monopolistic competition wk 8 2014. syllabus outcomes covered describe, using examples, the assumed...
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MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION
Wk 8 2014
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Syllabus Outcomes Covered • Describe, using examples, the assumed characteristics of a
monopolistic competition• Explain that product differentiation leads to a small degree of
monopoly power and therefore to a negatively sloping demand curve for the product.
• Explain, using a diagram, the short-run equilibrium output and pricing decisions of a profit maximizing (loss minimizing) firm in monopolistic competition, identifying the firm’s economic
profit (or loss)• Explain, using diagrams, why in the long run a firm in
monopolistic competition will make normal profit• Distinguish between price competition and non-price
competition • Explain, using a diagram, why neither allocative efficiency nor
productive efficiency are achieved by monopolistically competitive firms
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Assumptions of the model1. large no of firms - similar to PC
2. No barriers to entry/ exit - similar to PC
3. product differentiation – different to PC
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Product differentiationPhysical differences – shape, size,
materials ( eg: clothing, books, furniture, food)
Quality differences – eg: cars / electronics
Location – establishing businesses in locations with easy access to customers / suppliers eg: hotels near airports, convenience stores near residential houses
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Product differentiationServices – by offering special
services with purchases eg: warranties and service on cars
Product image – creating favourable image using advertising or celebrity endorsement – eg: Nestle, Nike
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Product differentiation and Monopolistic demand and revenue curves
Monopolistic market structures have elements of monopoly and perfect competition.
Similar to P.C due to large no of firms and no barriers to entry /exit and
Similar to monopoly due to product differentiation leading to higher P being set.
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Examples Nike , Adidas, Puma are all part
of many firms that make sports goods and shoes
However each one of these firms has its own monopoly power related to its own products
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Monopolistic Firms and PricingUnder P.C if firms raise P – it loses
all salesUnder Monopoly if firms raise P –
it loses some sales Why????Under Monopolistic firms if P rise
– it loses more sales than monopoly – due to available substitutes but less than P.C due to product differentiation
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ImplicationsThe way consumers behave in
response to P rise under monopolistic competition has important implication for monopolistic firms because if firms can convince their consumers that their product is better than competitors then they will be able to gain monopoly power and charge higher P without losing sales.
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Shape of D curve
D
D
D
Perfect Competition
Monopoly
Monopolistic
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Role of P and Non P competition
P competition: occurs when forms lowers P to attract customers away from rivals increasing its sales at expense of rivals
Non P competition: occurs when firms use methods other than P to attract customers eg: advertising, quality, product support etc
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Monopolistic firms invest in R& D and advertising to differentiate their product and improve it all the time because it gives them monopoly power.
Rule: the more differentiated is a product from its substitute and the more successful are the advertising strategies the less elastic (or more inelastic) will D curve be and the greater is the firm monopoly power and profits gains earned in SR only
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Profit maximization SR position identical to monopoly
– only difference being PED of D curve facing these firms.
D curve is flatter and more elastic than monopoly
In SR firms can make either supernormal profits (+ve profits), normal profits(0 profits) or losses (-ve profits)
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Firms apply rule of MR+MC to find profit max o/p
extend to demand curve to find P Compare P with ATC to determine
profits or losses per unit.In part (a) of 7.21 firms earn
supernormal profits since P>ATC In part (b) P =ATC = normal
profits In part (c) P< ATC = losses
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Total profits or losses calculated by:
Profits = Profits/Q X QLosses = Losses/Q XQ
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Profits in the LRJust like PC – in monopolistic
firms in LR profits attracts new firms into industry and eliminate profits and firms earn normal profits
Firms losing will exist industry and losses will be eliminated too back to normal profits
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The Profitable IndustryFirms making profits will attract
new firms into the industry who will produce at lower prices and therefore more customers will attract customers away from existing (more expensive) firms.
The impact on existing firms will be a shift in D curve to left and keeps shifting left with more firms entering until D is tangent(touches) ATC
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The unprofitable industryFirms making losses lead firms to exit
the industry. Customers therefore switch to the available substitutes which now experience rise in D
The impact on the remaining firms will be a shift in D curve to the right. The process continues until all loses disappear when D is tangent(touches) ATC and firms earn normal profits.
This occurs where MR = MC and P= ATC
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Efficiency in Monopolistic competition
Remembering the rule: Allocative efficiency when P=MCProductive efficiency when
production takes place with at mini ATC
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Efficiency in Monopolistic competition
In the LR – monopolistic firms do not achieve allocative nor productive efficiency
WHY?? Refer to diagram 7.22 slide 19.
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Monopolistic competition and allocative efficiency
Allocative efficiency is achieved where
P = MC In LR monopolistic competition
sells at P> MC therefore leads to under
allocation of resources to the production of this good when society would have liked to have more output
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Monopolistic competition and productive efficiency
Production also occurs at higher than minimum ATC and therefore average costs are higher than what is optimal from society’s view.
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CAPACITY OUTPUTA firm capacity is the
output level where firm capacity is fully used
Full capacity = output where ATC is minimum = Qc
Profit max rule is MR = MC = Qe Qe < Qc
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excess capacity
= Capacity o/p – Profit max o/p This is the o/p lost when firm
resources are underused because they produce o/p that does not minimise ATC
If all firms produce at min ATC then same Q of o/p would be produced by less firms at less cost to society.
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excess capacity
Excess capacity is the result of product differentiation leading to a downward sloping demand curve for firms.
Excess capacity is closely related to productive inefficiency due to production occurring at > mini ATC
EG: restaurants with empty tablesRetail shops with no customersHotels with empty rooms
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Product differentiation leads to product variety
Therefore monopolistic competition may not be as inefficient as it is suggested
Excess capacity is P customers pay having product variety