the market share and monopoly rents of existing businesses

• Barriers to entry seek to protect the monopoly power of existing firms and therefore maintain supernormal (or abnormal) profits in the long runabnormal) profits in the long run

• Barriers to entry make a market less contestable – i.e. they affect market structure in the long run

Page 2: Monopoly & Barriers to entry: Revision Notes

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Types of Entry Barrier (1)

• (1) Structural barriers (Innocent Barriers) – due to differences in production costs and being in the market for some time

– Economies of scale (consider a natural monopoly)

– Vertical integration (backwards and forwards)

– Control of essential technologies / commodities

– Expertise and reputation of the incumbent

– Brand loyalty and brand proliferation

– Inherent suspicion among consumers about new ideasInherent suspicion among consumers about new ideas

• (2) Strategic barriers

– Predatory pricing / limit pricing

– Marketing / product differentiation

Types of Entry Barrier (2)

• (3) Statutory (legal) barriers  ‐ entry barriers given force of lawlaw 

– Licences (e.g. Professional qualifications, banking licences, licences to sell alcohol, run a night club etc)

– Patents (e.g. In the pharmaceutical industry)

– Copyrights and Trademarks

– Public franchises

– Tariffs, quotas and other trade restrictions affecting imports of goods and services

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Patents

• Patents– Offers legal protection of 

property rightsproperty rights – Generally valid for 12‐20 years– Give the owner an exclusive 

right to prevent others from using patented products, inventions, or processes

– Protection of ‘intellectual property’. 

– Patent licences can be sold to Patent licences can be sold to other producers and then cross‐licenced

– Designed to encourage innovation and invention

Page 4: Monopoly & Barriers to entry: Revision Notes

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Integration and Pricing Tactics

• Vertical Integration

– Control over supply chain and pp ydistribution

• Limit Pricing and Predatory Pricing

– Limit pricing involves lowering prices to a level that would force new entrants to operate at a loss (price < average cost)

– Sacrificing some short term gprofits but to restore and maintain supernormal profits in the long run

– Predatory pricing ‐ illegal

Cost Advantages and Marketing/Branding

• Absolute cost advantages– E.g. economies of scale

AC

– Lower unit costs for an established business

• Advertising and Marketing– Establishing branded products– Makes demand less elastic– Lowers cross price elasticity 

• Brand ProliferationBrand proliferation disguises

SAC1

SAC2

SAC3

– Brand proliferation disguises from consumers the actual concentration in markets such as detergents, confectionery and household goods.

LRAC

Output

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Barriers to Exit

• There are costs associated with exiting an industry

• (1) Asset‐write‐offs• (1) Asset‐write‐offs

– E.G. plant and machinery, stocks

• (2) Closure costs

– Redundancy costs, contracts with suppliers

– Penalty costs from ending leasing arrangements

• (3) Lost reputation( ) p

– Lost goodwill, damage to the brand

• Sunk costs are costs incurred when entering a market that are irrecoverable should a firm decide to leave

Reducing entry barriers

• Technological change in markets– Impact of disruptive technologies

• Removal of statutory barriers – e.g. the liberalisation of markets– Utilities

• Postal services

• Electricity

• Gas

– Banking / Financeg /

• Globalisation of markets– Emergence of foreign competition

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